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Minaglia C, Giannotti C, Boccardi V, Mecocci P, Serafini G, Odetti P, Monacelli F. Cachexia and advanced dementia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:263-277. [PMID: 30794350 PMCID: PMC6463474 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a complex metabolic process that is associated with several end-stage organ diseases. It is known to be also associated with advanced dementia, although the pathophysiologic mechanisms are still largely unknown. The present narrative review is aimed at presenting recent insights concerning the pathophysiology of weight loss and wasting syndrome in dementia, the putative mechanisms involved in the dysregulation of energy balance, and the interplay among the chronic clinical conditions of sarcopenia, malnutrition, and frailty in the elderly. We discuss the clinical implications of these new insights, with particular attention to the challenging question of nutritional needs in advanced dementia and the utility of tube feeding in order to optimize the management of end-stage dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Minaglia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Section of Geriatrics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Giannotti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Section of Geriatrics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Virginia Boccardi
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Section of Psychiatry, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizio Odetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Section of Geriatrics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Section of Geriatrics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Aranda-Souza MÂ, Lorena VMBD, Correia MTDS, Pereira-Neves A, Figueiredo RCBQD. A C-type lectin from Bothrops leucurus snake venom forms amyloid-like aggregates in RPMI medium and are efficiently phagocytosed by peritoneal macrophages. Toxicon 2019; 157:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Müller S, Preische O, Sohrabi HR, Gräber S, Jucker M, Dietzsch J, Ringman JM, Martins RN, McDade E, Schofield PR, Ghetti B, Rossor M, Graff-Radford NR, Levin J, Galasko D, Quaid KA, Salloway S, Xiong C, Benzinger T, Buckles V, Masters CL, Sperling R, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Laske C. Decreased body mass index in the preclinical stage of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1225. [PMID: 28450713 PMCID: PMC5430642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01327-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between body-mass index (BMI) and Alzheimer´s disease (AD) has been extensively investigated. However, BMI alterations in preclinical individuals with autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) have not yet been investigated. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 230 asymptomatic members of families with ADAD participating in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) study including 120 preclinical mutation carriers (MCs) and 110 asymptomatic non-carriers (NCs). Differences in BMI and their relation with cerebral amyloid load and episodic memory as a function of estimated years to symptom onset (EYO) were analyzed. Preclinical MCs showed significantly lower BMIs compared to NCs, starting 11.2 years before expected symptom onset. However, the BMI curves begun to diverge already at 17.8 years before expected symptom onset. Lower BMI in preclinical MCs was significantly associated with less years before estimated symptom onset, higher global Aβ brain burden, and with lower delayed total recall scores in the logical memory test. The study provides cross-sectional evidence that weight loss starts one to two decades before expected symptom onset of ADAD. Our findings point toward a link between the pathophysiology of ADAD and disturbance of weight control mechanisms. Longitudinal follow-up studies are warranted to investigate BMI changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Preische
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Susanne Gräber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janko Dietzsch
- Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John M Ringman
- Memory and Aging Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Eric McDade
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 3471 5th Ave, Suite 811, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Martin Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1 3BG, UK
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), München, Germany and Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Quaid
- Indiana University Center for Bioethics, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Department of Neurology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Virginia Buckles
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Level 5, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Reisa Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Christoph Laske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Buccarello L, Grignaschi G, Di Giancamillo A, Domeneghini C, Melcangi RC, Borsello T. Neuroprotective effects of low fat-protein diet in the P301L mouse model of tauopathy. Neuroscience 2017; 354:208-220. [PMID: 28456717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the pathological aggregation of tau protein in the human brain. Although numerous studies in mouse models of Alzheimer disease (AD) have shown a correlation among diet, beta-amyloid and AD onset, little is known about the impact of diet on Tau. We investigated whether a low fat-protein diet (LFPD) may improve lifespan, cognitive and locomotor activity in