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Witkower Z, Tian L, Tracy J, Rule NO. Smile variation leaks personality and increases the accuracy of interpersonal judgments. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae343. [PMID: 39246668 PMCID: PMC11378078 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
People ubiquitously smile during brief interactions and first encounters, and when posing for photos used for virtual dating, social networking, and professional profiles. Yet not all smiles are the same: subtle individual differences emerge in how people display this nonverbal facial expression. We hypothesized that idiosyncrasies in people's smiles can reveal aspects of their personality and guide the personality judgments made by observers, thus enabling a smiling face to serve as a valuable tool in making more precise inferences about an individual's personality. Study 1 (N = 303) supported the hypothesis that smile variation reveals personality, and identified the facial-muscle activations responsible for this leakage. Study 2 (N = 987) found that observers use the subtle distinctions in smiles to guide their personality judgments, consequently forming slightly more accurate judgments of smiling faces than neutral ones. Smiles thus encode traces of personality traits, which perceivers utilize as valid cues of those traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Witkower
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht129-B, Amsterdam 1018 WS, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Tian
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Jessica Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nicholas O Rule
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
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2
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Humphrey S, Bertucci V, Heydenrych I, Ogilvie P, Safa M, de la Guardia C. A 360° Approach to Patient Care in Aesthetic Facial Rejuvenation. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum 2024; 6:ojae059. [PMID: 39233775 PMCID: PMC11372704 DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aesthetic medicine has traditionally focused on addressing perceived problem areas, with lack of long-term planning and engagement. Objectives This article describes a patient-centric model for nonsurgical aesthetic medical practice, termed the 360° approach to facial aesthetic rejuvenation. Methods The 360° approach was divided into 4 foundational pillars. Medical literature, the authors' clinical experiences, and results from patient satisfaction surveys were used to support the approach. Results Pillar 1 describes the development of a complete understanding of the patient, based on the use of active listening principles, to characterize the patient's current aesthetic concerns, lifestyle, medical and treatment history, treatment goals, attitude toward aesthetic treatment, and financial resources. Pillar 2 involves conducting a comprehensive facial assessment in contrast to a feature-specific assessment, considering multiple facial tissues and structures and their interrelationships, thus helping to prevent the unanticipated consequences of narrowly focused treatment. Pillar 3 describes leveraging all available treatments and techniques in the development of an initial treatment plan arising from the facial assessment. Pillar 4 adds a time dimension to treatment planning, working toward the goal of a long-term modifiable treatment timeline, with full patient support and involvement; this is designed to facilitate a durable, sustained relationship between the patient and aesthetic healthcare professional (HCP). Conclusions Although implementation involves substantial commitment and time, the patient-oriented focus of the 360° approach can help achieve optimal patient outcomes and the development of enduring patient-HCP relationships. Level of Evidence 5
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3
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Fujiwara K, Plusquellec P. Association of intensity and dominance of CEOs' smiles with corporate performance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13986. [PMID: 38886404 PMCID: PMC11183120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether the facial expressions of chief executive officers (CEOs) are associated with corporate performance. A photograph of the CEO or president of each company that appeared on the Fortune Global 500 list for 2018 was taken from the company's official website. The smile intensity and action unit activation in each face were calculated using a pre-trained machine learning algorithm, FACET. The results revealed a positive association between smile intensity and company profit, even when controlling for the company's geographic location (Western culture versus others) and the CEO's gender. Furthermore, when the type of smile was examined with the activation of each action unit, this significant positive association was identified in the dominant smile but not in the reward and affiliative smiles. Relationships among the leader's smile intensity, group strategy, and group performance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujiwara
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, 621301, Taiwan, ROC.
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4
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Uziel L, Schmidt-Barad T. Impression management in daily life: an experience sampling test for the expression of impression management as interpersonally oriented self-control. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1198891. [PMID: 37701870 PMCID: PMC10494441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1198891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Impression management (IM) scales (often called lie or social desirability scales) have long been applied as validity scales in assessment processes. Recent developments have indicated that these scales measure a substantive personality predisposition and not response bias, but the nature of the disposition is disputable. According to the 'interpersonally oriented self-control' approach, IM is associated with high self-control exerted mainly in public social contexts to facilitate adaptation. Supported in laboratory settings, this approach has not been tested in real-life dynamics. In the present experience sampling study, participants reported 3 times a day (10 days) about their social condition (alone/'with others') and their level of self-control. Results revealed that IM was associated with stronger self-control when with other people than when alone. Comparable reactions to public social context were not found for self-deception enhancement, trait self-control, or agreeableness, marking this a unique aspect of IM. The findings further stress the need to reconsider the use of IM scales for validity purposes in assessment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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5
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Affiliative stimuli elicit negative emotion and expressive suppression in high self-critics: A study using video stimuli. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-023-10005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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6
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Ludwig VU, Berry B, Cai JY, Chen NM, Crone DL, Platt ML. The impact of disclosing emotions on ratings of interpersonal closeness, warmth, competence, and leadership ability. Front Psychol 2022; 13:989826. [PMID: 36582324 PMCID: PMC9793093 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.989826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increasingly, business leaders and other professionals are called upon to be vulnerable and authentic in the workplace, which often includes disclosing emotions to others. While sharing emotions is known to enhance closeness, several questions remain underexplored. Specifically, disclosing personal facts about oneself and disclosing emotions have often been studied together, making it difficult to determine the effects of disclosing emotions per se. Moreover, not enough is known about factors that may influence effects of disclosing emotions, including recipients' attitudes toward emotion-sharing, the sharer's gender, and whether one considers the disclosure to be similar to one's own experiences. We examined the impact of disclosing positive and negative emotion on ratings of closeness, warmth, competence, and leadership ability. Methods 119 participants (95 female) in the United States were shown headshots of individuals who were introduced in the first person in written format. For half of the pictures, an autobiographical fact about the individual's past was disclosed. For the other half, an autobiographical fact and an associated emotion were disclosed. Results We found that sharing both positive and negative emotions increased feelings of closeness above and beyond the effects of autobiographical sharing alone. Sharing positive emotions also increased ratings of warmth, competence, and leadership ability. Male and female sharers benefited equally from disclosing emotions and effects were largely robust to recipients' attitudes toward emotional expression. Having something in common with the disclosed fact or emotion further increased all ratings. Conclusion These findings indicate that disclosing emotions may improve interpersonal interactions, with potential management applications in business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera U. Ludwig
