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Flori JN, Schreiner AM, Dunn ME, Crisafulli MJ, Lynch GT, Dvorak RD, Davis CA. Delivery of a Prevention Program in Large College Classes: Effectiveness of the Expectancy Challenge Alcohol Literacy Curriculum. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1399-1408. [PMID: 37344387 PMCID: PMC11151344 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2223282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: Despite modest reductions in alcohol use among college students, drinking-related harms continue to be prevalent. Group-delivered programs have had little impact on drinking except for experiential expectancy challenge interventions that are impractical because they rely on alcohol administration. Expectancy Challenge Alcohol Literacy Curriculum (ECALC), however, offers a non-experiential alternative suitable for widespread implementation for universal, selective, or indicated prevention. Objectives: ECALC has been effective with mandated students, fraternity members, and small classes of 30 or fewer first-year college students. Larger universities, however, typically have classes with 100 students or more, and ECALC has not yet been tested with groups of this size. To fill this gap, we conducted a group randomized trial in which five class sections with over 100 college students received either ECALC or an attention-matched control presentation and completed follow-up at four weeks. Results: ECALC was associated with significant changes on six subscales of the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Scale (CEOA), post-intervention expectancies predicted drinking at four-week follow-up, and there were significant expectancy differences between groups. Compared to the control group, students who received ECALC demonstrated significant expectancy changes and reported less alcohol use at follow-up. Conclusions: Findings suggest ECALC is an effective, single session group-delivered intervention program that can be successfully implemented in large classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Flori
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Amy M Schreiner
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Michael E Dunn
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Mark J Crisafulli
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Gabrielle T Lynch
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Robert D Dvorak
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Cameron A Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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2
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Stephenson M, Heron J, Bountress K, Hickman M, Kendler KS, Edwards AC. The effect of parental alcohol use on alcohol use disorder in young adulthood: Exploring the mediating roles of adolescent alcohol expectancies and consumption. J Adolesc 2023; 95:716-728. [PMID: 36751135 PMCID: PMC10257746 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parental alcohol use and problems are risk factors for alcohol use disorder (AUD), and these effects may be mediated by adolescent alcohol expectancies and consumption. In the present study, we tested the direct effects of mothers' and fathers' alcohol consumption on young adult AUD, as well as the indirect effects through adolescent maximum alcohol use, alcohol consumption, and alcohol expectancies. METHODS Participants were 5160 individuals (49.1% female) and their biological parents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a cohort study of children born in southwestern England during 1991 and 1992. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test associations of mothers' and fathers' alcohol use (assessed when children were 12 years old) with age 24 AUD. Potential mediator variables included the maximum number of alcoholic drinks consumed within a 24-h period by age 13.5 and alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption at ages 17 and 20. RESULTS Higher maternal and paternal alcohol use were associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption at age 17. Greater alcohol consumption, in turn, was related to a more severe presentation of AUD. The overall indirect effects of mothers' (b = 0.033, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.006, 0.059) and fathers' drinking (b = 0.041, 95% CI = 0.018, 0.064) on AUD were modest but significant, and were primarily comprised of adolescent alcohol consumption rather than alcohol expectancies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the importance of both mothers' and fathers' drinking for the development of alcohol use and problems across adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Stephenson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Kaitlin Bountress
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Alexis C. Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Waddell JT, King SE, Okey SA, Meier MH, Metrik J, Corbin WR. The anticipated effects of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use: Initial development and preliminary validation. Psychol Assess 2022; 34:811-826. [PMID: 35549368 PMCID: PMC10029147 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social learning theories suggest that outcome expectancies are strong determinants of behavior, and studies find that alcohol and cannabis expectancies are associated with negative substance use outcomes. However, there are no measures to date that assess expectancies for simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (SAM), often referred to as SAM, despite strong links with negative consequences and rising time trends. The present study sought to provide initial validation of test scores for the Anticipated Effects of Simultaneous Alcohol and Cannabis Use Scale (AE-SAM), using a sample of past month college student simultaneous users (N = 434). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis conducted in random half samples suggested five expectancy factors, representing high arousal positive, high arousal negative (alcohol driven), high arousal negative (cannabis driven), low arousal positive, and low arousal negative expectancies. The factor structure was invariant across sex, race/ethnicity, and simultaneous use frequency, and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity with other alcohol/cannabis expectancy measures. AE-SAM high arousal positive expectancies were associated with simultaneous use frequency and heavier drinking/cannabis use, AE-SAM high arousal negative (cannabis driven) expectancies were associated with less frequent simultaneous use and more negative alcohol consequences, and AE-SAM low arousal negative expectancies were associated with less cannabis use. Effects of AE-SAM high arousal positive and high arousal negative (cannabis driven) expectancies remained, above and beyond other expectancy measures, suggesting that AE-SAM expectancies provide additional information beyond single substance expectancies. The results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of assessing simultaneous use expectancies, and lay groundwork for future research on simultaneous use expectancies in relation to alcohol and cannabis couse outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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Cook M, Kuntsche S, Labhart F, Kuntsche E. Do different drinks make you feel different emotions? Examination of young adolescents' beverage-specific alcohol expectancies using the Alcohol Expectancy Task. Addict Behav 2020; 106:106375. [PMID: 32163804 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explore whether in the eyes of young adolescents the consumption of different alcoholic beverages is associated with different alcohol expectancies, namely beliefs on what emotional outcomes take place when alcohol is consumed. 283 nine to 12-year olds from Switzerland completed the Alcohol Expectancy Task (AET). Participants were asked to assign one of 12 beverages (four alcoholic, eight non-alcoholic) to 16 adults depicting four emotional states (happy, angry, relaxed, sad). General linear modelling was used to examine beverage attributions across the four different emotional states. Beer was the most commonly attributed beverage across all 16 adults depicted. Happy and angry persons were most commonly attributed beer. Gender variations were found for relaxed persons, with females predominantly attributed champagne and males predominantly attributed beer. Young adolescents predominantly gave white wine to sad persons. Findings reveal a level of nuanced knowledge existing among young adolescents with minimal drinking experience, in that they hold very different expectancies for different beverages, prompting for future investigations to examine beverage-specific expectancies. Furthermore, findings showing beverage-specific expectancies among young adolescents may have implications for researchers' considerations of how alcohol-related knowledge and expectancies develop throughout childhood.
