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Safa MD, Umaña-Taylor AJ. Biculturalism and adjustment among U.S. Latinos: A review of four decades of empirical findings. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 61:73-127. [PMID: 34266572 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating both heritage (e.g., Latino) and national (e.g., American) cultural systems into our sense of self (i.e., bicultural identity) and developing the ability to successfully respond to demands associated with each of these systems (i.e., bicultural competence) have been theorized to be central to the development and positive adjustment of U.S. Latinos, a group that represents a large segment of the country's population. In this comprehensive review, we examined empirical research on biculturalism among U.S. Latinos spanning four decades (1980-2020), with a focus on synthesizing the field's understanding of antecedents and consequents associated with biculturalism and identifying directions for future research. Our review of 152 empirical articles revealed that this literature was characterized by multiple approaches to the conceptualization (i.e., dual-cultural adaptation, dual-cultural identity, bicultural identity integration, and bicultural competence) and subsequent operationalization of biculturalism. Although each conceptualization has different implications for the conclusions that can be drawn regarding an aspect or facet of biculturalism and potential influence on adjustment, a significant majority (78%) of studies, across conceptualizations, provided evidence supporting a positive association between biculturalism and Latinos' adjustment. In addition, a relatively small body of qualitative work was identified, and findings largely informed potential antecedents of biculturalism. We review this literature with attention to: the aspects of biculturalism that are associated with Latinos' adjustment (i.e., psychosocial and physical health), how sample characteristics may limit the generalizability of this work, and important directions for future research both in terms of conceptualization and study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dalal Safa
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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Kim L, Knudson-Martin C, Tuttle A. Transmission of Intergenerational Migration Legacies in Korean American Families: Parenting the Third Generation. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-018-9485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen JM, Kteily NS, Ho AK. Whose Side Are You On? Asian Americans' Mistrust of Asian-White Biracials Predicts More Exclusion From the Ingroup. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:827-841. [PMID: 30317925 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218798032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated Asian Americans' perceptions of Asian-White biracials. Because the Asian/White boundary may be more permeable than other minority/White boundaries, we reasoned that Asian Americans are more likely than Black Americans to be skeptical of biracials, perceiving that biracials would prefer to identify as White and would be disloyal to Asians, consequently categorizing them as more outgroup. We further reasoned that Asian Americans' concerns about and exclusion of biracials would be predicted by greater perceived discrimination against Asian Americans, which increases the incentive for biracials to pass into the higher status racial group. Studies 1 and 2 provided correlational support for these theorized relationships among Asian Americans. Study 2 showed that perceived discrimination did not increase Black Americans' concerns about biracials' identity preferences and loyalty. Studies 3 and 4 provided causal evidence for the roles of perceived discrimination and biracial identity preferences, respectively, in Asian Americans' exclusion of biracials.
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Hong YY, Cheon BK. How Does Culture Matter in the Face of Globalization? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:810-823. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691617700496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Globalization has made exposure to multiple cultures not only possible, but often necessary and unavoidable. This article focuses on how people react and adapt to increasing globalization and multiculturalism. We posit that reactions to multiculturalism and intercultural contact are not universal and are themselves shaped by cultural experiences. That is, culture provides a frame of reference for reconciling and negotiating the inflow of foreign cultures and peoples. Although exposure to foreign cultures can widen one’s worldview, thereby enhancing creativity and reducing prejudice, intercultural contact can also bring about negative exclusionary responses such as aversion, disgust, and defensiveness. We explore how culture and individual differences, such as a belief in racial essentialism, critically shape reactions to intercultural contact. Our discussion sheds light on recent geopolitical and societal shifts that reflect an increased backlash against rising globalization and cultural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby K. Cheon
- Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
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Chiou AY, Mercado BK. Flexible Loyalties: How Malleable Are Bicultural Loyalties? Front Psychol 2017; 7:1985. [PMID: 28066302 PMCID: PMC5167750 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biculturals are individuals who are acculturated in two cultures and have dual identities. Due to this, many early discussions on biculturalism argued that biculturals may have divided loyalties between their two cultural backgrounds and the identities derived from these backgrounds. This view is further highlighted given historical and contemporary debate regarding immigrants in the European and American political arenas. These concerns illustrate two possibilities. First, that biculturals have a preference for their home or host culture, identifying one as the in-group to express loyalty toward and the other as the out-group. Second, biculturals may alternate between who they identify as their in-group depending upon the circumstances. In a particular cultural environment, a given bicultural may feel greater degrees of loyalty toward that culture, while feeling different loyalties when immersed in a different cultural environment. To-date, few empirical studies have examined these two questions in detail. We proposed two hypotheses: First, biculturals will express higher levels of loyalty for a specific culture if they have been exposed to a prime congruent with that culture than if they have been exposed to a prime associated with a different culture. Second, the magnitude of preferences expressed for the two cultures will differ depending on the cultural prime. We experimentally investigated this phenomenon in a sample of Chinese-Americans (N = 136) using a computer simulated soccer game between the United States and China. This simulation was selected in order to avoid the controversial nature of an immigration or cultural conflict scenario. Past research has shown that support for the sports team of a given country is a form of expressing loyalty. Participants were randomly exposed to one cultural priming condition (American, Neutral, Chinese) using commentaries recorded in different languages: English, no commentary, and Chinese. Participants were then asked to what degree they would cheer for each team. Participants expressed more likelihood to cheer for the Chinese team than for the American team. However, our results indicate that cultural priming does influence the degree to which the participants express loyalty for the Chinese team over the American team in the form of rooting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Y Chiou
