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Namba MD, Phillips MN, Chen PJ, Blass BE, Olive MF, Neisewander JL. HIV gp120 impairs nucleus accumbens neuroimmune function and dopamine D3 receptor-mediated inhibition of cocaine seeking in male rats. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 5:100062. [PMID: 36909738 PMCID: PMC9997483 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine Use Disorders (CUDs) are associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Cocaine and the HIV envelope protein gp120 each induce distinct deficits to mesocorticolimbic circuit function and motivated behavior; however, little is known regarding how they interact to dysregulate these functions or how such interactions impact pharmacotherapeutic efficacy. We have previously shown that the selective, weak partial agonist of the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R), MC-25-41, attenuates cocaine-seeking behavior in male rats. Here, we sought to characterize changes in striatal neuroimmune function in gp120-exposed rats across abstinence from operant access to cocaine (0.75 mg/kg, i.v.) or sucrose (45 mg/pellet), and to examine the impact of gp120 exposure on MC-25-41-reduced cocaine seeking. After establishing a history of cocaine or sucrose self-administration, rats received intracerebroventricular gp120 infusions daily the first 5 days of abstinence and were sacrificed either on day 6 or after 21 days of forced abstinence and a cue-induced cocaine seeking test. We demonstrated that MC-25-41 treatment attenuated cue-induced cocaine seeking among control rats but not gp120-exposed rats. Moreover, postmortem analysis of nucleus accumbens (NAc) core neuroimmune function indicated cocaine abstinence- and gp120-induced impairments, and the expression of several immune factors within the NAc core significantly correlated with cocaine-seeking behavior. We conclude that cocaine abstinence dysregulates striatal neuroimmune function and interacts with gp120 to inhibit the effectiveness of a D3R partial agonist in reducing cocaine seeking. These findings highlight the need to consider comorbidities, such as immune status, when evaluating the efficacy of novel pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Namba
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Megan N Phillips
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Peng-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Blass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Jordan CJ, Xi ZX. Identification of the Risk Genes Associated With Vulnerability to Addiction: Major Findings From Transgenic Animals. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:811192. [PMID: 35095405 PMCID: PMC8789752 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.811192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding risk factors for substance use disorders (SUD) can facilitate medication development for SUD treatment. While a rich literature exists discussing environmental factors that influence SUD, fewer articles have focused on genetic factors that convey vulnerability to drug use. Methods to identify SUD risk genes include Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and transgenic approaches. GWAS have identified hundreds of gene variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, few genes identified by GWAS have been verified by clinical or preclinical studies. In contrast, significant progress has been made in transgenic approaches to identify risk genes for SUD. In this article, we review recent progress in identifying candidate genes contributing to drug use and addiction using transgenic approaches. A central hypothesis is if a particular gene variant (e.g., resulting in reduction or deletion of a protein) is associated with increases in drug self-administration or relapse to drug seeking, this gene variant may be considered a risk factor for drug use and addiction. Accordingly, we identified several candidate genes such as those that encode dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, mGluR2, M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which appear to meet the risk-gene criteria when their expression is decreased. Here, we describe the role of these receptors in drug reward and addiction, and then summarize major findings from the gene-knockout mice or rats in animal models of addiction. Lastly, we briefly discuss future research directions in identifying addiction-related risk genes and in risk gene-based medication development for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J. Jordan
- Division of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chloe J. Jordan,
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Zheng-Xiong Xi,
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Newman AH, Battiti FO, Bonifazi A. 2016 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: Designing Bivalent or Bitopic Molecules for G-Protein Coupled Receptors. The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1779-1797. [PMID: 31499001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of designing bivalent or bitopic molecules that engender unique pharmacological properties began with Portoghese's work directed toward opioid receptors, in the early 1980s. This strategy has evolved as an attractive way to engineer highly selective compounds for targeted G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with optimized efficacies and/or signaling bias. The emergence of X-ray crystal structures of many GPCRs and the identification of both orthosteric and allosteric binding sites have provided further guidance to ligand drug design that includes a primary pharmacophore (PP), a secondary pharmacophore (SP), and a linker between them. It is critical to note the synergistic relationship among all three of these components as they contribute to the overall interaction of these molecules with their receptor proteins and that strategically designed combinations have and will continue to provide the GPCR molecular tools of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Francisco O Battiti
