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Chee ZJ, Chang CYM, Cheong JY, Malek FHBA, Hussain S, de Vries M, Bellato A. The effects of music and auditory stimulation on autonomic arousal, cognition and attention: A systematic review. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 199:112328. [PMID: 38458383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
According to the arousal-mood hypothesis, changes in arousal and mood when exposed to auditory stimulation underlie the detrimental effects or improvements in cognitive performance. Findings supporting or against this hypothesis are, however, often based on subjective ratings of arousal rather than autonomic/physiological indices of arousal. To assess the arousal-mood hypothesis, we carried out a systematic review of the literature on 31 studies investigating cardiac, electrodermal, and pupillometry measures when exposed to different types of auditory stimulation (music, ambient noise, white noise, and binaural beats) in relation to cognitive performance. Our review suggests that the effects of music, noise, or binaural beats on cardiac, electrodermal, and pupillometry measures in relation to cognitive performance are either mixed or insufficient to draw conclusions. Importantly, the evidence for or against the arousal-mood hypothesis is at best indirect because autonomic arousal and cognitive performance are often considered separately. Future research is needed to directly evaluate the effects of auditory stimulation on autonomic arousal and cognitive performance holistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jian Chee
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Chern Yi Marybeth Chang
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; Mind and Neurodevelopment (MiND) Interdisciplinary Cluster, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Jean Yi Cheong
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | | | - Shahad Hussain
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Marieke de Vries
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; Mind and Neurodevelopment (MiND) Interdisciplinary Cluster, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; Development and Education of Youth in Diverse Societies (DEEDS), Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Alessio Bellato
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; Mind and Neurodevelopment (MiND) Interdisciplinary Cluster, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
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2
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Sevincer AT, Plakides A, Oettingen G. Mental contrasting and energization transfer to low-expectancy tasks. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMentally contrasting future with reality is a self-regulation strategy that triggers expectancy-dependent energization for tasks instrumental to attaining the desired future. Energization by mental contrasting even transfers to tasks unrelated to the desired future at hand. Would such energization transfer by mental contrasting even energize people to perform unrelated tasks for which they have low success expectations? In Laboratory Experiment 1, mentally contrasting (vs. indulging) about performing well in a creativity task triggered physiological energization and better performance in an unrelated low-expectancy cognitive task that participants received in place of the creativity task. In Field Experiment 2, mentally contrasting an interpersonal wish helped schoolchildren invest more effort and perform better in a low-expectancy academic task—finding typos. Online Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 2 with adults. Mental contrasting participants’ effort and performance in the low-expectancy academic task did not differ from their effort and performance in a high-expectancy task. We discuss implications for designing interventions to foster energization for low-expectancy tasks.
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Incidental affective influences on effort-related cardiac response: The critical role of choosing task characteristics. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 177:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Falk JR, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G, Gendolla GHE. Task choice shields against incidental affective influences on effort-related cardiovascular response. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14022. [PMID: 35166391 PMCID: PMC9286425 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to integrate theorizing on action shielding with affective influences on effort‐related cardiovascular response, an experiment with N = 115 university students (90% women) tested whether working on a task by personal choice versus external assignment moderates the effect of happy versus sad background music on effort‐related cardiovascular response during task performance. We predicted strong action shielding and low receptivity for incidental affective influences when participants could ostensibly choose the task to be performed. Given the difficult nature of the task, we thus expected strong effort‐related cardiovascular responses due to high commitment when the task was chosen. By contrast, for assigned‐task participants, we expected high receptivity for incidental affective influences and thus predicted strong cardiovascular reactivity when they were exposed to happy music but low responses due to disengagement when they were exposed to sad music. Effects on responses of cardiac pre‐ejection period, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate confirmed our effort‐related predictions. Apparently, personal choice of a task can immunize individuals against incidental affective influences on resource mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Falk
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University of Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido H E Gendolla
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Abstract. Attaining sports or health goals requires not only high motivation but also the willpower to translate sport-behavior intentions into successful action. This volitional regulation calls for the mobilization of effort to overcome obstacles in the pursuit of goals. The present article provides a theoretical and empirical overview of motivation intensity theory ( Brehm & Self, 1989 ) – a conceptual framework that makes clear and testable predictions about effort mobilization in various contexts. First, we present the guiding principles of this theory and its operationalizations by measures of effort-related cardiovascular reactivity and physical handgrip force. Second, we review a selection of empirical tests of the basic assumptions of this theory and the impact of psychological moderator variables such as affect, fatigue, pain, and personality on effort mobilization. Finally, we discuss important implications of these findings for the sports and health domains and make suggestions for future research.