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Chen WT, Wang N, Lin KC, Liu CY, Chen WJ, Chen CY. Childhood social context in relation to alcohol expectancy through early adolescence: A latent profile approach. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107851. [PMID: 31954951 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aims to (i) identify patterns in the changes of endorsed positive alcohol expectancies (AEs) through early adolescence and (ii) examine associated childhood social context predictors of such profiles. METHODS We used three waves of longitudinal data from the Alcohol-Related Experiences among Children. The baseline sample comprised 928 6th graders from 17 elementary schools in northern Taiwan (response rate = 60 %); subsequent follow-up was conducted at 7th and 8th grade (follow-up rate = 88 %). Data concerning three domains of positive AEs (i.e., global positive transformation, enhancing social behaviors, and promoting relaxation), social context, and alcohol drinking were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Longitudinal latent profile and survey multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association estimates, stratified by childhood alcohol initiation. RESULTS Three distinct profiles (decreasing, stable, and increasing) of positive AEs were identified for the alcohol-naïve children (n = 466); observing paternal drinking and watching TV more than two hours per day at baseline were strongly linked with the stable and increasing AE profiles (aOR = 1.96-4.80). For the alcohol-experienced children, four profiles (low decreasing, low increasing, high decreasing, and high increasing) emerged; observing maternal drinking was predictive for the high-increasing profile (aOR = 2.94). Regardless of childhood alcohol initiation, recent alcohol use appeared to be the strongest predictor for the increasing profiles of positive AEs. CONCLUSIONS Strategies addressing pro-alcohol social contexts that facilitate a prominent increase in positive AEs should be considered when devising preventive programs targeting underage drinking behaviors and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chen
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Nadia Wang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chia Lin
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Management, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Liu
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology and Audiology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Banks DE, Winningham RD, Wu W, Zapolski TCB. Examination of the indirect effect of alcohol expectancies on ethnic identity and adolescent drinking outcomes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2019; 89:600-608. [PMID: 30688482 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although overall rates of alcohol use tend to be lower among racial/ethnic minority youth compared to White youth, consequences associated with use tend to be more severe. Identifying factors that prevent alcohol use is crucial to reducing its impact among minority adolescents. One such factor is ethnic identity, which involves gaining clarity about one's ethnic background and regard toward one's ethnic group. Strong ethnic identity has been found to work through antidrug beliefs to decrease minority youth's substance use. The current study extends previous literature by examining whether specific alcohol cognitions-alcohol expectancies-explain the promotive effect of ethnic identity on alcohol use and severity of alcohol use among minority youth. Participants were 113 ethnic minority youth ages 12-18 (M = 15.27). Most participants were male (66%) and identified as non-Hispanic African American/Black (70%), followed by Hispanic/Latino (15%), multiracial (12%), and American Indian/Native American (3%). Participants completed self-report measures of ethnic identity, positive and negative alcohol expectancies, and hazardous drinking, which were analyzed in an indirect effects model. Results indicated that ethnic identity was inversely related to negative alcohol expectancies. A significant indirect effect of ethnic identity on severity of alcohol use through negative alcohol expectancies was found. However, no indirect effect was found for positive alcohol expectancies. Findings suggest that strong ethnic identity serves as a promotive factor preventing alcohol use for ethnic minority youth, in part through more negative alcohol expectancies, and may be a beneficial target for intervention programs to reduce alcohol use among this group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Alcohol expectancy profile in late childhood with alcohol drinking and purchasing behaviors in adolescence. Addict Behav 2018; 87:55-61. [PMID: 29957494 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to (i) identify the evolving profile of endorsed alcohol expectancies (AEs) during the transition from late childhood into early adolescence, and (ii) examine the connection between such profiles and subsequent alcohol drinking and purchasing in adolescence. METHODS A prospective cohort of 928 sixth graders was recruited from 17 elementary schools in northern Taiwan in 2006 with follow-ups conducted in seventh and eighth grade. Information concerning AEs, individual characteristics, and social attributes were collected by self-administered questionnaires at baseline and in seventh grade; drinking behaviors and alcohol purchasing were assessed in eighth grade. Longitudinal latent profile and survey regression analyses were used to evaluate association estimates. RESULTS Three distinct profiles of positive AEs were identified: stably low (37%), stably high (35%), and increasing (28%). Regardless of childhood-onset alcohol experience, endorsing the stably high-profile AEs was associated with increased drinking occasions (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.24-1.80), and having the increasing-profile AEs may elevate the likelihood of alcohol purchase in adolescence (adjusted odd ratio [aOR] = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.33-4.96). Additionally, parental drinking was the most influential social factor for drinking occasions (aRR = 1.43) whereas peer drinking was prominent for alcohol purchasing (aOR = 3.06). CONCLUSIONS The evolving profile of alcohol expectancy in late childhood may predict alcohol drinking occasion and purchasing behaviors in adolescence. Underage drinking prevention efforts should target not only pro-alcohol social environments but also cognitive constructs (e.g., alcohol expectancy).