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Zhan J, Jordan CJ, Bi GH, He XH, Gardner EL, Wang YL, Xi ZX. Genetic deletion of the dopamine D3 receptor increases vulnerability to heroin in mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:11-20. [PMID: 30138692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the neurobiological risk factors that convey vulnerability to opioid abuse are still unknown. Recent studies suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is involved in opioid self-administration, but it remains unclear whether altered D3R availability is a risk factor for the development of opioid abuse and addiction. Here we used dopamine D3 receptor-knockout (D3-KO) mice to investigate the role of this receptor in the different phases of opioid addiction. D3-KO mice learned to self-administer heroin faster and took more heroin than wild-type mice during acquisition and maintenance of self-administration. D3R-KO mice also displayed higher motivation to work to obtain heroin reward during self-administration under progressive-ratio reinforcement, as well as elevated heroin-seeking during extinction and reinstatement testing. In addition, deletion of the D3R induced higher baseline levels of extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), higher basal levels of locomotion, and reduced NAc DA and locomotor responses to lower doses of heroin. These findings suggest that the D3R is critically involved in regulatory processes that normally limit opioid intake via DA-related mechanisms. Deletion of D3R augments opioid-taking and opioid-seeking behaviors. Therefore, low D3R availability in the brain may represent a risk factor for the development of opioid abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Xiang-Hu He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yan-Lin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Dopamine D1 and D3 receptor polypharmacology as a potential treatment approach for substance use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 89:13-28. [PMID: 29577963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the search for efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat cocaine addiction much attention has been given to agents targeting dopamine D1 or D3 receptors because of the involvement of these receptors in drug-related behaviors. D1-like and D3 receptor partial agonists and antagonists have been shown to reduce drug reward, reinstatement of drug seeking and conditioned place preference in rodents and non-human primates. However, translation of these encouraging results to clinical settings has been limited due to a number of factors including toxicity, poor pharmacokinetic properties and extrapyramidal and sedative side effects. This review highlights the role of D1 and D3 receptors in drug reward and seeking, the discovery of D1-D3 heteromers and their potential as targets in the treatment of addiction.
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Choi JK, Lim G, Chen YCI, Jenkins BG. Abstinence to chronic methamphetamine switches connectivity between striatal, hippocampal and sensorimotor regions and increases cerebral blood volume response. Neuroimage 2018. [PMID: 29518566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth), and other psychostimulants such as cocaine, present a persistent problem for society with chronic users being highly prone to relapse. We show, in a chronic methamphetamine administration model, that discontinuation of drug for more than a week produces much larger changes in overall meth-induced brain connectivity and cerebral blood volume (CBV) response than changes that occur immediately following meth administration. Areas showing the largest changes were hippocampal, limbic striatum and sensorimotor cortical regions as well as brain stem areas including the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) and pontine nuclei - regions known to be important in mediating reinstatement of drug-taking after abstinence. These changes occur concomitantly with behavioral sensitization and appear to be mediated through increases in dopamine D1 and D3 and decreases in D2 receptor protein and mRNA expression. We further identify a novel region of dorsal caudate/putamen, with a low density of calbindin neurons, that has an opposite hemodynamic response to meth than the rest of the caudate/putamen and accumbens and shows very strong correlation with dorsal CA1 and CA3 hippocampus. This correlation switches following meth abstinence from CA1/CA3 to strong connections with ventral hippocampus (ventral subiculum) and nucleus accumbens. These data provide novel evidence for temporal alterations in brain connectivity where chronic meth can subvert hippocampal - striatal interactions from cognitive control regions to regions that mediate drug reinstatement. Our results also demonstrate that the signs and magnitudes of the induced CBV changes following challenge with meth or a D3-preferring agonist are a complementary read out of the relative changes that occur in D1, D2 and D3 receptors using protein or mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Grewo Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yin-Ching Iris Chen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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Effects of muscarinic M 1 and M 4 acetylcholine receptor stimulation on extinction and reinstatement of cocaine seeking in male mice, independent of extinction learning. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:815-827. [PMID: 29250738 PMCID: PMC6472894 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stimulating muscarinic M1/M4 receptors can blunt reinforcing and other effects of cocaine. A hallmark of addiction is continued drug seeking/craving after abstinence and relapse. OBJECTIVES We tested whether stimulating M1 and/or M4 receptors could facilitate extinction of cocaine seeking, and whether this was mediated via memory consolidation. METHODS Experimentally naïve C57BL/6J mice were allowed to acquire self-administration of intravenous cocaine (1 mg/kg/infusion) under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. Then, saline was substituted for cocaine until responding extinguished to ≤30% of cocaine-reinforced responding. Immediately after each extinction session, mice received saline, the M1/M4 receptor-preferring agonist xanomeline, the M1 receptor-selective allosteric agonist VU0357017, the M4 receptor-selective positive allosteric modulator VU0152100, or VU0357017 + VU0152100. In additional experiments, xanomeline was administered delayed after the session or in the home cage before extinction training began. In the latter group, reinstatement of responding by a 10-mg/kg cocaine injection was also tested. RESULTS Stimulating M1 + M4 receptors significantly expedited extinction from 17.2 sessions to 8.3 using xanomeline or 7.8 using VU0357017 + VU0152100. VU0357017 alone and VU0152100 alone did not significantly modify rates of extinction (12.6 and 14.6 sessions). The effect of xanomeline was fully preserved when administered delayed after or unpaired from extinction sessions (7.5 and 6.4 sessions). Xanomeline-treated mice showed no cocaine-induced reinstatement. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that M1/M4 receptor stimulation can decrease cocaine seeking in mice. The effect lasted beyond treatment duration and was not dependent upon extinction learning. This suggests that M1/M4 receptor stimulation modulated or reversed some neurochemical effects of cocaine exposure.
