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Cihanoğlu M, Vatansever M, Erden G. School-based psychosocial and educational interventions for children and adolescents after the 1999 Marmara earthquakes in Turkey: A review on lessons learned. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2024; 103:102403. [PMID: 38237313 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2024.102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The massive earthquakes experienced in August and November 1999 affected thousands of people in the Marmara region, the most densely populated and industrialized part of Turkey. The humanitarian and economic cost was so enormous, and these earthquakes have changed the Turkish disaster management system and the Turkish people's approach to disasters. Marmara earthquakes are also considered as a milestone in the provision of psychosocial services for disaster victims. This paper aims to review the psychosocial interventions targeting children, adolescents, and their families after the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. The progression from initial responses to more organized psychosocial interventions is outlined. Conducting the interventions at schools has ensured that thousands of children, teachers, and parents are reached in the most efficient and effective way possible. The significance of the school context in designing psychosocial interventions is highlighted and implications of the lessons learned for traumatic experiences of children and parents are also explored. It is evaluated that these inferences obtained from the Marmara earthquake in Turkey can be used in disasters around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Cihanoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Vatansever
- Department of Psychology, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Gülsen Erden
- Department of Psychology, Beykoz University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Toro-Alzate L, Maffi P, Puri A, Elessawi R, Cusano MF, Groenendijk J, de Vries DH. The Integration of Social Science for Community Engagement in the Humanitarian Fields of Conflicts and Disasters: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6856. [PMID: 37835126 PMCID: PMC10573063 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Community engagement (CE) is essential to humanitarian assistance, and the social sciences have been credited in recent epidemics and disease outbreaks as having played a crucial, supportive role. Broadening this attention to other humanitarian fields, this scoping review asks what lessons learned can be found in grey and peer-reviewed literature on the integration of the social sciences in CE for conflicts and disasters. Using an analytical framework developed through a UNICEF-led project called Social Science for Community Engagement (SS4CE) in Humanitarian Action, we identified 1093 peer reviewed publications and 315 grey literature reports of possible relevance. The results show that only a small minority-18 publications and 4 reports-tangibly comment on the relevance of social sciences, mostly only in passing and implicitly. While social science techniques are used and the importance of understanding a community's cultural, linguistic, and religious context is emphasized, further discussion on the integration of transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary social sciences is absent. Furthermore, CE is mostly seen as an instrumental ('means to an end') involvement, for example to collect data in emergency situations and receive feedback on interventions, but not as a critical and transformative intervention. We conclude that unlike the attention given to social sciences in disease outbreaks, there is a knowledge gap and an accordingly proper planning and implementation gap regarding the potentiality of social science to improve CE across all humanitarian contexts of disasters and conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Toro-Alzate
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), 1105 BP Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Paola Maffi
- Athena Institute, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.M.)
| | - Anu Puri
- UNICEF Europe and Central Asian, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Rania Elessawi
- UNICEF NY Headquarters, Social Behavior Change, New York, NY 10017, USA; (R.E.)
| | - Maria Falero Cusano
- UNICEF NY Headquarters, Social Behavior Change, New York, NY 10017, USA; (R.E.)