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Banks DE, Faidley MT, Smith GT, Zapolski TCB. Racial/ethnic differences in the time-varying association between alcohol expectancies and drinking during the transition from childhood to adolescence. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2018; 19:371-387. [PMID: 30346911 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1520174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol expectancies are important determinants of adolescent drinking, but this relationship may differ based on race/ethnicity. This study used time-varying effect modeling to examine racial/ethnic differences in positive and negative alcohol expectancies and their relationship with drinking among White, African American, and Hispanic youth. Youth reported alcohol expectancies and drinking frequency from 5th grade to 10th grade. African Americans initially endorsed higher positive alcohol expectancies than Whites, but the relationship with drinking was stronger among Whites. Hispanic youth reported slightly higher negative alcohol expectancies in high school, but the relationship between negative expectancies and alcohol use was comparable across groups. The effect of expectancies on alcohol use outcomes may be more robust for Whites, which warrants investigation of risk factors for minority youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin E Banks
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Micah T Faidley
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gregory T Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
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9
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Even in early childhood offspring alcohol expectancies correspond to parental drinking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183:51-54. [PMID: 29227837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has found that children as young as preschoolers have an idea about the valence (positive vs. negative) and activation (arousal vs. sedation) of emotional change when adults drink alcohol. The development of alcohol expectancies at such a young age may be due to observed parental alcohol use. METHODS Three measures of alcohol use (frequency, quantity and binge drinking) assessed among 115 fathers and 149 mothers were correlated with four alcohol expectancy factors (crossing valence and activation) of their offspring, aged three to six (70 boys and 82 girls). RESULTS For both arousal and sedation expectancies and across alcohol use measures of both fathers and mothers, the greater parental alcohol use was, the higher their sons' negative and the lower positive alcohol expectancies were. For negative expectancies (particularly sedation, i.e., drinking when feeling sad or depressed), there was a stronger and more consistent association with paternal than with maternal drinking. For daughters, there was no consistent association between any expectancy factor and any parental drinking behavior. CONCLUSIONS Already among preschoolers, parental drinking was found to be correlated with their sons' alcohol expectancies in the sense that they may observe and associate positive emotional consequences (feeling joyful, happy, calm, relaxed etc.) with moderate parental drinking and negative emotional consequences (feeling angry, nervous, sad, depressed etc.) with excessive drinking. This may be important for prevention, as expectancies have been found to be predominant predictors of early alcohol initiation and development of risky drinking in adolescence and beyond.
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10
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Jones SC, Gordon CS. A systematic review of children's alcohol-related knowledge, attitudes and expectancies. Prev Med 2017; 105:19-31. [PMID: 28823687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of, and transitions in, young children's alcohol-related knowledge and attitudes is important to determining the age at which we should start educating children about alcohol and informing our understanding of the focus of such education. This paper aimed to explore current literature on the alcohol-related knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and expectancies of children aged 12years and under. Electronic databases were searched for papers published from January 2000-August 2016. Further papers were identified by a manual review of reference lists, and contacting corresponding authors of included papers. Papers that reported on children's knowledge or beliefs about alcohol, attitudes towards alcohol and/or expectancies regarding alcohol consumption were included. Seventeen cross-sectional, experimental or observational studies and seven longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria. Data on key measures was tabulated. From a very young age children are aware of and able to identify alcohol, and have some knowledge of its effects; their attitudes become more positive with increasing age and these shifts appear to precede drinking initiation by some years. The small number of available studies, with different measures of knowledge, attitudes and expectancies, made assessment of bias unfeasible. Only three studies were published in the last five years. Children's knowledge of, and attitudes towards, alcohol form before they initiate alcohol use, and are likely acquired through observation. Alcohol-related education should commence before children begin drinking, and should encourage the delay of alcohol initiation, address social norms, and reduce positive expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Jones
- Centre for Health and Social Research (CHaSR), Australian Catholic University, Australia.
