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Creswell KG, Brown KW, Pedersen SL. The impact of alcohol consumption on implicit racial bias. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023:2024-37572-001. [PMID: 38127522 PMCID: PMC11190038 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers and theorists studying intergroup relations have been interested in the impact of alcohol on interracial responding. Theories predict that alcohol will exacerbate expressions of racial bias by increasing reliance on stereotypes and/or by decreasing controlled processing and self-monitoring. Prior studies testing these theories have often examined alcohol's effects on implicit (i.e., indirect) measures of racial bias with inconsistent results. However, previous research in this area has suffered from several methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and doses of alcohol that may have been too low to induce substantial intoxication. METHOD Here, in more than triple the number of alcohol participants than the largest prior study, we tested whether an intoxicating dose of alcohol (target breath alcohol concentration of .08%) exacerbated implicit racial bias. Young adults who identified as races other than Black or African American (N = 207) were randomly assigned to consume an alcoholic or placebo beverage and completed the race-based Implicit Association Test (race IAT) testing implicit preference for White (vs. Black) individuals [or, conversely, bias against Black (vs. White) individuals]. RESULTS All participants demonstrated an implicit racial bias (i.e., linking traditionally Black names with negative/unpleasant words), with no difference in this implicit racial bias across beverage conditions. Specifically, there were no differences between alcohol participants' race IAT D scores (M = 0.55, SD = 0.39), and placebo participants' race IAT D scores (M = 0.59, SD = 0.35), b = 0.05, 95%CI [-0.07, 0.18], p = .422. CONCLUSIONS These findings challenge theories and prior studies suggesting that alcohol increases implicit racial bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Goodwin ME, Sayette MA. A social contextual review of the effects of alcohol on emotion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173486. [PMID: 36349654 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Drinking and drinking problems are complex phenomena. Understanding the etiology of alcohol use disorder requires consideration of biological, psychological, and social processes. It is our view that the last of these dimensions is just beginning to receive adequate scrutiny. In this selective review, we discuss the concept of a biopsychosocial analysis of the effects of alcohol. After briefly addressing biological and psychological research on alcohol's emotional effects, we bid to make a case for the vital role that social processes play in understanding why people drink. The bulk of the paper describes research illustrating the contributions that a social psychological perspective can make to advance understanding of the rewarding effects of alcohol. Overall, studies incorporating social contexts have revealed reliable evidence that alcohol enhances emotional experience in many social environments and have identified socio-contextual variables that moderate responses to alcohol. Further, these studies have broadened the scope of constructs thought to be socially rewarding, including social bonding, relationship functioning, and humor enjoyment. Our analysis concludes by identifying research areas we believe would profit from additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Sayette
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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3
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Duchenne Smiles of White American College Students in Same-Race and Interracial Interactions. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-021-00393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Fairbairn CE, Creswell KG, Hales AH, Williams KD, Wilkins KV. Mixing Misery and Gin: The Effect of Alcohol Administration on Ostracism Response. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:1269-1283. [PMID: 34404275 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211038450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Williams's need-threat model proposes that ostracism responses are reflexive and, because of their evolutionary significance, difficult to diminish. Alcohol is widely consumed in social contexts and for reasons of coping with social stress, and major theories of alcohol propose that intoxication disrupts cognitive appraisal of environmental threats, leading to stress relief. Surprisingly, though, no well-powered experimental research has examined the impact of alcohol intoxication on distress from social ostracism. In three studies across two independent laboratories (N = 438), participants were randomly assigned to receive either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic (i.e., no-alcohol control or placebo) beverage and were exposed to an ostracism (or social inclusion) manipulation. Results, which emerged as remarkably consistent across all studies, indicated strong and consistent effects of ostracism on mood and needs satisfaction among both intoxicated and sober participants. Findings have important implications for ostracism theory and speak to boundary conditions for alcohol's ability to relieve stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew H Hales
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.,The University of Mississippi, Oxford, USA
| | | | - Kaleigh V Wilkins
