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Kulkarni KR, O'Brien M, Gu X. Longing to act: Bayesian inference as a framework for craving in behavioral addiction. Addict Behav 2023; 144:107752. [PMID: 37201396 PMCID: PMC10330403 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, craving is considered a defining feature of drug addiction. Accumulating evidence suggests that craving can also exist in behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling disorder) without drug-induced effects. However, the degree to which mechanisms of craving overlap between classic substance use disorders and behavioral addictions remains unclear. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop an overarching theory of craving that conceptually integrates findings across behavioral and drug addictions. In this review, we will first synthesize existing theories and empirical findings related to craving in both drug-dependent and -independent addictive disorders. Building on the Bayesian brain hypothesis and previous work on interoceptive inference, we will then propose a computational theory for craving in behavioral addiction, where the target of craving is execution of an action (e.g., gambling) rather than a drug. Specifically, we conceptualize craving in behavioral addiction as a subjective belief about physiological states of the body associated with action completion and is updated based on both a prior belief ("I need to act to feel good") and sensory evidence ("I cannot act"). We conclude by briefly discussing the therapeutic implications of this framework. In summary, this unified Bayesian computational framework for craving generalizes across addictive disorders, provides explanatory power for ostensibly conflicting empirical findings, and generates strong hypotheses for future empirical studies. The disambiguation of the computational components underlying domain-general craving using this framework will lead to a deeper understanding of, and effective treatment targets for, behavioral and drug addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh R Kulkarni
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Center for Computational Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Madeline O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Center for Computational Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaosi Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Center for Computational Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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2
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Donny EC, White CM. A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 99:103436. [PMID: 34535366 PMCID: PMC8785120 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May 2018, the Secretariat for the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control convened a meeting to discuss the potential for reducing the addictiveness of tobacco products. A central focus was to review research findings on the behavioral effects of reducing the addictiveness of cigarettes. METHODS This manuscript reports the results of a review of the behavioral science literature, updated through April 2021, with special attention to both the potential benefits and unintended consequences of reducing nicotine in cigarettes. RESULTS Available evidence suggests that reducing nicotine content in cigarettes to very low levels could benefit public health in three primary ways, by 1) decreasing uptake of regular smoking, 2) decreasing the amount people smoke, and 3) increasing the likelihood of smoking cessation. Current evidence also suggests that reducing nicotine in cigarettes may produce similar benefits across many important subpopulations of people who smoke, including those with psychiatric comorbidities, those who use other substances, those with low socioeconomic status, young people, people who smoke infrequently and people who prefer menthol cigarettes. Cigarette nicotine reduction could also lead to some undesirable outcomes, such as experiencing withdrawal, product manipulation, an illicit market, and harm misperceptions; strategies that may mitigate each are discussed. CONCLUSION Overall, behavioral research suggests product standards that limit the nicotine content of combusted tobacco products could render cigarettes and similar products less addictive. The availability of legal, non-combusted products that effectively substitute for cigarettes and the dissemination of public health campaigns that clarify misperceptions about the relationship between nicotine, tobacco and disease may facilitate the extent to which a nicotine reduction policy reduces smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Donny
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Cassidy M White
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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3
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Schlagintweit HE, Perry RN, Darredeau C, Barrett SP. Non-pharmacological Considerations in Human Research of Nicotine and Tobacco Effects: A Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1260-1266. [PMID: 31058286 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Human research of nicotine and tobacco effects demonstrates that non-pharmacological factors may systematically affect responses to administered substances and inert placebos. Failure to measure or manipulate these factors may compromise study reliability and validity. This is especially relevant for double-blind placebo-controlled research of nicotine, tobacco, and related substances. In this article, we review laboratory-based human research of the impact of non-pharmacological factors on responses to tobacco and nicotine administration. Results suggest that varying beliefs about drug content and effects, perceptions about drug use opportunities, and intentions to cease drug use systematically alter subjective, behavioral, and physiological responses to nicotine, tobacco, and placebo administration. These non-pharmacological factors should be considered when designing and interpreting the findings of human research of nicotine and tobacco effects, particularly when a double-blind placebo-controlled design is used. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed, and we propose methodological strategies to enhance the reliability and validity of future research. IMPLICATIONS Growing research demonstrates that non-pharmacological factors systematically alter responses to acute nicotine, tobacco, and placebo administration. Indeed, varying beliefs about nicotine and/or tobacco administration and effects, differing perceptions about nicotine and/or tobacco use opportunities, and inconsistent motivation to quit smoking have been found to exert important influences on subjective, physiological, and behavioral responses. These variables are infrequently measured or manipulated in nicotine and tobacco research, which compromises the validity of study findings. Incorporating methodological strategies to better account for these non-pharmacological factors has the potential to improve the quality of addiction research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera E Schlagintweit
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin N Perry
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christine Darredeau
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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4
