1
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Izquierdo-Garcia D, Diyabalanage H, Ramsay IA, Rotile NJ, Mauskapf A, Choi JK, Witzel T, Humblet V, Jaffer FA, Brownell AL, Tawakol A, Catana C, Conrad MF, Caravan P, Ay I. Imaging High-Risk Atherothrombosis Using a Novel Fibrin-Binding Positron Emission Tomography Probe. Stroke 2022; 53:595-604. [PMID: 34965737 PMCID: PMC8792326 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.035638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High-risk atherosclerosis is an underlying cause of cardiovascular events, yet identifying the specific patient population at immediate risk is still challenging. Here, we used a rabbit model of atherosclerotic plaque rupture and human carotid endarterectomy specimens to describe the potential of molecular fibrin imaging as a tool to identify thrombotic plaques. METHODS Atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits were induced using a high-cholesterol diet and aortic balloon injury (N=13). Pharmacological triggering was used in a group of rabbits (n=9) to induce plaque disruption. Animals were grouped into thrombotic and nonthrombotic plaque groups based on gross pathology (gold standard). All animals were injected with a novel fibrin-specific probe 68Ga-CM246 followed by positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging 90 minutes later. 68Ga-CM246 was quantified on the PET images using tissue-to-background (back muscle) ratios and standardized uptake value. RESULTS Both tissue-to-background (back muscle) ratios and standardized uptake value were significantly higher in the thrombotic versus nonthrombotic group (P<0.05). Ex vivo PET and autoradiography of the abdominal aorta correlated positively with in vivo PET measurements. Plaque disruption identified by 68Ga-CM246 PET agreed with gross pathology assessment (85%). In ex vivo surgical specimens obtained from patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy (N=12), 68Ga-CM246 showed significantly higher binding to carotid plaques compared to a D-cysteine nonbinding control probe. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that molecular fibrin PET imaging using 68Ga-CM246 could be a useful tool to diagnose experimental and clinical atherothrombosis. Based on our initial results using human carotid plaque specimens, in vivo molecular imaging studies are warranted to test 68Ga-CM246 PET as a tool to stratify risk in atherosclerotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Izquierdo-Garcia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Ian A. Ramsay
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,Collagen Medical, LLC, Belmont, MA,The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Nicholas J. Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Adam Mauskapf
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Thomas Witzel
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | | | - Farouc A. Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Nuclear Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ciprian Catana
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Mark F. Conrad
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Ilknur Ay
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
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2
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Abstract
Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) is a multifunctional initiator, mediator, and repressor of autoimmune diseases in an organ- or disease-specific manner. However, the role of FoxO1 in the salivary gland has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we discovered that FoxO1 and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) are both significantly downregulated in the patients with primary Sjögren syndrome, an autoimmune disease accompanying salivary gland dysfunction. Pharmacologic or genetic perturbation of FoxO1 in the rat salivary gland acinar cell line, SMG-C6, induced a significant downregulation of AQP5 expression, as observed in clinical specimens. There was a strong correlation between FoxO1 and AQP5 expression because FoxO1 is a direct regulator of AQP5 expression in salivary gland acinar cells through its interaction with the promoter region of AQP5. Serial injection of a FoxO1 inhibitor into mice induced a reduction of AQP5 expression in submandibular glands and, consequently, hyposalivation, which is one of the major clinical symptoms of primary Sjögren syndrome. However, there was no sign of inflammation or cell damage in the submandibular glands harvested from mice treated with the FoxO1 inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings indicate that FoxO1 in salivary gland tissue acts as a direct regulator of AQP5 expression. Thus, downregulation of FoxO1 observed in primary Sjögren syndrome is a putative mechanism for hyposalivation without the involvement of previously reported soluble factors in primary Sjögren syndrome patient sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - S W Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - J K Choi
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - K Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J S Byun
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - D Y Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang J, Qu X, Shoup TM, Yuan G, Afshar S, Pan C, Zhu A, Choi JK, Kang HJ, Poutiainen P, ElFakhri G, Zhang Z, Brownell AL. Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorine-18-Labeled N-(4-Chloro-3-((fluoromethyl- d2)thio)phenyl)picolinamide for Imaging of mGluR4 in Brain. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3381-3389. [PMID: 32081008 PMCID: PMC7261135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized [18F]-N-(4-chloro-3-((fluoromethyl-d2)thio)phenyl)-picolinamide ([18F]15) as a potential ligand for the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of mGluR4 in the brain. Radioligand [18F]15 displays central nervous system drug-like properties, including mGluR4 affinity, potent mGluR4 PAM activity, and selectivity against other mGluRs, as well as sufficient metabolic stability. Radiosynthesis was carried out in two steps. The radiochemical yield of [18F]15 was 11.6 ± 2.9% (n = 7, decay corrected) with a purity of 99% and a molar activity of 84.1 ± 11.8 GBq/μmol. Ex vivo biodistribution studies showed reversible binding of [18F]15 in all investigated tissues including the brain, liver, heart, lungs, and kidneys. PET imaging studies in male Sprague Dawley rats showed that [18F]15 accumulates in the brain regions known to express mGluR4. Pretreatment with the unlabeled mGluR4 PAM compounds 13 (methylthio analogue) and 15 showed significant dose-dependent blocking effects. These results suggest that [18F]15 is a promising radioligand for PET imaging mGluR4 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Xiying Qu
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Timothy M. Shoup
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Chuzhi Pan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, China
| | - Aijun Zhu
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | | | - Georges ElFakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301 Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114
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4
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Carreras I, Aytan N, Choi JK, Tognoni CM, Kowall NW, Jenkins BG, Dedeoglu A. Dual dose-dependent effects of fingolimod in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10972. [PMID: 31358793 PMCID: PMC6662857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is abnormal in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain leading to ceramide and sphingosine accumulation and reduced levels of brain sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We hypothesize that changes in S1P signaling are central to the inflammatory and immune-pathogenesis of AD and the therapeutic benefits of fingolimod, a structural analog of sphingosine that is FDA approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. We recently reported that the neuroprotective effects of fingolimod in 5xFAD transgenic AD mice treated from 1–3 months of age were greater at 1 mg/kg/day than at 5 mg/kg/day. Here we performed a dose-response study using fingolimod from 0.03 to 1 mg/kg/day in 5xFAD mice treated from 1–8 months of age. At 1 mg/kg/day, fingolimod decreased both peripheral blood lymphocyte counts and brain Aβ levels, but at the lowest dose tested (0.03 mg/kg/day), we detected improved memory, decreased activation of brain microglia and astrocytes, and restored hippocampal levels of GABA and glycerophosphocholine with no effect on circulating lymphocyte counts. These findings suggests that, unlike the case in multiple sclerosis, fingolimod may potentially have therapeutic benefits in AD at low doses that do not affect peripheral lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carreras
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Nurgul Aytan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Christina M Tognoni
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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5
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Izquierdo-Garcia D, Diyabalanage H, Ramsay I, Rotile N, Choi JK, Witzel T, Humblet V, Brownell AL, Catana C, Caravan P, Ay I. Abstract WP526: Molecular Imaging of Carotid Plaques Using a Fibrin-Binding PET Probe. Stroke 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/str.50.suppl_1.wp526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
We aim to develop molecular fibrin imaging as a tool to stratify high risk atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Here, we describe our results with a fibrin-specific probe [
68
Ga]CM-246 in two different experimental settings: ex vivo imaging of carotid endarterectomy specimens and in vivo / ex vivo imaging of atherosclerotic plaque rupture in rabbits.
Methods:
We incubated discarded endarterectomy specimens (n=11) from asymptomatic patients with [
68
Ga] CM-246 or a scrambled peptide control probe and measured uptake by autoradiography and a tissue binding assay. In a rabbit plaque rupture model of high cholesterol diet followed by abdominal aorta balloon injury (n=13) and subsequent pharmacological plaque rupture, in vivo and ex vivo PET-MR with [
68
Ga]CM-246 was performed. Tissues were processed for autoradiography and histology to verify presence of fibrin and plaque rupture.
Results:
Autoradiography (A-B) and tissue binding assays (C) with [
68
Ga]CM-246 with human carotid plaques show increased tissue binding compared with non-specific control probe. Carstair’s staining (D) verified the presence of fibrin in the specimens (red stained areas). Rabbits with plaque rupture had an increase in [
68
Ga]CM-246 signal in the abdominal aorta compared with the control group. At 105-120 min post probe injection, there was a clear PET uptake on the aorta in plaque rupture rabbit (E) compared with control rabbit (F). MR images were used to differentiate abdominal aorta (green arrows) and the inferior vena cava (blue arrows). T2-dark blood images confirmed the plaques in rupture (G) and control rabbits (H). ToF images were used to visualize aortic lumen in plaque rupture (I) and control rabbits (J). Ex-vivo PET imaging, autoradiography, and histology confirmed in vivo results.
Conclusions:
We demonstrated that [
68
Ga]CM-246 detects high-risk plaque in human and rabbits and can be a useful tool for the stratification of atherosclerotic plaques in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Ramsay
- Massachusetts General Hosp, Charlestown, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilknur Ay
- Massachusetts General Hosp, Charlestown, MA
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6
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Carreras I, Aytan N, Mellott T, Choi JK, Lehar M, Crabtree L, Leite-Morris K, Jenkins BG, Blusztajn JK, Dedeoglu A. Corrigendum to "Anxiety, neuroinflammation, cholinergic and GABAergic abnormalities are early markers of Gulf War illness in a mouse model of the disease" [Brain Res. 1681 (2018) 34-43]. Brain Res 2018. [PMID: 29526415 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carreras
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av., Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Nurgul Aytan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av., Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Tiffany Mellott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Margaret Lehar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av., Boston, MA 02130, USA.
| | - Leah Crabtree
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av., Boston, MA 02130, USA.