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Ginty AT, Tyra AT, Young DA, John-Henderson NA, Gallagher S, Tsang JAC. State gratitude is associated with lower cardiovascular responses to acute psychological stress: A replication and extension. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 158:238-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Boland EM, Goldschmied JR, Wakschal E, Nusslock R, Gehrman PR. An Integrated Sleep and Reward Processing Model of Major Depressive Disorder. Behav Ther 2020; 51:572-587. [PMID: 32586431 PMCID: PMC7321921 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder with comorbid sleep disturbance has been associated with negative outcomes, including lower rates of treatment response and a greater likelihood of depressive relapse compared to those without sleep disturbance. However, little, if any, research has been conducted to understand why such negative treatment outcomes occur when sleep disturbance is present. In this conceptual review, we argue that the relationship of sleep disturbance and negative treatment outcomes may be mediated by alterations in neural reward processing in individuals with blunted trait-level reward responsivity. We first briefly characterize sleep disturbance in depression, discuss the nature of reward processing impairments in depression, and summarize the sleep/reward relationship in healthy human subjects. We then introduce a novel Integrated Sleep and Reward model of the course and maintenance of major depressive disorder and present preliminary evidence of sleep and reward interaction in unipolar depression. Finally, we discuss limitations of the model and offer testable hypotheses and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Boland
- MIRECC, Cpl. Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Emily Wakschal
- MIRECC, Cpl. Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia
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Engeser S, Hagemeyer B, Aarts H. The nonconscious cessation of affiliative motivation: A replication and extension study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198899. [PMID: 29953447 PMCID: PMC6023142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has documented that incidentally processed action-words can produce corresponding behavior and that affective-motivational processes modulate these effects. The present study aimed to (1) replicate earlier work showing that behavioral effects of exposure to social affiliation related action-words (e.g., socialize, party, going-out) cease when these action-words are co-activated with negative stimuli, (2) probe moderation effects of individual differences in the affiliation motive, and (3) examine whether action-word priming effects on behavior rely on specific-word associations rather than the activation of a broad concept. Results of an experimental study (N = 191) showed that exposure-effects of affiliation related words on behavior instrumental in attaining affiliation goals cease when these words were co-activated with negative affect, but this cessation effect was relatively weak and non-significant. Subsequent analyses revealed that the effect was moderated by the affiliation motive: The cessation effect mainly occurred for individuals with a strong affiliation motive. Further, we found no evidence that word priming effects do merely occur via specific-word associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engeser
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Birk Hagemeyer
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Henk Aarts
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mata F, Treadway M, Kwok A, Truby H, Yücel M, Stout JC, Verdejo-Garcia A. Reduced Willingness to Expend Effort for Reward in Obesity: Link to Adherence to a 3-Month Weight Loss Intervention. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1676-1681. [PMID: 28782916 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to (1) compare the willingness to expend effort for rewards between young adults with healthy weight, overweight, and obesity; and (2) to examine how individual differences in the willingness to expend effort for rewards predict adherence to weight loss treatment. METHODS Seventy-three participants completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). Of those 73 participants, 42 young adults with excess weight took part in a 3-month weight loss treatment after completing the EEfRT. Generalized estimating equation models were used to compare the groups with healthy weight, overweight, and obesity in the EEfRT. Logistic regression models, including the proportion of hard-task choices for each reward probability condition as predictors (12%, 50%, and 88%), were conducted to longitudinally predict adherence in the treatment. RESULTS Young adults with obesity were significantly less willing to expend effort for high-magnitude rewards compared with participants with overweight (P = 0.05). The willingness to expend effort for uncertain rewards (50% probability) was distinguished between completers and dropouts in the weight loss treatment (χ2 = 5.04, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Young adults with obesity, compared with their counterparts with overweight, have diminished motivation to expend effort for obtaining high-magnitude rewards. Less willingness to expend effort for the most uncertain rewards predicts poor adherence to weight loss treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Mata
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Treadway
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alastair Kwok
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen Truby
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie C Stout