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Wharton Neuroscience Initiative, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Vera U. Ludwig,
| | - Blaire Berry
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Wharton Neuroscience Initiative, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Marketing, McCombs School of Business, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jerry Y. Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Wharton Neuroscience Initiative, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nai Ming Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Wharton Neuroscience Initiative, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Damien L. Crone
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael L. Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Wharton Neuroscience Initiative, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Marketing Department, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Ricard JR, Gupta T, Vargas T, Haase CM, Mittal VA. Genuine and non-genuine smiles in individuals meeting criteria for a clinical high-risk syndrome. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 16:875-882. [PMID: 34725928 PMCID: PMC9056581 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Psychosis is characterized by both alterations in emotional functioning and environmental stressors including bullying victimization. Recent evidence suggests that some alterations in emotional functioning (e.g., blunted positive facial expressions) are already present in the psychosis risk period. Yet, some clinically relevant facial emotions have not been investigated such as genuine smiles (thought to reflect genuine positive emotions) and non-genuine smiles (thought to fake positive or mask negative emotions) in individuals meeting criteria for a clinical high-risk (CHR) syndrome. Further, despite a compelling conceptual basis to suggest a link between affective expression and exposure to environmental stress, to date, no investigations have sought to examine this association. Here, we aim to assess differences between a sample of CHR (N = 65) and control (N = 67) individuals in genuine and non-genuine smiles and associations with bullying victimization. METHODS Smiles (i.e., genuine; non-genuine) were objectively coded on a second-by-second basis using the Facial Action Coding System during a digitally recorded clinical interview segment. Bullying victimization was measured via parent report. RESULTS Findings revealed that the CHR group (1) showed blunted genuine (but not non-genuine) smiles compared to controls. Moreover, (2) bullying victimization was related to blunted genuine smiles, but not non-genuine smiles. CONCLUSION These findings expand our understanding of emotional alterations in this group with implications for diagnosis (highlighting blunted genuine smiles as a specific marker) and etiology (underscoring the role of bullying victimization in the etiology of emotional dysfunction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn R Ricard
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Tina Gupta
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Teresa Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Claudia M Haase
- School of Education and Social Policy and (by courtesy) Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Department of Medical Social Sciences, and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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8
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Smile Analysis: Diagnosis and Treatment Planning. Dent Clin North Am 2022; 66:307-341. [PMID: 35738730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Smile design is defined as the process of creating an esthetic smile based on scientific and artistic guidelines established through studies, perception, and cultural and racial standards that have been recognized over time. Smile design is a dynamic field with evolving trends that take into consideration: facial esthetics, lip dynamics, pink and white esthetics, and personality. Traditional smile design focused on the orodental complex. Modern smile designers must have a global understanding of the entire patient to design the perfect smile.
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9
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Krumhuber EG, Kappas A. More What Duchenne Smiles Do, Less What They Express. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1566-1575. [PMID: 35712993 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We comment on an article by Sheldon et al. from a previous issue of Perspectives (May 2021). They argued that the presence of positive emotion (Hypothesis 1), the intensity of positive emotion (Hypothesis 2), and chronic positive mood (Hypothesis 3) are reliably signaled by the Duchenne smile (DS). We reexamined the cited literature in support of each hypothesis and show that the study findings were mostly inconclusive, irrelevant, incomplete, and/or misread. In fact, there is no single (empirical) article that would unanimously support the idea that DSs function solely as indicators of felt positive affect. Additional evidence is reviewed, suggesting that DSs can be-and often are-displayed deliberately and in the absence of positive feelings. Although DSs may lead to favorable interpersonal perceptions and positive emotional responses in the observer, we propose a functional view that focuses on what facial actions-here specifically DSs-do rather than what they express.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva G Krumhuber
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
| | - Arvid Kappas
- Department of Psychology, Jacobs University Bremen
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10
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Coffey JK, Nelson-Coffey SK, Parsley H, Pluess M. Positive emotion expression at age 11 is associated with multiple well-being outcomes 39 years later. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Bahl N, Ouimet AJ. Smiling won't make you feel better, but it might make people like you more: Interpersonal and intrapersonal consequences of response-focused emotion regulation strategies. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2022; 39:2262-2284. [PMID: 35755605 PMCID: PMC9210114 DOI: 10.1177/02654075221077233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) is integral to well-being and relationship quality. Experimental studies tend to explore the intrapersonal effects of ER (i.e. impacts of ER on oneself) and leave out the interpersonal impacts (i.e. the bidirectional impact of ER on the regulator and partner). The ER strategy expressive suppression shows maladaptive interpersonal and intrapersonal consequences during distressing conversations. We aimed to explore whether other ER strategies that modify facial expressions (i.e. expressive dissonance) have similar consequences to suppressing emotional expressions. We randomly assigned 164 women participants to use expressive dissonance and expressive suppression or to naturally express emotions, while engaging in a conversation task with a confederate. We observed intrapersonal outcomes, including electrodermal activity and self-reported affect throughout the experiment, and memory performance after. Video coders unaware of the study goals assessed the conversation on interpersonal qualities (e.g. friendliness and likeability). There were no differences between conditions on intrapersonal outcomes. Participants engaging in expressive dissonance, however, were rated more positively, and participants in the expressive suppression condition were rated more negatively on interpersonal qualities, relative to the control condition. Although neither strategy appeared to impact the participant, intrapersonally, both notably influenced the observer's impression of the participant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Bahl