| | | | - Daniel H. de Vries
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), 1105 BP Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang X, Ji W, Xu Y, Zhou X. Social support, posttraumatic growth, and prosocial behaviors among adolescents following a flood: the mediating roles of belief in a just world and empathy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Fu H, Wang B, Xin Y, Duh S, Deng Y. Social support and well-being of adolescents in worst-stricken areas 10 years after Wenchuan Earthquake: A mediating role of resilience. Psych J 2021; 11:106-113. [PMID: 34816619 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this current study is to find the characteristics and influence mechanism of the perceived social support (PSS) and general well-being (GWB) of adolescents and to explore the mediating role of resilience on the relationship between PSS and GWB in the worst-stricken areas 10 years after the Wenchuan Earthquake. This study was conducted in two secondary schools in Beichuan (N = 1969) using the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the General Well-Being Scale. Results showed that PSS of adolescents in the worst-stricken area significantly decreased compared to 10 years ago and their current PSS was lower than their peers' in developed cities. Significant correlations were observed between PSS, resilience, and GWB. PSS significantly predicted resilience and GWB, and resilience significantly predicted GWB with resilience having a partially mediating effect ratio of 16.39% between PSS and GWB. These results indicated that PSS not only directly affected GWB but also had a mediated effect on GWB through resilience. The present results suggest that interventions to strengthen resilience and social networks could be effective ways to enhance adolescents' general well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Fu
- Psychological Education and Counseling Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Psychology Department, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Yong Xin
- Psychology Department, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Shinchieh Duh
- San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
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Posttraumatic stress disorder and growth: Examination of joint trajectories in children and adolescents. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1353-1365. [PMID: 34092267 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Positive health endpoints are not the opposite of negative endpoints. Previous studies examining posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) trajectories have overlooked the co-existence of PTSD and PTG, making it difficult to accurately distinguish individuals with various posttraumatic presentations, causing the effects of targeted interventions to be discounted. To fill this gap, the current study sought to examine joint PTSD and PTG trajectories in children and adolescents. Eight hundred and seventy-six Chinese children and adolescents were recruited to complete self-report questionnaires 6, 12, and 18 months after the Ya'an earthquake. Multiple-process growth mixture modeling analysis was used to test the study proposal. Five distinct joint PTSD and PTG trajectory types were found: recovery, growth, struggling, resistant, and delayed symptoms. Female students and students who felt trapped or fearful were more likely to be in the struggling group, and students who experienced injury to themselves or family members were more likely to belong to the delayed symptom group. These findings suggest that postdisaster psychological services should be provided to relieve delayed symptoms in individuals who experience injury to themselves or their family members, and individuals in the struggling group should be supported to achieve growth.
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Qi J, Yang X, Tan R, Wu X, Zhou X. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among adolescents over 1 year after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. J Affect Disord 2020; 261:1-8. [PMID: 31590064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On August 8, 2017, a 7-magtitude earthquake struck Jiuzhaigou County in Sichuan, China. This was the third devastating earthquake in that province. The prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and comorbid PTSD/depression among adolescents were unclear after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. METHODS Participants were 1241 adolescent survivors in Jiuzhaigou. Data were collected using the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children. RESULTS In total, 46.3% of participants reported PTSD, 64.5% reported depression, and 39.2% reported comorbid PTSD/depression symptoms. Risk factors for symptoms of these disorders were being female, having been injured or trapped, and intrusive rumination. High school students were less likely to report PTSD and comorbid PTSD/depression than middle school students. Participants with family members/friends that were injured or trapped reported more PTSD and comorbid symptoms than those without this experience. Loss of property also predicted PTSD. However, deliberate rumination was a protective factor for depression. LIMITATIONS This study did not cover all adolescents in Jiuzhaigou and all potential predictors. As we used a cross-sectional design, this study could not assess the trajectory of PTSD, depression, and comorbid symptoms after the earthquake. CONCLUSION The findings are meaningful for mental health care among adolescents after natural disasters such as an earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Qi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Xima Yang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Ruyue Tan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