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Guo J, Mrug S, Knight DC. Emotion socialization as a predictor of physiological and psychological responses to stress. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:119-129. [PMID: 28377196 PMCID: PMC5487265 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactivity patterns to acute stress are important indicators of physical and mental health. However, the relationships between emotion socialization and stress responses are not well understood. This study aimed to examine whether parental responses to negative emotions predicted physiological and psychological responses to acute stress in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, and whether these relationships varied by gender and ethnicity. Participants were 973 individuals (mean age=19.20years; 50% male; 63% African American, 34% European American) who reported on parental emotion socialization. Participants completed a standardized social stress test (the Trier Social Stress Test; TSST). Heart rate, blood pressure and salivary samples were assessed from baseline throughout the task and during recovery period. Psychological responses to stress were measured immediately after the TSST. Unsupportive parental responses to children's negative emotions were associated with blunted cortisol reactivity and greater negative emotions to a psychosocial stress task in females and African American youth, whereas supportive parental responses predicted greater cortisol reactivity and lower negative emotions to stress in European American youth, as well as less negative emotions in males. However, parental responses to negative emotions did not predict heart rate or SBP reactivity to the TSST. Findings suggest that parental emotion socialization may be an important factor influencing HPA axis reactivity and psychological responses to stress, with important differences across gender and ethnic youth subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Guo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - David C Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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Wielenga-Meijer EGA, Taris TW, Kompier MAJ, Wigboldus DHJ. From task characteristics to learning: A systematic review. Scand J Psychol 2017; 51:363-75. [PMID: 20180922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although many theoretical approaches propose that job characteristics affect employee learning, the question is why and how job characteristics influence learning. The present study reviews the evidence on the relationships among learning antecedents (i.e., job characteristics: demands, variety, autonomy and feedback), learning processes (including motivational, meta-cognitive, cognitive and behavioral processes) and learning consequences. Building on an integrative heuristic model, we quantitatively reviewed 85 studies published between 1969 and 2005. Our analyses revealed strong evidence for a positive relation between job demands and autonomy on the one hand and motivational and meta-cognitive learning processes on the other. Furthermore, these learning processes were positively related to learning consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty G A Wielenga-Meijer
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toon W Taris
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel A J Kompier
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniël H J Wigboldus
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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Difficulty, effort and cardiovascular response to a working memory challenge: Older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 104:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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McCarthy JM, Treadway MT, Bennett ME, Blanchard JJ. Inefficient effort allocation and negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:278-84. [PMID: 26763628 PMCID: PMC4740196 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms like avolition and anhedonia are thought to involve difficulties with reward processing and motivation. The current study aimed to replicate and extend prior findings that individuals with schizophrenia display reduced willingness to expend effort for rewards and that such reduced effort is associated with negative symptoms, poor functioning, and cognitive impairment. The present study compared the effortful decision making of individuals with schizophrenia (n=48) and healthy controls (n=27) on the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). Individuals with schizophrenia chose a smaller proportion of hard tasks than healthy controls across all probability and reward levels with the exception of trials with a 12% probability and low or medium reward magnitude wherein both groups chose similarly few hard tasks. Contrary to expectations, in individuals with schizophrenia, greater negative symptoms were associated with making more effortful choices. Effortful decision making was unrelated to positive symptoms, depression, cognition, and functioning in individuals with schizophrenia. Our results are consistent with prior findings that revealed a pattern of inefficient decision making in individuals with schizophrenia relative to healthy controls. However the results did not support the hypothesized association of negative symptoms and reduced effort in schizophrenia and highlight prior inconsistencies in this literature. Future research is needed to understand what factors may be related to diminished effortful decision making in schizophrenia and the clinical significance of such performance deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742 United States,McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478 United States
| | | | - Melanie E. Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 United States
| | - Jack J. Blanchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742 United States
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Richter M, Gendolla G, Wright R. Three Decades of Research on Motivational Intensity Theory. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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I don’t care about others’ approval: Dysphoric individuals show reduced effort mobilization for obtaining a social reward. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Richter M, Knappe K. Mood impact on effort-related cardiovascular reactivity depends on task context: evidence from a task with an unfixed performance standard. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 93:227-34. [PMID: 24814934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gendolla and colleagues have consistently found that negative mood leads to higher effort-related cardiovascular reactivity than positive mood if performers can choose their own performance standard (Gendolla et al., 2001; Gendolla and Krüsken, 2001a, 2002a,b). However, an integration of motivational intensity theory with the mood literature suggests that the impact of mood on cardiovascular activity should vary with task context. In a 2 (task context: demand vs. reward)×2 (mood valence: negative vs. positive) between-persons design, participants performed a memory task without a fixed performance standard. The results showed the expected interaction. Positive mood led to higher effort mobilization-reflected by increased pre-ejection period and heart rate reactivity-than negative mood if participants had answered questions about task reward before performing the task. If participants had responded to questions about task demand, the pattern was reversed. These results extend and add to preceding research that has demonstrated that mood impact on effort-related cardiovascular activity is not stable but depends on task context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Richter