| | - Chloe S Gordon
- Centre for Health and Social Research (CHaSR), Australian Catholic University, Australia
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11
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Zhang A, Padilla YC, Kim Y. How Early do Social Determinants of Health Begin to Operate? Results From the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. J Pediatr Nurs 2017; 37:42-50. [PMID: 28705692 PMCID: PMC6567992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE From a life course perspective, important insights about how social determinants of health operate can be gained by analyzing the various forms that social climate can take in different life periods. For children, a critical aspect of social climate is exposure to bullying. Bullying can serve as a proxy for power imbalance and social exclusion analogous to adult social climate of discrimination and racism. DESIGN AND METHODS We used the Year 9 follow-up data of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=3301) that, for the first time included interviews with the children. We drew on a national sample of children and their families, which allowed us to account for broader contextual variables and represented a broad range of geographic areas and schools. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of exposure to bullying on self-rated health among primarily 9- to 10-year-old children while controlling for socio-demographic and diagnosed health-conditions. RESULTS Both frequency and forms of bullying were positively associated with lower odds of reporting excellent, very good or good health. The effect of forms of bullying on children's self-rated health fell on a gradient. Subgroup analysis indicated a significant effect on self-rated health for children who experienced peer rejection but not for those who experienced physical aggression. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study provide new evidence that the harmful health consequences of power imbalance and discriminatory practices may extend to children in early development. It also accentuates the need to study social determinants of health from both an ecological/contextual and a developmental angle. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Echoing a plethora of nursing literature on the critical role of psycho-social pediatric care, this study further encourages pediatric nurses to expand their assessment and intervention priorities beyond a familial and developmental perspective, and to consider the evident physical health consequence of a child's overall social climate determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anao Zhang
- The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
| | | | - Yeonwoo Kim
- The University of Texas at Austin, United States
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12
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Patton KA, Connor JP, Rundle-Thiele S, Dietrich T, Young RM, Gullo MJ. Validation of the Adolescent Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire and development of a short form. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 37:396-405. [PMID: 28544257 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to validate the Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent version (DEQ-A) in a large adolescent sample and to develop and validate a brief measure, the Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire-Shortened Adolescent version (DEQ-SA). DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional survey of secondary school students (n = 2357, aged 13-16, M = 14.66 years, SD = 0.60). Students completed the DEQ-A in school, and measures of alcohol consumption including the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption. The data were randomly split, and Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed using subsample 1, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis and reliability and validity testing were performed using subsample 2. RESULTS The 24-item DEQ-A was successfully reduced to 12 items (DEQ-SA) without compromising psychometric properties. The DEQ-A and the DEQ-SA both demonstrated adequate-to-good fit to the data and very good internal reliability. The DEQ-A and DEQ-SA explained 20 and 18% of the variance in alcohol consumption. Adolescents who drank endorsed more positive alcohol expectancies, whereas alcohol-naïve adolescents scored higher on negative alcohol expectancies. As the DEQ-SA comprises two subscales of the DEQ-A, the endorsement rates are applicable to both scales. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The DEQ-A and the short form of this scale developed in this study (DEQ-SA) show good reliability, internal structure and account for a large proportion of variance in alcohol consumption. Both scales can assist in targeting cognitive change processes within tailored alcohol prevention and treatment approaches, and investigating hypothesised mechanisms of change. The DEQ-SA is recommended for more time-limited environments. [Patton KA, Connor JP, Rundle-Thiele S, Dietrich T, Young RM, Gullo MJ. Validation of the Adolescent Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire and development of a short form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri A Patton
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jason P Connor
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sharyn Rundle-Thiele
- Social Marketing @ Griffith, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timo Dietrich
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Social Marketing @ Griffith, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ross McD Young
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Gullo
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Colder CR, Read JP, Wieczorek WF, Eiden RD, Lengua LJ, Hawk LW, Trucco EM, Lopez-Vergara HI. Cognitive appraisals of alcohol use in early adolescence: Psychosocial predictors and reciprocal associations with alcohol use. THE JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE 2017; 37:525-558. [PMID: 28479653 PMCID: PMC5417541 DOI: 10.1177/0272431615611256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Early adolescence is a dynamic period for the development of alcohol appraisals (expected outcomes of drinking and subjective evaluations of expected outcomes), yet the literature provides a limited understanding of psychosocial factors that shape these appraisals during this period. This study took a comprehensive view of alcohol appraisals and considered positive and negative alcohol outcome expectancies, as well as subjective evaluations of expected outcomes. Developmental-ecological theory guided examination of individual, peer, family, and neighborhood predictors of cognitive appraisals of alcohol and use. A community sample of 378 adolescents (mean age 11.5 years at Wave 1, 52% female) was assessed annually for 4 years. Longitudinal path analysis suggested that the most robust predictors of alcohol appraisals were peer norms. Furthermore, perceived likelihood of positive and negative alcohol outcomes prospectively predicted increases in drinking. There was limited support for appraisals operating as mediators of psychosocial risk and protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rina D. Eiden
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | | | - Larry W. Hawk