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Wang W, Wu X, Lan X. Rumination mediates the relationships of fear and guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya'an earthquake. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1704993. [PMID: 32002139 PMCID: PMC6968513 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1704993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although previous research has demonstrated that fear and guilt have an effect on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is still unclear how these two emotions affect posttraumatic growth (PTG). Moreover, few studies have examined the mechanisms by which fear and guilt affect PTSD and PTG. Guided by Lee et al.'s theory of PTSD generation mechanisms and Calhoun and Tedeschi's PTG theory, the current study proposes that intrusive rumination (IR) and deliberate rumination (DR) may play a mediating role in the effects of guilt and fear on PTSD and PTG. Objective: This study aimed to simultaneously examine the mediating roles of IR and DR in the relationship between fear, guilt, PTSD, and PTG. Method: This study employed a two-wave longitudinal design. A total of 408 adolescent survivors were assessed using self-report questionnaires after the Ya'an earthquake in China. Measures were obtained for trauma exposure, subjective fear, survivor guilt, IR, and DR at three and a half years after the Ya'an earthquake (Time 1), while PTSD and PTG were assessed at time point four and a half years after the Ya'an earthquake (Time 2). Results: The results showed that both fear and guilt had a direct and positive effect on PTSD and PTG. Fear and guilt were positive predictors of PTSD and negative predictors of PTG through the mediating variable of IR. DR mediated the relationship between guilt and PTG but not PTSD, and also mediated the relationship between IR and PTG. Conclusions: Study findings indicate that fear, guilt, and intrusive rumination may contribute to PTSD symptoms in adolescent trauma survivors. Results also suggest that adolescent survivors can grow emotionally and psychologically following traumatic events, and that directed rumination may contribute to such growth. Interventions that reduce fear, guilt, and intrusive rumination while increasing directed rumination may assist adolescent trauma survivors in recovery and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Zhou X, Zhen R, Wu X. Trajectories of sleep problems among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Psychol Health 2019; 34:811-827. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1574348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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9
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Pine NS, Tarrant RA, Lyons AC, Leathem JM. Teenagers’ Perceptions of Volunteering Following the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquakes, New Zealand. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2018.1501887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S. Pine
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ruth A. Tarrant
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Antonia C. Lyons
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Janet M. Leathem
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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The Mediating Roles of Acceptance and Cognitive Reappraisal in the Relation Between Hope and Posttraumatic Growth Among Adolescents After the Ya'an Earthquake. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous theoretical research has indicated that hope, cognitive reappraisal, and acceptance may contribute to posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, the combined effects of these factors on PTG have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the current study examined the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance in the relationship between hope and PTG among Chinese adolescents following the Ya'an earthquake. The sample included 397 adolescent survivors, who completed self-report measures 2.5 years after the earthquake. The mediating effects were assessed by constructing a multiple indirect effects model. The findings indicated that traumatic exposure only have predictive value for PTG, but not other variables. Moreover, when we controlled for gender, age, and traumatic exposure, hope had a direct and positive effect on PTG. We found an indirect and positive effect of hope on PTG via cognitive reappraisal and acceptance, as well as via an indirect path from cognitive reappraisal to acceptance. These findings suggest that utilising the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance in the relationship between hope and PTG is crucial in developing methods for fostering PTG.
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11
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Zhou X, Wu X, Zhen R. Self-esteem and hope mediate the relations between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder and growth in adolescents following the Ya’an earthquake. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2017; 31:32-45. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1374376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xinchun Wu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhen
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Pfefferbaum B, Jacobs AK, Jones RT, Reyes G, Wyche KF. A Skill Set for Supporting Displaced Children in Psychological Recovery After Disasters. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:60. [PMID: 28736806 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Helping children, adolescents, and families displaced following a natural disaster is a daunting task made more challenging by the relatively small research base to inform services and interventions. This paper describes the current literature pertaining to intervention practices used with displaced youth. Where gaps in the literature exist, we pull from the more general research on relocation and post-disaster intervention to assist practitioners in tailoring their efforts. Specifically discussed are ways to enhance youth resilience, to help youth build new social connections and adjust to change and uncertainty while coping with trauma-related symptoms, and to meet needs through the systems in which children are embedded. The need for focused attention to cultural factors is discussed with an emphasis on collaborating with culture brokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Terrorism and Disaster Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, P.O. Box 26901, WP3217, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126-0901, USA.
