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Atzor MC, Piegenschke K, Christiansen H. Need for training or already OnTracc? Development and psychometric properties of an online transcultural competence questionnaire among psychotherapists. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1040626. [PMID: 36467243 PMCID: PMC9712191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of mental disorders among people with migration experiences is high. Studies have shown that despite the increasing number of patients from different cultures requiring therapy, treating them is still a major challenge. Furthermore, professional training aimed at improving transcultural competence is rare, and psychometric instruments assessing transcultural competence require improvement. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop and evaluate an online transcultural competence questionnaire (OnTracc) to assess transcultural competence among psychotherapists. Based on extensive literature research and expert interviews, 38-self-report statements referring to aspects of transcultural therapy (e.g., skills, knowledge, and awareness) were compiled. In two studies, 306 psychotherapists completed the OnTracc questionnaire. The multicultural counseling inventory (MCI), personality factors (BFI-K), experience in transcultural therapy, and demographic data were assessed as control variables. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a 3-factor structure. The reliability of the scale ranged from ω = 0.73 to 0.81. These scales demonstrated substantial convergent and discriminant validity with the BFI-K and MCI subscales. Factorial validity was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. This validated inventory is the first to assess transcultural competence in therapeutic settings in the German language. Further analysis of the factorial validity of the different samples is recommended. Given the increasing diversity in the therapeutic landscape, additional development could help close the gap between the evolving treatment demands of culturally diverse patients and the lack of consideration in mental health and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Atzor
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Piegenschke
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Children and Adolescent Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Christiansen
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Children and Adolescent Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Bathje GJ, Pillersdorf D, Eddir H. Multicultural Competence as a Common Factor in the Process and Outcome of Counseling. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00221678221099679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Much research has been conducted on multicultural competence (MCC) over the past four decades, though there is still a need to conduct further research into the role of MCC within actual counseling relationships and in relation to additional variables. The present survey study was designed to better elaborate on the relationship between MCC and several common factor therapy and outcome variables within counseling relationships. Findings indicated that MCC was more strongly correlated with all measured variables (except perceived change) within counseling relationships where client and/or counselor identified as BIPOC than in White–White client counselor dyads. MCC was associated with higher ratings on the other measured variables regardless of client–counselor race or ethnicity. Finally, path analysis supported a model where MCC (a therapist factor) influenced process factors, which in turn influenced therapeutic outcomes. The results provide support for the importance of MCC to the process and outcome of counseling, particularly for BIPOC clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff J. Bathje
- Adler University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Sana Healing Collective, Chicago, IL, USA
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Clarke Y. 'Mixed white and Black Caribbean' millennials in Britain: An exploration of identity. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ramos G, Brookman-Frazee L, Kodish T, Rodriguez A, Lau AS. Community providers' experiences with evidence-based practices: The role of therapist race/ethnicity. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 27:471-482. [PMID: 32391705 PMCID: PMC7655698 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examining therapists' experiences implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) is fundamental to understanding how these interventions are perceived, adapted, and delivered in community settings. However, little is known about racial/ethnic variation in the experiences of therapists serving racial/ethnic minority youth and their families. Through an innovative QUAN → qual → QUAN mixed-methods approach, we examined differences in therapists' perceptions, adaptations performed, and client-engagement challenges in the largest county-operated department of mental health in the United States. METHOD Surveys were completed by 743 therapists (Latinx [44%], White [34%], other ethnic minority [22%]), most of whom were female (88%), master's level (85%), and unlicensed (58%). A subset of therapists (n = 60) completed semistructured interviews. RESULTS Latinx therapists reported more positive experiences implementing EBPs, making more adaptations to EBPs, and encountering fewer client-engagement challenges than therapists from other racial/ethnic groups. Qualitative analyses expanded on these results, revealing that Latinx therapists commonly described adapting EBPs in terms of language and culture to improve fit and promote client engagement. Informed by these qualitative themes, a refined statistical model revealed that the ability to deliver EBPs in languages other than English might have accounted for differences in therapist-reported EBP adaptations and client-engagement challenges. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that racial/ethnic minority therapists have positive experiences in implementing EBPs in community settings. In the case of Latinx therapists, bilingual/bicultural competence may facilitate adapting EBPs in ways that reduce perceptions of engagement challenges with racially/ethnically diverse clients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ramos
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Lauren Brookman-Frazee
- Department of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, University of California, San Diego
| | - Tamar Kodish
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Adriana Rodriguez
- Children and Youth Behavioral Health, Health Care Agency, Orange County
| | - Anna S Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
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Smith JD, Lassiter PS, Gutierrez D. Examining the Relationship of Emotional Intelligence and Cultural Empathy in Addiction Counselors. JOURNAL OF ADDICTIONS & OFFENDER COUNSELING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jaoc.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Smith
- Department of Counseling University of North Carolina at Charlotte