P301L-tg mouse model of tauopathy. Our data indicate that LFPD has a beneficial effect on these parameters. Tg mice fed with standard diet shown a decrease in body weight, food intake and survival rate if compared to wild type animals. In contrast, LFPD counteracted weight loss, increased mortality and ameliorated cognitive and locomotor performances in tg mice. LFPD also reduced the abnormal accumulation of agglomerates of P-Tau (pathological features of tauopathies) and the expression of apoptotic markers (i.e., TUNEL immunopositive neurons) in the prefrontal cerebral cortex and hippocampus of P301L-tg mice. Interestingly, some of these effects are sex-dependent. For instance, tg females, but not males, fed with LFPD had a significant increase of body weight and a reduction of P-Tau agglomerates compared to tg fed with standard diet. These changes correlated with a more pronounced improvement of cognition and locomotor activity in females than in male tg fed with LFPD. Altogether, these results suggest a sex dependent neuroprotective effect of LFPD in P301L-tg mice, suggesting that lifestyle intervention strategies may be clinically relevant for delaying the onset of cognitive impairment and dementia, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Buccarello
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Giuliano Grignaschi
- Department of Animal Welfare, IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Domeneghini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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5
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Dietary composition affects the development of cognitive deficits in WT and Tg AD model mice. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:39-49. [PMID: 27167583 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that lifestyle factors, including nutrition, may influence the chances of developing of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and also likely affect the aging process. Whereas it is clear that high-fat diets are increasing both body weight and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, to date, there have been very few studies comparing diets high with different sources of calories (i.e., high fat versus high protein versus high carbohydrates) to determine whether dietary composition has importance beyond the known effect of high caloric intake to increase body weight, AD pathology and cognitive deficits. In the current study we examined the effects that different diets high in carbohydrate, protein or fat content, but similar in caloric value, have on the development of cognitive impairment and brain pathology in wild-type and Tg AD model mice. The results demonstrate that long term feeding with balanced diets similar in caloric content but with significant changes in the source of calories, all negatively influence cognition compared to the control diet, and that this effect is more pronounced in Tg animals with AD pathology.
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Joly-Amado A, Serraneau KS, Brownlow M, Marín de Evsikova C, Speakman JR, Gordon MN, Morgan D. Metabolic changes over the course of aging in a mouse model of tau deposition. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 44:62-73. [PMID: 27318134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice overexpressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Joly-Amado
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Karisa S Serraneau
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Milene Brownlow
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Marcia N Gordon
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Brownlow ML, Joly-Amado A, Azam S, Elza M, Selenica ML, Pappas C, Small B, Engelman R, Gordon MN, Morgan D. Partial rescue of memory deficits induced by calorie restriction in a mouse model of tau deposition. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brownlow ML, Benner L, D'Agostino D, Gordon MN, Morgan D. Ketogenic diet improves motor performance but not cognition in two mouse models of Alzheimer's pathology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75713. [PMID: 24069439 PMCID: PMC3771931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary manipulations are increasingly viewed as possible approaches to treating neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies suggest that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients present an energy imbalance with brain hypometabolism and mitochondrial deficits. Ketogenic diets (KDs), widely investigated in the treatment and prevention of seizures, have been suggested to bypass metabolic deficits present in AD brain by providing ketone bodies as an alternative fuel to neurons. We investigated the effects of a ketogenic diet in two transgenic mouse lines. Five months old APP/PS1 (a model of amyloid deposition) and Tg4510 (a model of tau deposition) mice were offered either a ketogenic or a control (NIH-31) diet for 3 months. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout the experiment, and blood was collected at 4 weeks and 4 months for ketone and glucose assessments. Both lines of transgenic mice weighed less than nontransgenic mice, yet, surprisingly, had elevated food intake. The ketogenic diet did not affect these differences in body weight or food consumption. Behavioral testing during the last two weeks of treatment found that mice offered KD performed significantly better on the rotarod compared to mice on the control diet independent of genotype. In the open field test, both transgenic mouse lines presented increased locomotor activity compared to nontransgenic, age-matched controls, and this effect was not influenced by KD. The radial arm water maze identified learning deficits in both transgenic lines with no significant differences between diets. Tissue measures of amyloid, tau, astroglial and microglial markers in transgenic lines showed no differences between animals fed the control or the ketogenic diet. These data suggest that ketogenic diets may play an important role in enhancing motor performance in mice, but have minimal impact on the phenotype of murine models of amyloid or tau deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene L Brownlow