| | - Kimberly Leite-Morris
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av., Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av., Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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7
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Erstad DJ, Farrar CT, Ghoshal S, Masia R, Ferreira DS, Chen YCI, Choi JK, Wei L, Waghorn PA, Rotile NJ, Tu C, Graham-O'Regan KA, Sojoodi M, Li S, Li Y, Wang G, Corey KE, Or YS, Jiang L, Tanabe KK, Caravan P, Fuchs BC. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging accurately measures the antifibrotic effect of EDP-305, a novel farnesoid X receptor agonist. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:821-835. [PMID: 30027140 PMCID: PMC6049071 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined a novel farnesoid X receptor agonist, EDP-305, for its antifibrotic effect in bile duct ligation (BDL) and choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) models of hepatic injury. We used molecular magnetic resonance imaging with the type 1 collagen-binding probe EP-3533 and the oxidized collagen-specific probe gadolinium hydrazide to noninvasively measure treatment response. BDL rats (n = 8 for each group) were treated with either low or high doses of EDP-305 starting on day 4 after BDL and were imaged on day 18. CDAHFD mice (n = 8 for each group) were treated starting at 6 weeks after the diet and were imaged at 12 weeks. Liver tissue was subjected to pathologic and morphometric scoring of fibrosis, hydroxyproline quantitation, and determination of fibrogenic messenger RNA expression. High-dose EDP-305 (30 mg/kg) reduced liver fibrosis in both the BDL and CDAHFD models as measured by collagen proportional area, hydroxyproline analysis, and fibrogenic gene expression (all P < 0.05). Magnetic resonance signal intensity with both EP-3533 in the BDL model and gadolinium hydrazide in the CDAHFD model was reduced with EDP-305 30 mg/kg treatment (P < 0.01). Histologically, EDP-305 30 mg/kg halted fibrosis progression in the CDAHFD model. Conclusion: EDP-305 reduced fibrosis progression in rat BDL and mouse CDAHFD models. Molecular imaging of collagen and oxidized collagen is sensitive to changes in fibrosis and could be used to noninvasively measure treatment response in clinical trials. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:821-835).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Erstad
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Christian T Farrar
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Sarani Ghoshal
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Diego S Ferreira
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Yin-Ching Iris Chen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Lan Wei
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Phillip A Waghorn
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Chuantao Tu
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Katherine A Graham-O'Regan
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Yang Li
- Enanta Pharmaceuticals Watertown MA
| | | | - Kathleen E Corey
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | | | | | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA.,Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
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8
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Izquierdo-Garcia D, Diyabalanage H, Ramsay I, Rotile NJ, Mauskapf A, Choi JK, Witzel T, Humblet V, Brownell AL, Catana C, Caravan P, Ay I. Abstract 324: Molecular Imaging of High Risk Atherosclerotic Plaque Using Fibrin-Binding PET Probe. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.38.suppl_1.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
There is a need for better stratification of atherosclerotic patients to identify individuals at high risk for a cardiovascular event. Two key hallmarks of plaque at high risk for rupture are intraplaque hemorrhage and evidence of prior rupture. The protein fibrin is strongly associated with both hemorrhage and rupture but it is not present in earlier stages of plaque development, suggesting that fibrin imaging would be sensitive for high risk plaque versus stable/early disease. Here, we describe imaging properties of a fibrin-specific PET probe for atherosclerotic plaque rupture in rabbits.
Methods:
Rabbits were fed with high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 8 weeks followed by 2 weeks of normal diet. Two weeks after the initiation of HCD, endothelial denudation of abdominal aorta was performed using balloon catheter. At 10 weeks, rabbits were randomly divided into plaque rupture (n=8; triggered by Russell’s viper venom and histamine) and control group (n=4), injected with fibrin-binding probe [
68
Ga]CM-246, and scanned on a PET/MRI. Then, vessels of interest were removed for ex-vivo PET, autoradiography, and histology.
Results:
Rabbits with plaque rupture had >2-fold increase in [
68
Ga]CM-246 signal in the abdominal aorta compared with the control group (A). At 105-120 min post probe injection, there was a clear PET uptake on the aorta in plaque rupture rabbit (B) compared with control rabbit (C). MR images were used to differentiate abdominal aorta (green arrows) and the inferior vena cava (blue arrows). T2-dark blood images confirmed the atherosclerotic plaques in plaque rupture (D) and control rabbits (E). ToF images were used to visualize aortic lumen in plaque rupture (F) and control rabbits (G). Ex vivo PET imaging (H) and autoradiography confirmed in vivo results.
Conclusions:
We demonstrated that [
68
Ga]CM-246 detects atherosclerotic plaque rupture in a rabbit model and can be a useful tool for the diagnosis of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Ramsay
- Massachusetts General Hosp, Charlestown, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilknur Ay
- Massachusetts General Hosp, Charlestown, MA
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9
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De Souza ALS, Rudin S, Chang R, Mitchell K, Crandall T, Huang S, Choi JK, Okitsu SL, Graham DL, Tomkinson B, Dellovade T. ATX-MS-1467 Induces Long-Term Tolerance to Myelin Basic Protein in (DR2 × Ob1)F1 Mice by Induction of IL-10-Secreting iTregs. Neurol Ther 2018. [PMID: 29542041 PMCID: PMC5990509 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-018-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antigen-specific immunotherapy could provide a targeted approach for the treatment of multiple sclerosis that removes the need for broad-acting immunomodulatory drugs. ATX-MS-1467 is a mixture of four peptides identified as the main immune-dominant disease-associated T-cell epitopes in myelin basic protein (MBP), an autoimmune target for activated autoreactive T cells in multiple sclerosis. Previous animal studies have shown that ATX-MS-1467 treatment prevented the worsening of signs of disease in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in the humanized (DR2 × Ob1)F1 mouse in a dose-dependent fashion. Methods and Results Our study extends these observations to show that subcutaneous treatment with 100 µg of ATX-MS-1467 after induction of EAE in the same mouse model reversed established clinical disability (p < 0.0001) and histological markers of inflammation and demyelination (p < 0.001) compared with vehicle-treated animals; furthermore, in longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging analyses, disruption of blood–brain barrier integrity was reversed, compared with vehicle-treated animals (p < 0.05). Chronic treatment with ATX-MS-1467 was associated with an enduring shift from a pro-inflammatory to a tolerogenic state in the periphery, as shown by an increase in interleukin 10 secretion, relative to interleukin 2, interleukin 17 and interferon γ, a decrease in splenocyte proliferation and an increase in interleukin 10+ Foxp3− T cells in the spleen. Conclusion Our results suggest that ATX-MS-1467 can induce splenic iTregs and long-term tolerance to MBP with the potential to partially reverse the pathology of multiple sclerosis, particularly during the early stages of the disease. Funding EMD Serono, Inc., a business of Merck KGaA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Luís Soares De Souza
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA.
| | - Stefan Rudin
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Rui Chang
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Keith Mitchell
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Crandall
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Shuning Huang
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Shinji L Okitsu
- TIP Immunology, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Danielle L Graham
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Blake Tomkinson
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Tammy Dellovade
- Neurology eTIP, Translational and Biomarker Research Group, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
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10
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Choi JK, Lim G, Chen YCI, Jenkins BG. Abstinence to chronic methamphetamine switches connectivity between striatal, hippocampal and sensorimotor regions and increases cerebral blood volume response. Neuroimage 2018. [PMID: 29518566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth), and other psychostimulants such as cocaine, present a persistent problem for society with chronic users being highly prone to relapse. We show, in a chronic methamphetamine administration model, that discontinuation of drug for more than a week produces much larger changes in overall meth-induced brain connectivity and cerebral blood volume (CBV) response than changes that occur immediately following meth administration. Areas showing the largest changes were hippocampal, limbic striatum and sensorimotor cortical regions as well as brain stem areas including the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) and pontine nuclei - regions known to be important in mediating reinstatement of drug-taking after abstinence. These changes occur concomitantly with behavioral sensitization and appear to be mediated through increases in dopamine D1 and D3 and decreases in D2 receptor protein and mRNA expression. We further identify a novel region of dorsal caudate/putamen, with a low density of calbindin neurons, that has an opposite hemodynamic response to meth than the rest of the caudate/putamen and accumbens and shows very strong correlation with dorsal CA1 and CA3 hippocampus. This correlation switches following meth abstinence from CA1/CA3 to strong connections with ventral hippocampus (ventral subiculum) and nucleus accumbens. These data provide novel evidence for temporal alterations in brain connectivity where chronic meth can subvert hippocampal - striatal interactions from cognitive control regions to regions that mediate drug reinstatement. Our results also demonstrate that the signs and magnitudes of the induced CBV changes following challenge with meth or a D3-preferring agonist are a complementary read out of the relative changes that occur in D1, D2 and D3 receptors using protein or mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Grewo Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yin-Ching Iris Chen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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11
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Aytan N, Choi JK, Carreras I, Crabtree L, Nguyen B, Lehar M, Blusztajn JK, Jenkins BG, Dedeoglu A. Protective effects of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone on neuropathological and neurochemical changes in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 828:9-17. [PMID: 29510124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interest in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was greatly enhanced when it was recognized that its expression is reduced in neurodegenerative disorders, especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD). BDNF signaling through the TrkB receptor has a central role in promoting synaptic transmission, synaptogenesis, and facilitating synaptic plasticity making the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway an attractive candidate for targeted therapies. Here we investigated the early effect of the small molecule TrkB agonist, 7,8 dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), on AD-related pathology, dendritic arborization, synaptic density, and neurochemical changes in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. We treated 5xFAD mice with 7,8-DHF for 2 months beginning at 1 month of age. We found that, in this model of AD, 7,8-DHF treatment decreased cortical Aβ plaque deposition and protected cortical neurons against reduced dendritic arbor complexity but had no significant impact on the density of dendritic spines. In addition 7,8-DHF treatment protected against hippocampal increase in the level of choline-containing compounds and glutamate loss, but had no significant impact on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurgul Aytan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Isabel Carreras
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Biochemistry Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Leah Crabtree
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; University of Exeter Medical School, Devon EX4 4QJ, UK.