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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12
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Cowan T, Strauss GP, Raugh IM, Le TP, Cohen AS. How do social factors relate to blunted facial affect in schizophrenia? A digital phenotyping study using ambulatory video recordings. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 150:96-104. [PMID: 35366600 PMCID: PMC10036138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical interviews and laboratory-based emotional induction paradigms provide consistent evidence that facial affect is blunted in many individuals with schizophrenia. Although it is clear that blunted facial affect is not a by-product of diminished emotional experience in schizophrenia, factors contributing to blunted affect remain unclear. The current study used a combination of ambulatory video recordings that were evaluated via computerized facial affect analysis and concurrently completed ecological momentary assessment surveys to assess whether blunted affect reflects insufficient reactivity to affective or contextual factors. Specifically, whether individuals with schizophrenia require more intense affective experiences to produce expression, or whether they are less reactive to social factors (i.e. being in the presence of others, social motivation). Participants included outpatients with schizophrenia (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 31) who completed six days of study procedures. Multilevel linear models were evaluated using both Null-Hypothesis Statistical Testing and Bayesian analyses. Individuals with schizophrenia displayed comparable expression of positive and negative emotion to controls during daily life, and no evidence was found for a different intensity of experience required for expression in either group. However, social factors differentially influenced facial expression in schizophrenia compared to controls, such that individuals with schizophrenia did not modulate their expressions based on social motivation to the same extent as controls. These findings suggest that social motivation may play an important role in determining when blunting occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah Cowan
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States; Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, United States
| | | | - Ian M Raugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Thanh P Le
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States
| | - Alex S Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States; Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, United States.
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13
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Cheng SQ, Costantini A, Zhou H, Wang HJ. A self-enhancement perspective on organizational socialization: Newcomer core self-evaluations, job crafting, and the role of leaders’ developmental coaching. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2022.2077724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qiang Cheng
- Antai College of Economics and Management Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arianna Costantini
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Hao Zhou
- Business School Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai-Jiang Wang
- School of Management Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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14
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Hori M, Yoshikawa E, Hayama D, Sakamoto S, Okada T, Sakai Y, Fujiwara H, Takayanagi K, Murakami K, Ohnishi J. Sense of Coherence as a Mediator in the Association Between Empathy and Moods in Healthcare Professionals: The Moderating Effect of Age. Front Psychol 2022; 13:847381. [PMID: 35548503 PMCID: PMC9083206 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While empathy is considered a critical determinant of the quality of medical care, growing evidence suggests it may be associated with both one’s own positive and negative moods among healthcare professionals. Meanwhile, sense of coherence (SOC) plays an essential role in the improvement of both psychological and physical health. Reportedly, individual SOC reaches full stability after around age 30. The aim of this study was first to evaluate the mediatory role of SOC on the association between empathy and individual moods among 114 healthcare professionals in a general hospital, and then to examine the moderating effect of age on this association. Participants completed a range of self-report demographic questionnaires, Empathy Process Scale (EPS), the 13-item Antonovsky’s SOC, and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Findings showed that SOC mediated the relations between empathy (EPS) and both POMS-Vigor (POMS-V: self-vigor mood) and POMS-Depression (POMS-D: self-depression mood). Notably, moderated mediation analysis revealed that there was a significant interaction (age × SOC) on self-vigor mood (POMS-V) in healthcare professionals. The indirect effect of empathy (EPS) on self-vigor mood (POMS-V) through SOC was significant at over mean age “32.83.” Although there was no significant interaction with age regarding the indirect effect of empathy (EPS) on self-depression mood (POMS-D), in the sub-category level analysis of empathy (EPS), we found a significant interaction item [age × empathy for other’s negative affect (EPS-N)] on SOC. This indirect effect was also significant at over mean age “32.83.” Taken, together, the current study highlighted the significant mediator of SOC on that empathy amplifies self-vigor mood and attenuates self-depression mood as a protective factor among the Japanese healthcare professionals. Some components of these processes may depend on the moderating role of age, indicating that we may need to consider the SOC development with age for more effective empathy performance interventions among healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Hori
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eisho Yoshikawa
- Department of Medical Psychology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Hayama
- Faculty of Commerce, Chuo Gakuin University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeko Sakamoto
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Okada
- Department of Rehabilitaion, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuo Murakami
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Junji Ohnishi
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Gardiner G, Sauerberger K, Lee D, Funder D. What Happy People Do: The Behavioral Correlates of Happiness in Everyday Situations. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Cross MP, Acevedo AM, Leger KA, Pressman SD. How and Why Could Smiling Influence Physical Health? A Conceptual Review. Health Psychol Rev 2022; 17:321-343. [PMID: 35285408 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2022.2052740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Smiling has been a topic of interest to psychologists for decades, with a myriad of studies tying this behavior to well-being. Despite this, we know surprisingly little about the nature of the connections between smiling and physical health. We review the literature connecting both naturally occurring smiles and experimentally manipulated smiles to physical health and health-relevant outcomes. This work is discussed in the context of existing affect and health-relevant theoretical models that help explain the connection between smiling and physical health including the facial feedback hypothesis, the undoing hypothesis, the generalized unsafety theory of stress, and polyvagal theory. We also describe a number of plausible pathways, some new and relatively untested, through which smiling may influence physical health such as trait or state positive affect, social relationships, stress buffering, and the oculocardiac reflex. Finally, we provide a discussion of possible future directions, including the importance of cultural variation and replication. Although this field is still in its infancy, the findings from both naturally occurring smile studies and experimentally manipulated smile studies consistently suggest that smiling may have a number of health-relevant benefits including beneficially impacting our physiology during acute stress, improved stress recovery, and reduced illness over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Cross
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Acevedo
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kate A Leger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarah D Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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17