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Faria V, Han P, Joshi A, Enck P, Hummel T. Verbal suggestions of nicotine content modulate ventral tegmental neural activity during the presentation of a nicotine-free odor in cigarette smokers. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 31:100-108. [PMID: 31812330 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expectancies of nicotine content have been shown to impact smokers' subjective responses and smoking behaviors. However, little is known about the neural substrates modulated by verbally induced expectancies in smokers. In this study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how verbally induced expectations, regarding the presence or absence of nicotine, modulated smokers' neural response to a nicotine-free odor. While laying in the scanner, all participants (N = 24) were given a nicotine-free odor, but whereas one group was correctly informed about the absence of nicotine (control group n = 12), the other group was led to believe that the presented odor contained nicotine (expectancy group n = 12). Smokers in the expectancy group had significantly increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses during the presentation of the nicotine-free odor in the left ventral tegmental area (VTA), and in the right insula, as compared to smokers in the control group (Regions of interest analysis with pFWE-corrected p ≤ 0.05). At a more liberal uncorrected statistical level (p-unc ≤ 0.001), increased bilateral reactivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) was also observed in the expectancy group as compared with the control group. Our findings suggest that nicotine-expectancies induced through verbal instructions can modulate nicotine relevant brain regions, without nicotine administration, and provide further neural support for the key role that cognitive expectancies play in the cause and treatment of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Faria
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Pengfei Han
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Akshita Joshi
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Internal Medicine VI: Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Galindo MN, Navarro JF, Cavas M. The Influence of Placebo Effect on Craving and Cognitive Performance in Alcohol, Caffeine, or Nicotine Consumers: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:849. [PMID: 33005155 PMCID: PMC7479236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present systematic review aims to analyze the evidence about the influence of placebo effect on craving and cognitive performance in alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine consumers. METHODS Relevant studies were identified via Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (up to March 2020). Only those papers published between 2009 and 2019 were searched. RESULTS Of the 115 preliminary papers, 8 studies of database search and 9 of the manual search were finally included in this review. Findings showed that while alcohol expectancies increased craving, caffeine and nicotine expectancies tend to decrease it. Alcohol expectancies caused similar or slower reaction time when alcohol was not consumed, impairments on inhibitory control (especially after alcohol consumption) and similar post-error slowing. The effect of caffeine and nicotine on reaction time has not been elucidated yet, however, caffeine expectancies have been shown to improve accuracy and the attentional filtering of distracting stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine expectancies play an important role on craving. Although expectancies produce an effect on cognitive performance, caffeine and nicotine beliefs show an ambiguous impact on reaction time. Only the influence of alcohol expectancies on reaction time has been clarified. Furthermore, caffeine beliefs enhance accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Nerea Galindo
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - María Cavas
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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6
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Watolla D, Mazurak N, Gruss S, Gulewitsch MD, Schwille-Kiuntke J, Sauer H, Enck P, Weimer K. Effects of Expectancy on Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Psychophysiology in Healthy Adolescents and Their Parents in an Experimental Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:213. [PMID: 32256416 PMCID: PMC7089870 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Placebo effects on cognitive performance and mood and their underlying mechanisms have rarely been investigated in adolescents. Therefore, the following hypotheses were investigated with an experimental paradigm: (1) placebo effects could be larger in adolescents than in adults, (2) parents' expectations influence their adolescents' expectations and placebo effects, and (3) a decrease in stress levels could be an underlying mechanism of placebo effects. METHODS Twenty-six healthy adolescents (13.8 ± 1.6 years, 14 girls) each with a parent (45.5 ± 4.2 years, 17 mothers) took part in an experimental within-subjects study. On two occasions, a transdermal patch was applied to their hips and they received an envelope containing either the information that it is a Ginkgo patch to improve cognitive performance and mood, or it is an inactive placebo patch, in counterbalanced order. Cognitive performance and mood were assessed with a parametric Go/No-Go task (PGNG), a modification of California Verbal Learning Test, and Profile of Mood Scales (POMS). Subjects rated their expectations about Ginkgo's effects before patch application as well as their subjective assessment of its effects after the tests. An electrocardiogram and skin conductance levels (SCLs) were recorded and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), high-frequency power (HF), and the area under the curve of the SCL (AUC) were analyzed as psychophysiological stress markers. RESULTS Expectations did not differ between adolescents and parents and were correlated concerning reaction times only. Overall, expectations did not influence placebo effects. There was only one significant placebo effect on the percentage of correct inhibited trials in one level of the PGNG in adolescents, but not in parents. RMSSD and HF significantly increased, and AUC decreased from pre- to post-patch application in adolescents, but not in parents. CONCLUSION With this experimental paradigm, we could not induce relevant placebo effects in adolescents and parents. This could be due to aspects of the study design such as application form and substance, and that healthy subjects were employed. Nevertheless, we could show that adolescents are more sensitive to psychophysiological reactions related with interventions which could be part of the underlying mechanisms of placebo effects in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Watolla
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nazar Mazurak
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Gruss
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco D Gulewitsch
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Schwille-Kiuntke
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helene Sauer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Weimer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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7
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Palmer AM, Brandon TH. Nicotine or expectancies? Using the balanced-placebo design to test immediate outcomes of vaping. Addict Behav 2019; 97:90-96. [PMID: 31174168 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic (e-)cigarette use has increased in popularity, especially among those attempting to quit smoking. Previous studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of e-cigarettes have suggested that non-pharmacologic factors, such as expectancies about nicotine effects, may influence the experienced effects of e-cigarettes. METHOD The independent and synergistic influences of drug and expectancies were parsed using a balanced-placebo design, whereby 128 participants (52 dual users) were provided an e-cigarette that either contained nicotine or non-nicotine solution, while told that it did or did not contain nicotine. We hypothesized main effects of nicotine content on physiological, objective outcomes (attention, appetite, aversion, respiratory tract sensations), and main effects of the instructions on more subjective, psychosocial outcomes (affect, reward, satisfaction). Sex was included as a moderator. RESULTS Results showed that nicotine increased sustained attention, and more so among females. Nicotine delivery was associated with aversion among females, but not males. Among those who were both told and did not receive nicotine, higher enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations was reported. Nicotine with complementary instructions produced the highest reward ratings; additionally, nicotine was rewarding to males but not females. DISCUSSION Findings demonstrated that both nicotine content and non-pharmacologic factors impact acute outcome effects of e-cigarettes, with moderation by sex in some cases. Results are relevant to the interpretation of clinical trials of e-cigarettes and suggest a more nuanced view of reinforcement pathways.
