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Zhu CM, Ma Y, Xie L, Huang JZ, Sun ZB, Duan SX, Lin ZR, Yin JJ, Le HB, Sun DM, Xu WC, Ma SH. Spatial Working Memory Impairment in Patients with Non-neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Blood-oxygen-level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. J Rheumatol 2017; 44:201-208. [PMID: 28089970 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using ethology and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore mild cognitive dysfunction and spatial working memory (WM) impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without overt neuropsychiatric symptoms (non-NPSLE) and to study whether any clinical biomarkers could serve as predictors of brain dysfunction in this disease. METHODS Eighteen non-NPSLE patients and 18 matched subjects were all tested using the Montreal cognitive assessment scale test and scanned using blood-oxygen-level dependent fMRI while performing the n-back task to investigate the activation intensity of some cognition-related areas. RESULTS Ethology results showed that non-NPSLE patients had mild cognitive dysfunction and memory dysfunction (p < 0.05). The fMRI scan confirmed a neural network consisting of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), premotor area, parietal lobe, and supplementary motor area (SMA)/anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that was activated during the n-back task, with right hemisphere dominance. However, only the right SMA/ACC showed a load effect in the non-NPSLE group; the activation intensity of most WM-related brain areas for the non-NPSLE group was lower than for the control group under 3 memory loads. Further, we found that the activation intensity of some cognition-related areas, including the bilateral caudate nucleus/insula and hippocampus/parahippocampal gyrus were lower than the control group under the memory loads. An inverse correlation existed between individual activation intensity and disease duration. CONCLUSION Non-NPSLE-related brain damage with right DLPFC-posterior parietal lobe and parahippocampal gyrus default network causes impairment of spatial WM and mild cognitive dysfunction. Patients with longer disease duration would be expected to exhibit increased central nervous system damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Min Zhu
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Ye Ma
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Lei Xie
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Jin-Zhuang Huang
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Zong-Bo Sun
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Shou-Xing Duan
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Zhi-Rong Lin
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Jing-Jing Yin
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Hong-Bo Le
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Dan-Miao Sun
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Wen-Can Xu
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Shu-Hua Ma
- From the Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, Shantou, Guangdong; Graduate School of Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China. .,C.M. Zhu, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; L. Xie, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.Z. Huang, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Z.B. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; S.X. Duan, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; Z.R. Lin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; J.J. Yin, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; H.B. Le, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; D.M. Sun, MD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging; S.H. Ma, PhD, Professor, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, and Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Shantou; Y. Ma, MD, Graduate School of Beijing Normal University; W.C. Xu, PhD, Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University.
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