- Business Management Department, Farmingdale State College (SUNY) Farmingdale, NY, USA
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Marsh BU, Pezdek K, Ozery DH. The cross-race effect in face recognition memory by bicultural individuals. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 169:38-44. [PMID: 27219532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social-cognitive models of the cross-race effect (CRE) generally specify that cross-race faces are automatically categorized as an out-group, and that different encoding processes are then applied to same-race and cross-race faces, resulting in better recognition memory for same-race faces. We examined whether cultural priming moderates the cognitive categorization of cross-race faces. In Experiment 1, monoracial Latino-Americans, considered to have a bicultural self, were primed to focus on either a Latino or American cultural self and then viewed Latino and White faces. Latino-Americans primed as Latino exhibited higher recognition accuracy (A') for Latino than White faces; those primed as American exhibited higher recognition accuracy for White than Latino faces. In Experiment 2, as predicted, prime condition did not moderate the CRE in European-Americans. These results suggest that for monoracial biculturals, priming either of their cultural identities influences the encoding processes applied to same- and cross-race faces, thereby moderating the CRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin U Marsh
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, CA 91711, United States; Azusa Pacific University, 901 E Alosta Ave, Azusa, CA 91702, United States.
| | - Kathy Pezdek
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Daphna Hausman Ozery
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
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Naumann LP, Benet-Martínez V, Espinoza P. Correlates of Political Ideology Among U.S.-Born Mexican Americans. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550616662124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Latino Americans have to navigate involvement and identification with two cultural groups—their ethnic culture and the dominant American culture. Differences in cultural identifications have been found to correlate with political affiliation and attitudes toward acculturation. Using a sample of U.S.-born Mexican Americans, we examined several correlates of political ideology including the strength of identification with both Mexican and Anglo-American cultures, acculturation attitudes, and socioeconomic status (SES). Strength of Mexican identity, stronger integration acculturation attitudes, weaker assimilation attitudes, and lower SES were associated with holding a more liberal political ideology. Furthermore, we found that integration acculturation attitudes mediated and SES moderated the relationship between Mexican identification and political ideology. These findings suggest that political campaigns should be mindful of differences in cultural identifications and acculturation attitudes when addressing their Latino constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P. Naumann
- Department of Social Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
| | | | - Penelope Espinoza
- Department of Educational Leadership, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Del Angel R, Verzi D. Do implicit female negative associations with mathematics display cultural or regional biases? JOURNAL OF STATISTICS & MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09720529.2015.1084785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A review of the empirical assessment of processes in ethnic–racial socialization: Examining methodological advances and future areas of development. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yogeeswaran K, Dasgupta N. Conceptions of national identity in a globalised world: Antecedents and consequences. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2014.972081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lindgren KP, Kaysen D, Werntz AJ, Gasser ML, Teachman BA. Wounds that can't be seen: implicit trauma associations predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2013; 44:368-75. [PMID: 23624314 PMCID: PMC3742610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prominent theories suggest that explicit and implicit cognitive biases are critical in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, studies evaluating implicit PTSD-related cognitive biases are rare, and findings are mixed. We developed two adaptions of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the "traumatized self" IAT (evaluations of the self as traumatized vs. healthy) and the "dangerous memory" IAT (evaluations of remembering as dangerous vs. safe), and investigated their psychometric properties and relations to PTSD symptoms and trauma exposure. METHODS Participants were visitors to the Project Implicit research website (Study 1: N = 347, Study 2: N = 501). They completed the IATs (Study 1: both IATs; Study 2: traumatized self IAT only), a trauma exposure measure, a PTSD symptom inventory, and explicit cognitive bias measures (Study 2 only). RESULTS Both IATs had good internal consistency, but only the traumatized self IAT was correlated with PSTD symptoms and identified participants meeting clinical cutoffs for PTSD symptoms. Study 2 focused on the traumatized self IAT and included explicit cognitive bias measures. The IAT correlated with PTSD symptoms and explicit cognitions, and predicted variance in PSTD symptoms above and beyond trauma exposure and explicit cognitions. LIMITATIONS Study designs were cross-sectional; samples were unselected; and PTSD symptoms were self-reported. CONCLUSIONS Despite these limitations, these studies provide preliminary validation of an implicit measure of PTSD-related cognitive bias - the traumatized self IAT - that is consistent with PTSD theories and may ultimately improve the identification and treatment of individuals with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Lindgren
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45 St, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Debra Kaysen
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45 St, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Werntz
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, PO BOX 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Melissa L. Gasser
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1100 NE 45 St, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Bethany A. Teachman
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, PO BOX 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Fox RS, Merz EL, Solórzano MT, Roesch SC. Further Examining Berry's Model: The Applicability of Latent Profile Analysis to Acculturation. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2013; 46:270-288. [PMID: 28819336 PMCID: PMC5557052 DOI: 10.1177/0748175613497036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify acculturation profiles. A 3-profile solution fit the data best, and comparisons on demographic and psychosocial outcomes as a function of profile yielded expected results. The findings support using LPA as a parsimonious way to model acculturation without anticipating profiles in advance.