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.,Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Bowdring MA, Sayette MA. The effect of alcohol on mood among males drinking with a platonic friend. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2160-2166. [PMID: 34342007 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the social nature of most drinking experiences, prior work has largely failed to incorporate social context into the study of alcohol's effects on emotion. The present study provides an initial test of the effect of alcohol on mood among platonic friends drinking together in a non-stress setting. We hypothesized that subjects would report more positive postdrink mood after consuming alcohol than after consuming a nonalcoholic control beverage. METHODS Dyads of platonic male friends (n = 36; 55.55% White, 38.88% Asian, 5.55% Black) attended two laboratory-based experimental sessions, wherein their drink conditions (alcohol vs. no alcohol control) were randomized by dyad and counter-balanced across sessions. They reported their mood before and after consuming their beverages together, using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and an 8-item mood measure. RESULTS As hypothesized, alcohol enhanced positive mood ( β = 0.26, p < 0.01). Although in the expected direction, the effect of alcohol on negative mood was not significant ( β = -0.12, p = 0.17). Post hoc analyses revealed that alcohol yielded greater increases in both stimulation ( β = 0.26 , p = 0.00) and sedation ( β = 0.40 , p = 0.00) as compared to the control condition. CONCLUSION This study highlights the positive mood-enhancing and broader subjective effects of alcohol when drinking with a platonic friend and encourages further consideration of friendship contexts in the examination of alcohol's effects when developing models of the etiology of alcohol use disorder.
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Murphy NA, Hall JA. Capturing Behavior in Small Doses: A Review of Comparative Research in Evaluating Thin Slices for Behavioral Measurement. Front Psychol 2021; 12:667326. [PMID: 33995225 PMCID: PMC8116694 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin slices are used across a wide array of research domains to observe, measure, and predict human behavior. This article reviews the thin-slice method as a measurement technique and summarizes current comparative thin-slice research regarding the reliability and validity of thin slices to represent behavior or social constructs. We outline decision factors in using thin-slice behavioral coding and detail three avenues of thin-slice comparative research: (1) assessing whether thin slices can adequately approximate the total of the recorded behavior or be interchangeable with each other (representativeness); (2) assessing how well thin slices can predict variables that are different from the behavior measured in the slice (predictive validity), and (3) assessing how interpersonal judgment accuracy can depend on the length of the slice (accuracy-length validity). The aim of the review is to provide information researchers may use when designing and evaluating thin-slice behavioral measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Judith A Hall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Ertugrul IO, Cohn JF, Jeni LA, Zhang Z, Yin L, Ji Q. Crossing Domains for AU Coding: Perspectives, Approaches, and Measures. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMETRICS, BEHAVIOR, AND IDENTITY SCIENCE 2020; 2:158-171. [PMID: 32377637 PMCID: PMC7202467 DOI: 10.1109/tbiom.2020.2977225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Facial action unit (AU) detectors have performed well when trained and tested within the same domain. How well do AU detectors transfer to domains in which they have not been trained? We review literature on cross-domain transfer and conduct experiments to address limitations of prior research. We evaluate generalizability in four publicly available databases. EB+ (an expanded version of BP4D+), Sayette GFT, DISFA and UNBC Shoulder Pain (SP). The databases differ in observational scenarios, context, participant diversity, range of head pose, video resolution, and AU base rates. In most cases performance decreased with change in domain, often to below the threshold needed for behavioral research. However, exceptions were noted. Deep and shallow approaches generally performed similarly and average results were slightly better for deep model compared to shallow one. Occlusion sensitivity maps revealed that local specificity was greater for AU detection within than cross domains. The findings suggest that more varied domains and deep learning approaches may be better suited for generalizability and suggest the need for more attention to characteristics that vary between domains. Until further improvement is realized, caution is warranted when applying AU classifiers from one domain to another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey F Cohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - László A Jeni
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA
| | - Lijun Yin
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA
| | - Qiang Ji
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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8