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Thomsen M, Barrett AC, Butler P, Negus SS, Caine SB. Effects of Acute and Chronic Treatments with Dopamine D 2 and D 3 Receptor Ligands on Cocaine versus Food Choice in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:161-176. [PMID: 28473458 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor ligands are potential medications for psychostimulant addiction. Medication assessment may benefit from preclinical studies that evaluate chronic medication effects on choice between an abused drug and an alternative, nondrug reinforcer. This study compared acute and chronic effects of dopamine D2- and D3-preferring ligands on choice between intravenous cocaine and palatable food in rats. Under baseline conditions, cocaine maintained dose-dependent increases in cocaine choice and reciprocal decreases in food choice. Acutely, the D2 agonist R-(-)-norpropylapomorphine (NPA) and antagonist L-741,626 [3-[[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-l-yl]methyl-1H-indole] produced leftward and rightward shifts in cocaine dose-effect curves, respectively, whereas the partial agonist terguride had no effect. All three drugs dose-dependently decreased food-maintained responding. Chronically, the effects of R-(-)-norpropylapomorphine and L-741,626 on cocaine self-administration showed marked tolerance, whereas suppression of food-reinforced behavior persisted. Acute effects of the D3 ligands were less systematic and most consistent with nonselective decreases in cocaine- and food-maintained responding. Chronically, the D3 agonist PF-592,379 [5-[(2R,5S)-5-methyl-4-propylmorpholin-2-yl]pyridin-2-amine] increased cocaine choice, whereas an intermediate dose of the D3 antagonist PG01037 [N-[(E)-4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]but-2-enyl]-4-pyridin-2-ylbenzamide] produced a therapeutically desirable decrease in cocaine choice early in treatment; however, tolerance to this effect developed, and lower and higher doses were ineffective. D3 ligands failed to significantly modify total cocaine intake but caused persistent decreases in food intake. Thus, D2-and D3-preferring ligands showed distinct profiles, consistent with different pharmacological actions. In addition, these results highlight the role of acute versus chronic treatment as a determinant of test drug effects. With the possible exception of the D3 antagonist PG01037, no ligand was promising in terms of cocaine addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Thomsen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.T.); Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, California (P.B.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.S.N.)
| | - Andrew C Barrett
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.T.); Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, California (P.B.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.S.N.)
| | - Paul Butler
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.T.); Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, California (P.B.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.S.N.)
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.T.); Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, California (P.B.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.S.N.)
| | - S Barak Caine
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts (M.T., A.C.B., S.B.C.); Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.T.); Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, California (P.B.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (S.S.N.)