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Margaret Lehar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | | - Bruce G Jenkins
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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12
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Tiao J, Feng R, Bird S, Choi JK, Dunham J, George M, Gonzalez-Rivera TC, Kaufman JL, Khan N, Luo JJ, Micheletti R, Payne AS, Price R, Quinn C, Rubin AI, Sreih AG, Thomas P, Okawa J, Werth VP. The reliability of the Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index (CDASI) among dermatologists, rheumatologists and neurologists. Br J Dermatol 2016; 176:423-430. [PMID: 28004387 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that skin disease in dermatomyositis (DM) is best assessed using the Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index (CDASI). Although the CDASI has been validated for use by dermatologists, it has not been validated for use by other physicians such as rheumatologists and neurologists, who also manage patients with DM and assess skin activity in clinical trials. OBJECTIVES To assess the reliability of the CDASI among dermatologists, rheumatologists and neurologists. METHODS Fifteen patients with cutaneous DM were assessed using the CDASI and the Physician Global Assessment (PGA) by five dermatologists, five rheumatologists and five neurologists. RESULTS The mean CDASI activity scores for dermatologists, rheumatologists and neurologists were 21·0, 21·8 and 20·8, respectively. These mean scores were not different among the specialists. The CDASI damage score means for dermatologists, rheumatologists and neurologists were 5·3, 7·0 and 4·8, respectively. The mean scores between dermatologists and rheumatologists were significantly different, but the means between dermatologists and neurologists were not. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for interrater reliability for CDASI activity and damage were good to excellent for dermatologists and rheumatologists, and moderate to excellent for neurologists. The ICCs for intrarater reliability for CDASI activity and damage were excellent for dermatologists and rheumatologists and moderate to excellent for neurologists. The PGA displayed lower interrater and intrarater reliability relative to the CDASI. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the reliability of the CDASI when used by dermatologists and rheumatologists. The data for its use by neurologists were not as robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tiao
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - R Feng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - S Bird
- Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - J K Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - J Dunham
- Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - M George
- Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - T C Gonzalez-Rivera
- Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Department of Neurology, GlaxoSmithKline USA, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - J L Kaufman
- Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - N Khan
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - J J Luo
- Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - R Micheletti
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - A S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - R Price
- Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - C Quinn
- Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - A I Rubin
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - A G Sreih
- Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - P Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - J Okawa
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - V P Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
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13
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Jenkins BG, Zhu A, Poutiainen P, Choi JK, Kil KE, Zhang Z, Kuruppu D, Aytan N, Dedeoglu A, Brownell AL. Functional modulation of G-protein coupled receptors during Parkinson disease-like neurodegeneration. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:462-73. [PMID: 26581500 PMCID: PMC4896842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled dopamine and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) can modulate neurotransmission during Parkinson's disease (PD)-like neurodegeneration. PET imaging studies in a unilateral dopamine denervation model (6-OHDA) showed a significant inverse correlation of presynaptic mGlu4 and postsynaptic mGlu5 expression in the striatum and rapidly declining mGlu4 and enhanced mGlu5 expression in the hippocampus during progressive degeneration over time. Immunohistochemical studies verified the decreased mGlu4 expression in the hippocampus on the lesion side but did not show difference in mGlu5 expression between lesion and control side. Pharmacological MRI studies showed enhanced hemodynamic response in several brain areas on the lesion side compared to the control side after challenge with mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator or mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator. However, mGlu4 response was biphasic having short enhancement followed by negative response on both sides of brain. Studies in mGlu4 expressing cells demonstrated that glutamate induces cooperative increase in binding of mGlu4 ligands - especially at high glutamate levels consistent with in vivo concentration. This suggests that mGlu allosteric modulators as drug candidates will be highly sensitive to changes in glutamate concentration and hence metabolic state. These experiments demonstrate the importance of the longitudinal imaging studies to investigate temporal changes in receptor functions to obtain individual response for experimental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Jenkins
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aijun Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Pekka Poutiainen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Darshini Kuruppu
- Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nurgul Aytan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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14
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Kim CJ, Choi WS, Jung Y, Kiem S, Seol HY, Woo HJ, Choi YH, Son JS, Kim KH, Kim YS, Kim ES, Park SH, Yoon JH, Choi SM, Lee H, Oh WS, Choi SY, Kim NJ, Choi JP, Park SY, Kim J, Jeong SJ, Lee KS, Jang HC, Rhee JY, Kim BN, Bang JH, Lee JH, Park S, Kim HY, Choi JK, Wi YM, Choi HJ. Surveillance of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) infection in healthcare workers after contact with confirmed MERS patients: incidence and risk factors of MERS-CoV seropositivity. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:880-886. [PMID: 27475739 PMCID: PMC7128923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Given the mode of transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), healthcare workers (HCWs) in contact with MERS patients are expected to be at risk of MERS infections. We evaluated the prevalence of MERS coronavirus (CoV) immunoglobulin (Ig) G in HCWs exposed to MERS patients and calculated the incidence of MERS-affected cases in HCWs. We enrolled HCWs from hospitals where confirmed MERS patients had visited. Serum was collected 4 to 6 weeks after the last contact with a confirmed MERS patient. We performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen for the presence of MERS-CoV IgG and an indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) to confirm MERS-CoV IgG. We used a questionnaire to collect information regarding the exposure. We calculated the incidence of MERS-affected cases by dividing the sum of PCR-confirmed and serology-confirmed cases by the number of exposed HCWs in participating hospitals. In total, 1169 HCWs in 31 hospitals had contact with 114 MERS patients, and among the HCWs, 15 were PCR-confirmed MERS cases in study hospitals. Serologic analysis was performed for 737 participants. ELISA was positive in five participants and borderline for seven. IIFT was positive for two (0.3%) of these 12 participants. Among the participants who did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), seropositivity was 0.7% (2/294) compared to 0% (0/443) in cases with appropriate PPE use. The incidence of MERS infection in HCWs was 1.5% (17/1169). The seroprevalence of MERS-CoV IgG among HCWs was higher among participants who did not use appropriate PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, South Korea
| | - W S Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Y Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, South Korea
| | - S Kiem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, South Korea
| | - H Y Seol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Good GangAn Hospital, South Korea
| | - H J Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea
| | - Y H Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, South Korea
| | - J S Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, South Korea
| | - K-H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Y-S Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, South Korea
| | - E S Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, South Korea
| | - S H Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, South Korea
| | - J H Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, South Korea
| | - S-M Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, South Korea
| | - H Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dong-A University Hospital, South Korea
| | - W S Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - S-Y Choi
- Department of Neurology, Dae Cheong Hospital, South Korea
| | - N-J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - J-P Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, South Korea
| | - S Y Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea
| | - J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, South Korea
| | - S J Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, South Korea
| | - K S Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, South Korea
| | - H C Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - J Y Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, South Korea
| | - B-N Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, South Korea
| | - J H Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Borame Medical Center, South Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Hospital, South Korea
| | - S Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seobuk Hospital Seoul Metropolitan Government, South Korea
| | - H Y Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, South Korea
| | - J K Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, South Korea
| | - Y-M Wi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, South Korea
| | - H J Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, South Korea.
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15
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Arsenault D, Coulombe K, Zhu A, Gong C, Kil KE, Choi JK, Poutiainen P, Brownell AL. Loss of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Function on Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor in Mice Prenatally Exposed to LPS. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142093. [PMID: 26536027 PMCID: PMC4633140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental microglial induced neuroinflammation, triggered by bacterial- or viral infections, can induce neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and autism to offspring in animal models. Recent investigations suggest that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, provides a link between neurotransmission, immune cell activation, brain inflammation and neuronal dysfunction seen with the offspring. Relatively little is known about how reduction of brain inflammation and restoration of glial function are associated with diminution of brain degeneration and behavioral deficits in offspring. Increased mGluR5 expression and the long-lasting excitotoxic effects of the neurotoxin during brain development are associated with the glial dysfunctions. We investigated the relationship of mGluR5 and PBR and how they regulate glial function and inflammatory processes in mice prenatally exposed to LPS (120μg/kg, between gestational days 15 and 17), an inflammatory model of a psychiatric disorder. Using PET imaging, we showed that pharmacological activation of mGluR5 during 5 weeks reduced expression of classic inflammation marker PBR in many brain areas and that this molecular association was not present in LPS-exposed offspring. The post-mortem analysis revealed that the down regulation of PBR was mediated through activation of mGluR5 in astrocytes. In addition, we demonstrated that this interaction is defective in a mouse model of the psychiatric deficit offering a novel insight of mGluR5 involvement to brain related disorders and PBR related imaging studies. In conclusion, mGluR5 driven glutamatergic activity regulates astrocytic functions associated with PBR (cholesterol transport, neurosteroidogenesis, glial phenotype) during maturation and could be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Arsenault
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Coulombe
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aijun Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chunyu Gong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pekka Poutiainen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Zhang Z, Kil KE, Poutiainen P, Choi JK, Kang HJ, Huang XP, Roth BL, Brownell AL. Re-exploring the N-phenylpicolinamide derivatives to develop mGlu4 ligands with improved affinity and in vitro microsomal stability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3956-60. [PMID: 26231155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, mGlu4 has received great attention and research effort because of the potential benefits of mGlu4 activation in treating numerous brain disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Many positive allosteric modulators of mGlu4 have been developed. To better understand the role of mGlu4 in healthy and disease conditions, we are interested in developing an mGlu4 selective radioligand for in vivo studies. Thus, we had synthesized and studied [(11)C]2 as a PET tracer for mGlu4, which demonstrated some promising features as a PET radioligand as well as the limitation need to be improved. In order to develop an mGlu4 ligand with enhanced affinity and improved metabolic stability, we have modified, synthesized and evaluated a series of new N-phenylpicolinamide derivatives. The SAR study has discovered a number of compounds with low nM affinity to mGlu4. The dideuteriumfluoromethoxy modified compound 24 is identified as a very promising mGlu4 ligand, which has demonstrated enhanced affinity, improved in vitro microsomal stability, good selectivity and good permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Pekka Poutiainen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Hye-Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States.