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Uzun B, LeBlanc S, Guclu IO, Ferrari JR, Aydemir A. Mediation effect of family environment on academic procrastination and life satisfaction: Assessing emerging adults. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Kim Y, Nan D, Kim JH. Exploration of the Relationships Among Narcissism, Life Satisfaction, and Loneliness of Instagram Users and the High- and Low-Level Features of Their Photographs. Front Psychol 2021; 12:707074. [PMID: 34512463 PMCID: PMC8427304 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the associations between the characteristics of Instagram users and the features of their photographs. Narcissism, life satisfaction, and loneliness were employed for user variables and the features at high- (content) and low-levels (pixel) were employed to analyze the Instagram photographs. An online survey was conducted with 179 university students, and their Instagram photographs, 25,394 in total, were collected and analyzed. High-level features were extracted using Computer Vision and Emotion Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) in Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services, and low-level features were extracted utilizing the program written by the authors. The results of correlation analysis indicate that narcissism, life satisfaction, and loneliness were significantly associated with a part of photograph features at high- and low-levels. The results of the predictive analysis suggest that narcissism, loneliness in total, and social loneliness could be predicted with acceptable accuracy from Instagram photograph features, while characteristics such as life satisfaction, family loneliness, and romantic loneliness could not be predicted. Implications of this research and suggestions for further research were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhwan Kim
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongyan Nan
- Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang Hyun Kim
- Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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Fernandes MA, Tone EB. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between expressive suppression and positive affect. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 88:102068. [PMID: 34325115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
People differ in their self-reported propensities to experience positive affect (PA). Even those prone to internalizing symptoms show varied proclivities to PA; social anxiety (SA), for instance, unlike other types of anxiety, shows a strong negative association with PA that cannot be explained by diminished reward sensitivity. Heightened reliance on suppression of emotional displays (expressive suppression; ES) may be an alternate contributor to attenuated PA among people with elevated SA, relative to people with other types of anxiety. A first step toward testing this hypothesis is clarifying the ES-PA association and examining whether it varies as a function of anxiety type (social anxiety vs. other types of anxiety). This meta-analysis (k = 41; n = 11,010) revealed a significant, negative association between ES and PA (r = -0.158); however, this relationship was not significant for individuals with social or other anxiety disorders. Moreover, two moderators (sample culture-Western: r = -0.16; Eastern: r = 0.003; type of emotion suppressed-Negative: r = 0.18; Positive: r = -0.12) accounted for significant heterogeneity in effect sizes. This review synthesizes the literature on ES and PA in healthy and anxious samples; findings suggest moderating variables merit closer attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Fernandes
- Georgia State University, Department of Psychology, 140 Decatur St SE, 1172 Urban Life, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Erin B Tone
- Georgia State University, Department of Psychology, 140 Decatur St SE, 1172 Urban Life, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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20
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Abstract
We review the burgeoning literature on the social effects of emotions, documenting the impact of emotional expressions on observers' affect, cognition, and behavior. We find convergent evidence that emotional expressions influence observers' affective reactions, inferential processes, and behaviors across various domains, including close relationships, group decision making, customer service, negotiation, and leadership. Affective reactions and inferential processes mediate the effects of emotional expressions on observers' behaviors, and the relative potency of these mediators depends on the observers' information processing and the perceived appropriateness of the emotional expressions. The social effects of emotions are similar across expressive modalities (face, voice, body, text, symbols). We discuss the findings in relation to emotional contagion, emotional intelligence, emotion regulation, emotions as social information (EASI) theory, and the functionality of emotions in engendering social influence. Finally, we identify gaps in our current understanding of the topic and call for interdisciplinary collaboration and methodological diversification. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben A van Kleef
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Stéphane Côté
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6, Canada;
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21
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Rychlowska M, van der Schalk J, Niedenthal P, Martin J, Carpenter SM, Manstead ASR. Dominance, reward, and affiliation smiles modulate the meaning of uncooperative or untrustworthy behaviour. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1281-1301. [PMID: 34229575 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1948391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of different types of smiles on the perception of uncooperative or untrustworthy behaviour. In five studies, participants assigned to one group played an economic game with a representative of another group. In an initial round, the representative acted uncooperatively by favouring their group and then displayed a dominance, reward, or affiliation smile. Participants rated the motives of the representative and played a second round of the game with a different member of the same outgroup. Following uncooperative or untrustworthy behaviour, affiliation smiles communicated less positivity and superiority, and a greater desire to both repair the relationship between groups and change the uncooperative decision than reward or dominance smiles. Perceptions of a desire to repair the relationship and to change the decision were associated with trust and cooperation in a subsequent round of the game. Together, these findings show that smiles that are subtly different in their morphology can convey different messages and highlight the importance of these expressions in influencing the perceptions of others' intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Job van der Schalk
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Niedenthal
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jared Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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22
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Li Y, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Leng H, Pei F, Wu Q. The Effect of the Intensity of Happy Expression on Social Perception of Chinese Faces. Front Psychol 2021; 12:638398. [PMID: 34194357 PMCID: PMC8236610 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that facial expressions influence trait impressions in the Western context. There are cultural differences in the perception and recognition rules of different intensities of happy expressions, and researchers have only explored the influence of the intensity of happy expressions on a few facial traits (warmth, trustworthiness, and competence). Therefore, we examined the effect of different intensities of Chinese happy expressions on the social perception of faces from 11 traits, namely trustworthiness, responsibility, attractiveness, sociability, confidence, intelligence, aggressiveness, dominance, competence, warmth, and tenacity. In this study, participants were asked to view a series of photographs of faces with high-intensity or low-intensity happy expressions and rate the 11 traits on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = "not very ××," 7 = "very ××"). The results indicated that high-intensity happy expression had higher-rated scores for sociability and warmth but lower scores for dominance, aggressiveness, intelligence, and competence than the low-intensity happy expression; there was no significant difference in the rated scores for trustworthiness, attractiveness, responsibility, confidence, and tenacity between the high-intensity and low-intensity happy expressions. These results suggested that, compared to the low-intensity happy expression, the high-intensity happy expression will enhance the perceptual outcome of the traits related to approachability, reduce the perceptual outcome of traits related to capability, and have no significant effect on trustworthiness, attractiveness, responsibility, confidence, and tenacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Li