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Wilcox MM, Franks DN, Taylor TO, Monceaux CP, Harris K. Who’s Multiculturally Competent? Everybody and Nobody: A Multimethod Examination. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000020904709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was a social dominance theory-driven multimethod investigation of multicultural competence. Given the concerns with self-report, we examined the relationship between study variables and both self-report and performance-based multicultural competence. We also tested competing hypotheses regarding the relationship between the multicultural competence measures. We examined two samples: one of counselor trainees ( N = 93), and one of practicing therapists ( N = 107). The overwhelming performance floor effect in the context of self-report ceiling effects was striking and unexpected in its severity. Awareness of privilege was the most consistent predictor, and the only variable related to most multicultural competence measures. Results related to social dominance orientation, just-world beliefs, and empathy differed by sample. A key finding was the failure by a substantial proportion of participants in both samples to even minimally address clients’ sociocultural context. Thus, we focus our discussion on the implications of this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M. Wilcox
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA
| | | | - Terrill O. Taylor
- Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA
- University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Soheilian SS, Inman AG. Competent Counseling for Middle Eastern American Clients: Implications for Trainees. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The current study examined the validity of the client-rated version of the Cross-Cultural Counseling Inventory-Revised (CCCI-R). The first phase of this study involved a content validation of the CCCI-R by experts who had publications in the fields of multicultural competencies (MCCs) and psychotherapy research. Of the 20 items on the CCCI-R, 7 were rated as appropriate for client use. The second phase of this study utilized confirmatory factor analysis to examine construct validity by testing whether clients' perceptions of their therapists' MCCs (via the seven items validated by experts) were distinct from client-rated working alliance scores. Model fit statistics supported a theoretically based model in which MCCs were measured distinctly from working alliance, but where the two factors were related. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Drinane
- a Department of Counseling Psychology , University of Denver , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Jesse Owen
- a Department of Counseling Psychology , University of Denver , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Jill L Adelson
- b Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Emil Rodolfa
- c Department of Psychology , Alliant International University , Davis , CA , USA
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Soheilian SS, Inman AG, Klinger RS, Isenberg DS, Kulp LE. Multicultural supervision: supervisees’ reflections on culturally competent supervision. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2014.961408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Moore
- Department of Educational & Counseling Psychology, Counseling, and College Student Personnel, University of Louisville
| | - Jesse Owen
- Department of Educational & Counseling Psychology, Counseling, and College Student Personnel, University of Louisville
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Yasui M, Henry DB. Shared Understanding as a Gateway for Treatment Engagement: A Preliminary Study Examining the Effectiveness of the Culturally Enhanced Video Feedback Engagement Intervention. J Clin Psychol 2013; 70:658-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Brooks LM, Inman AG. Bisexual Counseling Competence: Investigating the Role of Attitudes and Empathy. JOURNAL OF LGBT ISSUES IN COUNSELING 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15538605.2013.756366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
This article examines current and historical trends in psychotherapy research and practice with racial/ethnic minority populations. Initially, research on Derald Sue’s multicultural counseling competencies is provided as a foundation to further examine the evidence regarding effective cultural adaptations to mainstream treatment approaches, such as cognitive-behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. Next, a brief outline of Carl Rogers’s psychotherapy research tradition is presented, with a focus on both past and present evidence suggesting that person-centered therapy may be effective across diagnoses, as well as cultures. Using psychotherapy evidence from both the latter half of the 20th century and the initial decades of the 21st century, cultural adaptations to previously hypothesized person-centered therapy mechanisms of change are proposed. In particular, this culturally adapted person-centered approach is suggested to provide a competent and effective treatment system for racial/ethnic minority clients and families.
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Davis TA, Ancis J. Look to the relationship: a review of African American women substance users' poor treatment retention and working alliance development. Subst Use Misuse 2012; 47:662-72. [PMID: 22329365 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.654882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Emergent findings specific to African American women confirm that their substance user treatment retention rates are significantly lower than other groups, which is problematic given that substance user treatment is effective largely to the extent that clients are retained in treatment. This article reviews existing literature concerning disparities in treatment retention, highlights a significant barrier to treatment retention for this population, and presents support for an empirical focus on culturally responsive working alliance development as a promising step toward improving retention rates for African American women substance users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telsie A Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
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Cho H, Kim WJ. Racial differences in satisfaction with mental health services among victims of intimate partner violence. Community Ment Health J 2012; 48:84-90. [PMID: 21380766 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-011-9398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on mental health among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) has often ignored racial minorities. As the US population has become more racially diverse, the dearth of research on racial minorities' experience with current mental health systems makes it challenging for service providers and practitioners to serve them adequately. This study hypothesized that satisfaction with mental health services would be different across race in both the general population and among IPV victims. This study used the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. Logistic regression analyses were conducted. The study results revealed racial differences in satisfaction only in the IPV group. Race had effects on perceived helpfulness among IPV victims. Asian victims of IPV were more likely to perceive mental health services as helpful than any other race groups. Financial security had a positive effect both on subjective satisfaction and perceived helpfulness among IPV victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkag Cho