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17
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Kil KE, Poutiainen P, Zhang Z, Zhu A, Choi JK, Jokivarsi K, Brownell AL. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of an 18F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 (mGlu4). J Med Chem 2014; 57:9130-8. [PMID: 25330258 PMCID: PMC4230996 DOI: 10.1021/jm501245b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Four 4-phthalimide derivatives of N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-picolinamide
were synthesized as potential ligands for the PET imaging of mGlu4 in the brain. Of these compounds, N-(3-chloro-4-(4-fluoro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)-2-picolinamide
(3, KALB001) exhibited improved binding affinity (IC50 = 5.1 nM) compared with ML128 (1) and was subsequently
labeled with 18F. When finally formulated in 0.1 M citrate
buffer (pH 4) with 10% ethanol, the specific activity of [18F]3 at the end of synthesis (EOS) was 233.5 ± 177.8
GBq/μmol (n = 4). The radiochemical yield of
[18F]3 was 16.4 ± 4.8% (n = 4), and the purity was over 98%. In vivo imaging studies in a
monkey showed that the radiotracer quickly penetrated
the brain with the highest accumulation in the brain areas known to
express mGlu4. Despite some unfavorable radiotracer properties
like fast washout in rodent studies, [18F]3 is the first 18F-labeled mGlu4 radioligand,
which can be further modified to improve pharmacokinetics and brain
penetrability for future human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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Choi JK, Carreras I, Aytan N, Jenkins-Sahlin E, Dedeoglu A, Jenkins BG. The effects of aging, housing and ibuprofen treatment on brain neurochemistry in a triple transgene Alzheimer's disease mouse model using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Brain Res 2014; 1590:85-96. [PMID: 25301691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a triple transgene Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model that recapitulates many of the neurochemical, anatomic, pathologic and behavioral defects seen in human AD. We studied the mice as a function of age and brain region and investigated potential therapy with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed alterations characteristic of AD (i.e. increased myo-inositol and decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)). Mice at 6 months of age showed an increase in myo-inositol in the hippocampus at a time when the Aβ is intracellular, but not in amygdala or cortex. Myo-inositol increased as a function of age in the amygdala, cortex and striatum while NAA decreased only in the hippocampus and cortex at 17-23 months of age. Ibuprofen protected the increase of myo-inositol at six months of age in the hippocampus, but had no effect at 17-23 months of age (a time when Aβ is extracellular). In vivo MRI and MRS showed that at 17-23 months of age there was a significant protective effect of ibuprofen on hippocampal volume and NAA loss. Together, these data show the following: the increase in myo-inositol occurs before the decrease in NAA in hippocampus but not cortex; the hippocampus shows earlier changes than does the amygdale or cortex consistent with earlier deposition of Aβ40-42 in the hippocampus and ibuprofen protects against multiple components of the AD pathology. These data also show a profound effect of housing on this particular mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Isabel Carreras
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nur Aytan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Jenkins-Sahlin
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Ahn JI, Lee ST, Park JH, Kim JY, Park JH, Choi JK, Lee G, Lee ES, Lim JM. In vitro-growth and Gene Expression of Porcine Preantral Follicles Retrieved by Different Protocols. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 25:950-5. [PMID: 25049649 PMCID: PMC4092981 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2010.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine how the isolation method of the porcine preantral follicles influenced the following follicular growth in vitro. Mechanical and enzymatical isolations were used for retrieving the follicles from prepubertal porcine ovaries, and in vitro-growth of the follicles and the expression of folliculogenesis-related genes were subsequently monitored. The enzymatic retrieval with collagenase treatment returned more follicles than the mechanical retrieval, while the percentage of morphologically normal follicles was higher with mechanical retrieval than with enzymatic retrieval. After 4 days of culture, mechanically retrieved, preantral follicles yielded more follicles with normal morphology than enzymatically retrieved follicles, which resulted in improved follicular growth. The mRNA expression of FSHR, LHR Cx43, DNMT1 and FGFR2 genes was significantly higher after culture of the follicles retrieved mechanically. These results suggest that mechanical isolation is a better method of isolating porcine preantral follicles that will develop into competent oocytes in in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Ahn
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - S T Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - J H Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - J Y Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - J H Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - J K Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - G Lee
- School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-742, Korea
| | - E S Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - J M Lim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
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Choi JK, Kim BS, Choi IY, Cho SE, Shin HD. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces artemisiae on Artemisia annua in Korea. Plant Dis 2014; 98:1010. [PMID: 30708899 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-14-0055-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L., known as sweet wormwood or sweet annie, is native to temperate Asia, but is naturalized throughout the world. It produces artemisinin, a potent antimalarial drug that is also effective in treating other parasitic diseases (4). In August 2013, hundreds of plants showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew were found in Seoul (37°36'29.4″ N 127°02'38.3″ E), Korea. Powdery mildew colonies first appeared as thin white patches, which progressed to abundant hyphal growth on both sides of the leaves, stems, and inflorescence. As symptoms continued to develop, the leaves became distorted and turned purplish-gray. Severe infections caused leaf withering and premature senescence. The same symptoms were found on sweet wormwoods in Nonsan (36°09'55.3″ N 127°01'07.1″ E) and Chuncheon (37°52'27.4″ N 127°43'10.0″ E), Korea. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Appressoria on the mycelium were nipple-shaped or occasionally lobed. Conidiophores were cylindrical, measured 120 to 230 × 10 to 12.5 μm, and produced 2 to 4 immature conidia in chains with a sinuate outline, followed by 2 to 3 cells. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight, cylindrical, and 54 to 100 μm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid to barrel-shaped, measured 30 to 40 × 15 to 20 μm (length/width ratio of 1.5 to 2.1), lacked distinct fibrosin bodies, and showed reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. Primary conidia were apically rounded, basally subtruncate, and generally smaller than the secondary conidia. No chasmothecia were observed. The structures described above were typical of the powdery mildew Euoidium anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements were similar to those of G. artemisiae (Grev.) V.P. Heluta (3). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from KUS-F27763 was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 624 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KJ136112). The obtained ITS sequence shared >99% similarity with G. artemisiae on A. princeps and A. montana from Japan (AB077659 and AB077649) and A. argyi from China (KF056818). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently dusting conidia onto leaves of five healthy potted plants. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated plants developed symptoms after 5 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was identical morphologically to that originally observed on diseased plants. Powdery mildews of A. annua caused by G. artemisiae have been reported in Japan, China, the Russian Far East, and Romania (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by G. artemisiae on A. annua in Korea. Since sweet wormwood production was only recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, powdery mildew infections pose a serious threat to the production of this plant, especially in organic farming where chemical control options are limited. References: (1) K. Amano. Host Range and Geographical Distribution of the Powdery Mildew Fungi. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 1986. (2) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. G. Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1995. (3) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (4) P. J. Weathers et al. Phytochem. Rev. 10:173, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Choi
- Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon 200-150, Korea
| | - B S Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Korea
| | - I Y Choi
- Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Iksan 570-704, Korea
| | - S E Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - H D Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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21
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Choi JK, Kim BS, Hong SH, Cho SE, Shin HD. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces sonchicola on Ixeris chinensis in Korea. Plant Dis 2014; 98:999. [PMID: 30708886 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-13-1132-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai, known as Chinese ixeris, is distributed from Siberia to Japan, including Korea, Taiwan, and China. The whole plant has been used in folk medicine in Asia (4). In Korea, the plants of Chinese ixeris have been gathered and used as a wild root vegetable. During summer to autumn of 2011, Chinese ixeris leaves were found to be heavily infected with a powdery mildew in several locations of Korea. Symptoms first appeared as thin white colonies, which subsequently developed into abundant hyphal growth on both sides of the leaves, leading to drying of the leaves. The same symptoms on Chinese ixeris leaves were continuously observed in 2012 and 2013. Voucher specimens (n = 10) were deposited at Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Hyphal appressoria were moderately lobed or nipple-shaped. Conidiophores arose from the lateral part of the hyphae, measured 100 to 270 × 10 to 12.5 μm, and produced 2 to 6 immature conidia in chains with a sinuate outline. Basal parts of foot-cells in conidiophores were curved. Conidia were barrel-shaped to ellipsoid, measured 26 to 36 × 13 to 19 μm (length/width ratio = 1.7 to 2.4), lacked fibrosin bodies, and showed reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. Primary conidia were ovate with conical-obtuse apex and subtruncate base. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. Chasmothecia were not observed. The morphological characteristics were typical of the Euoidium type anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements and structures were consistent with those of G. sonchicola U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook (1). To confirm the identification, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA sequences from a representative material (KUS-F26212) was amplified using primers ITS5/P3 and sequenced (3). The resulting 416-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF819857). A GenBank BLAST search revealed that the isolate showed >99% sequence similarity with those of G. cichoracearum from Sonchus spp. (e.g., AB453762, AF011296, JQ010848, etc.). G. sonchicola is currently confined to G. cichoracearum s. lat. on Sonchus spp., based on molecular sequence analyses (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto leaves of five healthy potted Chinese ixeris. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated plants developed symptoms after 6 days, whereas the controls remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was identical morphologically to that originally observed on diseased plants. Powdery mildew infections of I. chinensis associated with Golovinomyces have been known in China (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew disease caused by G. sonchicola on I. chinensis in Korea. Farming of Chinese ixeris has recently started on a commercial scale in Korea. Though no statistical data are available, we postulate the cultivation area in Korea to be approximately 200 ha, mostly growing without chemical controls. Occurrence of powdery mildews poses a potential threat to safe production of this vegetable, especially in organic farming. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) F. L. Tai. Bull. Chinese Bot. Sci. 2:16, 1936. (3) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009. (4) S. J. Zhang et al. J. Nat. Prod. 69:1425, 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Choi
- Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon 200-150, Korea
| | - B S Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Korea
| | - S H Hong
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - S E Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - H D Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Kil KE, Zhu A, Zhang Z, Choi JK, Kura S, Gong C, Brownell AL. Development of [(123)I]IPEB and [(123)I]IMPEB as SPECT Radioligands for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:652-6. [PMID: 24944738 DOI: 10.1021/ml500007z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