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
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14
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Ham LS, Zamboanga BL, Meca A, Blumenthal H, Hardy SA, Hurd LE. Factor Structure of the Brief Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Scale in Adolescents. Assessment 2017; 26:604-618. [PMID: 29214852 DOI: 10.1177/1073191117694454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use among adolescents is a public health concern; therefore, it is important that studies that examine factors associated with adolescent drinking behaviors utilize measures that are well-validated for use with this population. The current study examined the factor structure and convergent validity of the Brief Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol scale, a measure of alcohol outcome expectancies and evaluations of expected outcomes, among adolescents ( N = 1,074; 50% girls; Mage = 15.96 years, SD = 1.13, range = 13-18; 74% White) drawn from three independent studies ( nsite 1 = 594; nsite 2 = 97; and nsite 3 = 383). Results yielded support for a four-factor structure for alcohol expectancies and two-factor structure for valuations. Moreover, the factor structure was partially or fully invariant across gender, age, and site. Thus, findings are similar, yet unique, to those identified in college samples. The convergent validity of the modified measure was supported, suggesting that the Brief Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol scale may be useful for assessing adolescents' beliefs about alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Meca
- 3 University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Bacio GA, Garcia TA, Anderson KG, Brown SA, Myers MG. Engagement and Retention of Ethnically Diverse Adolescents to a Voluntary, School-Based Alcohol Use Intervention. J Behav Health Serv Res 2016; 44:52-62. [PMID: 27822588 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-016-9540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe A Bacio
- Departments of Psychology and Chicana/o-Latina/o Studies, Pomona College, 647 N College Way, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | - Tracey A Garcia
- Adolescent Health Research Program, Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kristen G Anderson
- Adolescent Health Research Program, Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark G Myers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Rivarola Montejano G, Pilatti A, Godoy JC, Brussino SA, Pautassi RM. Modelo de predisposición adquirida para el uso de alcohol en adolescentes argentinos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sumpsi.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Squeglia LM, Brammer WA, Ray LA, Lee SS. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms Predict Alcohol Expectancy Development. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016; 25:159-179. [PMID: 27110089 PMCID: PMC4840407 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2014.969856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Positive alcohol expectancies and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are independent risk factors for adolescent alcohol problems and substance use disorders. However, the association of early ADHD diagnostic status, as well as its separate dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity, with alcohol expectancies is essentially unknown. METHOD At baseline (i.e., Wave 1), parents of 139 6-to 9-year-old children (71% male) with (N = 77; 55%) and without (N = 62; 45%) ADHD completed structured diagnostic interviews of child psychopathology. Approximately two years later (i.e., Wave 2), children completed a Memory Model-Based Expectancy Questionnaire (MMBEQ) to ascertain their positive and negative expectancies regarding alcohol use. All children were alcohol naïve at both baseline and follow-up assessments. RESULTS Controlling for age, sex, IQ, as well as the number of Wave 1 oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, the number of baseline hyperactivity symptoms prospectively predicted more positive arousing (i.e., MMBEQ "wild and crazy" subscale) alcohol expectancies at Wave 2. No predictive association was observed for the number of Wave 1 inattention symptoms and alcohol expectancies. CONCLUSIONS Childhood hyperactivity prospectively and positively predicted expectancies regarding the arousing properties of alcohol, independent of inattention and ODD/CD symptoms, as well as other key covariates. Even in the absence of explicit alcohol engagement, youths with elevated hyperactivity may benefit from targeted intervention given its association with more positive arousing alcohol expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lara A Ray
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve S Lee
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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O'Connor RM, Colder CR. The Prospective Joint Effects of Self-Regulation and Impulsive Processes on Early Adolescence Alcohol Use. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 76:884-94. [PMID: 26562596 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dual-process models propose that behavior is influenced by the interactive effect of impulsive (automatic) and self-regulatory (controlled) processes. Elaborations of this model posit that the effect of impulsive processes on alcohol use is influenced by capacity and motivation to self-regulate. The interactive effect of these three processes on drinking has not previously been tested. The goal of this study was to provide a developmental extension of this model to early adolescent alcohol use and to test the three-way interaction between impulsive processes (implicit alcohol cognition), self-regulatory capacity (inhibitory and activation control), and self-regulatory motivation (negative alcohol outcome expectancies [AOE]) in a 1-year prospective prediction of adolescent alcohol use. METHOD Adolescents (N = 325; 54% girls, mean age = 13.6 years at baseline) completed the Single Category Implicit Association Test and self-reports of alcohol expectancies and use. Inhibitory and activation control were based on parental report. RESULTS Negative AOE and inhibitory/activation control were supported as moderators of the effect of implicit alcohol cognition on 1-year prospective alcohol use. As expected, weak implicit negative alcohol cognition was associated with elevated alcohol use when both negative AOE and inhibitory control were low. Contrary to hypothesis, when activation control was high, weak implicit negative alcohol cognition was unrelated to alcohol use if negative AOE were high (p = .72) (vs. low, p <.01). Activation control may reflect the ability to plan ahead and act pro-socially. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports current theory suggesting alcohol use is influenced by a complex interplay of impulsive and self-regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin M O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig R Colder
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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19