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Worhunsky PD, Matuskey D, Gallezot JD, Gaiser EC, Nabulsi N, Angarita GA, Calhoun VD, Malison RT, Potenza MN, Carson RE. Regional and source-based patterns of [ 11C]-(+)-PHNO binding potential reveal concurrent alterations in dopamine D 2 and D 3 receptor availability in cocaine-use disorder. Neuroimage 2017; 148:343-351. [PMID: 28110088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine type 2 and type 3 receptors (D2R/D3R) appear critical to addictive disorders. Cocaine-use disorder (CUD) is associated with lower D2R availability and greater D3R availability in regions primarily expressing D2R or D3R concentrations, respectively. However, these CUD-related alterations in D2R and D3R have not been concurrently detected using available dopaminergic radioligands. Furthermore, receptor availability in regions of mixed D2R/D3R concentration in CUD remains unclear. The current study aimed to extend investigations of CUD-related alterations in D2R and D3R availability using regional and source-based analyses of [11C]-(+)-PHNO positron emission tomography (PET) of 26 individuals with CUD and 26 matched healthy comparison (HC) participants. Regional analysis detected greater binding potential (BPND) in CUD in the midbrain, consistent with prior [11C]-(+)-PHNO research, and lower BPND in CUD in the dorsal striatum, consistent with research using non-selective D2R/D3R radiotracers. Exploratory independent component analysis (ICA) identified three sources of BPND (striatopallidal, pallidonigral, and mesoaccumbens sources) that represent systems of brain regions displaying coherent variation in receptor availability. The striatopallidal source was associated with estimates of regional D2R-related proportions of BPND (calculated using independent reports of [11C]-(+)-PHNO receptor binding fractions), was lower in intensity in CUD and negatively associated with years of cocaine use. By comparison, the pallidonigral source was associated with estimates of regional D3R distribution, was greater in intensity in CUD and positively associated with years of cocaine use. The current study extends previous D2R/D3R research in CUD, demonstrating both lower BPND in the D2R-rich dorsal striatum and greater BPND in the D3R-rich midbrain using a single radiotracer. In addition, exploratory ICA identified sources of [11C]-(+)-PHNO BPND that were correlated with regional estimates of D2R-related and D3R-related proportions of BPND, were consistent with regional differences in CUD, and suggest receptor alterations in CUD may also be present in regions of mixed D2R/D3R concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Worhunsky
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Edward C Gaiser
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Vince D Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Robert T Malison
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Sokoloff P, Le Foll B. The dopamine D3 receptor, a quarter century later. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:2-19. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto ON Canada
- University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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11
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Sørensen G, Caine SB, Thomsen M. Effects of the GLP-1 Agonist Exendin-4 on Intravenous Ethanol Self-Administration in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2247-2252. [PMID: 27579999 PMCID: PMC5048549 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been shown to decrease ethanol (EtOH) drinking in rodent assays. The GLP-1 system also powerfully modulates food and fluid intake, gastrointestinal functions, and metabolism. To begin to understand the neurobiological mechanisms by which GLP-1 receptor ligands may be able to control EtOH intake, it is important to ascertain whether they can modulate the direct reinforcing effects of EtOH, without the confound of effects on ingestive behaviors generally. METHODS We trained experimentally naïve, free-fed C57BL/6J mice to self-administer EtOH intravenously. Once stable EtOH intake was acquired, we tested the effect of acute pretreatment with the GLP-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4. Effect of Exendin-4 on operant behavior reinforced by a palatable liquid food was similarly evaluated as a control. RESULTS Intravenous EtOH functioned as a positive reinforcer in over half the mice tested. In mice that acquired self-administration, EtOH intake was high, indeed, reaching toxic doses; 3.2 μg/kg Exendin-4 decreased intravenous EtOH intake by at least 70%, but had no significant effect on food-maintained operant responding. CONCLUSIONS This experiment produced 2 main conclusions. First, although technically challenging and yielding only moderate throughput, the intravenous self-administration procedure in mice is feasible, and sensitive to pharmacological manipulations. Second, GLP-1 receptor agonists can powerfully attenuate voluntary EtOH intake by directly modulating the reinforcing effects of EtOH. These findings support the potential usefulness of GLP-1 receptor ligands in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Sørensen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.