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Ertugrul IO, Cohn JF, Jeni LA, Zhang Z, Yin L, Ji Q. Cross-domain AU Detection: Domains, Learning Approaches, and Measures. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATIC FACE AND GESTURE RECOGNITION. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATIC FACE & GESTURE RECOGNITION 2019; 2019:10.1109/FG.2019.8756543. [PMID: 31749665 PMCID: PMC6867108 DOI: 10.1109/fg.2019.8756543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Facial action unit (AU) detectors have performed well when trained and tested within the same domain. Do AU detectors transfer to new domains in which they have not been trained? To answer this question, we review literature on cross-domain transfer and conduct experiments to address limitations of prior research. We evaluate both deep and shallow approaches to AU detection (CNN and SVM, respectively) in two large, well-annotated, publicly available databases, Expanded BP4D+ and GFT. The databases differ in observational scenarios, participant characteristics, range of head pose, video resolution, and AU base rates. For both approaches and databases, performance decreased with change in domain, often to below the threshold needed for behavioral research. Decreases were not uniform, however. They were more pronounced for GFT than for Expanded BP4D+ and for shallow relative to deep learning. These findings suggest that more varied domains and deep learning approaches may be better suited for promoting generalizability. Until further improvement is realized, caution is warranted when applying AU classifiers from one domain to another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey F Cohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - László A Jeni
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA
| | - Lijun Yin
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA
| | - Qiang Ji
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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9
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Understanding social factors in alcohol reward and risk for problem drinking. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Sayette MA, Creswell KG, Fairbairn CE, Dimoff JD, Bentley K, Lazerus T. The effects of alcohol on positive emotion during a comedy routine: A facial coding analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 19:480-488. [PMID: 29771544 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in understanding the emotional effects of alcohol. While a great deal of experimental research has focused on alcohol's ability to relieve negative emotions, there has been far less focus on the effects of alcohol on positive emotions. Further, the available research on positive emotion tends to test alcohol while participants are alone. Yet alcohol is often consumed in social settings, and enhancing social pleasure is consistently identified as being a primary motive for drinking. We aimed to address this gap in the literature by investigating the impact of alcohol on positive emotional experience in a social setting. We used the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to examine in a large sample the effects of alcohol on response to comedy in a group setting. Five hundred thirteen social drinkers (51.9% female) were assembled into groups of three unacquainted persons and administered either a moderate dose of alcohol, a placebo, or a nonalcohol control beverage. Following beverage consumption, groups listened to a roughly 5-min comedy clip while their facial expressions were video recorded. More than 5 million frames of video were then FACS-coded. Alcohol consumption enhanced enjoyment (Duchenne) smiles-but not nonenjoyment social smiles-and elevated mood ratings. Results provide multimodal evidence supporting the ability of alcohol to enhance positive emotional experience during a comedy routine delivered in a social context. More broadly, this research illustrates the value of studying emotion in a social context using both self-report and behavior-expressive approaches. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Talya Lazerus
- Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University
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11
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Capito ES, Lautenbacher S, Horn-Hofmann C. Acute alcohol effects on facial expressions of emotions in social drinkers: a systematic review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2017; 10:369-385. [PMID: 29255375 PMCID: PMC5723119 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s146918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As known from everyday experience and experimental research, alcohol modulates emotions. Particularly regarding social interaction, the effects of alcohol on the facial expression of emotion might be of relevance. However, these effects have not been systematically studied. We performed a systematic review on acute alcohol effects on social drinkers' facial expressions of induced positive and negative emotions. Materials and methods With a predefined algorithm, we searched three electronic databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science) for studies conducted on social drinkers that used acute alcohol administration, emotion induction, and standardized methods to record facial expressions. We excluded those studies that failed common quality standards, and finally selected 13 investigations for this review. Results Overall, alcohol exerted effects on facial expressions of emotions in social drinkers. These effects were not generally disinhibiting, but varied depending on the valence of emotion and on social interaction. Being consumed within social groups, alcohol mostly influenced facial expressions of emotions in a socially desirable way, thus underscoring the view of alcohol as social lubricant. However, methodical differences regarding alcohol administration between the studies complicated comparability. Conclusion Our review highlighted the relevance of emotional valence and social-context factors for acute alcohol effects on social drinkers' facial expressions of emotions. Future research should investigate how these alcohol effects influence the development of problematic drinking behavior in social drinkers.