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Copeland AL, Proctor SL, Terlecki MA, Kulesza M, Williamson DA. Do positive alcohol expectancies have a critical developmental period in pre-adolescents? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 75:945-52. [PMID: 25343651 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Positive outcome expectancies have been shown to predict initiation of alcohol use in children and to mediate and moderate the relationship between dispositional variables and drinking behavior. Negative outcome expectancies for alcohol appear to weaken as children progress to middle adolescence, but positive expectancies tend to increase during this time. Positive alcohol expectancies have been found to increase in children in third and fourth grades, indicating what some investigators have termed a possible critical period for the development of positive expectancies. METHOD In the present study, we assessed alcohol expectancies at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months in 277 second-through sixth-grade students. Children completed the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent. Univariate analyses of covariance were conducted. RESULTS There were significant main effects for grade on positive alcohol-expectancy change for Global Positive Transformations at 12 and 18 months, Social Behavior Enhancement or Impediment at 6 and 12 months, and Relaxation/Tension Reduction at 6 and 18 months, whereby a consistent pattern emerged in that lower grades did not differ from each other, but they differed significantly from the higher grades. CONCLUSIONS Data support a critical developmental period for positive alcohol expectancies, with the greatest change observed between third and fourth grade and between fourth and fifth grade, and only in those expectancies clearly describing positive outcomes (e.g., Relaxation/Tension Reduction) via positive or negative reinforcement versus those with either combined or ambiguous outcomes (e.g., Social Behavior Enhancement or Impediment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Copeland
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Steven L Proctor
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Meredith A Terlecki
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Magdalena Kulesza
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Donald A Williamson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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20
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Alcohol expectancies in young children and how this relates to parental alcohol use. Addict Behav 2015; 45:93-8. [PMID: 25655929 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
According to the cognitive model of intergenerational transference, modeling of alcohol use is an indirect process in which parental drinking shapes alcohol expectancies of children, which in turn are associated with later alcohol use in adolescents. The present study examined whether parental alcohol use was related to alcohol expectancies and experimentation with alcohol use in young children. A community sample of 240 children aged 8.02 (SD=1.13) participated. Alcohol expectancies were assessed by means of the Berkeley Puppet Interview. Children reported consistently and reliably on the positive and negative consequences of alcohol use among adults. Their positive and negative expectancies were equally strong. Compared to younger children, older children had more negative and less positive expectancies. For girls, more paternal alcohol use was associated with less negative alcohol expectancies. For older children, more alcohol use of the mother was related to less positive expectancies, while more alcohol use of the father was related to more positive expectancies. The present study showed that young children already have clear ideas about the positive and negative consequences alcohol can have among adults, which can be captured with the Berkeley Puppet Interview. These expectancies are partly associated with alcohol use of their parents.
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Reich RR, Goldman MS. Decision making about alcohol use: the case for scientific convergence. Addict Behav 2015; 44:23-28. [PMID: 25532444 PMCID: PMC4394377 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on cognitive processes related to the decision to drink alcohol has yielded assessment tools that predict drinking as well or better than any other predictor. Although largely overlapping in content, some of these tools have been issued from different theoretical perspectives and consequently have been named to reflect separate cognitive constructs. This article describes a single theme that may be shared by what now appear to be separate constructs: anticipatory information processing. These anticipatory processes are reviewed at multiple levels of analysis, from neurobiology, to learning and memory, and finally to behavioral choice. Evidence supporting anticipatory processing as a causal influence on drinking also is reviewed, along with evidence that these ideas may be usefully applied to prevention/treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Reich
- University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, Sarasota, FL, United States.
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22
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Peer influences on alcohol expectancies in early adolescence: a study of concurrent and prospective predictors in Taiwan. Addict Behav 2015; 40:7-15. [PMID: 25218065 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of peers on three domains of alcohol expectancies through early adolescence were prospectively examined over 2 years. Information on pubertal development, parental drinking, peer characteristics, network structure, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol consumption was assessed in a three-wave longitudinal study of 779 6th graders (~12 years of age) randomly selected from northern Taiwan. Complex survey regression analyses, stratified by drinking experience in 6th grade, were performed to identify predictors of two positive (i.e., enhanced social behaviors and relaxation/tension reduction) and one negative alcohol expectancies (i.e., cognitive/behavioral deterioration) in 7th grade. The results showed that the effects of peer influence on adolescents' alcohol expectancies varied by prior drinking experiences and by expectancy domains. For the alcohol naive, recent exposure to peer drinking was significantly associated with positive and negative alcohol expectancies in grade 7, and this association was moderated by advanced pubertal development (ESBlate puberty: ßwt=0.55; ESBearly puberty: ßwt=-0.40; PRTRlate puberty: ßwt=0.01; PRTRearly puberty: ßwt=1.22; CBD late puberty: ßwt=-0.84; CBDearly puberty: ßwt=0.56). For the alcohol experienced, neither peer drinking nor pubertal development showed any significant links with alcohol expectancies. Occupying a bridge position was slightly linked with negative expectancy (ßwt=0.25). Concurrent drinking serves as a strong predictor for the endorsed alcohol expectancy in both groups, particularly for the domain of enhanced social behaviors. If these effects are confirmed, knowledge of the effect of interplay between peer factors and pubertal development on alcohol expectancies in early adolescence can provide effective targets in prevention programs.