| | - Anne K Jacobs
- Terrorism and Disaster Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 4621 N.W. 157th Terrace, Edmond, OK, 73013, USA
| | - Russell T Jones
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Psychology, 137 Williams Hall, Drill Field Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Gilbert Reyes
- National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 11150 W. Olympic Blvd., Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Karen F Wyche
- School of Nursing, The George Washington University, 45085 University Drive, Suite 201, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
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Zhou X, Wu X, An Y. Understanding the Relationship between Trauma Exposure and Depression among Adolescents after Earthquake: The Roles of Fear and Resilience. Front Psychol 2016; 7:2044. [PMID: 28082947 PMCID: PMC5183574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle school students (N = 1435) were assessed 18 months after the Wenchuan earthquake using measures of trauma exposure, fear, resilience, and depression, to examine the effects of fear and resilience on the relationship between trauma exposure and depression. Fear mediated the relationship between trauma exposure and depression, whereas resilience moderated the relationship between fear and depression. These findings suggest that trauma exposure has a direct positive impact on depression, but also indirectly affects depression through fear. Moreover, fear positively predicted depression under conditions of low resilience, whereas this effect was not significant when resilience was high. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for adolescents after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan An
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing, China
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Zhen R, Quan L, Yao B, Zhou X. Understanding the Relationship between Rainstorm-Related Experiences and PTSD among Chinese Adolescents after Rainstorm Disaster: The Roles of Rumination and Social Support. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1407. [PMID: 27695436 PMCID: PMC5023667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent among adolescents following natural disasters, and the trauma experiences represent a critical risk factor for PTSD. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of adolescents’ PTSD following trauma experiences remains unclear. Rumination appears to be a mediating factor between trauma experiences and PTSD, and social support may moderate this mediating relationship between trauma experiences, rumination, and PTSD, but few studies have examined these assumptions. Thus, this study aimed to assess the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of social support in the relationship between rainstorm-related experiences and PTSD among adolescents, following a rainstorm in China. Nine hundred and fifty-one middle school students completed self-report questionnaires, and structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the potential moderated mediation effect. Rainstorm-related experiences had a direct and positive effect on PTSD, and also indirectly influenced PTSD via rumination. Moreover, social support work to buffer the direct effect of rainstorm-related experiences on PTSD, but not the effect of rumination on PTSD. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed along with study limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing China
| | - Lijuan Quan
- College of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu China
| | - Benxian Yao
- College of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, BeijingChina; I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel AvivIsrael
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15
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Thomson J, Seers K, Frampton C, Hider P, Moor S. Sequential population study of the impact of earthquakes on the emotional and behavioural well-being of 4-year-olds in Canterbury, New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52:18-24. [PMID: 26303055 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exposure to a large natural disaster can lead to behavioural disturbances, developmental delay and anxiety among young children. Although most children are resilient, some will develop mental health problems. Major earthquakes occurred in Canterbury, New Zealand, in September 2010 and February 2011. A community screening tool assessing behavioural and emotional problems in children, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, has been reported by parents (SDQ-P) and teachers (SDQ-T) of all 4-year-olds in the region since 2008. METHODS Mean total and subtest scores for the SDQ-P and SDQ-T were compared across periods before, during and after the earthquakes in sequential population cohorts of children. Comparisons across the periods were made in relation to the proportions of children defined by New Zealand norms as 'abnormal'. Results were also compared between zones considered to have been exposed to higher or lower impact from the earthquakes. RESULTS Parent mean total SDQ scores did not change