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 40, Bd. du Pont-d'Arve, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Ford MT, Matthews RA, Wooldridge JD, Mishra V, Kakar UM, Strahan SR. How do occupational stressor-strain effects vary with time? A review and meta-analysis of the relevance of time lags in longitudinal studies. WORK AND STRESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2013.877096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kossowska M, Bar-Tal Y. Positive mood boosts the expression of a dispositional need for closure. Cogn Emot 2013; 27:1181-201. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.778817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Salomon K, Bylsma LM, White KE, Panaite V, Rottenberg J. Is blunted cardiovascular reactivity in depression mood-state dependent? A comparison of major depressive disorder remitted depression and healthy controls. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:50-7. [PMID: 23756147 PMCID: PMC4386598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior work has repeatedly demonstrated that people who have current major depression exhibit blunted cardiovascular reactivity to acute stressors (e.g., Salomon et al., 2009). A key question regards the psychobiological basis for these deficits, including whether such deficits are depressed mood-state dependent or whether these effects are trait-like and are observed outside of depression episodes in vulnerable individuals. To examine this issue, we assessed cardiovascular reactivity to a speech stressor task and a forehead cold pressor in 50 individuals with current major depressive disorder (MDD), 25 with remitted major depression (RMD), and 45 healthy controls. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure and impedance cardiography were assessed and analyses controlled for BMI and sex. Significant group effects were found for SBP, HR, and PEP for the speech preparation period and HR, CO, and PEP during the speech. For each of these parameters, only the MDD group exhibited attenuated reactivity as well as impaired SBP recovery. Reactivity and recovery in the RMD group more closely resembled the healthy controls. Speeches given by the MDD group were rated as less persuasive than the RMD or healthy controls' speeches. No significant differences were found for the cold pressor. Blunted cardiovascular reactivity and impaired recovery in current major depression may be mood-state dependent phenomena and may be more reflective of motivational deficits than deficits in the physiological integrity of the cardiovascular system.
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Seery MD. The Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat: Using the Heart to Measure the Mind. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Seery
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
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Gendolla GH. Implicit affect primes effort: A theory and research on cardiovascular response. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 86:123-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affective regulation of cognitive-control adjustments in remitted depressive patients after acute tryptophan depletion. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 12:280-6. [PMID: 22218750 PMCID: PMC3341521 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-011-0078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Negative affect in healthy populations regulates the appraisal of demanding situations, which tunes subsequent effort mobilization and adjustments in cognitive control. In the present study, we hypothesized that dysphoria in depressed individuals similarly modulates this adaptation, possibly through a neural mechanism involving serotonergic regulation. We tested the effect of dysphoria induced by acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) in remitted depressed patients on conflict adaptation in a Simon task. ATD temporarily lowers the availability of the serotonin precursor L-Tryptophan and is known to increase depressive symptoms in approximately half of remitted depressed participants. We found that depressive symptoms induced by ATD were associated with increased conflict adaptation. Our finding extends recent observations implying an important role of affect in regulating conflict-driven cognitive control.
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Freydefont L, Gendolla GH. Incentive moderates the impact of implicit anger vs. sadness cues on effort-related cardiac response. Biol Psychol 2012; 91:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wright RA, Shim JJ, Hogan BK, Duncan J, Thomas C. Interactional influence of fatigue and task difficulty on cardiovascular response: demonstrations involving an aerobic exercise challenge. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1049-58. [PMID: 22681340 PMCID: PMC5110254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were executed to provide new evidence relevant to the recent suggestion that fatigue should augment or retard cardiovascular response depending on the difficulty of the challenge at hand. Participants walked on a treadmill while wearing a vest fitted with 5 or 25 pounds of weight. Later, they mounted a recumbent stationary bicycle and were asked to pedal with the chance to earn a modest incentive if they attained a low or high cycling standard (i.e., if they met an easy or difficult cycling challenge). Analysis of CV responses during the cycling period indicated expected interactions for systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Whereas responses were stronger for the Heavy-Vest (i.e., high-fatigue) group when the standard was low, they were weaker for this group when the standard was high. Experiments 2 and 3 evaluated a nonfatigue interpretation of the main results and yielded findings that supported the fatigue interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA.