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Jester JM, Wong MM, Cranford JA, Buu A, Fitzgerald HE, Zucker RA. Alcohol expectancies in childhood: change with the onset of drinking and ability to predict adolescent drunkenness and binge drinking. Addiction 2015; 110:71-9. [PMID: 25117029 PMCID: PMC4594954 DOI: 10.1111/add.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We examined the relationship between alcohol expectancies in childhood and onset of drinking, binge drinking and drunkenness in adolescence and the influence of drinking onset on expectancy development. DESIGN A prospective, longitudinal study of children assessed for alcohol expectancies and drinking at four time-points between ages 6 and 17 years. SETTING Community study of families at high risk for alcoholism conducted in a four-county area in the Midwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS The study involved 614 children; 460 were children of alcoholics and 70% were male. MEASUREMENTS Expectancies about alcohol effects were measured using the Beverage Opinion Questionnaire and child's drinking by the Drinking and Drug History-Youth Form. FINDINGS Partial factor invariance was found for expectancy factors from ages 6 to 17 years. Survival analysis showed that social/relaxation expectancies in childhood predicted time to onset of binge drinking and first time drunk (Wald χ(2) , 1 d.f. = 3.8, P = 0.05 and 5.0, P < 0.05, respectively). The reciprocal effect was also present; when adolescents began drinking, there was an increase in social/relaxation expectancy and a concomitant increase in slope of the expectancy changes lasting throughout adolescence. CONCLUSIONS A reciprocal relationship exists between childhood alcohol expectancies and the development of alcohol involvement. Higher expectancies for positive effects predict earlier onset of problem drinking. Onset of use, in turn, predicts an increase in rate of development of positive expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Jester
- University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - James A. Cranford
- University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anne Buu
- University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Hiram E. Fitzgerald
- Michigan State University Department of Psychology, 219 South Harrison Road, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Robert A. Zucker
- University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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24
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Pedersen SL, Harty SC, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Molina BSG. Differential associations between alcohol expectancies and adolescent alcohol use as a function of childhood ADHD. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 75:145-52. [PMID: 24411806 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for experiencing alcohol-related problems. However, previous research has not examined alcohol expectancies, a widely studied risk factor for alcohol use, in this population. The current study examined mean differences in alcohol expectancies for adolescents with and without a history of childhood ADHD. The differential association between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use 1 year later as a function of ADHD status was also examined. METHOD Two hundred and eighty-six adolescents ages 11-17 (ADHD: n = 165; non-ADHD: n = 121) reported their alcohol expectancies and alcohol use over a 1-year period as part of the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study. RESULTS Individuals with a history of ADHD had lower mean levels of alcohol expectancies compared with individuals without ADHD. Specifically, at Time 1, individuals with ADHD reported lower levels of sociability, cognitive and behavioral impairment, and liquid courage expectancies than individuals without ADHD. Further, the association between negative alcohol expectancies at Time 1 and alcohol use at Time 2 differed for individuals with and without a history of ADHD. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the possibility that individuals with a history of ADHD may rely less on explicit cognitions, such as alcohol expectancies, when making decisions to drink alcohol. This is consistent with the dual process model of alcohol cognitions that has posited that individuals with decreased executive control may rely more on implicit cognitions about alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Seth C Harty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William E Pelham
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Elizabeth M Gnagy
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Brooke S G Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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25
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Colder CR, O'Connor RM, Read JP, Eiden RD, Lengua LJ, Hawk LW, Wieczorek WF. Growth trajectories of alcohol information processing and associations with escalation of drinking in early adolescence. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2014; 28:659-70. [PMID: 24841180 DOI: 10.1037/a0035271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study provided a comprehensive examination of age-related changes in alcohol outcome expectancies, subjective evaluation of alcohol outcomes, and automatic alcohol associations in early adolescence. A community sample (52% female, 75% White/non-Hispanic) was assessed annually for 3 years (mean age at the first assessment = 11.6 years). Results from growth modeling suggested that perceived likelihood of positive outcomes increased and that subjective evaluations of these outcomes were more positive with age. Perceived likelihood of negative outcomes declined with age. Automatic alcohol associations were assessed with an Implicit Association Task (IAT), and were predominantly negative, but these negative associations weakened with age. High initial levels of perceived likelihood of positive outcomes at age 11 were associated with escalation of drinking. Perceived likelihood of negative outcomes was associated with low risk for drinking at age 11, but not with changes in drinking. Increases in positive evaluations of positive outcomes were associated with increases in alcohol use. Overall, findings suggest that at age 11, youth maintain largely negative attitudes and perceptions about alcohol, but with the transition into adolescence, there is a shift toward a more neutral or ambivalent view of alcohol. Some features of this shift are associated with escalation of drinking. Our findings point to the importance of delineating multiple aspects of alcohol information processing for extending cognitive models of alcohol use to the early stages of drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Colder