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8
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Gu X, FitzGerald THB, Friston KJ. Modeling subjective belief states in computational psychiatry: interoceptive inference as a candidate framework. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2405-2412. [PMID: 31230144 PMCID: PMC6697568 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nascent field computational psychiatry has undergone exponential growth since its inception. To date, much of the published work has focused on choice behaviors, which are primarily modeled within a reinforcement learning framework. While this initial normative effort represents a milestone in psychiatry research, the reality is that many psychiatric disorders are defined by disturbances in subjective states (e.g., depression, anxiety) and associated beliefs (e.g., dysmorphophobia, paranoid ideation), which are not considered in normative models. In this paper, we present interoceptive inference as a candidate framework for modeling subjective-and associated belief-states in computational psychiatry. We first introduce the notion and significance of modeling subjective states in computational psychiatry. Next, we present the interoceptive inference framework, and in particular focus on the relationship between interoceptive inference (i.e., belief updating) and emotions. Lastly, we will use drug craving as an example of subjective states to demonstrate the feasibility of using interoceptive inference to model the psychopathology of subjective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC VISN 2) at the James J. Peter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas H B FitzGerald
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, England
- Max Planck-UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Russell Square House, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, England
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9
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Juliano LM, Kardel PG, Harrell PT, Muench C, Edwards KC. Investigating the role of expectancy in caffeine withdrawal using the balanced placebo design. Hum Psychopharmacol 2019; 34:e2692. [PMID: 30861208 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated psychological influences on drug withdrawal symptomatology using a caffeine-based model. METHODS Using the 2 × 2 balanced placebo design caffeine dose (given caffeinated vs decaffeinated coffee) was crossed with dose expectancy (told caffeine vs. decaf) among 87 (16-hr abstinent) regular coffee consumers in a 2-day study. RESULTS There were effects of expectancy and pharmacology that differed depending on the measure. Those told decaf reported greater caffeine cravings than those told caffeine 45 min and 8 hr postmanipulation. There were no expectancy effects on withdrawal symptoms or cognitive performance. There were pharmacological effects on all measures. Those given decaf reported greater withdrawal symptoms and showed poorer cognitive performance 45 min and 8 hr postmanipulation, with effects for headache and flu-like symptoms first emerging 8 hr postmanipulation (i.e., 24 hr abstinence in given decaf conditions). Caffeine readministration alleviated all withdrawal symptoms and cognitive decrements within 45 min. No drug by expectancy interactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm a strong pharmacological basis for caffeine withdrawal and an important role of cognition in drug craving. Future research should investigate the role of expectancy in drug withdrawal and craving and the potential use of expectancy manipulations in symptom prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Juliano
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter G Kardel
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA.,Moran Company, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul T Harrell
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Community Health & Research, Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Christine Muench
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA.,Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn C Edwards
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA.,Behavioral Health Group, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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10
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Abstract
The present systematic review examines whether very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes ameliorate withdrawal-induced impairments in behavioral/cognitive performance. PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were searched for performance effects of VLNC cigarettes. For inclusion, reports had to be in English, published in a peer-reviewed journal through June 2017, examine VLNC cigarettes (<0.2mg nicotine yield), include ≥2hour smoking abstinence or reduced nicotine exposure, and examine performance. 19 of 1243 articles reviewed met inclusion criteria. Poorer performance after smoking VLNC versus normal nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes was observed across 7 of 10 domains, including reaction time (8/11), short-term memory (3/10), sustained attention (4/6), inhibitory control (1/4), long-term memory (3/3 studies), and response variability (2/2). In two studies, combining VLNC smoking with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) resulted in performance that was comparable to performance after NNC smoking. VLNC versus NNC differences were not discerned in motor control/functioning (0/2), visuospatial processing (0/2), learning (0/1), or verbal fluency (0/1). Eleven of nineteen (58%) studies were rated of Good or Excellent quality. Overall, VLNC cigarettes may not fully ameliorate withdrawal-induced disruptions in performance, although this varies by domain, with the strongest evidence for reaction time. Importantly, combining VLNC cigarettes with NRT appears to ameliorate withdrawal that is not reduced by VLNC cigarettes alone. As only 19 studies were identified, many domains are under-investigated. A more thorough evaluation of the extent to which VLNC cigarettes affect withdrawal-impaired performance may be warranted.
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11
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Denlinger-Apte RL, Joel DL, Strasser AA, Donny EC. Low Nicotine Content Descriptors Reduce Perceived Health Risks and Positive Cigarette Ratings in Participants Using Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:1149-1154. [PMID: 28003507 PMCID: PMC5896530 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding how smokers perceive reduced nicotine content cigarettes will be important if the FDA and global regulatory agencies implement reduced nicotine product standards for cigarettes. Prior research has shown that some smokers incorrectly believe "light" cigarettes are less harmful than regular cigarettes. Similar misunderstandings of health risk could also apply to reduced nicotine cigarettes. To date, most studies of reduced nicotine cigarettes have blinded subjects to the nicotine content. Therefore, little is known about how smokers experience reduced nicotine content cigarettes when they are aware of the reduced content, and how use may be impacted. METHODS The present study was a within-subjects experiment with 68 adult daily smokers who smoked two identical very low nicotine content Quest 3 (0.05 mg nicotine yield) cigarettes. Subjects were told that one cigarette contained "average" nicotine content, and the other contained "very low" nicotine content. After smoking each cigarette, subjects completed subjective measures about their smoking experience. RESULTS Subjects rated the "very low" nicotine cigarette as less harmful to their health overall compared to the "average" nicotine cigarette; this effect held true for specific smoking-related diseases. Additionally, they rated the "very low" nicotine cigarette as having less desirable subjective effects than the "average" nicotine cigarette and predicted having greater interest in quitting smoking in the future if only the "very low" nicotine cigarette was available. CONCLUSIONS Explicit knowledge of very low nicotine content changes smokers' perceptions of very low nicotine content cigarettes, resulting in reduced predicted harm, subjective ratings and predicted future use. IMPLICATIONS Before a reduced nicotine product standard for cigarettes can be implemented, it is important to understand how product information impacts how smokers think about and experience very low nicotine content cigarettes. Prior research has shown that smokers incorrectly believed light cigarettes were less harmful products. As such, smokers may also misunderstand the health risks associated with smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes. This study highlights the importance of smokers' perceptions of nicotine content in cigarettes on the perceived health risks and the subjective effects of smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Behavioral and Social Science, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Danielle L Joel
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelmen School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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12