| | - S Barak Caine
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
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12
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Lazenka MF, Legakis LP, Negus SS. Opposing effects of dopamine D1- and D2-like agonists on intracranial self-stimulation in male rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:193-205. [PMID: 26987070 PMCID: PMC4891217 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine acts through dopamine Type I receptors (comprising D1 and D5 subtypes) and dopamine Type II receptors (comprising D2, D3, and D4 subtypes). Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is 1 experimental procedure that can be used to evaluate abuse-related effects of drugs targeting dopamine receptors. This study evaluated effects of dopamine receptor ligands on ICSS in rats using experimental procedures that have been used previously to examine abused indirect dopamine agonists such as cocaine and amphetamine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats responded under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, and frequency of stimulation varied from 56-158 Hz in 0.05 log increments during each experimental session. Drug potency and time course were determined for the D1 ligands A77636, SKF82958, SKF38393, fenoldopam, and SCH39166 and the D2/3 ligands sumanirole, apomorphine, quinpirole, PD128907, pramipexole, aripiprazole, eticlopride, and PG01037. The high-efficacy D1 agonists A77636 and SKF82958 produced dose-dependent, time-dependent, and abuse-related facilitation of ICSS. Lower efficacy D1 ligands and all D2/3 ligands failed to facilitate ICSS at any dose or pretreatment time. A mixture of SKF82958 and quinpirole produced a mixture of effects produced by each drug alone. Quinpirole also failed to facilitate ICSS after regimens of repeated treatment with either quinpirole or cocaine. These studies provide more evidence for divergent effects of dopamine D1- and D2-family agonists on ICSS procedure in rats and suggest that ICSS may be a useful complement to other approaches for preclinical abuse potential assessment, in part because of the reproducibility of results. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Lazenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Corresponding Author: Matthew F. Lazenka, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, PO Box 980613, 410 North 12 St., Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, Phone: 804-826-2491, FAX: 804-828-1532,
| | - Luke P. Legakis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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13
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Abstract
Advances in neuroscience identified addiction as a chronic brain disease with strong genetic, neurodevelopmental, and sociocultural components. We here discuss the circuit- and cell-level mechanisms of this condition and its co-option of pathways regulating reward, self-control, and affect. Drugs of abuse exert their initial reinforcing effects by triggering supraphysiologic surges of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens that activate the direct striatal pathway via D1 receptors and inhibit the indirect striato-cortical pathway via D2 receptors. Repeated drug administration triggers neuroplastic changes in glutamatergic inputs to the striatum and midbrain dopamine neurons, enhancing the brain's reactivity to drug cues, reducing the sensitivity to non-drug rewards, weakening self-regulation, and increasing the sensitivity to stressful stimuli and dysphoria. Drug-induced impairments are long lasting; thus, interventions designed to mitigate or even reverse them would be beneficial for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marisela Morales
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Soto PL, Hiranita T, Xu M, Hursh SR, Grandy DK, Katz JL. Dopamine D₂-Like Receptors and Behavioral Economics of Food Reinforcement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016. [PMID: 26205210 PMCID: PMC4748422 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest dopamine (DA) D2-like receptor involvement in the reinforcing effects of food. To determine contributions of the three D2-like receptor subtypes, knockout (KO) mice completely lacking DA D2, D3, or D4 receptors (D2R, D3R, or D4R KO mice) and their wild-type (WT) littermates were exposed to a series of fixed-ratio (FR) food-reinforcement schedules in two contexts: an open economy with additional food provided outside the experimental setting and a closed economy with all food earned within the experimental setting. A behavioral economic model was used to quantify reinforcer effectiveness with food pellets obtained as a function of price (FR schedule value) plotted to assess elasticity of demand. Under both economies, as price increased, food pellets obtained decreased more rapidly (ie, food demand was more elastic) in DA D2R KO mice compared with WT littermates. Extinction of responding was studied in two contexts: by eliminating food deliveries and by delivering food independently of responding. A hyperbolic model quantified rates of extinction. Extinction in DA D2R KO mice occurred less rapidly compared with WT mice in both contexts. Elasticity of food demand was higher in DA D4R KO than WT mice in the open, but not closed, economy. Extinction of responding in DA D4R KO mice was not different from that in WT littermates in either context. No differences in elasticity of food demand or extinction rate were obtained in D3R KO mice and WT littermates. These results indicate that the D2R is the primary DA D2-like receptor subtype mediating the reinforcing effectiveness of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Soto
- Department of Educational Psychology & Leadership, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA,Department of Educational Psychology & Leadership, Texas Tech University, 3008 18th Street, Lubbock, TX 79410, USA, Tel: +1 806 834 0734, Fax: +1 806 742 1840, E-mail:
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - David K Grandy