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Want information? How mood and performance perceptions alter the perceived value of information and influence information-seeking behaviors. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-012-9304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Kappes HB, Oettingen G. Positive fantasies about idealized futures sap energy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Silvestrini N, Gendolla GH. Beta-adrenergic impact underlies the effect of mood and hedonic instrumentality on effort-related cardiovascular response. Biol Psychol 2011; 87:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Silvestrini N, Gendolla GHE. Masked affective stimuli moderate task difficulty effects on effort-related cardiovascular response. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:1157-64. [PMID: 21457273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the combined effect of masked affective stimuli and task difficulty on effort-related cardiovascular response. Cardiovascular reactivity (ICG, blood pressure) was recorded during a baseline period and performance of an easy or difficult attention task in which participants were exposed to masked sad vs. happy facial expressions. As expected, participants in the sad-faces/easy and happy-faces/difficult conditions showed stronger sympathetic nervous system discharge to the heart and vasculature--shorter preejection period, higher systolic blood pressure--indicating more effort than participants in the sad-faces/difficult and happy-faces/easy conditions. Total peripheral resistance reacted similarly as preejection period and systolic blood pressure. The findings are compatible with the effects of consciously experienced affect on effort-related cardiovascular response.
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Trait self-focused attention, task difficulty, and effort-related cardiovascular reactivity. Int J Psychophysiol 2010; 79:335-40. [PMID: 21145360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using motivational intensity theory as a framework, the present experiment examined how individual differences in self-focused attention interact with task difficulty to predict effort, assessed via cardiovascular reactivity. Participants (n = 50) worked on a cognitive task fixed at an easy, medium, or hard level of difficulty, and individual differences in private self-consciousness and self-reflection were measured. Regression models indicated that trait self-focus interacted with task difficulty to predict cardiovascular reactivity, particularly systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity. Participants low and high in trait self-focus showed similar SBP reactivity in the easy and medium conditions, but they diverged in the hard condition: High trait focus was associated with higher SBP reactivity, indicating greater effort, whereas low trait self-focus was associated with low SBP reactivity, indicating disengagement. The findings thus support the motivational intensity approach to effort and its interpretation of self-focus's role in effort mobilization.
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Silvia PJ, McCord DM, Gendolla GHE. Self-focused attention, performance expectancies, and the intensity of effort: Do people try harder for harder goals? MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-010-9192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Abstract
In this study, we examined the hypothesis that masked general action and inaction cues that are processed during a cognitive task directly mobilize effort exerted during the task. Participants were randomly assigned to an action-prime condition, an inaction-prime condition, or a control condition and performed a Sternberg short-term memory task. The intensity of effort the participants exerted during the task was estimated by measuring their heart responses (cardiac preejection period, PEP) during task performance. As expected, exposure to masked action cues resulted in stronger PEP reactivity than exposure to masked inaction cues. PEP reactivity in the control group fell in between reactivity when action cues were used and reactivity when inaction cues were used. Participants’ task performance revealed a corresponding pattern: Reaction times were the shortest in the action-prime condition, increased in the control condition, and increased further in the inaction-prime condition. These results show that masked action cues and inaction cues directly influence the intensity of effort exerted in the performance of a task.
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32
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Effort Mobilization when the Self is Involved: Some Lessons from the Cardiovascular System. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1037/a0019742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Brinkmann K, Schüpbach L, Joye IA, Gendolla GHE. Anhedonia and effort mobilization in dysphoria: reduced cardiovascular response to reward and punishment. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 74:250-8. [PMID: 19808061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Instigated by evidence for reduced responsiveness to reward in depression, the present two studies addressed the question if such anhedonic behavior would also become evident in reduced mobilization of mental effort in terms of cardiovascular reactivity. Undergraduates completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and worked on mental tasks, expecting either no consequence, a performance-contingent reward, or a performance-contingent punishment. Study 1 revealed that participants with low CES-D scores showed high systolic blood pressure reactivity in the punishment condition, whereas participants with high CES-D scores showed low systolic reactivity. Study 2 corroborated this finding for reward: Nondysphoric participants expecting a reward showed higher reactivity of systolic blood pressure and pre-ejection period than participants in the neutral condition or than dysphoric participants. Together, the studies demonstrate that reward insensitivity in (subclinical) depression is also found in cardiovascular reactivity. Furthermore, dysphoric individuals do not respond to punishment either, suggesting a general insensitivity to hedonic consequences.