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Faulkner P, Ghahremani DG, Tyndale RF, Cox CM, Kazanjian AS, Paterson N, Lotfipour S, Hellemann GS, Petersen N, Vigil C, London ED. Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1610-1618. [PMID: 28117337 PMCID: PMC5518898 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of cigarettes delivering different nicotine doses allows evaluation of the contribution of nicotine to the smoking experience. We compared responses of 46 young adult smokers to research cigarettes, delivering 0.027, 0.110, 0.231, or 0.763 mg nicotine, and conventional cigarettes. On five separate days, craving, withdrawal, affect, and sustained attention were measured after overnight abstinence and again after smoking. Participants also rated each cigarette, and the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) was used to identify participants as normal or slow metabolizers. All cigarettes equally alleviated craving, withdrawal, and negative affect in the whole sample, but normal metabolizers reported greater reductions of craving and withdrawal than slow metabolizers, with dose-dependent effects. Only conventional cigarettes and, to a lesser degree, 0.763-mg nicotine research cigarettes increased sustained attention. Finally, there were no differences between ratings of lower-dose cigarettes, but the 0.763-mg cigarettes and (even more so) conventional cigarettes were rated more favorably than lower-dose cigarettes. The findings indicate that smoking-induced relief of craving and withdrawal reflects primarily non-nicotine effects in slow metabolizers, but depends on nicotine dose in normal metabolizers. By contrast, relief of withdrawal-related attentional deficits and cigarette ratings depend on nicotine dose regardless of metabolizer status. These findings have bearing on the use of reduced-nicotine cigarettes to facilitate smoking cessation and on policy regarding regulation of nicotine content in cigarettes. They suggest that normal and slow nicotine metabolizers would respond differently to nicotine reduction in cigarettes, but that irrespective of metabolizer status, reductions to <0.763 mg/cigarette may contribute to temporary attentional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chelsea M Cox
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ari S Kazanjian
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil Paterson
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gerhard S Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Celia Vigil
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA, Tel: 310 825 0606, Fax: 310 825-0812, E-mail:
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13
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Watterson E, Spitzer A, Watterson LR, Brackney RJ, Zavala AR, Olive MF, Sanabria F. Nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization in an adult rat model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:333-40. [PMID: 27363925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased risk of tobacco dependence. Nicotine, the main psychoactive component of tobacco, appears to be implicated in ADHD-related tobacco dependence. However, the behavioral responsiveness to nicotine of the prevalent animal model of ADHD, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), is currently underinvestigated. The present study examined the activational effects of acute and chronic nicotine on the behavior of adult male SHRs, relative to Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls. Experiment 1 verified baseline strain differences in open-field locomotor activity. Experiment 2 tested for baseline strain differences in rotational behavior using a Rotorat apparatus. Adult SHR and WKY rats were then exposed to a 7-day regimen of 0.6mg/kg/d s.c. nicotine, or saline, prior to each assessment. A separate group of SHRs underwent similar training, but was pre-treated with mecamylamine, a cholinergic antagonist. Nicotine sensitization, context conditioning, and mecamylamine effects were then tested. Baseline strain differences were observed in open-field performance and in the number of full rotations in the Rotorat apparatus, but not in the number of 90° rotations or direction changes. In these latter measures, SHRs displayed weaker nicotine-induced rotational suppression than WKYs. Both strains expressed nicotine-induced sensitization of rotational activity, but evidence for strain differences in sensitization was ambiguous; context conditioning was not observed. Mecamylamine reversed the effects of nicotine on SHR performance. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a reduced aversion to nicotine (expressed in rats as robust locomotion) may facilitate smoking among adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Watterson
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Alexander Spitzer
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Lucas R Watterson
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Center for Substance Abuse Research Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad St., Medical Education and Research Bldg., 8th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Ryan J Brackney
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Arturo R Zavala
- California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - M Foster Olive
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Federico Sanabria
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
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14
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Robinson JD, Versace F, Engelmann JM, Cui Y, Gilbert DG, Waters AJ, Gritz ER, Cinciripini PM. Attentional bias to smoking and other motivationally relevant cues is affected by nicotine exposure and dose expectancy. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:627-40. [PMID: 27097731 PMCID: PMC5858186 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116642879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of acute nicotine dose and expected dose on attentional bias (AB) to smoking and affective cues in overnight nicotine-deprived smokers (n=51; 24 women) using a balanced placebo design, which counterbalanced given nicotine dose (Given-NIC vs. Given-DENIC) with instructed nicotine dose expectancy (Told-NIC vs. Told-DENIC). Before and after smoking a study cigarette, smokers completed a vigilance task where they pressed buttons to every third consecutive even or odd digit, while ignoring intermittent smoking, pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral picture distracters. We examined the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP) components of the event-related potentials (ERPs) to the distracters, reaction time (RT) to the target digits, and ratings of the study cigarettes. The EPN was sensitive to both given and instructed nicotine dose, while the instructed dose moderated the impact of given dose for the LPP. The RT metrics were sensitive to given but not to instructed dose. The effects of given dose on ratings following cigarette smoking (e.g. enjoyment) were moderated by the instructed dose. The ERP findings suggest that the anticipated effects of nicotine improve attention much like receiving actual nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesco Versace
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jeffery M Engelmann
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David G Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Waters
- Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen R Gritz
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Luo J, Yu R. The Spreading of Alternatives: Is it the Perceived Choice or Actual Choice that Changes our Preference? JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Luo
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application; South China Normal University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Rongjun Yu
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application; South China Normal University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Psychology; National University of Singapore; 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd Singapore
- Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, Center for Life Sciences; National University of Singapore; 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd Singapore
- Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Center for Life Sciences; National University of Singapore; 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd Singapore
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16