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12
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Sayette MA. The effects of alcohol on emotion in social drinkers. Behav Res Ther 2017; 88:76-89. [PMID: 28110679 PMCID: PMC5724975 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding why people drink alcohol and in some cases develop drinking problems has long puzzled researchers, clinicians, and patients alike. In the mid-1940s and early 1950s, experimental research began to systematically investigate alcohol's hedonic properties. Presumably, alcohol consumption would prove reinforcing as a consequence of its capacity either to relieve stress or to brighten positive emotional experiences. This article reviews experimental research through the years examining the impact of alcohol on both the relief of negative affect and the enhancement of positive affect. It covers initial accounts that emphasized direct pharmacological effects of ethanol on the central nervous system. These early studies offered surprisingly tepid support for the premise that alcohol improved emotional states. Next, studies conducted in the 1970s are considered. Informed by social learning theory and employing advances derived from experimental psychology, this research sought to better understand the complex effects of alcohol on emotion. Coverage of this work is followed by discussion of current formulations, which integrate biological and behavioral approaches with the study of cognitive, affective, and social processes. These current perspectives provide insight into the particular conditions under which alcohol can boost emotional experiences. Finally, future research directions and clinical implications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sayette
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3137 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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13
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Bujarski S, Ray LA. Experimental psychopathology paradigms for alcohol use disorders: Applications for translational research. Behav Res Ther 2016; 86:11-22. [PMID: 27266992 PMCID: PMC5067182 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In spite of high prevalence and disease burden, scientific consensus on the etiology and treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has yet to be reached. The development and utilization of experimental psychopathology paradigms in the human laboratory represents a cornerstone of AUD research. In this review, we describe and critically evaluate the major experimental psychopathology paradigms developed for AUD, with an emphasis on their implications, strengths, weaknesses, and methodological considerations. Specifically we review alcohol administration, self-administration, cue-reactivity, and stress-reactivity paradigms. We also provide an introduction to the application of experimental psychopathology methods to translational research including genetics, neuroimaging, pharmacological and behavioral treatment development, and translational science. Through refining and manipulating key phenotypes of interest, these experimental paradigms have the potential to elucidate AUD etiological factors, improve the efficiency of treatment developments, and refine treatment targets thus advancing precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Bujarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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14
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Girard JM, Cohn JF, Jeni LA, Sayette MA, De la Torre F. Spontaneous facial expression in unscripted social interactions can be measured automatically. Behav Res Methods 2015; 47:1136-1147. [PMID: 25488104 PMCID: PMC4461567 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-014-0536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Methods to assess individual facial actions have potential to shed light on important behavioral phenomena ranging from emotion and social interaction to psychological disorders and health. However, manual coding of such actions is labor intensive and requires extensive training. To date, establishing reliable automated coding of unscripted facial actions has been a daunting challenge impeding development of psychological theories and applications requiring facial expression assessment. It is therefore essential that automated coding systems be developed with enough precision and robustness to ease the burden of manual coding in challenging data involving variation in participant gender, ethnicity, head pose, speech, and occlusion. We report a major advance in automated coding of spontaneous facial actions during an unscripted social interaction involving three strangers. For each participant (n = 80, 47 % women, 15 % Nonwhite), 25 facial action units (AUs) were manually coded from video using the Facial Action Coding System. Twelve AUs occurred more than 3 % of the time and were processed using automated FACS coding. Automated coding showed very strong reliability for the proportion of time that each AU occurred (mean intraclass correlation = 0.89), and the more stringent criterion of frame-by-frame reliability was moderate to strong (mean Matthew's correlation = 0.61). With few exceptions, differences in AU detection related to gender, ethnicity, pose, and average pixel intensity were small. Fewer than 6 % of frames could be coded manually but not automatically. These findings suggest automated FACS coding has progressed sufficiently to be applied to observational research in emotion and related areas of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Girard
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Jeffrey F Cohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laszlo A Jeni
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Sayette
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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15
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Girard JM, Cohn JF, Jeni LA, Lucey S, De la Torre F. How much training data for facial action unit detection? IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATIC FACE & GESTURE RECOGNITION AND WORKSHOPS 2015; 1. [PMID: 27275131 DOI: 10.1109/fg.2015.7163106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