mGlu5 play an important role in physiology and pathology to various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Several positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers have been developed to explore the role of mGlu5 in brain disorders. However, there are no single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radioligands for mGlu5. Here we report development of [(123)I]IPEB ([(123)I]1) and [(123)I]IMPEB ([(123)I]2) as mGlu5 radioligands for SPECT. [(123)I]1 and [(123)I]2 were produced by copper(I) mediated aromatic halide displacement reactions. The SPECT imaging using mouse models demonstrated that [(123)I]1 readily entered the brain and accumulated specifically in mGlu5-rich regions of the brain such as striatum and hippocampus. However, in comparison to the corresponding PET tracer [(18)F]FPEB, [(123)I]1 showed faster washout from the brain. The binding ratios of the striatum and the hippocampus compared to the cerebellum for [(123)I]1 and [(18)F]FPEB were similar despite unfavorable pharmacokinetics of [(123)I]1. Further structural optimization of 1 may lead to more viable SPECT radiotracers for the imaging of mGlu5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center
for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Aijun Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center
for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center
for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center
for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center
for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Chunyu Gong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center
for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center
for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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Arsenault D, Zhu A, Gong C, Kil KE, Kura S, Choi JK, Brownell AL. Hypo-anxious phenotype of adolescent offspring prenatally exposed to LPS is associated with reduced mGluR5 expression in hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:202-211. [PMID: 25419490 DOI: 10.4236/ojmp.2014.33022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported long-term modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) by inflammatory processes and a pharmacological modulation of mGluR5 is known to regulate anxiety level. However, it is not known if non-pharmacological modulation of mGluR5 by inflammation impaired the unconditional level of anxiety. In this study, we investigated this relation in LPS prenatal immune challenge (120μg/kg, 3x i.p. injection in late gestation), a developmental model of neuroinflammation in which some studies have reported hypo-anxious phenotype. Using positron emission tomographic imaging (PET) approaches, we have demonstrated a decrease in the binding potential of [18F]fluoro-5-(2-pyridinylethynyl)benzonitrile ([18F]FPEB, a radioligand for mGluR5) in hippocampus of adolescent offspring prenatally exposed to LPS, without significant change in the binding of [11C]peripheral benzodiazepine receptor 28 ([11C]PBR28), an inflammatory marker. In addition, dark-light box emergence test revealed a lower level of anxiety in LPS-exposed offspring and this behavioural phenotype was associated with the binding potential of [18F]FPEB in hippocampus. These results confirm that neuroinflammation during developmental phase modulates the physiology of mGluR5 and this alteration can be associated with behavioural phenotype related to anxiety. In addition, this study supports a hypotheses that mGluR5 could be used as a diagnostic target in anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Arsenault
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Aijun Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Chunyu Gong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13 Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Kil KE, Zhang Z, Jokivarsi K, Gong C, Choi JK, Kura S, Brownell AL. Radiosynthesis of N-(4-chloro-3-[(11)C]methoxyphenyl)-2-picolinamide ([(11)C]ML128) as a PET radiotracer for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 (mGlu4). Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5955-62. [PMID: 23978356 PMCID: PMC3811911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-(Chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-picolinamide (3, ML128, VU0361737) is an mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM), which is potent and centrally penetrating. 3 is also the first mGlu4 PAM to show efficacy in a preclinical Parkinson disease model upon systemic dosing. As a noninvasive medical imaging technique and a powerful tool in neurological research, positron emission tomography (PET) offers a possibility to investigate mGlu4 expression in vivo under physiologic and pathological conditions. We synthesized a carbon-11 labeled ML128 ([(11)C]3) as a PET radiotracer for mGlu4, and characterized its biological properties in Sprague Dawley rats. [(11)C]3 was synthesized from N-(4-chloro-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-picolinamide (2) using [(11)C]CH3I. Total synthesis time was 38±2.2min (n=7) from the end of bombardment to the formulation. The radioligand [(11)C]3 was obtained in 27.7±5.3% (n=5) decay corrected radiochemical yield based on the radioactivity of [(11)C]CO2. The radiochemical purity of [(11)C]3 was >99%. Specific activity was 188.7±88.8GBq/mol (n=4) at the end of synthesis (EOS). PET images were conducted in 20 normal male Sprague Dawley rats including 11 control studies, 6 studies blocking with an mGlu4 modulator (4) to investigate specificity and 3 studies blocking with an mGlu5 modulator (MTEP) to investigate selectivity. These studies showed fast accumulation of [(11)C]3 (peak activity between 1-3min) in several brain areas including striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb following with fast washout. Blocking studies with the mGlu4 modulator 4 showed 22-28% decrease of [(11)C]3 accumulation while studies of selectivity showed only minor decrease supporting good selectivity over mGlu5. Biodistribution studies and blood analyses support fast metabolism. Altogether this is the first PET imaging ligand for mGlu4, in which the labeled ML128 was used for imaging its in vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Kimmo Jokivarsi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Chunyu Gong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
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25
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Choi JK, Kim JH, Cho SE, Shin HD. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum on Garden Cress in Korea. Plant Dis 2013; 97:998. [PMID: 30722545 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-13-0001-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), belonging to the family Brassicaceae, is an edible herb with peppery flavor and aroma (2). This plant was recently introduced and is cultivated as an edible green under organic farming in Korea. In September 2012, seedlings showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew were found in greenhouses in Pyeongchang County, Korea. Symptoms first appeared as thin white colonies, which progressed to abundant growth on the leaves and stems. Infected herbs were unmarketable mainly due to signs of senescence and withering of leaves and mostly abandoned without becoming harvested. Two samples of diseased leaves were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS Accession Nos. F27137 and F27150). Appressoria on the mycelium were well-developed, lobed, and solitary or in opposite pairs. Conidiophores were unbranched, cylindrical, 88 to 120 × 8.5 to 10 μm, and composed of 3 to 4 cells. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight to sub-straight, cylindric, 22 to 42 μm long, and generally equal to or shorter than the upper cells. Singly produced conidia were oblong to cylindrical or oval, 34 to 52 × 14 to 18 μm with a length/width ratio of 2.2 to 3.3, with angular/rectangular wrinkling of outer walls, and no distinct fibrosin bodies. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. No chasmothecia were found. These structures are typical of the powdery mildew Pseudoidium anamorph of the genus Erysiphe. The specific measurements match with those of E. cruciferarum Opiz ex L. Junell as previously described (1). To confirm the identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from KUS-F27150 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 and directly sequenced (4). The resulting 554-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC414675). The amplified ITS sequence shared >99% similarity with the sequences of E. cruciferarum on several brassicaceous hosts (EU140958, FJ548627, and GU721075). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently dusting conidia onto leaves of five healthy potted garden cress plants. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated plants were isolated from non-inoculated plants in separate rooms in a greenhouse at 18 to 24°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 8 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Previously, the disease was reported in several European countries and southeastern Asia (Lebanon, Israel, Iran, Iraq, India, and China) (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. cruciferarum on garden cress in Korea. Since garden cress production was only recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, powdery mildew infections pose a serious threat to the production of this herb, especially in organic farming where chemical control options are limited. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) S. Choudhary et al. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 80:752, 2010. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication. ARS, USDA. Retrieved December 2, 2012. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Choi
- Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon 200-150, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon 200-150, Korea
| | - S E Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea. Financially supported by a Korea University Grant to HDS in 2012
| | - H D Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea. Financially supported by a Korea University Grant to HDS in 2012
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Myung IS, Choi JK, Wu JM, Lee JY, Yoo HL, Shim HS. Bacterial Stripe of Hog Millet Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, a New Disease in Korea. Plant Dis 2012; 96:1222. [PMID: 30727087 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-12-0320-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In July 2011, bacterial stripe was observed on a commercial field of hog millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Chuncheon, Korea, with a disease incidence of 37% in the field. Symptoms on leaves included reddish-brown, long, narrow stripes that varied in length and were sharply delineated by uninfected adjacent vascular bundles. Eleven bacterial isolates (BC3107, BC3214 to BC3223) were recovered on trypticase soy agar from lesions surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 1 min. The isolates, all obtained from different plants, were gram negative, oxidase positive, aerobic rods with two to four flagella. The isolates produced circular, cream-colored, nonfluorescent, butyrous colonies with entire margins on King's B medium. Using the Biolog Microbial Identification System, Version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), the isolates were identified as Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae with Biolog similarity indices ranging from 0.52 to 0.72 after 24 hr. Characters for differentiating between Acidovorax spp. were tested according to Schaad et al. (2). The isolates were positive for gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, lipase production, utilization of D-mannitol, sodium citrate, and alkaline in litmus milk. The isolates were negative for utilization of D-arabitol and did not amplify with PCR primer sets Aaaf5, Aaaf3/Aaar2, and Aacf2/Aacr2. Colonies were V-, V+, and V+ for utilization of D-fucose, maltose, and ethanol, respectively. Regions of the 16S rRNA (rrs) and the IGS were sequenced to aid in the identification of the isolates using reported PCR primer sets (1,4). A 1,426 bp fragment of the rrs region shared 100% similarity with all strains of A. avenae available in GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were separately performed for the 11 isolates in different greenhouses located in Suwon (National Academy of Agricultural Science), and Chuncheon (Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services) in Korea. Pathogenicity was confirmed by clip inoculation with sterilized scissors dipped into cell suspensions containing 105 CFU/ml on three 8-day-old leaves of hog millet (two plants per isolate), rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hopyeong), and sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Daehak) in a greenhouse maintained at 28 to 32°C and 90% relative humidity. The isolates induced similar symptoms as those originally observed on hog millet 5 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the control plants (hog millet, rice, and sweet corn), which were clipped with scissors dipped in sterilized distilled water. The identity of bacteria reisolated from the stripes on inoculated leaves was confirmed by analyzing sequences of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (IGS) (1). On the basis of physiological, pathological, and sequence data, the isolates were identified as A. avenae subsp. avenae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial stripe of hog millet caused by A. avenae subsp. avenae in Korea. The spread of the bacterial disease is expected to have a significant economic impact on hog millet culture in the fields of Gangwon Province in Korea. Nucleotide sequence data reported are available under accession numbers JQ743877 to JQ743887 for rrs of BC 3207 and BC3214 to BC3223, and JQ743877 to JQ743887 for IGS of BC3207 and BC3214 to BC3223. References: (1) T. Barry et al. The PCR Methods Appl. 1:51, 1991. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Syst, Appl. Microbiol. 31: 434, 2008. (3) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:2731, 2011. (4) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173: 697, 1991.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Myung
- Crop Protection, National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - J K Choi