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O'Loughlin JL, Sylvestre MP, Dugas EN, Karp I. Predictors of the occurrence of smoking discontinuation in novice adolescent smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 23:1090-101. [PMID: 24895443 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While long-term cessation is an outcome of interest in adult smokers, little is known about discontinuing smoking in adolescent smokers. The objective was to identify the predictors of the occurrence of smoking discontinuation in novice smokers. METHODS Data were available for 620 adolescent smokers participating in a longitudinal study on the natural course of nicotine dependence. Data on smoking discontinuation (i.e., stopping smoking for ≥12 consecutive months) were collected in 20 cycles over five years from grade 7 to 11 (1999-2005). Data on 37 potential predictors representing a wide range of demographic, psychosocial, health, lifestyle, smoking-related, and context-related characteristics were collected once, 2 to 3 times, or 20 times. Pooled logistic regression was used to test the association between each potential predictor and smoking discontinuation, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Forty percent of 620 participants discontinued smoking during follow up. Male sex [OR (95% confidence interval), 1.8 (1.3-2.4)], age [1.3 (1.1-1.5)], cigarette package warnings [0.6 (0.5-0.9)], team sports participation [1.4 (1.1-1.9)], family stress [0.7 (0.6-1.0)], worrying about weight [0.6 (0.5-0.9)], overweight [0.7 (0.5-1.0)], illicit drugs use [0.5 (0.4-0.7)], tolerance [0.6 (0.4-1.0)], and other nicotine dependence symptoms [1.0 (0.9-1.0)] were statistically significantly associated with smoking discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Both individual and context-level factors were associated with smoking discontinuation. IMPACT Programs and policy targeting novice adolescent smokers may be more effective if factors associated with long-term smoking discontinuation are taken into consideration. In particular, young smokers may need help with dependence symptoms, body weight issues, family functioning, and polysubstance use. Cigarette package warnings may be effective in helping adolescents discontinue smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(6); 1090-101. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L O'Loughlin
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre de recherche CHUM, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Centre de recherche CHUM, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Centre de recherche CHUM, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Sylvestre
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre de recherche CHUM, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Centre de recherche CHUM, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erika N Dugas
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre de recherche CHUM, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Igor Karp
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre de recherche CHUM, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Centre de recherche CHUM, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Harrell PT, Lin HY, Park JY, Blank MD, Drobes DJ, Evans DE. Dopaminergic genetic variation moderates the effect of nicotine on cigarette reward. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:351-60. [PMID: 26497691 PMCID: PMC5808950 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cigarette smoking is influenced by nicotine’s effects on dopaminergic activity in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. This activity appears to be moderated by genetic variation, specifically a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the third exon of the dopamine receptor gene (DRD4). OBJECTIVE We examined whether this polymorphism along with three DRD4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs: rs936460, rs936461, and rs12280580) moderate the influence of nicotine on subjective responses to cigarettes. METHODS White, non-Hispanic smokers (n = 96, cigarettes/day ≥15) attended two double-blind, counterbalanced experimental sessions, each preceded by overnight smoking abstinence. Participants smoked four nicotine (8.9 mg) or placebo (1.0 mg) cigarettes per session, with each cigarette followed by completion of the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ). RESULTS We examined the mCEQ composite score via 2 × 2 × 4 ANOVAs with genotype (major homozygotes versus minor carriers) as the between-subject factor and nicotine content and smoking bout as within-subject factors. Although DRD4 VNTR variation did not moderate overall nicotine response, there was a moderation of nicotine response over successive cigarettes. Smokers with fewer than seven repeats for the DRD4 VNTR reported markedly reduced craving, increased satisfaction, and a greater calming effect in response to earlier smoked nicotine cigarettes, whereas those with seven or more repeats did not. In addition, minor carriers for all three DRD4 SNPs displayed blunted overall response to nicotine. CONCLUSION These findings provide support for DRD4 variation as an informative predictor of subjective responses to nicotine. We discuss how these data may lead to improved tailoring of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jong Y. Park
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - David J. Drobes
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - David E. Evans
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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18
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Harrell PT, Simmons VN, Piñeiro B, Correa JB, Menzie NS, Meltzer LR, Unrod M, Brandon TH. E-cigarettes and expectancies: why do some users keep smoking? Addiction 2015; 110:1833-43. [PMID: 26173651 PMCID: PMC4609252 DOI: 10.1111/add.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many smokers who have tried electronic cigarettes ('e-cigarettes') continue to smoke, perhaps influenced by their beliefs about the outcomes of using e-cigarettes ('e-cigarette expectancies'). The primary aims of this study were to compare expectancies of dual users to former smokers, and to examine the association between expectancies and intentions to quit or reduce 'vaping' among former smokers. DESIGN AND SETTING A large cross-sectional online survey of e-cigarette users conducted in the United States. PARTICIPANTS We surveyed current e-cigarette users (n = 1815), including both current cigarette smokers ('dual users', n = 381) and former smokers (n = 1434). We further subdivided former smokers into those with (n = 686) and without (n = 748) intentions to reduce or quit e-cigarette use. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcomes were self-reported past-month smoking status and, among former smokers, current intentions to reduce or quit e-cigarette use, both adjusted for potential confounders. E-cigarette expectancy items were derived primarily from a previously validated measure of smoking expectancies. FINDINGS Dual users reported less positive expectancies than former smokers about e-cigarettes, rating e-cigarettes as more physically irritating (β = 0.10, P < 0.001) and addictive (β = 0.06, P = 0.016), as well as less satisfying (β = -0.11, P < 0.001). Former smokers with intentions to quit e-cigarettes also rated e-cigarettes less positively than former smokers without intentions to quit e-cigarettes, rating them more likely to damage health (β = 0.16, P < 0.001) and cause addiction (β = 0.10, P < 0.001), but less likely to taste good (β = -0.08, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Positive e-cigarette expectancies among e-cigarette users are associated with a greater likelihood of having quit smoking, but lower likelihood of intention to quit e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Harrell
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center,
Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vani N. Simmons
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center,
Tampa, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL,
USA
| | - Barbara Piñeiro
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center,
Tampa, FL, USA,Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University
of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - John B. Correa
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL,
USA
| | - Nicole S. Menzie
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL,
USA
| | - Lauren R. Meltzer
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center,
Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Marina Unrod
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center,
Tampa, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL,
USA
| | - Thomas H. Brandon
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center,
Tampa, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL,
USA
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19
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Yokomitsu K, Kanai Y, Matsuki S, Hirai H, Iizuka T, Wakasa K, Akatsuka T, Sato K, Sakano Y. [The psychological effects of taking in "Shikohin": A cross-sectional exploratory study]. SHINRIGAKU KENKYU : THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 86:354-60. [PMID: 26562945 DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.86.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the psychological effects that Japanese people experience when consuming their "Shikohin", such as alcohol, tea, coffee, and tobacco. We'conducted a cross-sectional study among 542 people, from 20-to 69-year-old; who regularly consumed any one of "Shikohin" in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Chiba. The participants responded to an anonymous questionnaire concerning the consumption patterns of their "Shikohin" and the psychological effects that they experienced in taking in their "Shikohin". Results obtained using the K-J methods showed three common psychological effects in each "Shikohin". These effects included an increase in relaxation response, the promotion of social relationships, and an increase in positive mood. Our findings suggest that Japanese people may get some common effects through consumption of different "Shikohin".