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Hamedani MG, Markus HR, Fu AS. My Nation, My Self: Divergent Framings of America Influence American Selves. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2011; 37:350-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167211398139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current public discourse calls for America to act more interdependently in the world or act more like a conjoint agent. America and American selves, however, are typically associated acting independently or disjoint agency. Since nation is a significant sociocultural source of self, the authors examine what happens to American selves if America is instead associated with conjoint agency. Study 1 surveyed participants in America and nine nations (N = 610) about America’s role in the world and found that although people currently associate America with disjoint agency, they overwhelmingly prefer America to be a conjoint agent. Studies 2—4 demonstrated that framing America’s role in the world with conjoint agency rather than disjoint agency led Americans to see themselves more positively (Studies 2 and 3) and be less individualistic in their self-descriptions and actions (Study 4). The results reveal how changes in the sociocultural context can catalyze a corresponding change in the selves that inhabit that context.
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Abstract
The present study assessed self-concepts of 102 (35 boys, 67 girls) Arab-American pre-adolescents ( M age = 11.9 yr., SD = .8) and compared scores with those of 105 (43 boys, 62 girls) Arab national students ( M age = 12.3 yr., SD = .7) in Lebanon. The Arab-American students scored significantly higher than the group of Arab students in Lebanon on 6 of 8 subscales of Marsh's Self-description Questionnaire–I, suggesting overall higher self-concept on subscales for physical ability, physical appearance, peer relations, reading, general school, and general self-concept. The results are consistent with expectations associating biculturalism with high self-concept.
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Boucher HC, Kaiping Peng, Junqi Shi, Lei Wang. Culture and Implicit Self-Esteem. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022108326195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One explanation for the lower self-esteem of East Asians is that they have dialectical, or inconsistent, self-esteem in that they endorse both the positively and the negatively keyed items of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, relative to Euro-Americans. The following research extended this effect to implicit self-esteem. In two studies, Chinese, Euro-Americans (Studies 1 and 2), and Chinese Americans (Study 2) completed explicit and implicit measures of self-esteem. On both types of measures, Chinese scored most highly on various indices of dialectical self-esteem. In Study 2, the explicit self-esteem of Chinese Americans was similar to that of Chinese, but their implicit self-esteem was identical to that of Euro-Americans. In the discussion, we focus on how East Asians come to possess inconsistent self-esteem and pose questions for future research.
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The impact of exchange programs on the integration of the hostgroup into the self-concept. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Devos T, Blanco K, Muñoz C, Dunn R, Ulloa EC. Implicit orientation toward family and school among bilingual Latino college students. The Journal of Social Psychology 2008; 148:449-71. [PMID: 18807421 DOI: 10.3200/socp.148.4.449-472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the associations that underlie the orientations of bilingual Latino college students toward family and school. Participants completed, in English or Spanish, 3 implicit association tests assessing their attitude toward family vs. school, identifications with these concepts, and self-esteem. Results revealed a more positive attitude toward, and stronger identification with, family than school. Identification with family was stronger among participants who completed the study in English, suggesting self-definition in terms of distinctions from the context. Last, the more participants valued family over school and identified with family rather than school, the higher was their self-esteem. These findings shed light on the subtle, yet crucial, mechanisms by which cultural knowledge is incorporated in the self-concept of bilingual Latino college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Devos
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, USA.
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Wang Q. Being American, being Asian: The bicultural self and autobiographical memory in Asian Americans. Cognition 2008; 107:743-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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