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Performance, cardiovascular, and health behavior effects of an inhibitory strength training intervention. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-009-9146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Silvestrini N, Gendolla GH. The joint effect of mood, task valence, and task difficulty on effort-related cardiovascular response and facial EMG. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 73:226-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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von Helversen B, Gendolla GHE, Winkielman P, Schmidt RE. Exploring the hardship of ease: Subjective and objective effort in the ease-of-processing paradigm. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-008-9080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Wright RA. Refining the Prediction of Effort: Brehm's Distinction between Potential Motivation and Motivation Intensity. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Lobbestael J, Arntz A, Wiers RW. How to push someone's buttons: A comparison of four anger-induction methods. Cogn Emot 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/02699930701438285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Abstract
University students (N=43) watched film clips to manipulate negative, neutral, or positive mood states and then performed a mood regulation task with the goal of experiencing positive affect. Autonomic reactivity was assessed during habituation, mood inductions, and mood regulation. According to the mood-behavior model (G.H.E. Gendolla, 2000) and studies on self-regulation, we predicted stronger cardiovascular and electrodermal reactivity in a negative mood than in both positive and neutral moods in the context of mood regulation but not during the mood inductions. Results were as expected. Furthermore, the Zygomaticus Major muscle reacted more strongly in the positive than in the neutral and negative mood conditions during the mood inductions. The findings are interpreted as demonstrating mood effects on resource mobilization during an effortful mood regulation performance.
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Brinkmann K, Gendolla GHE. Dysphoria and Mobilization of Mental Effort: Effects on Cardiovascular Reactivity. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-007-9054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Richter M, Gendolla GHE. Incentive value, unclear task difficulty, and cardiovascular reactivity in active coping. Int J Psychophysiol 2007; 63:294-301. [PMID: 17224198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An experiment with 44 participants assessed the moderating effects of four levels of incentive value on cardiovascular responses in active coping. Randomly assigned to one of four different incentive conditions, participants performed a memory task without knowing its difficulty in advance. By means of successfully performing the task participants could either win no reward, 10 Swiss Francs, 20 Swiss Francs, or 30 Swiss Francs. In accordance with the theoretical predictions derived from motivational intensity theory, reactivity of systolic blood pressure and heart rate monotonically increased with incentive value. Thereby, these findings provide additional empirical evidence for the predictions of motivational intensity theory with regard to unclear task difficulty and extend recent research (Richter, M., Gendolla, G.H.E., 2006. Incentive effects on cardiovascular reactivity in active coping with unclear task difficulty. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 61, 216-225.), which was not conclusive regarding the predicted monotonic relationship between incentive value and cardiovascular reactivity under conditions of unclear task difficulty.
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Thelwell RC, Lane AM, Weston NJ. Mood states, self-set goals, self-efficacy and performance in academic examinations. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gendolla GHE, Richter M. Ego-involvement and the difficulty law of motivation: effects on performance-related cardiovascular response. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 32:1188-203. [PMID: 16902239 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206288945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments found that effort-related cardiovascular reactivity under ego-involvement follows the principles of motivational intensity theory. Experiment 1 manipulated ego-involvement and the difficulty of a memory task. Under high ego-involvement, cardiovascular reactivity during task performance increased with fixed task difficulty; an unfixed performance standard elicited the same high reactivity as a fixed high standard. Experiment 2 manipulated ego-involvement and administered a memory task with unfixed versus extremely high performance standards. High ego-involvement increased cardiovascular reactivity only when the performance standard was unfixed but not when success was obviously impossible. Both studies found associations between cardiovascular reactivity and achievement and controlled for emotional states. The findings clarify previous research and theorizing about ego-involvement and motivation.