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Hiranita T, Collins GT. Differential Roles for Dopamine D1-Like and D2-Like Receptors in Mediating the Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine: Convergent Evidence from Pharmacological and Genetic Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3. [PMID: 27390753 PMCID: PMC4932862 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6488.1000e124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of studies by Drs. Barak Caine, James Woods, Gregory Collins, Jonathan Katz and Takato Hiranita demonstrated a novel and unique reinforcing effect using dopamine (DA) D2-like receptor [D2-like R: D2, D3, and D4 receptor subtypes (respectively, D2R, D3R, and D4R)] agonists in rats and genetically modified mice. In order to understand how important their findings are, a comparison was made regarding the reinforcing effects of DA D2-like R full agonists with those of DA uptake inhibitors and of a DA D1-like receptor [D1-like R, D1 and D5 receptor subtypes (D1R and D5R)] full agonist (±)-SKF 82958.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hiranita
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3900 NCTR Road Jefferson, AR 72079-9501, USA
| | - Gregory T Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., Mail Code 7764, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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16
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Holroyd KB, Adrover MF, Fuino RL, Bock R, Kaplan AR, Gremel CM, Rubinstein M, Alvarez VA. Loss of feedback inhibition via D2 autoreceptors enhances acquisition of cocaine taking and reactivity to drug-paired cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1495-509. [PMID: 25547712 PMCID: PMC4397408 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A prominent aspect of drug addiction is the ability of drug-associated cues to elicit craving and facilitate relapse. Understanding the factors that regulate cue reactivity will be vital for improving treatment of addictive disorders. Low availability of dopamine (DA) D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the striatum is associated with high cocaine intake and compulsive use. However, the role of D2Rs of nonstriatal origin in cocaine seeking and taking behavior and cue reactivity is less understood and possibly underestimated. D2Rs expressed by midbrain DA neurons function as autoreceptors, exerting inhibitory feedback on DA synthesis and release. Here, we show that selective loss of D2 autoreceptors impairs the feedback inhibition of DA release and amplifies the effect of cocaine on DA transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in vitro. Mice lacking D2 autoreceptors acquire a cued-operant self-administration task for cocaine faster than littermate control mice but acquire similarly for a natural reward. Furthermore, although mice lacking D2 autoreceptors were able to extinguish self-administration behavior in the absence of cocaine and paired cues, they exhibited perseverative responding when cocaine-paired cues were present. This enhanced cue reactivity was selective for cocaine and was not seen during extinction of sucrose self-administration. We conclude that low levels of D2 autoreceptors enhance the salience of cocaine-paired cues and can contribute to the vulnerability for cocaine use and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Holroyd
- Section on Neuronal Structure, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin F Adrover
- Section on Neuronal Structure, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert L Fuino
- Section on Neuronal Structure, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roland Bock
- Section on Neuronal Structure, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alanna R Kaplan
- Section on Neuronal Structure, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christina M Gremel
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica A Alvarez
- Section on Neuronal Structure, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Section on Neuronal Structure, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC 9411, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel: +1 301 443 7695, Fax: +1 301 480 8035, E-mail:
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17
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Czoty PW, Nader MA. Effects of oral and intravenous administration of buspirone on food-cocaine choice in socially housed male cynomolgus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1072-83. [PMID: 25393717 PMCID: PMC4367460 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drugs acting at D3 dopamine receptors have been suggested as medications for cocaine dependence. These experiments examined the effects of intravenously and orally administered buspirone, a D2-like receptor antagonist with high affinity for D3 and D4 receptors, on the relative reinforcing strength of cocaine in group-housed male cynomolgus monkeys. Use of socially housed monkeys permitted the assessment of whether social status, known to influence D2-like receptor availability, modulates the behavioral effects of buspirone. Buspirone was administered acutely to monkeys self-administering cocaine under a food-drug choice procedure in which a cocaine self-administration dose-effect curve was determined daily. When administered by either route, buspirone significantly decreased cocaine choice in dominant-ranked monkeys. In subordinate monkeys, however, i.v. buspirone was ineffective on average, and oral buspirone increased choice of lower cocaine doses. The effects of buspirone only differed according to route of administration in subordinate monkeys. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the effects of buspirone were similar to those of the D3 receptor-selective antagonist PG01037 and qualitatively different than those of less selective drugs that act at D2-like or serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors, suggesting a D3 and possibly D4 receptor mechanism of action for buspirone. Taken together, the data support the utility of drugs targeting D3/D4 receptors as potential treatments for cocaine addiction, particularly in combination with enriching environmental manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Czoty
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Nader
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA, Tel: +1 336 713 7172, Fax: +1 336 713 7180, E-mail:
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18