between periods before, during and after the earthquakes. Teacher mean SDQ total scores significantly reduced (improved) when compared between baseline and post-earthquake periods. Mean SDQ pro-social scores from both teachers and parents increased (strengthened) when compared between baseline and post-earthquake periods. Results did not significantly vary according to a measure of impact from the earthquakes. CONCLUSION The main finding that a population-based measure of behavioural and emotional problems among children was not deleteriously impacted by the earthquakes is surprising and is not consistent with other research findings. Further work is needed to explore the health needs of children in Canterbury based on methodological improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Thomson
- Department of Paediatrics, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kara Seers
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Phil Hider
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie Moor
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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16
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Ishikawa SI, Motoya R, Sasagawa S, Takahashi T, Okajima I, Takeishi Y, Essau CA. Mental Health Problems among Undergraduates in Fukushima, Tokyo, and Kyoto after the March 11 Tohoku Earthquake. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 236:115-22. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.236.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Motoya
- School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | | | | | - Isa Okajima
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University
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Ying LH, Wu XC, Lin CD, Chen C. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among child survivors 1 year following the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 22:567-75. [PMID: 23532400 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence rates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression and to explore potential risk factors among child and adolescent survivors 1 year following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. 3052 participants were administered the Child PTSD Symptom Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children, and the earthquake experience scale. Results indicated that the prevalence rates of probable PTSD and depression were 8.6 and 42.5%, respectively. Demographic variables (i.e., age and gender) and most aspects of earthquake experiences (i.e., direct exposure, close ones' exposure, fear for the safety of close ones, prior exposure to trauma, living location, and house damage, with the exception of type of housing) made unique contributions to PTSD and depressive symptoms. In addition, the moderating effect of gender on the relationships between age and PTSD and depressive symptoms was significant. In conclusion, depression was a more common psychological response than was PTSD among child survivors 1 year following the Wenchuan earthquake. Age and gender were risk factors for both PTSD and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, older female survivors exhibit more severe PTSD and depressive symptoms. Additionally, several aspects of earthquake experiences (i.e., direct exposure, close ones' exposure, fear for the safety of close ones, prior exposure to trauma, living location, and house damage) was also important for the development and maintenance of PTSD and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Hua Ying
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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Gil-Rivas V, Kilmer RP. Children's adjustment following Hurricane Katrina: the role of primary caregivers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2013; 83:413-21. [PMID: 23889031 PMCID: PMC3752914 DOI: 10.1111/ajop.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hurricane Katrina severely disrupted the lives of many children and families in the central Gulf Coast of the United States. Face-to-face interviews with child-caregiver dyads were conducted at approximately 1 year posthurricane (T1) and 6-10 months later (T2). The contribution of several factors-caregiver's self-reported symptomatology and coping advice and child perceptions of caregiver distress, unavailability, warmth, and caregiver-child conflict-to child-reported posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms was examined. Findings provide partial support for the importance of the caregiving context to children's adjustment. Specifically, higher levels of caregiver-child conflict at T1 were associated with more PTSS at T2, controlling for baseline symptoms. In contrast, higher levels of caregiver education were negatively related to child PTSS at T2. After adjusting for objective hurricane exposure and symptoms at T1, none of the caregiving variables was related to child-reported depressive symptoms at T2. The implications of these findings for efforts to promote children's adjustment after disaster are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gil-Rivas
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA.