- Agricultural Environment Research Division, Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon 200-939, Korea
| | - J M Wu
- Crop Protection, NAAS, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - J Y Lee
- Crop Protection, NAAS, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - H L Yoo
- Crop Protection, NAAS, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - H S Shim
- Crop Protection, NAAS, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
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Cho SE, Park JH, Choi JK, Shin HD. First Report of Zonate Leaf Spot of Glycine max Caused by Cristulariella moricola in Korea. Plant Dis 2012; 96:906. [PMID: 30727372 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-12-0028-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is native to East Asia including Korea and is widely grown and consumed as an edible seed. In August 2011, following a prolonged period of cool and moist weather, zonate leaf spots were observed in local soybean (cultivar unknown) planted in a mountainous area of Goseong, central Korea. A voucher specimen was collected and entered at the Korea University herbarium (KUS-F26049). Initial symptoms included grayish green-to-grayish brown spots without border lines. As the lesions enlarged, they coalesced, leading to leaf blight and premature defoliation. Sporophores on the leaf lesions were dominantly hypophyllous, rarely epiphyllous, solitary, erect, easily detachable, and as long as 750 μm. The upper portion of the sporophores consisted of a pyramidal head that was ventricose, 275 to 500 μm long, and 80 to 160 μm wide. The fungus was isolated from leaf lesions and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Sclerotia were produced on PDA after 4 to 5 weeks at 18°C without light, but conidia were not observed in culture. The morphological and cultural characteristics were consistent with those of Cristulariella moricola (Hino) Redhead (2,3). An isolate was preserved in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC46401). Genomic DNA was extracted with the DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 453 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ036182). A BLAST search in GenBank revealed that the sequence showed an exact match with that of C. moricola from Acer negundo (JQ036181) and >99% similarity with that of Grovesinia pyramidalis, teleomorph of C. moricola from Juglans sp. (Z81433). To determine the pathogenicity of the fungus, sporophores with the pyramidal head were carefully detached from a lesion on the naturally infected leaflet with fine needles. Each sporophore was transferred individually onto four places of six detached healthy soybean leaflets. The leaflets were placed in humid chambers at 100% relative humidity and incubated at 16 to 20°C (4). Symptoms were observed after 2 days on all inoculated leaflets (one to four lesions/leaflet). The lesions enlarged rapidly and reached ~20 mm diameter in a week. A number of sporulating structures and immature sclerotia were formed on the abaxial surface of the leaf 2 weeks after inoculation. The pathogen was reisolated from lesions on the inoculated leaflets, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on the control leaflets kept in humid chambers for 2 weeks. C. moricola was known to cause zonate leaf spots and defoliation on a wide range of woody and annual plants (1), but not on G. max. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cristulariella infection in cultivated soybeans. Since the infections may be limited to the mountainous area with low night temperature and high humidity, economic losses seem to be negligible. However, the disease could be a potential threat to the safe production of soybeans in areas with prolonged periods of cool and moist weather. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.arsgrin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , January 7, 2012. (2) H. B. Lee and C. J. Kim. Plant Dis. 86:440, 2002. (3) S. A. Redhead. Can. J. Bot. 53:700, 1975. (4) H. J. Su and S. C. Leu. Plant Dis. 67:915, 1983.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - J H Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - J K Choi
- Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon 200-150, Korea
| | - H D Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of regulatory mechanisms that are not accompanied by the action of genetic elements. Recently, a system-wide extension of epigenetics has been driven by the rapid evolution of genomics technology. This means not simply profiling multiple genes together as gene expression microarrays, but also factoring in the crosstalk among various epigenetic components and extending our focus to relatively uncharted genomic areas, including intergenic and intragenic regions. Although this exciting extension provides many interesting research topics as described in this review, the future expansion of epigenomics to cover multiple samples will offer an even more profound opportunity for systems biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Choi
- KAIST, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Choi JK, Mandeville JB, Chen YI, Grundt P, Sarkar S, Newman AH, Jenkins BG. Imaging brain regional and cortical laminar effects of selective D3 agonists and antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212:59-72. [PMID: 20628733 PMCID: PMC3822611 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D3 receptors (D3R) may be important therapeutic targets for both drug abuse and dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease; however, little is known about their functional circuitry. OBJECTIVES We wished to determine if D3R antagonists SB-277011 and PG-01037 and D3R-preferring agonist 7-OH-DPAT are D3R selective in vivo. We further wished to characterize the response to D3R drugs using whole brain imaging to identify novel D3R circuitry. METHODS We investigated D3R circuitry in rats using pharmacologic MRI and challenge with selective D3R antagonists and agonist at various doses to examine regional changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV). We compared regional activation patterns with D2R/D3R agonists, as well as with prior studies of mRNA expression and autoradiography. RESULTS D3R antagonists induced positive CBV changes and D3R agonist negative CBV changes in brain regions including nucleus accumbens, infralimbic cortex, thalamus, interpeduncular region, hypothalamus, and hippocampus (strongest in subiculum). All D3R-preferring drugs showed markedly greater responses in nucleus accumbens than in caudate/putamen consistent with D3R selectivity and contrary to what was observed with D2R agonists. At high doses of D3R agonist, functional changes were differentiated across cortical laminae, with layer V-VI yielding positive CBV changes and layer IV yielding negative CBV changes. These results are not inconsistent with differential D1R and D3R innervation in these layers respectively showed previously using post-mortem techniques. CONCLUSIONS MRI provides a new tool for testing the in vivo selectivity of novel D3R dopaminergic ligands where radiolabels may not be available. Further, the functional D3R circuitry strongly involves hypothalamus and subiculum as well as the limbic striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Joseph B. Mandeville
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Y. Iris Chen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Peter Grundt
- Medicine Development, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406
| | - Susanta Sarkar
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicine Development, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406
| | - Bruce G. Jenkins
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
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Shin KM, Park JH, Kil HK, Kang SS, Kim IS, Hong SJ, Choi JK. Caudal epidural block in children: comparison of needle insertion parallel with caudal canal versus conventional two-step technique. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38:525-9. [PMID: 20514963 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1003800318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the technique of inserting the needle for caudal epidural blockade in a single pass parallel to the caudal canal versus the conventional technique of approaching the caudal canal with the needle at a steeper angle. Seventy-five patients, aged 0 to 72 months, scheduled for urological surgery were prospectively enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: a conventional method group (caudal block performed with conventional needle insertion, n=40) and a new method group (needle inserted into the skin at an angle of 200 and into the caudal space without redirection, n=35). Two anaesthetists (A, B) performed the caudal blocks. For anaesthetist A, the mean time required (standard deviation) to perform needle insertion in the conventional method group was 2.2 (0.8) minutes and in the new method group 1.1 (0.7) minutes (P = 0.03). For anaesthetist B the mean time (standard deviation) to perform needle insertion in the conventional method group was 2.1 (1.1) minutes and in the new method group 1.3 (0.8) minutes (P = 0.04). Successful block was considered as first pass placement of the needle in the caudal canal confirmed (after placement) by ultrasound imaging, and the absence of a bloody tap. Subcutaneous placement of the needle after the first attempt occurred in two cases in the conventional method group and three cases in the new method group. Bloody tap occurred in four cases, all in the conventional method group and none in the new method group. When required, the second pass was successful in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chen YI, Choi JK, Xu H, Ren J, Andersen SL, Jenkins BG. Pharmacologic neuroimaging of the ontogeny of dopamine receptor function. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:125-38. [PMID: 20523024 DOI: 10.1159/000286215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the ontogeny of the cerebral dopaminergic system is crucial for gaining a greater understanding of normal brain development and its alterations in response to drugs of abuse or conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) was used to determine the response to dopamine transporter (DAT) blockers cocaine and methylphenidate (MPH), the dopamine releaser D-amphetamine (AMPH), the selective D1 agonist dihydrexidine, and the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole in young (<30 days old) and adult (>60 days old) rats. In adult rats, cocaine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) or MPH (2 mg/kg) induced primarily positive cerebral blood volume (rCBV) changes in the dopaminergic circuitry, but negative rCBV changes in the young animals. Microdialysis measurements in the striatum showed that young rats have a smaller increase in extracellular dopamine in response to cocaine than adults. The young rats showed little rCBV response to the selective D1 agonist dihydrexidine in contrast to robust rCBV increases observed in the adults, whereas there was a similar negative rCBV response in the young and adult rats to the D2 agonist quinpirole. We also performed a meta-analysis of literature data on the development of D1 and D2 receptors and the DAT. These data suggest a predominance of D2-like over D1-like function between 20 and 30 days of age. These combined results suggested that the dopamine D1 receptor is functionally inhibited at young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Iris Chen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Choi JK, Carreras I, Dedeoglu A, Jenkins BG. Detection of increased scyllo-inositol in brain with magnetic resonance spectroscopy after dietary supplementation in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:353-7. [PMID: 20399219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that inositol isomers may help protect against formation of toxic fibrils of Abeta fragments in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Scyllo-inositol is one of the more promising inositol isomers for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can be detected using MRS in human subjects. In this manuscript we demonstrate using MRS, in two different mouse models of AD (APP x PS1 and APP x PS1 x tau), that we could detect increased scyllo-inositol in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in mice fed water supplemented with 16.5 mg/L of scyllo-inositol equivalent to about 3.3 mg/kg/day. We used both brain extracts using solution MRS as well as intact brain tissue using high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) to ensure that any membrane-associated scyllo-inositol would be detected. By brain extracts we detected a 3.0 fold increase in scyllo-inositol in the scyllo-fed AD mice compared to normal diet (p < 0.001). Using HRMAS we detected a 2.2-2.4-fold increase in scyllo-inositol (p < 0.001). Scyllo-inositol treatment was associated with an increase in glutamine in hippocampus. The concentrations of scyllo-inositol were higher in the hippocampus than in the frontal cortex. Mice have a smaller concentration of scyllo-inositol than humans (ca. 100 microM vs. 500 microM in humans). Given the ease with which scyllo-inositol can be measured in human MRS data with high signal to noise ratios, these data suggest that MRS will prove useful for evaluation of inositol treatment trials in AD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- A A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) presents challenges for diagnosis and objective monitoring of disease progression. We show, using pharmacologic MRI, that alterations in motor circuitry can be characterized using a passive stimulus in a rat model of familial ALS as a function of symptom progression. Presymptomatic familial ALS rats had a pattern of activation to amphetamine that was statistically indistinguishable from the wild-type controls. In contrast, symptomatic rats showed significantly decreased response in sensorimotor cortex and increased response in M2 motor cortex, caudate/putamen, and thalamus. These results are similar to findings in humans of altered response to motor tasks in ALS. It may be plausible to use a passive amphetamine challenge as a biomarker to assess progression of the disease and efficacy of potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Jamaica Plain, MA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce G. Jenkins