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Dickson PE, Ndukum J, Wilcox T, Clark J, Roy B, Zhang L, Li Y, Lin DT, Chesler EJ. Association of novelty-related behaviors and intravenous cocaine self-administration in Diversity Outbred mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1011-24. [PMID: 25238945 PMCID: PMC4774545 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The preference for and reaction to novelty are strongly associated with addiction to cocaine and other drugs. However, the genetic variants and molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain largely unknown. Although the relationship between novelty- and addiction-related traits has been observed in rats, studies in mice have failed to demonstrate this association. New, genetically diverse, high-precision mouse populations including Diversity Outbred (DO) mice provide an opportunity to assess an expanded range of behavioral variation enabling detection of associations of novelty- and addiction-related traits in mice. METHODS To examine the relationship between novelty- and addiction-related traits, male (n = 51) and female (n = 47) DO mice were tested on open field exploration, hole board exploration, and novelty preference followed by intravenous cocaine self-administration (IVSA; ten 2-h sessions of fixed ratio 1 and one 6-h session of progressive ratio). RESULTS We observed high variation of cocaine IVSA in DO mice with 43 % reaching and 57 % not reaching conventional acquisition criteria. As a group, mice that did not reach these criteria still demonstrated significant lever discrimination. Mice experiencing catheter occlusion or other technical issues (n = 17) were excluded from the analysis. Novelty-related behaviors were positively associated with cocaine IVSA. Multivariate analysis of associations among novelty- and addiction-related traits revealed a large degree of shared variance (45 %). CONCLUSIONS Covariation among cocaine IVSA and novelty-related phenotypes in DO mice indicates that this relationship is amenable to genetic dissection. The high genetic precision and phenotypic diversity in the DO may facilitate discovery of previously undetectable mechanisms underlying predisposition to develop addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliet Ndukum
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | - Troy Wilcox
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | - James Clark
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | - Brittany Roy
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Yun Li
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Da-Ting Lin
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
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19
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Keck TM, Burzynski C, Shi L, Newman AH. Beyond small-molecule SAR: using the dopamine D3 receptor crystal structure to guide drug design. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 69:267-300. [PMID: 24484980 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor is a target of pharmacotherapeutic interest in a variety of neurological disorders including schizophrenia, restless leg syndrome, and drug addiction. The high protein sequence homology between the D3 and D2 receptors has posed a challenge to developing D3 receptor-selective ligands whose behavioral actions can be attributed to D3 receptor engagement, in vivo. However, through primarily small-molecule structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, a variety of chemical scaffolds have been discovered over the past two decades that have resulted in several D3 receptor-selective ligands with high affinity and in vivo activity. Nevertheless, viable clinical candidates remain limited. The recent determination of the high-resolution crystal structure of the D3 receptor has invigorated structure-based drug design, providing refinements to the molecular dynamic models and testable predictions about receptor-ligand interactions. This chapter will highlight recent preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating potential utility of D3 receptor-selective ligands in the treatment of addiction. In addition, new structure-based rational drug design strategies for D3 receptor-selective ligands that complement traditional small-molecule SAR to improve the selectivity and directed efficacy profiles are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Keck
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin Burzynski
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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20
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Yan Y, Newman AH, Xu M. Dopamine D1 and D3 receptors mediate reconsolidation of cocaine memories in mouse models of drug self-administration. Neuroscience 2014; 278:154-64. [PMID: 25149631 PMCID: PMC4172503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Memories of drug experience and drug-associated environmental cues can elicit drug-seeking and taking behaviors in humans. Disruption of reconsolidation of drug memories dampens previous memories and therefore may provide a useful way to treat drug abuse. We and others previously demonstrated that dopamine D1 and D3 receptors play differential roles in acquiring cocaine-induced behaviors. Moreover, D3 receptors contribute to the reconsolidation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. In the present study, we examined effects of manipulating D1 or D3 receptors on reconsolidation of cocaine memories in mouse models of drug self-administration. We found that pharmacological blockade of D1 receptors or a genetic mutation of the D3 receptor gene attenuated reconsolidation that lasted for at least 1week after the memory retrieval. In contrast, with no memory retrieval, pharmacological antagonism of D1 receptors or the D3 receptor gene mutation did not significantly affect reconsolidation of cocaine memories. Pharmacological blockade of D3 receptors also attenuated reconsolidation in wild-type mice that lasted for at least 1week after the memory retrieval. These results suggest that D1 and D3 receptors and related signaling mechanisms play key roles in reconsolidation of cocaine memories in mice, and that these receptors may serve as novel targets for the treatment of cocaine abuse in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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21