- School of Psychology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongqing Jiang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yisheng Yang
- School of Psychology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haizhou Leng
- Department of Elementary Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fuhua Pei
- School of Psychology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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23
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Facial expression stereotypes of rich and poor adults and children. Cogn Process 2021; 22:649-657. [PMID: 34101057 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-021-01040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Facial expression stereotypes can affect the perception of other people's facial expressions. This study examined facial expression stereotypes of poor and rich adults and children. Experiment 1 found that the adult participants associated rich adults with positive emotions (i.e., happiness) and poor adults with negative emotions (i.e., sadness). In Experiments 2-4, adult participants still thought that rich 4-, 6-, and 10-year-old children would show positive facial expressions (happiness) but did not think that poor 4-, 6-, and 10-year-old children would show negative emotions (sadness). These finding have implications concerning how adults communicate with poor and rich adults and children.
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24
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Krumhuber EG, Hyniewska S, Orlowska A. Contextual effects on smile perception and recognition memory. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMost past research has focused on the role played by social context information in emotion classification, such as whether a display is perceived as belonging to one emotion category or another. The current study aims to investigate whether the effect of context extends to the interpretation of emotion displays, i.e. smiles that could be judged either as posed or spontaneous readouts of underlying positive emotion. A between-subjects design (N = 93) was used to investigate the perception and recall of posed smiles, presented together with a happy or polite social context scenario. Results showed that smiles seen in a happy context were judged as more spontaneous than the same smiles presented in a polite context. Also, smiles were misremembered as having more of the physical attributes (i.e., Duchenne marker) associated with spontaneous enjoyment when they appeared in the happy than polite context condition. Together, these findings indicate that social context information is routinely encoded during emotion perception, thereby shaping the interpretation and recognition memory of facial expressions.
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25
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26
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Filkuková P, Jørgensen M. How to pose for a professional photo: The effect of three facial expressions on perception of competence of a software developer. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Filkuková
- Department of High Performance Computing, Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway,
| | - Magne Jørgensen
- Department of IT Management, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway,
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,
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27
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Sheldon KM, Corcoran M, Sheldon M. Duchenne Smiles as Honest Signals of Chronic Positive Mood. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:654-666. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620959831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic positive mood (CPM) has been shown to confer a wide variety of social, functional, and health benefits. Some researchers have argued that humans evolved to feel CPM, which explains why most people report better than neutral mood (the “positivity offset bias”) and why particularly happy people have particularly good outcomes. Here, we argue that the Duchenne smile evolved as an honest signal of high levels of CPM, alerting others to the psychological fitness of the smiler. Duchenne smiles are honest because they express felt positive emotion, making it difficult for unhappy people to produce them. Duchenne smiles enable happy people to signal and cooperate with one another, boosting their advantages. In our literature review, we found (a) that not all Duchenne smiles are “honest,” although producing them in the absence of positive emotion is difficult and often detectable, and (b) that the ability to produce and recognize Duchenne smiles may vary somewhat by a person’s cultural origin. In the final section of the article, we consider behavioral influences on CPM, reviewing research showing that engaging in eudaimonic activity reliably produces CPM, as posited by the eudaimonic-activity model. This research suggests that frequent Duchenne smiling may ultimately signal eudaimonic personality as well as CPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennon M. Sheldon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Department of Psychology, Higher School of Economics, National Research University
| | - Mike Corcoran
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Department of Psychology, Cabrini University
| | - Melanie Sheldon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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28
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Etcoff N, Stock S, Krumhuber EG, Reed LI. A Novel Test of the Duchenne Marker: Smiles After Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Crow's Feet Wrinkles. Front Psychol 2021; 11:612654. [PMID: 33510690 PMCID: PMC7835207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smiles that vary in muscular configuration also vary in how they are perceived. Previous research suggests that “Duchenne smiles,” indicated by the combined actions of the orbicularis oculi (cheek raiser) and the zygomaticus major muscles (lip corner puller), signal enjoyment. This research has compared perceptions of Duchenne smiles with non-Duchenne smiles among individuals voluntarily innervating or inhibiting the orbicularis oculi muscle. Here we used a novel set of highly controlled stimuli: photographs of patients taken before and after receiving botulinum toxin treatment for crow’s feet lines that selectively paralyzed the lateral orbicularis oculi muscle and removed visible lateral eye wrinkles, to test perception of smiles. Smiles in which the orbicularis muscle was active (prior to treatment) were rated as more felt, spontaneous, intense, and happier. Post treatment patients looked younger, although not more attractive. We discuss the potential implications of these findings within the context of emotion science and clinical research on botulinum toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Etcoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shannon Stock
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Eva G Krumhuber
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Ian Reed
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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29