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Constantine MG, Myers LJ, Kindaichi M, Moore JL. Exploring Indigenous Mental Health Practices: The Roles of Healers and Helpers in Promoting Well-Being in People of Color. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.2004.tb00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Morrison M, Borgen WA. How Christian Spiritual and Religious Beliefs Help and Hinder Counselors' Empathy Toward Clients. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.2010.tb00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hays DG. Assessing Multicultural Competence in Counselor Trainees: A Review of Instrumentation and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brummett BR, Wade JC, Ponterotto JG, Thombs B, Lewis C. Psychosocial Well-Being and a Multicultural Personality Disposition. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dunn TW, Smith TB, Montoya JA. Multicultural Competency Instrumentation: A Review and Analysis of Reliability Generalization. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wilton L, Constantine MG. Length of Residence, Cultural Adjustment Difficulties, and Psychological Distress Symptoms in Asian and Latin American International College Students. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2003.tb00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Strauss JP, Sawyerr OO. Religiosity and Attitudes Toward Diversity: A Potential Workplace Conflict? JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chang DF, Berk A. Making cross-racial therapy work: A phenomenological study of clients' experiences of cross-racial therapy. J Couns Psychol 2009; 56:521-536. [PMID: 20414342 DOI: 10.1037/a0016905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A phenomenological/consensual qualitative study of clients' lived experiences of cross-racial therapy was conducted to enhance our understanding of whether, how, and under what conditions race matters in the therapy relationship. The sample consisted of 16 racial/ethnic minority clients who received treatment from 16 White, European American therapists across a range of treatment settings. Participants who reported a satisfying experience of cross-racial therapy (n=8) were examined in relation to gender- and in most cases, race/ethnicity-matched controls (n=8) who reported an overall unsatisfying experience. Therapy satisfaction was assessed during the screening process and confirmed during the research interview. Therapy narratives were analyzed using consensual qualitative research to identify the client, therapist, and relational factors that distinguished satisfied from unsatisfied cases. Findings reveal substantial differences at the level of individual characteristics and relational processes, providing evidence of both universal (etic) as well as culture/context-specific (emic) aspects of healing relationships. Recommendations for facilitating positive alliance formation in cross-racial therapy are provided based on clients' descriptions of facilitative conditions in the therapy relationship.
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STANHOPE VICTORIA, SOLOMON PHYLLIS, FINLEY LAURENE, PERNELL-ARNOLD ANITA, BOURJOLLY JORETHAN, SANDS ROBERTAG. Evaluating the Impact of Cultural Competency Trainings from the Perspective of People in Recovery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15487760802397652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Miville ML, Carlozzi AF, Gushue GV, Schara SL, Ueda M. Mental Health Counselor Qualities for a Diverse Clientele: Linking Empathy, Universal-Diverse Orientation, and Emotional Intelligence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.17744/mehc.28.2.6khc06t87c2fr7y3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Karlsson R. Ethnic Matching Between Therapist and Patient in Psychotherapy: An Overview of Findings, Together With Methodological and Conceptual Issues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:113-29. [PMID: 15884983 DOI: 10.1037/1099-9809.11.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the empirical support for ethnic matching between therapist and patient in psychotherapy. The research has 3 sources: analog studies, archival studies of number of attended sessions and dropout rates, and process-outcome studies of psychotherapy. Clinical trials studying ethnic matching are absent. Empirical support for ethnic matching suffers from low validity and is inconclusive, with few studies of actual psychotherapy. The research is hampered by poor conceptualization of key concepts, difficulties in forming ethnically homogeneous groups for comparisons, and an abundance of uncontrolled within-group variables. Therapist variables, for example cultural sensitivity, are rarely investigated. There is a need for large-scale psychotherapy studies with well-defined key concepts in which the impacts of within-group and therapist variables are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Karlsson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.
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Daniel JH, Roysircar G, Abeles N, Boyd C. Individual and cultural-diversity competency: focus on the therapist. J Clin Psychol 2004; 60:755-70. [PMID: 15195338 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Competencies Conference: Future Directions in Education and Credentialing in Professional Psychology was held in Arizona in November 2002. One of the workshops, Individual and Cultural Differences (ICD), focused on racism, homophobia, and ageism. The consensus was that self-awareness and knowledge about the three "isms" are critical components in the education and training of psychologists. This article, authored by four of the workshop attendees, is a review of the current research and theoretical literature. Implications that address both content and context in graduate programs and training sites are presented. This is one of a series of articles published in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology. Several other articles that resulted from the Competencies Conference will appear in Professional Psychology: Research and Practice and The Counseling Psychologist.
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Greenberg GA, Rosenheck RA. Changes in satisfaction with mental health services among blacks, whites, and Hispanics in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Psychiatr Q 2004; 75:375-89. [PMID: 15563054 DOI: 10.1023/b:psaq.0000043512.72139.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of changes in satisfaction of minorities with inpatient mental health services provided by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) during a period of major system change (1995-2001). Post discharge data from 16,223 veterans who received inpatient VHA mental healthservices at 87 medical centers during this period was examined using hierarchical linear models. Blacks were found to have higher satisfaction levels on most measures over the period of study while the satisfaction of whites and Hispanics were not significantly different. There was little change over the study period in the relative satisfaction of minorities and whites. Changes in patterns of VHA mental health care have not adversely affected the satisfaction of minority veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Greenberg
- Northeast Program Evaluation Center, 950 Campbell Avenue, VAMC West Haven, CT 06511 USA.
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