By systematically varying the number of subjects and the number of frames per subject, we explored the influence of training set size on appearance and shape-based approaches to facial action unit (AU) detection. Digital video and expert coding of spontaneous facial activity from 80 subjects (over 350,000 frames) were used to train and test support vector machine classifiers. Appearance features were shape-normalized SIFT descriptors and shape features were 66 facial landmarks. Ten-fold cross-validation was used in all evaluations. Number of subjects and number of frames per subject differentially affected appearance and shape-based classifiers. For appearance features, which are high-dimensional, increasing the number of training subjects from 8 to 64 incrementally improved performance, regardless of the number of frames taken from each subject (ranging from 450 through 3600). In contrast, for shape features, increases in the number of training subjects and frames were associated with mixed results. In summary, maximal performance was attained using appearance features from large numbers of subjects with as few as 450 frames per subject. These findings suggest that variation in the number of subjects rather than number of frames per subject yields most efficient performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Girard
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Cohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - László A Jeni
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon Lucey
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Loersch C, Bartholow BD, Manning M, Calanchini J, Sherman JW. Intoxicated prejudice: The impact of alcohol consumption on implicitly and explicitly measured racial attitudes. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2015; 18:256-268. [PMID: 26330762 PMCID: PMC4553242 DOI: 10.1177/1368430214561693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that alcohol consumption can exacerbate expressions of racial bias by increasing reliance on stereotypes. However, little work has investigated how alcohol affects intergroup evaluations. The current work sought to address the issue in the context of the correspondence between implicit and explicit measures of anti-black attitudes. Participants were randomly assigned to consume an alcoholic (target BAC of 0.08%), placebo, or control beverage prior to completing implicit and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Although beverage condition did not affect prejudice levels on either measure, it did change the correlation between them. Implicitly measured attitudes significantly predicted explicit reports of prejudice and discrimination only for participants who consumed alcohol. We discuss the implications of our findings for debates regarding dissociations between implicit and explicit measures and the cultural phenomenon of intoxicated individuals attributing prejudiced statements to alcohol consumption rather than personal attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Manning
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute / Wayne State University School of Medicine
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17
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Murphy NA, Hall JA, Schmid Mast M, Ruben MA, Frauendorfer D, Blanch-Hartigan D, Roter DL, Nguyen L. Reliability and Validity of Nonverbal Thin Slices in Social Interactions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 41:199-213. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167214559902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four studies investigated the reliability and validity of thin slices of nonverbal behavior from social interactions including (a) how well individual slices of a given behavior predict other slices in the same interaction; (b) how well a slice of a given behavior represents the entirety of that behavior within an interaction; (c) how long a slice is necessary to sufficiently represent the entirety of a behavior within an interaction; (d) which slices best capture the entirety of behavior, across different behaviors; and (e) which behaviors (of six measured behaviors) are best captured by slices. Notable findings included strong reliability and validity for thin slices of gaze and nods, and that a 1.5-min slice from the start of an interaction may adequately represent some behaviors. Results provide useful information to researchers making decisions about slice measurement of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Debra L. Roter
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) and Idiap Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Girard JM, Cohn JF, Mahoor MH, Mavadati SM, Hammal Z, Rosenwald DP. Nonverbal Social Withdrawal in Depression: Evidence from manual and automatic analysis. IMAGE AND VISION COMPUTING 2014; 32:641-647. [PMID: 25378765 PMCID: PMC4217695 DOI: 10.1016/j.imavis.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between nonverbal behavior and severity of depression was investigated by following depressed participants over the course of treatment and video recording a series of clinical interviews. Facial expressions and head pose were analyzed from video using manual and automatic systems. Both systems were highly consistent for FACS action units (AUs) and showed similar effects for change over time in depression severity. When symptom severity was high, participants made fewer affiliative facial expressions (AUs 12 and 15) and more non-affiliative facial expressions (AU 14). Participants also exhibited diminished head motion (i.e., amplitude and velocity) when symptom severity was high. These results are consistent with the Social Withdrawal hypothesis: that depressed individuals use nonverbal behavior to maintain or increase interpersonal distance. As individuals recover, they send more signals indicating a willingness to affiliate. The finding that automatic facial expression analysis was both consistent with manual coding and revealed the same pattern of findings suggests that automatic facial expression analysis may be ready to relieve the burden of manual coding in behavioral and clinical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Girard