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Lowe SR, Godoy L, Rhodes JE, Carter AS. Predicting Mothers' Reports of Children's Mental Health Three Years after Hurricane Katrin. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 34:17-27. [PMID: 23471125 PMCID: PMC3587107 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study explored pathways through which hurricane-related stressors affected the psychological functioning of elementary school aged children who survived Hurricane Katrina. Participants included 184 mothers from the New Orleans area who completed assessments one year pre-disaster (Time 1), and one and three years post-disaster (Time 2 and Time 3, respectively). Mothers rated their children's behavior problems at Time 3 only (n = 251 children; 53.0% male; Mean age: 10.19 years, SD = 1.68 years). A path analytic model indicated that hurricane-related stressors were associated with increased maternal psychological distress and school mobility in the first post-disaster year, which were associated with higher child internalizing and externalizing symptoms three years post-disaster. Mediation analysis indicated that hurricane-related stressors were associated with child symptoms indirectly, through their impact on maternal psychological distress. Findings underscore the importance of interventions that boost maternal and child mental health and support children through post-disaster school transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Lowe
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Psychology, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125
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Abstract
Major earthquakes are some of the most devastating natural disasters. The epidemiology of earthquake-related injuries and mortality is unique for these disasters. Because earthquakes frequently affect populous urban areas with poor structural standards, they often result in high death rates and mass casualties with many traumatic injuries. These injuries are highly mechanical and often multisystem, requiring intensive curative medical and surgical care at a time when the local and regional medical response capacities have been at least partly disrupted. Many patients surviving blunt and penetrating trauma and crush injuries have subsequent complications that lead to additional morbidity and mortality. Here, we review and summarise earthquake-induced injuries and medical complications affecting major organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Bartels
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Ying LH, Wu XC, Lin CD. Longitudinal linkages between depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A three-wave, cross-lagged study. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034311421271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationships between depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Two-hundred adolescent survivors were reviewed at 12, 18 and 24-months post-earthquake. Depression and PTSD were assessed by two self-report questionnaires: The revised Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children and the Revised Child PTSD Symptom Scale, respectively. The cross-lagged structural equation analysis with latent variables indicated that the PTSD symptoms and depression could be considered as two distinct and high-correlated constructs, and depression symptomatology pre-event could predict post-event PTSD. Depression symptoms play a crucial role in the development of PTSD symptoms. Implications of the results for psychological service providers to children and youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Hua Ying
- Beijing Normal University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Chun Wu
- Beijing Normal University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong-De Lin
- Beijing Normal University, People’s Republic of China
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Bokszczanin A. Social support provided by adolescents following a disaster and perceived social support, sense of community at school, and proactive coping. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2011; 25:575-92. [PMID: 21995730 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2011.622374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Heightened levels of support provision are systematically observed in adults immediately following natural disasters, yet knowledge about adolescents' social support provision is less extensive. This longitudinal study of 262 adolescents assessed their help-providing behaviors during and after a flood. It was hypothesized that social support provided by adolescents would relate to subsequent perceptions of their relationships with others and perceptions of the self. Descriptive analyses demonstrated that the majority of respondents reported that they provided tangible, emotional, and informational support to others in need. A series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that higher levels of support provided following the flood were subsequently associated with higher levels of perceived social support, a stronger sense of community at school, and greater propensity to engage in proactive coping. These associations were statistically significant, controlling for the impact of exposure to disaster stressors, age, gender, and received social support. Theoretical considerations and practical implications related to processes of social support provisions in times of stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bokszczanin
- Institute of Psychology, Opole University, Pl. Staszica 1, 45-352 Opole, Poland.
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Zeng EJ, Bordeaux Silverstein L. China earthquake relief: Participatory action work with children. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034311402921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a community-focused participatory action project designed to promote children’s resilience in the early aftermath of the cataclysmic May 2008 Earthquake in Beichuan, China. Thirty children aged 7- to 15-years-old participated in the project. The project encompassed four phases that evolved from adult-directed/ initiated activities to activities that maximized children’s participation. The children were allowed to set their own pace in dealing with their feelings of trauma and loss. Initially, their activities focused on school, family, pets, nature and, finally, the earthquake. Ultimately, the children’s activities evolved into helping to rebuild their school and community. The project ended on the three-month anniversary of the earthquake with a memorial march initiated by the children to honor their deceased family members and friends. This article links participatory action projects to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies’ models of psychosocial disaster recovery efforts, and argues that participatory projects provide qualitative data to evaluate their efficacy. The article proposes that school psychologists, because of their diverse training in mental health services, consultation, and research, are especially suited to using these kinds of projects to train community members, e.g. teachers and community elders, to implement them. The American Psychological Association and other humanitarian relief organizations have articulated this goal of increasing capacity in the communities of developing countries as an essential component of international disaster recovery efforts.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011; 24:78-87. [PMID: 21116133 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e3283423055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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