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Pérez-Fernández H, Martín-Cruz N, Delgado-García JB, Rodríguez-Escudero AI. Online and Face-to-Face Social Networks and Dispositional Affectivity. How to Promote Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education Environments to Achieve Disruptive Innovations? Front Psychol 2021; 11:588634. [PMID: 33391111 PMCID: PMC7773815 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although entrepreneurial intention has been widely studied using cognitive models, we still lack entrepreneurial vocation and, therefore, lack disruptive innovations. Entrepreneurship scholars have some understanding of the reasons underlying this weakness, although there is much room for improvement in our learning concerning how to promote entrepreneurship among university students, especially in the transformed context of digital technologies. This paper focuses on the early stages of start-up, and in particular seeks to evaluate what role social and psychological factors play in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on network theory, we consider the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we analyze the influence of two types of social networks: face-to-face and online social networks, with the latter proving especially important in digital transformations. In addition, based on affective congruency theory, we relate affect with entrepreneurial intention. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of positive and negative dispositional affectivity on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, since affect and emotions can also be related with social relationships, we analyze whether dispositional affectivities influence entrepreneurial intention through the mediation effect of social networks. Using structural equation modeling, we confirm the impact of both online and face-to-face social networks, as well as positive dispositional affectivity on entrepreneurial intention for 589 higher education students in Spain. However, negative dispositional affectivity is not seen to influence entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, both face-to-face and online social networks are influenced by positive dispositional affectivity. Moreover, these two types of networks can even partially mediate the relationship between positive dispositional affectivity and entrepreneurial intention. Positive dispositional affectivity can thus influence entrepreneurial intention in two different ways: directly and indirectly through both face-to-face and online social networks. This study provides further insights and adds to the literature on affect, social networks, and entrepreneurial intention. From a broader perspective, we also contribute to the literature on disruptive innovations by explaining how the development of entrepreneurial intentions would have positive consequences for university students vis-à-vis achieving these disruptive innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Martín-Cruz
- Department of Business and Marketing, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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30
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Enhancing Happiness for Nursing Students through Positive Psychology Activities: A Mixed Methods Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249274. [PMID: 33322448 PMCID: PMC7762976 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate a program promoting character strengths, positive psychological capital, learning flow, and sense of calling for nursing students. We conducted a concurrent embedded mixed methods study with 51 nursing students randomly classified into an intervention or a control group. The intervention group exhibited significantly higher scores than the control group for positive psychological capital, learning flow, and sense of calling. Program participation experiences were categorized as "change of views about oneself", "change of views about the world", "stress relief", and "practice of positivity". Among nursing students, this program demonstrated change toward a positive, committed, and meaningful life.
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31
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Decomposing the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression in a Chinese cultural context. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression proposed by King and Emmons (1990) in the Chinese context, and identified a factor structure different from those proposed in previous Western studies. The results of this study provided discriminant validity for this newly extracted two‐factor structure of ambivalence, viz., Emotional Rumination and Emotional Suppression. Emotional Rumination was significantly predicted by the personality scales of introversion and inferiority, and the belief dimension of fate control, whereas Emotional Suppression was predicted by the personality scales of diversity, face, and harmony, and the belief dimension of social complexity. The different effects of Emotional Rumination and Emotional Suppression in predicting life satisfaction showed that emotional experience has its own specific characteristics in Chinese culture, and that responding to its emic characteristics will yield a more culturally responsive understanding of emotional experience and expression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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32
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Predictive Validity of Thin Slices of Verbal and Nonverbal Behaviors: Comparison of Slice Lengths and Rating Methodologies. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-020-00343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Yi F, Li X, Song X, Zhu L. The Underlying Mechanisms of Psychological Resilience on Emotional Experience: Attention-Bias or Emotion Disengagement. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1993. [PMID: 33041879 PMCID: PMC7527537 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological resilience is consisted of social resources and protective factors for individuals against negative effects, and can influence the process of meta-cognition of individuals in response to emotion feelings. However, individuals with high or low resilience may produce various emotional experiences when facing the same events. According to an emotional input-output model, the different impacts of resilience on emotional experience may be caused during the process of receiving or disengaging stages. In order to address this problem, three experiments were conducted in the present study. The Experiment 1 was designed to explore whether the positive and negative emotions were associated with higher or lower levels of resilience. The aims of Experiments 2 and 3 were to test at which stages the different emotional experiences were caused by high or low resilience of individuals. The results showed that individuals with low resilience were more likely to feel more negative and less positive emotions, and resilience was significantly negatively associated with anxiety or depression. However, there was no difference in the stage of receiving emotional information between high and low resilient individuals, but differ on their ability of disengagement from emotional information, the individuals with high resilience disengaged from both positive and negative emotional information much faster. These findings were discussed in the context of different theories about the relationship between resilience and emotional experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yi
- School of Psychology, Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- People’s Government of Anhua Town, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Song
- School of Psychology, Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Psychology, Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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34
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GIS-Based Emotional Computing: A Review of Quantitative Approaches to Measure the Emotion Layer of Human–Environment Relationships. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi9090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, with the growing accessibility of abundant contextual emotion information, which is benefited by the numerous georeferenced user-generated content and the maturity of artificial intelligence (AI)-based emotional computing technics, the emotion layer of human–environment relationship is proposed for enriching traditional methods of various related disciplines such as urban planning. This paper proposes the geographic information system (GIS)-based emotional computing concept, which is a novel framework for applying GIS methods to collective human emotion. The methodology presented in this paper consists of three key steps: (1) collecting georeferenced data containing emotion and environment information such as social media and official sites, (2) detecting emotions using AI-based emotional computing technics such as natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV), and (3) visualizing and analyzing the spatiotemporal patterns with GIS tools. This methodology is a great synergy of multidisciplinary cutting-edge techniques, such as GIScience, sociology, and computer science. Moreover, it can effectively and deeply explore the connection between people and their surroundings with the help of GIS methods. Generally, the framework provides a standard workflow to calculate and analyze the new information layer for researchers, in which a measured human-centric perspective onto the environment is possible.