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America ; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Abstract
The intermediate and advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are frequently associated with weight loss (WL), but WL may even precede the onset of cognitive symptoms. This review focuses on the possible aetiologic and temporal relationships between AD and WL. When WL occurs some years before any signs of cognitive impairment, it may be a risk factor for dementia due to deficiency of several micronutrients, such as vitamins and essential fatty acids, and consequent oxidative tissue damage. The leptin reduction associated with WL may also facilitate cognitive decline. The mechanisms potentially inducing WL in AD include lower energy intake, higher resting energy expenditure, exaggerated physical activity, or combinations of these factors. A hypermetabolic state has been observed in animals with AD, but has not been confirmed in human subjects. This latter mechanism could involve amyloid assemblies that apparently increase the circulating cytokine levels and proton leakage in mitochondria. WL may be caused by patients’ increased physical activity as they develop abnormal motor behaviour (restlessness and agitation) and waste energy while trying to perform daily activities. During the course of AD, patients usually find it increasingly difficult to eat, so they ingest less food. AD-related neurodegeneration also affects brain regions involved in regulating appetite. The caregiver has an important role in ensuring an adequate food intake and controlling behavioural disturbances. In conclusion, WL is closely linked to AD, making periodic nutritional assessments and appropriate dietary measures important aspects of an AD patient's treatment.
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Sundaram RK, Kasinathan C, Stein S, Sundaram P. Novel Detox Gel Depot sequesters β-Amyloid Peptides in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Pept Res Ther 2011; 18:99-106. [PMID: 22712003 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a debilitating neurodegenerative disease is caused by aggregation and accumulation of a 39-43 amino acid peptide (amyloid β or Aβ) in brain parenchyma and cerebrovasculature. The rational approach would be to use drugs that interfere with Aβ-Aβ interaction and disrupt polymerization. Peptide ligands capable of binding to the KLVFF (amino acids 16-20) region in the Aβ molecule have been investigated as possible drug candidates. Retro-inverso (RI) peptide of this pentapeptide, ffvlk, has been shown to bind artificial fibrils made from Aβ with moderate affinity. We hypothesized that a 'detox gel', which is synthesized by covalently linking a tetrameric version of RI peptide ffvlk to poly (ethylene glycol) polymer chains will act like a 'sink' to capture Aβ peptides from the surrounding environment. We previously demonstrated that this hypothesis works in an in vitro system. The present study extended this hypothesis to an in vivo mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease and determined the therapeutic effect of our detox gel. We injected detox gel subcutaneously to AD model mice and analyzed brain levels of Aβ-42 and improvement in memory parameters. The results showed a reduction of brain amyloid burden in detox gel treated mice. Memory parameters in the treated mice improved. No undesirable immune response was observed. The data strongly suggest that our detox gel can be used as an effective therapy to deplete brain Aβ levels. Considering recent abandonment of failed antibody based therapies, our detox gel appears to have the advantage of being a non-immune based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini K Sundaram
- Recombinant Technologies LLC, 1090 Meriden Waterbury Road, Suite 1, Cheshire, CT 06410
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Body mass index is associated with biological CSF markers of core brain pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1599-608. [PMID: 21684041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Weight changes are common in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and postmortem findings suggest a relation between lower body mass index (BMI) and increased AD brain pathology. In the current multicenter study, we tested whether lower BMI is associated with higher core AD brain pathology as assessed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-based biological markers of AD in 751 living subjects: 308 patients with AD, 296 subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 147 elderly healthy controls (HC). Based upon a priori cutoff values on CSF concentration of total tau and beta-amyloid (Aβ(1-42)), subjects were binarized into a group with abnormal CSF biomarker signature (CSF+) and those without (CSF-). Results showed that BMI was significantly lower in the CSF+ when compared with the CSF- group (F = 27.7, df = 746, p < 0.001). There was no interaction between CSF signature and diagnosis or apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype. In conclusion, lower BMI is indicative of AD pathology as assessed with CSF-based biomarkers in demented and nondemented elderly subjects.