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Matuskey D, Gallezot JD, Pittman B, Williams W, Wanyiri J, Gaiser E, Lee DE, Hannestad J, Lim K, Zheng MQ, Lin SF, Labaree D, Potenza MN, Carson RE, Malison RT, Ding YS. Dopamine D₃ receptor alterations in cocaine-dependent humans imaged with [¹¹C](+)PHNO. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 139:100-5. [PMID: 24717909 PMCID: PMC4071607 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from animal models and postmortem human studies points to the importance of the dopamine D₃ receptor (D₃R) in cocaine dependence (CD). The objective of this pilot study was to use the D₃R-preferring radioligand [(11)C](+)PHNO to compare receptor availability in groups with and without CD. METHODS Ten medically healthy, non-treatment seeking CD subjects (mean age 41 ± 8) in early abstinence were compared to 10 healthy control (HC) subjects (mean age 41 ± 6) with no history of cocaine or illicit substance abuse. Binding potential (BPND), a measure of available receptors, was determined with parametric images, computed using the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM2) with the cerebellum as the reference region. RESULTS BPND in CD subjects was higher in D₃R-rich areas including the substantia nigra ((SN) 29%; P=0.03), hypothalamus (28%; P=0.02) and amygdala (35%; P=0.03). No between-group differences were observed in the striatum or pallidum. BPND values in the SN (r=+0.83; P=0.008) and pallidum (r=+0.67; P=0.03) correlated with years of cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS Between-group differences suggest an important role for dopaminergic transmission in the SN, hypothalamus and amygdala in CD. Such findings also highlight the potential relevance of D₃R as a medication development target in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wendol Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jane Wanyiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward Gaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dianne E. Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonas Hannestad
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Minq-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shu-fei Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Labaree
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E. Carson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Yu-Shin Ding
- Department of Radiology and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Ledesma JC, Escrig MA, Pastor R, Aragon CM. The MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline reduces ethanol-induced locomotion and its volitional intake in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 116:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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23
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Neisewander JL, Cheung THC, Pentkowski NS. Dopamine D3 and 5-HT1B receptor dysregulation as a result of psychostimulant intake and forced abstinence: Implications for medications development. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:301-19. [PMID: 23973315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants, including cocaine and amphetamine, is associated with dysregulation of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems. Neuroadaptations in these systems vary depending on the stage of the drug taking-abstinence-relapse cycle. Consequently, the effects of potential treatments that target these systems may vary depending on whether they are given during abstinence or relapse. In this review, we discuss evidence that dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) and 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) are dysregulated in response to both chronic psychostimulant use and subsequent abstinence. We then review findings from preclinical self-administration models which support targeting D3Rs and 5-HT1BRs as potential medications for psychostimulant dependence. Potential side effects of the treatments are discussed and attention is given to studies reporting positive treatment outcomes that depend on: 1) whether testing occurs during self-administration versus abstinence, 2) whether escalation of drug self-administration has occurred, 3) whether the treatments are given repeatedly, and 4) whether social factors influence treatment outcomes. We conclude that D3/D2 agonists may decrease psychostimulant intake; however, side effects of D3/D2R full agonists may limit their therapeutic potential, whereas D3/D2R partial agonists have fewer undesirable side effects. D3-selective antagonists may not reduce psychostimulant intake during relapse, but nonetheless, may decrease motivation for seeking psychostimulants with relatively few side-effects. 5-HT1BR agonists provide a striking example of treatment outcomes that are dependent on the stage of the addiction cycle. Specifically, these agonists initially increase cocaine's reinforcing effects during maintenance of self-administration, but after a period of abstinence they reduce psychostimulant seeking and the resumption of self-administration. In conclusion, we suggest that factors contributing to dysregulation of monoamine systems, including drug history, abstinence, and social context, should be considered when evaluating potential treatments to better model treatment effects in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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24
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Song R, Zhang HY, Peng XQ, Su RB, Yang RF, Li J, Xi ZX, Gardner EL. Dopamine D(3) receptor deletion or blockade attenuates cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:82-7. [PMID: 23643749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) D3 receptor (D3R) has received much attention in medication development for treatment of addiction. However, the functional role of the D3R in drug reward and addiction has been a matter of debate. We recently reported that D3 receptor-knockout (D3(-/-)) mice display increased vulnerability to cocaine self-administration, which we interpret as a compensatory response to attenuated cocaine reward after D3R deletion. Here we report that D3(-/-) mice displayed attenuated cocaine-induced conditioned place response (CPP) compared to wild-type mice. Similarly, blockade of brain D3Rs by YQA-14, a novel DA D3 receptor antagonist, significantly and dose-dependently inhibits acquisition and expression of cocaine-induced CPP in WT mice, but not in D3(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that: 1) D3Rs play an important role in mediating cocaine's rewarding effects; and 2) YQA-14 is a highly potent and selective D3R antagonist in vivo, which deserves further study as a candidate for treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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