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35
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Marital Status and Self-Rated Health in China: A Longitudinal Analysis. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Braun SS, Schonert-Reichl KA, Roeser RW. Effects of teachers' emotion regulation, burnout, and life satisfaction on student well-being. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Lwi SJ, Casey JJ, Verstaen A, Connelly DE, Merrilees J, Levenson RW. Genuine Smiles by Patients During Marital Interactions are Associated with Better Caregiver Mental Health. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:975-987. [PMID: 29385515 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Providing care for a spouse with dementia is associated with an increased risk for poor mental health. To determine whether this vulnerability in caregivers is related to the expression of positive emotion, we examined 57 patients with Alzheimer's disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and their spouses as they discussed a marital conflict. METHOD Facial behavior during the discussion was objectively coded to identify Duchenne (i.e., genuine) smiles and non-Duchenne (i.e., polite) smiles. Caregiver mental health was measured using the Medical Outcomes Survey. RESULTS Greater expression of Duchenne smiles by patients was associated with better caregiver mental health, even when accounting for covariates (i.e., diagnosis, patient cognitive functioning, and caregiver marital satisfaction). Greater expression of non-Duchenne smiles by patients was associated with worse caregiver health, but only when covariates were entered in the model. Expression of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles by caregivers was not associated with caregiver mental health. DISCUSSION Patients' expression of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles may reveal important aspects of the emotional quality of the patient-caregiver relationship that influence caregiver burden and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy J Lwi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - James J Casey
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Alice Verstaen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Dyan E Connelly
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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Children's Facial Muscular Movements and Risk for Early Psychopathology: Assessing Clinical Utility. Behav Ther 2020; 51:253-267. [PMID: 32138936 PMCID: PMC7476425 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Standardized developmentally based assessment systems have transformed the capacity to identify transdiagnostic behavioral markers of mental disorder risk in early childhood, notably, clinically significant irritability and externalizing behaviors. However, behavior-based instruments that both differentiate risk for persistent psychopathology from normative misbehavior, and are feasible for community clinicians to implement, are in nascent phases of development. Young children's facial expressions during frustration challenges may form the basis for novel assessments tools that are flexible, quick, and easy to implement as markers of psychopathology to complement validated questionnaires. However, the accuracy of facial expressions to correctly classify young children falling above and below clinical cut-offs is unknown. Our goal was to test how facial expressions during frustration, defined by different facial muscular movements, related to individual differences in irritability and externalizing behaviors and discriminated children with clinically significant levels from peers. Participants were 79 children (ages 3-7) who completed a short, moderately frustrating computer task while facial expressions were recorded. Only negative facial expressions that included eye constriction related to irritability and externalizing behaviors and were clinically discriminating. Moreover, these expressions significantly discriminated children with and without clinically significant irritability and externalizing symptoms with high Area Under the Curve (AUC) values (> .75) indicating good clinical utility. In contrast, expressions without eye constriction showed no clinical utility. The presence of negative expressions with eye constriction in response to a short frustration prompt may serve as an indicator of early psychopathology, raising the potential for novel assessment tools that may enhance precision of early identification.
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39
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Coffey JK, Warren MT. Comparing adolescent positive affect and self-esteem as precursors to adult self-esteem and life satisfaction. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Fang X, Sauter DA, van Kleef GA. Unmasking smiles: the influence of culture and intensity on interpretations of smiling expressions. JOURNAL OF CULTURAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41809-019-00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Soderlund M, Berg H. Employee emotional displays in the extended service encounter. JOURNAL OF SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/josm-06-2019-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of happiness expressed by service firm employees when they are depicted in marketing communications materials, such as printed ads and videos.
Design/methodology/approach
Two experiments were conducted in a fitness service setting, in which employee display of happiness was manipulated (low vs high).
Findings
Both experiments showed that expressions of high levels of happiness produced a more positive attitude toward the service employee than expressions of low levels of happiness. Moreover, the impact of the expression of happiness on the evaluation of the employee was mediated by several variables, which suggests that the influence of depicted employees’ emotional expressions can take several routes.
Practical implications
The results imply that service firms should not only be mindful about which specific employee they select for appearing in marketing communications materials, they should also pay attention to the emotional displays of selected employees.