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20
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Guillot CR, Stone MD, Geary BA, Kirkpatrick MG, Tidey JW, Cook JW, Leventhal AM. Pharmacological, sensorimotor, and expectancy effects on tobacco withdrawal: a preliminary study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:364-71. [PMID: 26010521 PMCID: PMC4565749 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research designs for parsing the mechanisms underlying tobacco withdrawal are scant. This study introduced a novel research design that simultaneously manipulated three tobacco withdrawal mechanisms: pharmacological (nicotine dissipation), sensorimotor (elimination of the smoking ritual), and expectancy (activation of beliefs regarding the effects of nicotine deprivation), permitting examination of the effects of each mechanism while holding the other two mechanisms constant. METHODS Following overnight abstinence, 32 regular cigarette smokers were randomized in a 2 (expectancy: told patch contains nicotine versus told placebo patch) × 2 (drug: receive 21-mg transdermal nicotine patch versus receive placebo patch) × 2 (sensorimotor: smoke very low nicotine content cigarettes versus no smoking) full factorial between-subjects design. Participants repeatedly completed measures of craving, affect, and anticipated pleasure from and desire for rewarding experiences, followed by a smoking lapse analog task. RESULTS Receiving nicotine (versus placebo) increased positive affect and anticipated pleasure from and desire for reward. Expecting nicotine (versus placebo) reduced negative affect and increased smoking delay. Sensorimotor stimulation from smoking (versus no smoking) reduced smoking urge and behavior. CONCLUSION Results provided initial validation of this novel three-mechanism design. This design can be used in the future to advance understanding and treatment of tobacco withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R. Guillot
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern
California,Corresponding author: Casey R. Guillot, University of
Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N Soto St, SSB 3
Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032-9045; Tel: 323-442-8218; Fax: 323-442-2359;
| | - Matthew D. Stone
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern
California
| | - Bree A. Geary
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern
California
| | | | | | - Jessica W. Cook
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public
Health
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern
California,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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21
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Belief about nicotine selectively modulates value and reward prediction error signals in smokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2539-44. [PMID: 25605923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416639112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how prior beliefs impact biophysically described processes in the presence of neuroactive drugs, which presents a profound challenge to the understanding of the mechanisms and treatments of addiction. We engineered smokers' prior beliefs about the presence of nicotine in a cigarette smoked before a functional magnetic resonance imaging session where subjects carried out a sequential choice task. Using a model-based approach, we show that smokers' beliefs about nicotine specifically modulated learning signals (value and reward prediction error) defined by a computational model of mesolimbic dopamine systems. Belief of "no nicotine in cigarette" (compared with "nicotine in cigarette") strongly diminished neural responses in the striatum to value and reward prediction errors and reduced the impact of both on smokers' choices. These effects of belief could not be explained by global changes in visual attention and were specific to value and reward prediction errors. Thus, by modulating the expression of computationally explicit signals important for valuation and choice, beliefs can override the physical presence of a potent neuroactive compound like nicotine. These selective effects of belief demonstrate that belief can modulate model-based parameters important for learning. The implications of these findings may be far ranging because belief-dependent effects on learning signals could impact a host of other behaviors in addiction as well as in other mental health problems.
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Abstract
Facilitation of different attentional functions by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists may be of therapeutic potential in disease conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. For this reason, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these effects have been the focus of research in humans and in preclinical models. Attention-enhancing effects of the nonselective nAChR agonist nicotine can be observed in human nonsmokers and in laboratory animals, suggesting that benefits go beyond a reversal of withdrawal deficits in smokers. The ultimate aim is to develop compounds acting with greater selectivity than nicotine at a subset of nAChRs, with an effects profile narrowly matching the targeted cognitive deficits and minimizing unwanted effects. To date, compounds tested clinically target the nAChR subtypes most abundant in the brain. To help pinpoint more selectively expressed subtypes critical for attention, studies have aimed at identifying the secondary neurotransmitter systems whose stimulation mediates the attention-enhancing properties of nicotine. Evidence indicates that noradrenaline and glutamate, but not dopamine release, are critical mediators. Thus, attention-enhancing nAChR agents could spare the system central to nicotine dependence. Neuroimaging studies suggest that nAChR agonists act on a variety of brain systems by enhancing activation, reducing activation, and enhancing deactivation by attention tasks. This supports the notion that effects on different attentional functions may be mediated by distinct central mechanisms, consistent with the fact that nAChRs interact with a multitude of brain sites and neurotransmitter systems. The challenge will be to achieve the optimal tone at the right subset of nAChR subtypes to modulate specific attentional functions, employing not just direct agonist properties, but also positive allosteric modulation and low-dose antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hahn
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,
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23
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Dar R, Barrett SP. The effects of beliefs regarding drug assignment in experimental and field studies of nicotine delivery devices: a review. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:1071-9. [PMID: 25253274 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114548295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The placebo effect of a psychoactive drug can be defined as the effect of expecting the drug in the absence of its pharmacological actions. As nicotine is widely believed to be the primary factor driving cigarette smoking, smokers are likely to expect nicotine to alleviate craving and withdrawal. The present review examines the extent to which any observed effects of nicotine, and especially its craving- and withdrawal-reducing effects, can be attributed to placebo. We begin by reviewing studies that examined the placebo effects of nicotine in the laboratory and follow with a review of potential placebo effects that are typically not controlled in placebo-controlled studies of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). In laboratory studies, nicotine instructions decrease tobacco smoking, craving and/or withdrawal, while nicotine-specific effects have not been consistently reported. In field trials of NRT, there is a general failure to assess smokers' beliefs regarding their drug assignment. This omission makes it difficult to unequivocally attribute findings of placebo-controlled NRT studies to the physiological effects of nicotine. In sum, our review indicates that the placebo effects of nicotine, and specifically nicotine content expectations, may account for many of the benefits associated with nicotine delivery devices in both laboratory and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Dar