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | | | - Jennifer P Read
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | | | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
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Newton NC, Barrett EL, Swaffield L, Teesson M. Risky cognitions associated with adolescent alcohol misuse: moral disengagement, alcohol expectancies and perceived self-regulatory efficacy. Addict Behav 2014; 39:165-72. [PMID: 24138964 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the longitudinal associations between moral disengagement, alcohol related expectancies, perceived self-regulatory efficacy and alcohol use amongst adolescents. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 367 students (mean age=13.1, SD=0.51; 65% male) from five schools across Sydney, Australia took part in this longitudinal study. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire at four time points across an 18 month period which assessed their alcohol use, levels of moral disengagement, alcohol related expectancies and perceived self-regulatory efficacy to resist peer pressure to engage in transgressive behaviours. RESULTS Over time, rates of binge drinking in the past three months significantly increased, but rates of drinking any alcohol in the past three months remained stable. As hypothesised, all three cognitions were independently and consistently associated with adolescent alcohol use and binge drinking over time, with the exception of perceived self-regulatory efficacy which was not associated with an increased risk of drinking any alcohol in the past three months when controlling for moral disengagement, alcohol expectancies, gender and age. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first study to longitudinally map three distinct cognitive factors associated with adolescent alcohol use. Considering the alarming number of adolescents drinking at levels that place them at risk of significant harm, this study has provided important implications about cognitive factors that can be targeted to increase the accuracy of assessment and efficacy of prevention for alcohol misuse amongst adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Newton
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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Pilatti A, Godoy JC, Brussino S, Pautassi RM. Underage drinking: prevalence and risk factors associated with drinking experiences among Argentinean children. Alcohol 2013; 47:323-31. [PMID: 23591270 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and predictors of alcohol drinking behavior in children. Data were obtained from 367 children, aged 8-12 years (M = 10.44 years, SD = 1.21 years; 61.9% female) from the city of Córdoba, Argentina. Several scales were used to assess risk factors, including personality traits, alcohol expectancy (i.e., beliefs about the consequences of using alcohol), and perceived peer alcohol use, for alcohol drinking and alcohol drinking experiences. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the contribution of multiple risk factors to the quantity of alcohol consumed. The results showed that 58% of the children had tasted alcohol, and approximately one-third drank alcohol again after the first drinking experience. Twelve-year-old children had a significantly higher prevalence of tasting and drinking alcohol and a significantly greater frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed than younger children. Eighty percent of the children who liked alcohol during their first drinking experience reported that they drank alcohol again. Among the children who did not like alcohol during their first drinking experience, only 31% drank alcohol again. Underage drinking usually occurred under adult supervision in family settings when parents or other relatives allowed them to drink or were aware of their children's drinking. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that being older and male, having more peers that drink alcohol, having higher levels of extroversion, and having alcohol expectancy for social facilitation increased the risk for greater alcohol use. The final model explained 33% of the total variance.
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Allen J, Fok CCT, Henry D, Skewes M. Umyuangcaryaraq "Reflecting": multidimensional assessment of reflective processes on the consequences of alcohol use among rural Yup'ik Alaska Native youth. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2013; 38:468-75. [PMID: 22931081 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2012.702169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Concerns in some settings regarding the accuracy and ethics of employing direct questions about alcohol use suggest need for alternative assessment approaches with youth. Umyuangcaryaraq is a Yup'ik Alaska Native word meaning "Reflecting." OBJECTIVES The Reflective Processes Scale was developed as a youth measure tapping awareness and thinking over potential negative consequences of alcohol misuse as a protective factor that includes cultural elements often shared by many other Alaska Native and American Indian cultures. This study assessed multidimensional structure, item functioning, and validity. METHODS Responses from 284 rural Alaska Native youth allowed bifactor analysis to assess structure, estimates of location and discrimination parameters, and convergent and discriminant validity. RESULTS A bifactor model of the scale items with three content factors provided excellent fit to observed data. Item response theory analysis suggested a binary response format as optimal. Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was established. CONCLUSION The measure provides an assessment of reflective processes about alcohol that Alaska Native youth engage in when thinking about reasons not to drink. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The concept of reflective processes has potential to extend understandings of cultural variation in mindfulness, alcohol expectancies research, and culturally mediated protective factors in Alaska Native and American Indian youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Allen
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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