Originality/value
The present study contributes to previous research by assessing a set of potential mediators to explain why displays of happiness influence consumers, and by examining these effects in a marketing communications setting in which the customer is exposed to still images or video-based representations of the employee. The present study also focuses explicitly on happiness rather than on smiles.
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Gaertig C, Barasch A, Levine EE, Schweitzer ME. When does anger boost status? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Goldberg SB, Hirshberg M, Tello LY, Weng HY, Flook L, Davidson RJ. Still facial photographs of long-term meditators are perceived by naïve observers as less neurotic, more conscientious and more mindful than non-meditating controls. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221782. [PMID: 31461478 PMCID: PMC6713443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of meditation training on self-report psychological variables is well-established. Although meditation training is purported to have interpersonal impacts, whether naïve observers perceive differences associated with long- and short-term meditation training is largely unknown. The current study provided a stringent test of this possibility through observer ratings of a very thin slice of expressive behavior: still photographs. Photographs were drawn from a larger study investigating differences between long-term meditators (LTM) and meditation naïve participants (MNP) who were exposed to one of three experimental conditions. Photographs of ninety-nine targets (16 LTMs, 83 MNPs) were taken at baseline, prior to the randomization of MNPs to an eight-week mindfulness meditation course (mindfulness-based stress reduction; n = 27), an active control comparison condition (health enhancement program; n = 29), or a waitlist control group (n = 27) and again after the training period. Pre- and post-intervention photographs were then rated by 25 meditation teachers and 86 undergraduate raters on five domains theoretically linked to meditation training. Results indicated that relative to MNPs, LTMs were rated as less neurotic and more conscientious, mindful, and "comfortable in their own skin" at baseline (ds = 0.61 to 0.70, ps < .050), although not more agreeable or attractive. Results were largely unchanged when controlling for five observable confounds (age, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, attractiveness). No evidence was found supporting experimental effects of short-term meditation training on observer ratings. Thus, it seems that if meditation is associated with observable differences in facial behavior, effects may be limited to long-term training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B. Goldberg
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hirshberg
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Y. Tello
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Helen Y. Weng
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Lisa Flook
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Learning Policy Institute, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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LeBlanc S, Uzun B, Aydemir A. Structural relationship among mindfulness, reappraisal and life satisfaction: The mediating role of positive affect. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Fosha D, Thoma N, Yeung D. Transforming emotional suffering into flourishing: metatherapeutic processing of positive affect as a trans-theoretical vehicle for change. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2019.1642852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Thoma
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danny Yeung
- AEDP Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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The Motivational Power of the Happy Face. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9010006. [PMID: 30621081 PMCID: PMC6356968 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
People who are cheerful have better social relationships. This might be the case because happy faces communicate an invitation to interact. Thus, happy faces might have a strong motivational effect on others. We tested this hypothesis in a set of four studies. Study 1 (N = 94) showed that approach reactions to happy faces are faster than other reactions to happy or angry faces. Study 2 (N = 99) found the same effect when comparing reactions to happy faces with reactions to disgusted faces. Supporting the notion that this effect is related to motivation, habitual social approach motivation intensified the motivational effect of happy faces (Study 3, N = 82). Finally, Study 4 (N = 40) showed that the reaction-time asymmetry does not hold for categorization tasks without approach and avoidance movements. These studies demonstrate that happy faces have a strong motivational power. They seem to activate approach reactions more strongly than angry or disgusted faces activate avoidance reactions.
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Abstract
As president of the American Psychological Association in 1998, I organized researchers and practitioners to work on building well-being, not just on the traditional task of reducing ill-being. Substantial research then found that well-being causes many external benefits, including better physical and mental health. Among the applications of Positive Psychology are national psychological accounts of well-being, Positive Psychotherapy, the classification of strengths and virtues, Comprehensive Soldier Fitness, and Positive Education. Positive Psychology has spread beyond psychology into neuroscience, health, psychiatry, theology, and even to the humanities. Positive Psychology has many critics, and I comment on the strongest criticisms. I conclude with the hope that the building of well-being will become a cornerstone of morality, politics, and religion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E P Seligman
- Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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Reed LI, Stratton R, Rambeas JD. Face Value and Cheap Talk: How Smiles Can Increase or Decrease the Credibility of Our Words. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 16:1474704918814400. [PMID: 30497296 PMCID: PMC10480876 DOI: 10.1177/1474704918814400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How do our facial expressions affect the credibility of our words? We test whether smiles, either uninhibited or inhibited, affect the credibility of a written statement. Participants viewed a confederate partner displaying a neutral expression, non-Duchenne smile, Duchenne smile, or controlled smile, paired with a written statement. Participants then made a behavioral decision based on how credible they perceived the confederate's statement to be. Compared to a neutral expression, Experiment 1 found that participants were more likely to believe the confederate's statement when it was paired with a deliberate Duchenne smile and less likely to believe the confederate's statement when it was paired with a deliberate controlled smile. Experiment 2 replicated these findings with spontaneously emitted expressions. These findings provide evidence that uninhibited facial expressions can increase the credibility accompanying statements, while inhibited ones can decrease credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Ian Reed
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Stratton
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Gironzetti E, Attardo S, Pickering L. Smiling and the Negotiation of Humor in Conversation. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2018.1512247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gironzetti
- Department of Spanish and Portuguese/SLLC, University of Maryland
| | - Salvatore Attardo
- Department of Literature and Languages, Texas A&M University-Commerce
| | - Lucy Pickering
- Department of Literature and Languages, Texas A&M University-Commerce
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Greenaway KH, Kalokerinos EK, Murphy SC, McIlroy T. Winners are grinners: Expressing authentic positive emotion enhances status in performance contexts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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