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Gendolla GHE, Richter M. Cardiovascular reactivity during performance under social observation: The moderating role of task difficulty. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 62:185-92. [PMID: 16750583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An experiment with N=40 university students investigated the impact of social observation on cardiovascular reactivity during performance on a computer-based letter detection task. The study was conducted in a 2 (social observation: no vs. yes)x2 (task difficulty: easy vs. difficult) between-persons design. In accordance with engagement-related predictions about the role of social observation in active coping, the mere presence of an experimenter who observed participants during task performance increased the reactivity of systolic blood pressure when the task was difficult, but not when the task was easy. Without social observation, reactivity was modest in both the easy and the difficult conditions. Reactivity of diastolic blood pressure described the same pattern as systolic blood pressure. Results are interpreted as evidence for an effort-related analysis of cardiovascular reactivity based on the principles of motivational intensity theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido H E Gendolla
- FPSE, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 40, Bd. du Pont d'Arve, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Gendolla GHE. Static thinking as cognitive coping with performance difficulties: The role of motivation and “arousal”. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10615800600841265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Richter M, Gendolla GHE. Incentive effects on cardiovascular reactivity in active coping with unclear task difficulty. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 61:216-25. [PMID: 16318893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments with a total of 96 participants assessed cardiovascular response in active coping. The studies were run in 2x2 designs and manipulated the clarity of task difficulty (clear vs. unclear) and incentive value (low vs. high) of a memory task, which was either easy (Experiment 1) or extremely difficult (Experiment 2). In accordance with the theoretical predictions of motivational intensity theory [Brehm, J.W., Self, E.A., 1989. The intensity of motivation. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 40, 109-131; Wright, R.A., 1996. Brehm's theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. In: Gollwitzer, P.M., Bargh, J.A. (Eds.), The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behaviour, Guilford, New York, pp. 424-453], systolic reactivity varied directly with incentive value when task difficulty was unclear. In contrast, when task difficulty was clear, incentives had no influence and cardiovascular reactivity was low. These findings provide the first evidence for the predictions of motivational intensity theory with regard to unclear task difficulty and complete past research that has focused on the effects of fixed and unfixed task difficulty on cardiovascular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Richter
- FPSE, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 40 Bd. du Pont d'Arve, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Gendolla GHE, Richter M. Ego involvement and effort: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and performance effects. Psychophysiology 2005; 42:595-603. [PMID: 16176382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An experiment with N=52 university students manipulated ego involvement (low vs. high) and task difficulty (unfixed vs. easy) of a letter detection task. In accordance with the theoretical predictions about the role of ego involvement in active coping, high ego involvement increased the performance-related reactivity of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and also the number of unspecific skin conductance responses when task difficulty was unfixed ("do your best"). Ego involvement had no impact on autonomic reactivity when task difficulty was easy due to a fixed low performance standard. Furthermore, participants in the ego involvement/unfixed condition, where autonomic reactivity was relatively strong, committed significantly fewer errors in the letter detection task than those in the other conditions, reflecting an association between mental effort and performance.
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Lane AM, Whyte GP, Terry PC, Nevill AM. Mood, self-set goals and examination performance: the moderating effect of depressed mood. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract. Based on the mood-behavior-model (MBM; Gendolla, 2000 ), it is proposed that moods play significant roles in two central processes of self-regulation: (1) The constitution of action preferences and (2) resource mobilization in instrumental behavior. Specifically, people's interest in behaviors that facilitate hedonic experiences depends on their momentary need for well-being and the perceived instrumentality of potential acts for satisfying this need. Resource mobilization is influenced by the use of moods as diagnostic information for demand appraisals, which in turn determine the intensity of effort and the persistence of behavior. A series of experiments that quantified effort as cardiovascular response has supported these predictions. The role of personality variables in the linkage between mood states and self-regulation is discussed.
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Gendolla GHE, Abele AE, Andrei A, Spurk D, Richter M. Negative Mood, Self-Focused Attention, and the Experience of Physical Symptoms: The Joint Impact Hypothesis. Emotion 2005; 5:131-44. [PMID: 15982079 DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A joint impact hypothesis on symptom experience is introduced that specifies the role of negative mood and self-focus, which have been considered independently in previous research. Accordingly, negative affect only promotes symptom experience when people simultaneously focus their attention on the self. One correlational study and 4 experiments supported this prediction: Only negative mood combined with self-focus facilitated the experience (see the self-reports in Studies 1, 2a, & 2b) and the accessibility (lexical decisions, Stroop task in Studies 3 & 4) of physical symptoms, whereas neither positive mood nor negative mood without self-focus did. Furthermore, the joint impact of negative mood and self-focused attention on momentary symptom experience remained significant after controlling for the influence of dispositional symptom reporting and neuroticism.
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