- 4322 Sennott Square, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15260
| | - Jeffrey F. Cohn
- 4322 Sennott Square, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15260
- 5000 Forbes Avenue, The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15213
| | - Mohammad H. Mahoor
- 2390 S. York Street, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA, 80208
| | - S. Mohammad Mavadati
- 2390 S. York Street, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA, 80208
| | - Zakia Hammal
- 5000 Forbes Avenue, The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15213
| | - Dean P. Rosenwald
- 4322 Sennott Square, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15260
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Fairbairn CE, Sayette MA, Aalen OO, Frigessi A. Alcohol and Emotional Contagion: An Examination of the Spreading of Smiles in Male and Female Drinking Groups. Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 3:686-701. [PMID: 26504673 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614548892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have hypothesized that men gain greater reward from alcohol than women. However, alcohol-administration studies testing participants drinking alone have offered weak support for this hypothesis. Research suggests that social processes may be implicated in gender differences in drinking patterns. We examined the impact of gender and alcohol on "emotional contagion"-a social mechanism central to bonding and cohesion. Social drinkers (360 male, 360 female) consumed alcohol, placebo, or control beverages in groups of three. Social interactions were video recorded, and both Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiling were continuously coded using the Facial Action Coding System. Results revealed that Duchenne smiling (but not non-Duchenne smiling) contagion correlated with self-reported reward and typical drinking patterns. Importantly, Duchenne smiles were significantly less "infectious" among sober male versus female groups, and alcohol eliminated these gender differences in smiling contagion. Findings identify new directions for research exploring social-reward processes in the etiology of alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Odd O Aalen
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo
| | - Arnoldo Frigessi
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, and Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital
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Abstract
Conventional wisdom and survey data indicate that alcohol is a social lubricant and is consumed for its social effects. In contrast, the experimental literature examining alcohol's effects within a social context reveals that alcohol does not consistently enhance social-emotional experience. We identify a methodological factor that might explain inconsistent alcohol-administration findings, distinguishing between studies featuring unscripted interactions among naïve participants (k = 18) and those featuring scripted social interactions with individuals identified as study confederates (k = 18). While 89% of naïve-participant studies find positive effects of alcohol on mood (d = 0.5), only 11% of confederate studies find evidence of significant alcohol-related mood enhancement (d = -0.01). The naïve-participant versus confederate distinction remains robust after controlling for various moderators including stress manipulations, gender, group size, anxiety outcome measure, and within-group consistency of beverage assignment. Based on the findings of our review, we propose a multidimensional, social-attributional framework for understanding alcohol-related reward. Borrowing organizing principles from attribution theory, the social-attributional approach predicts that alcohol will enhance mood when negative outcomes are perceived to be unstable and/or self-relevant. Our framework proposes that alcohol's effects within a social context are largely explained by its tendency to free individuals from preoccupation with social rejection, allowing them to access social rewards. The social-attributional approach represents a novel framework for integrating distinct, well-validated concepts derived from several theories of alcohol's effects. It further presents promising lines of inquiry for future research examining the role of social factors in alcohol reward and addiction susceptibility.
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Ding X, Chu WS, De la Torre F, Cohn JF, Wang Q. Facial Action Unit Event Detection by Cascade of Tasks. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION 2013; 2013:2400-2407. [PMID: 25264433 PMCID: PMC4174346 DOI: 10.1109/iccv.2013.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Automatic facial Action Unit (AU) detection from video is a long-standing problem in facial expression analysis. AU detection is typically posed as a classification problem between frames or segments of positive examples and negative ones, where existing work emphasizes the use of different features or classifiers. In this paper, we propose a method called Cascade of Tasks (CoT) that combines the use of different tasks (i.e., frame, segment and transition) for AU event detection. We train CoT in a sequential manner embracing diversity, which ensures robustness and generalization to unseen data. In addition to conventional frame-based metrics that evaluate frames independently, we propose a new event-based metric to evaluate detection performance at event-level. We show how the CoT method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in both frame-based and event-based metrics, across three public datasets that differ in complexity: CK+, FERA and RU-FACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Chu
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Jeffery F Cohn
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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