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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24
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Harrell PT, Marquinez NS, Correa JB, Meltzer LR, Unrod M, Sutton SK, Simmons VN, Brandon TH. Expectancies for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and nicotine replacement therapies among e-cigarette users (aka vapers). Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:193-200. [PMID: 25168035 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of e-cigarettes has been increasing exponentially, with the primary motivation reported as smoking cessation. To understand why smokers choose e-cigarettes as an alternative to cigarettes, as well as to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)--approved nicotine replacement therapies (NRT), we compared outcome expectancies (beliefs about the results of drug use) for the three nicotine delivery systems among vapers, i.e., e-cigarette users, who were former smokers. METHODS Vapers (N = 1,434) completed an online survey assessing 14 expectancy domains as well as perceived cost and convenience. We focused on comparisons between e-cigarettes and cigarettes to determine the attraction of e-cigarettes as a smoking alternative and between e-cigarettes and NRT to determine perceived advantages of e-cigarettes over FDA-approved pharmacotherapy. RESULTS Participants believed that e-cigarettes, in comparison to conventional cigarettes, had fewer health risks; caused less craving, withdrawal, addiction, and negative physical feelings; tasted better; and were more satisfying. In contrast, conventional cigarettes were perceived as better than e-cigarettes for reducing negative affect, controlling weight, providing stimulation, and reducing stress. E-cigarettes, compared to NRT, were perceived to be less risky, cost less, cause fewer negative physical feelings, taste better, provide more satisfaction, and be better at reducing craving, negative affect, and stress. Moderator analyses indicated history with ad libitum forms of NRT was associated with less positive NRT expectancies. CONCLUSIONS The degree to which expectancies for e-cigarettes differed from expectancies for either tobacco cigarettes or NRT offers insight into the motivation of e-cigarette users and provides guidance for public health and clinical interventions to encourage smoking-related behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Harrell
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL;
| | - Nicole S Marquinez
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - John B Correa
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Lauren R Meltzer
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Marina Unrod
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Steven K Sutton
- Department of Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Vani N Simmons
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Thomas H Brandon
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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25
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Schlagintweit HE, Good KP, Barrett SP. The impact of nicotine lozenges and stimulus expectancies on cigarette craving. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:773-9. [PMID: 24476987 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113519508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reduced craving associated with nicotine replacement therapy use is frequently attributed to the effects of nicotine pharmacology, however non-pharmacological factors may also play a role. This study examined the impact of nicotine pharmacology and non-pharmacological components of an acute nicotine lozenge (4 mg) on cigarette craving, mood and heart rate in 70 daily smokers (36 male). Smoking-related stimuli were used to assess cue-induced craving. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a balanced placebo design where half the participants were provided deceptive information regarding the nicotine content of a lozenge. Subjective ratings of craving and mood were collected and heart rate was assessed before and after neutral and smoking cues. Nicotine expectancy reduced withdrawal-related craving (p = 0.006) regardless of actual nicotine administration while combined nicotine expectancy and administration reduced intentions to smoke (p = 0.046) relative to each of the other conditions. Exposure to smoking-related stimuli increased cigarette craving (p ≤ 0.001) and negative affect (p ≤ 0.001) regardless of expectancy or pharmacology. Following the smoking cue, women reported a greater increase in withdrawal-related craving than men (p = 0.027). Findings suggest that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological components of nicotine lozenge administration contribute to its acute effects on craving, yet neither appears effective in preventing craving triggered by exposure to environmental smoking stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera E Schlagintweit
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kimberley P Good
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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26
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Anstey KJ. Optimizing cognitive development over the life course and preventing cognitive decline: Introducing the Cognitive Health Environment Life Course Model (CHELM). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025413512255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Optimal cognitive development is defined in this article as the highest level of cognitive function reached in each cognitive domain given a person’s biological and genetic disposition, and the highest possible maintenance of cognitive function over the adult life course. Theoretical perspectives underpinning the development of a framework for understanding optimal cognitive development are described, including differential development, intra-individual dynamics, cascades, biological mechanisms, reserve capacity, and plasticity. The Cognitive Health and Environment Life Course Model (CHELM) is proposed as a means to provide a framework for understanding the socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health factors influencing cognitive development and decline. The CHELM may guide framing of policy and interventions to optimize cognitive development and minimize cognitive decline in late-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarin J. Anstey
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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27
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The effects of nicotine content information on subjective and behavioural responses to nicotine-containing and denicotinized cigarettes. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:291-7. [PMID: 23787293 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283635fd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of nicotine content information on subjective and behavioural responses to nicotine-containing and denicotinized cigarettes were examined in 30 dependent and 30 nondependent 12-h abstinent smokers. Using the four conditions of a balanced placebo design, participants were given either nicotine-containing cigarettes or denicotinized cigarettes during two laboratory sessions but were told that they received nicotine-containing cigarettes in one session and nicotine-free cigarettes in the other. During each session, participants completed subjective assessments before and after sampling three puffs from the assigned cigarette and were then invited to earn additional cigarette puffs using a computerized progressive ratio task. Regardless of the actual nicotine content, participants self-administered more cigarette puffs when they were told the cigarettes contained nicotine than when told the cigarettes were nicotine-free and tended to show a decrease in craving associated with the intention to smoke after cigarette sampling when told the cigarettes were nicotine-free relative to when they were told the cigarettes contained nicotine. However, regardless of nicotine instructions, participants given nicotine-containing cigarettes showed greater postsampling increases in subjective ratings of 'satisfied' and 'stimulated' than did those given denicotinized cigarettes. The findings suggest that nicotine dose expectancy can affect both subjective and behavioural indices of smoking reinforcement but that the satisfying and stimulating aspects of smoking are related to actual nicotine administration.