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Characterization of 7- and 19-month-old Tg2576 mice using multimodal in vivo imaging: limitations as a translatable model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:933-44. [PMID: 20961663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With 90% of neuroscience clinical trials failing to see efficacy, there is a clear need for the development of disease biomarkers that can improve the ability to predict human Alzheimer's disease (AD) trial outcomes from animal studies. Several lines of evidence, including genetic susceptibility and disease studies, suggest the utility of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) as a potential biomarker with congruency between humans and animal models. For example, early in AD, patients present with decreased glucose metabolism in the entorhinal cortex and several regions of the brain associated with disease pathology and cognitive decline. While several of the commonly used AD mouse models fail to show all the hallmarks of the disease or the limbic to cortical trajectory, there has not been a systematic evaluation of imaging-derived biomarkers across animal models of AD, contrary to what has been achieved in recent years in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (Miller, 2009). If animal AD models were found to mimic endpoints that correlate with the disease onset, progression, and relapse, then the identification of such markers in animal models could afford the field a translational tool to help bridge the preclinical-clinical gap. Using a combination of FDG-PET and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the Tg2576 mouse for global and regional measures of brain glucose metabolism at 7 and 19 months of age. In experiment 1 we observed that at younger ages, when some plaque burden and cognitive deficits have been reported, Tg2576 mice showed hypermetabolism as assessed with FDG-PET. This hypermetabolism decreased with age to levels similar to wild type (WT) counterparts such that the 19-month-old transgenic (Tg) mice did not differ from age matched WTs. In experiment 2, using cerebral blood volume (CBV) fMRI, we demonstrated that the hypermetabolism observed in Tg mice at 7 months could not be explained by changes in hemodynamic parameters as no differences were observed when compared with WTs. Taken together, these data identify brain hypermetabolism in Tg2576 mice which cannot be accounted for by changes in vascular compliance. Instead, the hypermetabolism may reflect a neuronal compensatory mechanism. Our data are discussed in the context of disease biomarker identification and target validation, suggesting little or no utility for translational based studies using Tg2576 mice.
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Kloskowska E, Pham TM, Nilsson T, Zhu S, Oberg J, Codita A, Pedersen LA, Pedersen JT, Malkiewicz K, Winblad B, Folkesson R, Benedikz E. Cognitive impairment in the Tg6590 transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1816-23. [PMID: 19538474 PMCID: PMC3829041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, interest in the rat as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been growing. We have previously described the Tg6590 transgenic rat line expressing the amyloid precursor protein containing the Swedish AD mutation (K670M/N671L) that shows early stages of Abeta deposition, predominantly in cerebrovascular blood vessels, after 15 months of age. Here we show that by the age of 9 months, that is long before the appearance of Abeta deposits, the Tg6590 rats exhibit deficits in the Morris water maze spatial navigation task and altered spontaneous behaviour in the open-field test. The levels of soluble Abeta were elevated both in the hippocampus and cortex of transgenic animals. Magnetic resonance imaging showed no major changes in the brains of transgenic animals, although they tended to have enlarged lateral ventricles when compared to control animals. The Tg6590 transgenic rat line should prove a suitable model of early AD for advanced studies including serial cerebrospinal fluid sampling, electrophysiology, neuroimaging or complex behavioural testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kloskowska
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Stockholm, Sweden
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