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
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Carreras I, Yuruker S, Aytan N, Hossain L, Choi JK, Jenkins BG, Kowall NW, Dedeoglu A. Moderate exercise delays the motor performance decline in a transgenic model of ALS. Brain Res 2009; 1313:192-201. [PMID: 19968977 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between exercise and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron loss, rapidly progressive weakness and early death has been controversial. We studied the effect of a high (HEX) and moderate-level exercise (MEX) on body weight, motor performance and motor neuron counts in the ventral horn of spinal cords in a transgenic mouse model of ALS (G93A-SOD1) that overexpresses a mutated form of the human SOD1 gene that is a cause of familial ALS. These transgenic mice show several similarities to the human disease, including rapid progressive motor weakness from 100 days of age and premature death at around 135 days of age. Mice were exposed to high or mid-level exercise of left sedentary (SED). At 70, 95 and 120 days of age, spinal cords were processed following euthanasia. Motor neurons larger than 15 mum in diameter were counted with a design-based stereological protocol using an optical fractionator probe in the ventral horn of different regions of the cord and compared to wild-type littermates. Moderate exercise delayed the onset of motor deficit by over a week. High exercise slightly but significantly hastened the onset of motor performance deficits. Motor neuron density in the lumbar cord was significantly higher in MEX group compared to SED at 95 days of age. These results show the beneficial effects of moderate exercise on the preservation of motor performance that correlates with higher motor neuron density in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord in G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carreras
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Choi JK, Küstermann E, Dedeoglu A, Jenkins BG. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of regional brain metabolite markers in FALS mice and the effects of dietary creatine supplementation. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:2143-50. [PMID: 19930399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of disease progression on brain regional neurochemistry in a mutant mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS; the G93A model) using in vivo and in vitro magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). There were numerous changes in the brain spectra that were brain region dependent. At early time points starting around 80 days of age there were increases in brain glutamate. At later time points there were more extensive changes including decreased N-acetyl aspartate and glutamate and increased glutamine, taurine and myo-inositol. The effects of the disease were most severe in spinal cord followed by medulla and then sensorimotor cortex. There were no changes noted in cerebellum as a control region. The effects of creatine supplementation in the diet (2%) were measured in wild-type and FALS animals in medulla, cerebellum and cortex. The increase in brain creatine was largest in cerebellum (25%) followed by medulla (11%) and then cortex (4%), reflecting the ordering of creatine kinase activity. There was a protective effect of creatine on N-acetyl aspartate loss in the medulla at late stages. Creatine supplementation had a positive effect on weight retention, leading to a 13% increase in weight between 120 and 130 days. MRS shows promise in monitoring multiple facets of neuroprotective strategies in ALS and ALS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED We studied the metabolic responses to different DA concentrations elicited by four doses of D-amphetamine (AMPH, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg). We compared the degree of DA release (via microdialysis) with striatal cAMP activity and whole brain maps of cerebral blood volume (rCBV) changes (via pharmacological MRI, phMRI). RESULTS AMPH increased DA release in the caudate/putamen (CPu) and cAMP activity in the CPu, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in a linear dose-dependent manner (P < 0.0001). The cAMP data suggest that, postsynaptically, signal transduction induced by D1 receptor is stronger than that of D2 receptor at the higher doses (1-3 mg/kg). phMRI showed that, while higher doses of AMPH (3 mg/kg (n = 7) and 1 mg/kg (n = 6)) induced significant rCBV increases in the CPu and NAc, the degree of rCBV increase was much smaller with AMPH of 0.5 mg/kg (n = 6). In contrast, AMPH of 0.25 mg/kg (n = 8) induced significant rCBV decreases in the anteromedial CPu and NAc. The sign switch of rCBV in response to AMPH from low to high doses likely reflects the switching in the balance of D2/D3 stimulation vs. D1/D5 stimulation. In conclusion, degree of postsynaptic signal transduction is linearly correlated to the extracellular DA concentration. However, the presynaptic binding may dominate the overall DA innervation at the lower range of DA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Ren
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
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Choi JK, Jenkins BG, Carreras I, Kaymakcalan S, Cormier K, Kowall NW, Dedeoglu A. Anti-inflammatory treatment in AD mice protects against neuronal pathology. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:377-84. [PMID: 19679126 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may lower the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and delay onset or slow progression of symptoms in mouse models of AD. We examined the effects of chronic NSAID treatment in order to determine which elements of the pathological features might be ameliorated. We compared the effects of the NSAIDs ibuprofen and celecoxib on immunohistological and neurochemical markers at two different ages in APPxPS1 mice using measurements of amyloid plaque deposition, Abeta peptide levels, and neurochemical profiles using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). At 6 months of age, few neurochemical changes were observed between PSAPP mice and WT mice using MRS. Ibuprofen, but not celecoxib, treatment significantly decreased the Abeta(42/40) ratio in frontal cortex at 6 months, but overall amyloid plaque burden was unchanged. Consistent with prior findings in mouse models, at 17 months of age, there was a decrease in the neuronal markers NAA and glutamate and an increase in the astrocytic markers glutamine and myo-inositol in AD mice compared to WT. Ibuprofen provided significant protection against NAA and glutamate loss. Neither of the drugs significantly affected myo-inositol or glutamine levels. Both ibuprofen and celecoxib lowered plaque burden without a significant effect on Abeta(1-42) levels. NAA levels significantly correlated with plaque burden. These results suggest that selective NSAIDs (ibuprofen and possibly celecoxib) treatment can protect against the neuronal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Sanchez PV, Perry RL, Sarry JE, Perl AE, Murphy K, Swider CR, Bagg A, Choi JK, Biegel JA, Danet-Desnoyers G, Carroll M. A robust xenotransplantation model for acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2009; 23:2109-17. [PMID: 19626050 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in immunocompromised animals has been critical for defining leukemic stem cells. However, existing immunodeficient strains of mice have short life spans and low levels of AML cell engraftment, hindering long-term evaluation of primary human AML biology. A recent study suggested that NOD/LtSz-scid IL2Rgammac null (NSG) mice have enhanced AML cell engraftment, but this relied on technically challenging neonatal injections. Here, we performed extensive analysis of AML engraftment in adult NSG mice using tail vein injection. Of the 35 AML samples analyzed, 66% showed bone marrow engraftment over 0.1%. Further, 37% showed high levels of engraftment (>10%), with some as high as 95%. A 2-44-fold expansion of AML cells was often seen. Secondary and tertiary recipients showed consistent engraftment, with most showing further AML cell expansion. Engraftment did not correlate with French-American-British subtype or cytogenetic abnormalities. However, samples with FLT3 mutations showed a higher probability of engraftment than FLT3 wild type. Importantly, animals developed organomegaly and a wasting illness consistent with advanced leukemia. We conclude that the NSG xenotransplantation model is a robust model for human AML cell engraftment, which will allow better characterization of AML biology and testing of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Astradsson A, Jenkins BG, Choi JK, Hallett PJ, Levesque MA, McDowell JS, Brownell AL, Spealman RD, Isacson O. The blood-brain barrier is intact after levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian primates--evidence from in vivo neuroimaging studies. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 35:348-51. [PMID: 19501164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested, based on rodent studies, that levodopa (L-dopa) induced dyskinesia is associated with a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have investigated BBB integrity with in vivo neuroimaging techniques in six 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesioned primates exhibiting L-dopa-induced dyskinesia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed before and after injection of Gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) revealed an intact BBB in the basal ganglia showing that l-dopa-induced dyskinesia is not associated with a disrupted BBB in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Astradsson
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Lee K, Lee J, Bae WK, Choi JK, Kim HJ, Cho B. Efficacy of low-calorie, partial meal replacement diet plans on weight and abdominal fat in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial of two diet plans - one high in protein and one nutritionally balanced. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63:195-201. [PMID: 19196357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relative efficacy of high-protein vs. conventional diet plans that include partial meal replacements on body fat loss in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two low-calorie diets with partial meal replacement plans-a high-protein plan (HP) and a nutritionally balanced conventional (C) plan-on reducing obesity in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. DESIGN In a 12-week, double-blind study, we randomised 75 participants to either the HP- or the C-plan group. We recorded key metrics at 0 and 12 weeks. RESULTS The overall mean weight loss was 5 kg in the HP-plan group and 4.9 kg in the C-plan group (p = 0.72). Truncal fat mass decreased 1.6 kg in the HP-plan group (p < 0.05) and 1.5 kg in the C-plan group (p < 0.05), while whole body fat mass decreased 2.5 kg in the HP-plan group (p < 0.05) and 2.3 kg in the C-plan group (p < 0.05). Between-group losses did not differ significantly for truncal (p = 0.52) or whole body (p = 0.77) fat mass. Among subjects with > or = 70% dietary compliance, however, truncal and whole body fat mass decreased more in the HP-plan group (Delta 2.2 kg and Delta 3.5 kg respectively) than in the C-plan group (Delta 1.3 kg and Delta 2.3 [corrected] kg respectively) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The HP- and C-plans had a similar effect on weight and abdominal fat reduction, but the HP-plan was more effective in reducing body fat among compliant subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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41
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Kasprzycka M, Zhang Q, Witkiewicz A, Marzec M, Potoczek M, Liu X, Wang HY, Milone M, Basu S, Mauger J, Choi JK, Abrams T, Hou S, Rook AH, Vonderheid E, Woetmann A, Odum N, Wasik MA. Gamma c-signaling cytokines induce a regulatory T cell phenotype in malignant CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol 2008; 181:2506-12. [PMID: 18684941 PMCID: PMC2586884 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that malignant mature CD4(+) T lymphocytes derived from cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) variably display some aspects of the T regulatory phenotype. Whereas seven cell lines representing a spectrum of primary cutaneous T cell lymphoproliferative disorders expressed CD25 and TGF-beta, the expression of FOXP3 and, to a lesser degree, IL-10 was restricted to two CTCL cell lines that are dependent on exogenous IL-2. IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21, all of which signals through receptors containing the common gamma chain, induced expression of IL-10 in the IL-2-dependent cell lines as well as primary leukemic CTCL cells. However, only IL-2 and IL-15, but not IL-21, induced expression of FOXP3. The IL-2-triggered induction of IL-10 and FOXP3 expression occurred by signaling through STAT3 and STAT5, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of the CTCL tissues revealed that FOXP3-expressing cells were common among the CD7-negative enlarged atypical and small lymphocytes at the early skin patch and plaque stages. Their frequency was profoundly diminished at the tumor stage and in the CTCL lymph node lesions with or without large cell transformation. These results indicate that the T regulatory cell features are induced in CTCL T cells by common gamma chain signaling cytokines such as IL-2 and do not represent a fully predetermined, constitutive phenotype independent of the local environmental stimuli to which these malignant mature CD4(+) T cells become exposed.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/physiology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kasprzycka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - A Witkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Marzec
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Potoczek
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - X Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - HY Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - S Basu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J Mauger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - JK Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - T Abrams