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28
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Weimer K, Schulte J, Maichle A, Muth ER, Scisco JL, Horing B, Enck P, Klosterhalfen S. Effects of ginger and expectations on symptoms of nausea in a balanced placebo design. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49031. [PMID: 23152846 PMCID: PMC3496739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ginger effects on (experimental) nausea have been described, but also strong placebo effects and sex differences when nausea is involved. The "balanced placebo design" has been proposed to allow better separation of drug and placebo effects. METHODS Sixty-four healthy participants (32 women) were randomly assigned to receive an antiemetic ginger preparation or placebo, and half of each group was told to have received drug or placebo. They were exposed to 5×2 min body rotations to induce nausea. Subjective symptoms and behavioral (rotation tolerance, head movements) and physiological measures (electrogastrogram, cortisol) were recorded. Groups were balanced for sex of participants and experimenters. RESULTS Ginger and the information given did not affect any outcome measure, and previous sex differences could not be confirmed. Adding the experimenters revealed a significant four-factorial interaction on behavioral but not on subjective or physiological measures Men who received placebo responded to placebo information when provided by the male experimenter, and to ginger information when provided by the female experimenter. This effect was not significant in women. CONCLUSION The effects of an antiemetic drug and provided information interact with psychosocial variables of participants and experimenters in reports of nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Weimer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Schulte
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annamaria Maichle
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric R. Muth
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jenna L. Scisco
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Björn Horing
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Klosterhalfen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Low NCP, Dugas E, O’Loughlin E, Rodriguez D, Contreras G, Chaiton M, O’Loughlin J. Common stressful life events and difficulties are associated with mental health symptoms and substance use in young adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:116. [PMID: 22900789 PMCID: PMC3466152 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stressful life events are associated with mood disorders in adults in clinical settings. Less described in the literature is the association between common life stressors and a wide range of psychopathology in young adolescents. This study uses a large non-clinical sample of young adolescents to describe the associations among worry or stress about common life events/difficulties, mental health and substance use. METHODS Data on lifetime stress or worry about common life events/difficulties (i.e., romantic breakups, family disruption, interpersonal difficulties, and personal stress (health, weight, school work)), symptoms of depression, conduct disorder symptoms, and substance use were collected from 1025 grade 7 students (mean age 12.9 years; 45% male). The association between each source of stress and each mental health and substance use indicator was modeled in separate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The proportion of adolescents reporting worry or stress ranged from 7% for new family to 53% for schoolwork. Romantic breakup stress was statistically significantly associated with all the mental health and substance use indicators except illicit drug use. Family disruption was statistically significantly associated with depression symptoms, marijuana use, and cigarette use. Interpersonal difficulties stress was statistically significantly associated with depression symptoms. All sources of personal stress were statistically significantly related to depression symptoms. In addition, health-related stress was inversely related to binge drinking. CONCLUSION Young adolescents may benefit from learning positive coping skills to manage worry or stress about common stressors and in particular, worry or stress related to romantic breakups. Appropriate management of mental health symptoms and substance use related to common stressful life events and difficulties may help reduce emerging psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy CP Low
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Erika Dugas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 3875 Saint Urbain, Montréal, QC, H2W 1V1, Canada
| | - Erin O’Loughlin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 3875 Saint Urbain, Montréal, QC, H2W 1V1, Canada
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gisele Contreras
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 3875 Saint Urbain, Montréal, QC, H2W 1V1, Canada,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, 3875 Saint Urbain, Montréal, QC, H2W 1V1, Canada
| | - Michael Chaiton
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Jennifer O’Loughlin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 3875 Saint Urbain, Montréal, QC, H2W 1V1, Canada,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, 3875 Saint Urbain, Montréal, QC, H2W 1V1, Canada,Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190 Crémazie Blvd. East, Montréal, QC, H2P 1E2, Canada
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30
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Harrell PT, Juliano LM. A direct test of the influence of nicotine response expectancies on the subjective and cognitive effects of smoking. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 20:278-86. [PMID: 22708609 PMCID: PMC6413876 DOI: 10.1037/a0028652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of actual nicotine content, expectations about the nicotine content of a cigarette influence the rewarding subjective effects of smoking, and may even affect cognitive performance. These effects are theorized to be mediated by beliefs about effects of cigarette smoking, or response expectancies. However, few studies have directly manipulated response expectancies. Understanding the effects of such manipulations could improve effectiveness of nicotine-dependence treatments and medications. Using a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design, cigarette smokers (N = 80) smoked either a nicotine or a placebo (denicotinized) cigarette crossed with instructions that the cigarette would either enhance or impair cognitive and motor performance. As predicted, participants in the "told enhance" condition reported significantly greater beliefs that nicotine had beneficial effects on performance than those in the "told impair" condition. Compared to those "told impair," those "told enhance" reported more psychological reward, enjoyable physical sensations, and craving reduction from the cigarette, as well as greater motivation to perform well on a cognitive task. Relative to placebo cigarettes, nicotine cigarettes produced greater reports of satisfaction, craving reduction, and dizziness. Smoking a nicotine cigarette produced better performance on the Rapid Visual Information Processing Task, a test of sustained attention; but the expectancy manipulation had no effect. These data suggest that response expectancies can be experimentally manipulated and can influence perceived rewarding effects of cigarette smoking, but do not appear to affect cognitive performance. These findings add to our understanding of the benefits and limitations of expectancy manipulations, both experimentally and as a treatment technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Harrell
- Department of Psychology, American University.; Department of Mental Health at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
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31
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Falcone M, Gold AB, Wileyto EP, Ray R, Ruparel K, Newberg A, Dubroff J, Logan J, Zubieta JK, Blendy JA, Lerman C. μ-Opioid receptor availability in the amygdala is associated with smoking for negative affect relief. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:701-8. [PMID: 22389047 PMCID: PMC3670416 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The perception that smoking relieves negative affect contributes to smoking persistence. Endogenous opioid neurotransmission, and the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in particular, plays a role in affective regulation and is modulated by nicotine. OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship of MOR binding availability in the amygdala to the motivation to smoke for negative affect relief and to the acute effects of smoking on affective responses. METHODS Twenty-two smokers were scanned on two separate occasions after overnight abstinence using [¹¹C]carfentanil positron emission tomography imaging: after smoking a nicotine-containing cigarette and after smoking a denicotinized cigarette. Self-reports of smoking motives were collected at baseline, and measures of positive and negative affect were collected pre- and post- cigarette smoking. RESULTS Higher MOR availability in the amygdala was associated with motivation to smoke to relieve negative affect. However, MOR availability was unrelated to changes in affect after smoking either cigarette. CONCLUSIONS Increased MOR availability in amygdala may underlie the motivation to smoke for negative affective relief. These results are consistent with previous data highlighting the role of MOR neurotransmission in smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Falcone
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Allison B. Gold
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - E. Paul Wileyto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Riju Ray
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neuropsychiatry Department, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew Newberg
- Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Jacob Dubroff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jean Logan
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Julie A. Blendy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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