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA
| | - S Hou
- Department of Pathology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - AH Rook
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E Vonderheid
- Department of Dermatology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - A Woetmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Odum
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - MA Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Grundt P, Prevatt KM, Cao J, Taylor M, Floresca CZ, Choi JK, Jenkins BG, Luedtke RR, Newman AH. Heterocyclic Analogues of N-(4-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)arylcarboxamides with Functionalized Linking Chains as Novel Dopamine D3 Receptor Ligands: Potential Substance Abuse Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4135-46. [PMID: 17672446 DOI: 10.1021/jm0704200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists and partial agonists have been shown to modulate drug-seeking effects induced by cocaine and other abused substances. Compound 6 [PG01037, (N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-trans-but-2-enyl)-4-pyridine-2-ylbenzamide)] and related analogues are currently being evaluated in animal models of drug addiction. In these studies, a discrepancy between in vitro binding affinity, in vivo occupancy, and behavioral potency has been observed. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) modifications of the 2-pyridylphenyl moiety of 6 and (2) hydroxyl, acetyl, and cyclopropyl substitutions on the butylamide linking chain systematically coupled with 2-fluorenylamide or 2-pyridylphenylamide and 2-methoxy- or 2,3-dichloro-substituted phenylpiperazines to measure the impact on binding affinity, D2/D3 selectivity, lipophilicity, and function. In general, these modifications were well tolerated at the human dopamine D3 (hD3) receptor (Ki = 1-5 nM) as measured in competition binding assays. Several analogues showed >100-fold selectivity for dopamine D3 over D2 and D4 receptors. In addition, while all the derivatives with an olefinic linker were antagonists, in quinpirole-stimulated mitogenesis at hD3 receptors, several of the hydroxybutyl-linked analogues (16, 17, 21) showed partial agonist activity. Finally, several structural modifications reduced lipophilicities while retaining the desired binding profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Sánchez-Pernaute R, Jenkins BG, Choi JK, Iris Chen YC, Isacson O. In vivo evidence of D3 dopamine receptor sensitization in parkinsonian primates and rodents with l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 27:220-7. [PMID: 17588764 PMCID: PMC2674779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates a role for D(3) receptors in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. This involvement could be amenable to non-invasive in vivo analysis using functional neuroimaging. With this goal, we examined the hemodynamic response to the dopamine D(3)-preferring agonist 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2 aminotetralin (7-OHDPAT) in naïve, parkinsonian and l-DOPA-treated, dyskinetic rodents and primates using pharmacological MRI (phMRI) and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) mapping. Administration of 7-OHDPAT induced minor negative changes of rCBV in the basal ganglia in naïve and parkinsonian animals. Remarkably, the hemodynamic response was reversed (increased rCBV) in the striatum of parkinsonian animals rendered dyskinetic by repeated l-DOPA treatment. Such increase in rCBV is consistent with D(1) receptor-like signaling occurring in response to D(3) stimulation, demonstrates a dysregulation of dopamine receptor function in dyskinesia and provides a potentially novel means for the characterization and treatment of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Sánchez-Pernaute
- McLean Hospital/Harvard University Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Abstract
The rapid development of transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, in parallel with the rapidly expanding growth of MR techniques for assessing in vivo, non-invasive, neurochemistry, offers the potential to develop novel markers of disease progression and therapy. In this review we discuss the interpretation and utility of MRS for the study of these transgenic mouse and rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). MRS studies can provide a wealth of information on various facets of in vivo neurochemistry, including neuronal health, gliosis, osmoregulation, energy metabolism, neuronal-glial cycling, and molecular synthesis rates. These data provide information on the etiology, natural history and therapy of these diseases. Mouse models enable longitudinal studies with useful time frames for evaluation of neuroprotection and therapeutic interventions using many of the potential MRS markers. In addition, the ability to manipulate the genome in these models allows better mechanistic understanding of the roles of the observable neurochemicals, such as N-acetylaspartate, in the brain. The argument is made that use of MRS, combined with correlative histology and other MRI techniques, will enable objective markers with which potential therapies can be followed in a quantitative fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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45
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Hong JS, Ohnishi S, Masuta C, Choi JK, Ryu KH. Infection of soybean by cucumber mosaic virus as determined by viral movement protein. Arch Virol 2007; 152:321-8. [PMID: 17006598 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the host range determinant of the soybean strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) we analyzed a series of pseudorecombinants and chimeric viruses between infectious transcripts from two soybean strains (CMV-SC and CMV-SD) and an ordinary strain (CMV-Y). CMV-Y could not infect soybeans, even locally. Systemic infection of the two soybean-adapted soybean isolates on soybean plants mapped to RNA3. Chimeric RNA3s from between CMV-SC and CMV-Y, and chimeric RNA3s from between CMV-SC and CMV-SD, were made and inoculated onto wild soybean Iwate and soybean cv. Tsurunoko. The 3a region determined the viral systemic movement in the plants. In the wild soybean ecotype Hyougo, cell-to-cell movement of two different CMV soybean strains, one of which infects systemically while the other does not, in the inoculated leaves were almost the same, suggesting that the resistance of soybean operates at the level of long-distance movement. Our results clearly suggest that movement protein is a host determinant of CMV soybean strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hong
- Plant Virus GenBank, Division of Environment and Life Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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46
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Dedeoglu A, Choi JK, Carreras I, Kaymakcalan S, Kowall NW, Jenkins BG. P2–311: Integrated metabolic and neuropathological analysis of Alzheimer mouse brain in response to anti–inflammatory treatment. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Carreras
- BiochemistryBoston University, Bedford VA HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Neil W. Kowall
- NeurologyBoston University, Bedford VA HospitalBostonMAUSA
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47
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Ahn HI, Yoon JY, Hong JS, Yoon HI, Kim MJ, Ha JH, Rhie MJ, Choi JK, Park WM, Ryu KH. The complete genome sequence of pepper severe mosaic virus and comparison with other potyviruses. Arch Virol 2006; 151:2037-45. [PMID: 16699829 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of pepper severe mosaic virus (PepSMV) was determined. The viral genome consisted of 9890 nucleotides, excluding a poly (A) tract at the 3' end of the genome. The PepSMV RNA genome encoded a single polyprotein of 3085 amino acid residues, resulting in ten functionally distinct potyviral proteins. The lengths of the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) and the 3' NTR were 164 and 468 nucleotides, respectively. The genome organization of the virus was typical for members of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. The coat protein amino acid sequence identity between PepSMV and the other 45 potyviruses ranged from 53.4 to 79.7%. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses of the potyviral polyprotein sequences revealed that PepSMV was the closest to potato virus Y (PVY) and closely related to members of the PVY subgroup. Our genome sequence data clearly confirmed that PepSMV belongs to a separate species in the genus Potyvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Ahn
- Plant Virus GenBank, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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48
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Choi JK, Chen YI, Hamel E, Jenkins BG. Brain hemodynamic changes mediated by dopamine receptors: Role of the cerebral microvasculature in dopamine-mediated neurovascular coupling. Neuroimage 2006; 30:700-12. [PMID: 16459104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling between neurotransmitter-induced changes in neuronal activity and the resultant hemodynamic response is central to the interpretation of neuroimaging techniques. In the present study, MRI experiments showed that dopamine transporter blockers such as cocaine and dopamine releasers such as amphetamine and D1 receptor agonists induced large positive increases in relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) that were not sensitive to nitric oxide synthase inhibition. However, D1/D5 receptor antagonism with SCH-23390 prevented or blocked the hemodynamic response without any concomitant effect on dopamine release. Dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonists, in contrast, induced negative changes in rCBV in brain regions corresponding largely to those endowed with these receptors. D1 and D5 receptor mRNAs were expressed in microvessels of responsive brain areas, while D2 and D3 receptors were not consistently associated with the microvascular bed. D3 receptors had an astroglial localization. Together, these experiments show that direct effects of dopamine upon the vasculature cannot be ignored in measuring the hemodynamic coupling associated with dopaminergic drugs. These results further suggest that this coupling is partially mediated through D1/D5 receptors on the microvasculature leading to increased rCBV and through astroglial D3 receptors leading to decreased rCBV. These data provide additional support for the role of local post-synaptic events in neurovascular coupling and emphasize that the interpretation of fMRI signals exclusively in terms of neuronal activity may be incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- MGH-NMR Center and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the photocatalytic degradation of explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) with a circular photocatalytic reactor, using a UV lamp as a light source and TiO2 as a photocatalyst. The effects of various parameters, such as the RDX or HMX concentration, the amount of TiO, and the initial pH, on the photocatalytic degradation rates of explosives were examined. In the presence of both UV light and TiO2 RDX and HMX were more effectively degraded than with either UV or TiO2 alone. The degradation rates were found to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics represented by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Increases in the RDX and HMX degradation rates were obtained with decreasing initial concentrations of the explosives. The RDX and HMX degradation rates were higher at pH 7 than at either pH 3 or pH 11. A dose of approximately 0.7 g l(-1) of TiO2 degraded HMX more rapidly than did higher or lower TiO2 doses. RDX (20 mg l(-1)) photocatalysis resulted in an approximately 20% decrease in TOC, and HMX (5 mg l(-1)) photocatalysis resulted in a 60%, decrease in TOC within 150 minutes. A trace amount of formate was produced as an intermediate that was further mineralized by RDX or HMX photocatalysis. The nitrogen byproducts from the photocatalysis of RDX and HMX were mainly NO3- with NO2-, and NH4+. The total nitrogen recovery was about 60% from RDX (20 mg l(-1)), and 70% from HMX (5 mg l(-1)), respectively. Finally, a mechanism for RDX/HMX photocatalysis was proposed, along with supporting qualitative and quantitative evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Choi
- Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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50
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Choi JK, Mandeville JB, Chen YI, Kim YR, Jenkins BG. High resolution spatial mapping of nicotine action using pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging. Synapse 2006; 60:152-7. [PMID: 16715493 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances known. To better understand the mechanisms of action, we mapped the regional brain response to nicotine administration using pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) in rats. We measured the regional response of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in rats to a challenge of 0.07 mg/kg (0.43 micromol/kg) of nicotine. The areas of the brain with significant and reproducible changes in the rCBV response were (in descending order of magnitude) infralimbic cortex, hippocampus (subiculum), agranular insular/pyriform cortex, visual cortex, interpeduncular area, nucleus accumbens, cingulate cortex, thalamus, and septum. This pattern of response is consistent with stimulation of both cholinergic and dopaminergic neuronal pathways and is consistent with the known behavioral properties of nicotine. The peak CBV response to nicotine occurred between 9 and 13 min depending upon brain region, and the average full width half-maximum of the rCBV response was 27 min. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the phMRI technique lends itself well to further, more detailed, studies of nicotine dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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