1
|
Pelham WE, Tapert SF, Gonzalez MR, Ahiarakwe U, Patel H, Davis IS, Meruelo AD, Van Rinsveld AM, Marshall AT, Dick AS, Guillaume M, Dowling GJ, Baskin-Sommers A, Brown SA. How Does Parental Monitoring Reduce Adolescent Substance Use? Preliminary Tests of Two Potential Mechanisms. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024; 85:389-394. [PMID: 38227391 PMCID: PMC11095493 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test two non-exclusive mechanisms by which parental monitoring might reduce teen substance use. The first mechanism (M1) is that monitoring increases punishment for substance use since parents who monitor more are more likely to find out when substance use occurs. The second mechanism (M2) is that monitoring directly prevents/averts teens from using substances in the first place for fear that parents would find out. METHOD A total of 4,503 teens ages 11-15 years old in 21 communities across the United States completed a survey reporting on parents' monitoring/knowledge and teens' substance use. RESULTS We found no support for M1: Parents with greater parental monitoring were not more likely to be aware when the teen had used substances (odds ratios = 0.79-0.93, ps = .34-.85), so they could not have increased the rate of punishment. We found support for M2: When asked directly, teens identified instances in which they planned to or had a chance to use substances but did not because their parents got in the way or would have found out (p < .01). Had all those opportunities for substance use occurred rather than been averted by parents, the prevalence of substance use in the sample would have been 1.4 times higher. CONCLUSIONS In this community-based sample of teens, we failed to support prior punishment-centric theories of how monitoring might reduce teen substance use. Rather, monitoring may directly discourage teens from using substances regardless of whether it increases parents' awareness of substance use or results in more punishment. Replication in other samples and contexts is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Pelham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Susan F. Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Marybel R. Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Herry Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Isabella S. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alejandro D. Meruelo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Andrew T. Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Mathieu Guillaume
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | - Sandra A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoffman S, Black A, Ward K, Bennion A, Wood D, Marsiglia FF. Parent-child conflict and adolescent health literacy in Mexico: Results from a nationwide dyad study in Mexico. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2326017. [PMID: 38468393 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2024.2326017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that health literacy (HL) is critical in preventing and managing health problems. However, over half of adults in Mexico report having inadequate health literacy. Research suggests the parent-child relationship can be a key predictor of developmental competencies; however, little research has examined how dyadic family interactions relate to HL. This study examined whether parent-child relationship conflict was associated with adolescent health literacy among families living in Mexico. Data from a parent-child dyads in Mexico were gathered using online surveys (N = 746, 373 parent-child dyads). Our findings suggested that child-reported family conflict-but not parent-reported family conflict - was associated with lower adolescent health literacy. Researchers and practitioners should consider how parent-child conflict may impact adolescent health outcomes, and prioritise child reports in data collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hoffman
- Brigham Young University School of Social Work, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Alyssa Black
- Brigham Young University School of Social Work, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kaitlin Ward
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Bennion
- Brigham Young University School of Social Work, Provo, UT, USA
| | - David Wood
- Brigham Young University School of Social Work, Provo, UT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pelham WE, Tapert SF, Gonzalez MR, Wade NE, Lisdahl KM, Guillaume M, Marshall AT, Van Rinsveld A, Dick AS, Baker FC, Breslin FJ, Baskin-Sommers A, Sheth CS, Brown SA. Parental knowledge/monitoring and adolescent substance use: A causal relationship? Health Psychol 2023; 42:913-923. [PMID: 36355697 PMCID: PMC10169542 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies have shown that parental knowledge/monitoring is correlated with adolescent substance use, but the association may be confounded by the many preexisting differences between families with low versus high monitoring. We attempted to produce more rigorous evidence for a causal relation using a longitudinal design that took advantage of within-family fluctuations in knowledge/monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD Youth (N = 8,780, age range = 10.5-15.6 years) at 21 sites across the United States completed up to seven surveys over 12 months. Youth reported on their parents' knowledge/monitoring of their activities and their substance use in the past month. Regressions were fit to within-family changes in youth-perceived knowledge/monitoring and substance use between survey waves. By analyzing within-family changes over time, we controlled for all stable, a priori differences that exist between families with low versus high levels of youth-perceived knowledge/monitoring. RESULTS Youth initially denying substance use were significantly more likely to start reporting use when they experienced a decrease in the level of perceived knowledge/monitoring (relative risk [RR] = 1.18, p < .001). Youth initially endorsing substance use were significantly more likely to stop reporting use when they experienced an increase in the level of perceived knowledge/monitoring (RR = 1.06; p < .001). Associations were similar or larger when adjusting for several time-varying potential confounders. CONCLUSION In a large, sociodemographically diverse sample, within-family changes in youth-perceived parental knowledge/monitoring over time were robustly associated with changes in youths' engagement in substance use. Findings lend support to the hypothesis that parent knowledge/monitoring is causally related to substance involvement in early adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Natasha E Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | | | | | - Andrew T Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marceau K. The role of parenting in developmental trajectories of risk for adolescent substance use: a bioecological systems cascade model. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1277419. [PMID: 38054168 PMCID: PMC10694242 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1277419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenting is a key influence and prevention target for adolescent substance use, and changes dramatically in form and function during adolescence. This theoretical synthesis reviews evidence of associations of substance use-specific parenting behaviors, dimensions, and styles with adolescent substance use, and integrates key developmental and family theories (e.g., bioecological, dynamical systems, family systems, developmental cascades) and methodological-conceptual advances to illustrate the complex role that parenting plays for the development of adolescent substance use in combination with child and contextual influences. The resulting bioecological systems cascade model centers the dynamic co-development of parenting and child influences in developmental cascades that lead to more or less risk for adolescent substance use. These trajectories are initiated by intergenerational influences, including genetics, parents' familial environments, and child-parent attachment. Culture and context influences are a holistic backdrop shaping parent-adolescent trajectories. Parenting is influences are conceptualized as a complex process by which specific parenting behaviors are informed by and accumulate into parenting dimensions which together comprise general parenting styles and are informed by the broader family context. The co-development of parenting and child biobehavioral risk is shaped by both parents and children, including by the genetics and environments they do and do not share. This co-development is dynamic, and developmental transitions of individuals and the family lead to periods of increased lability or variability that can change the longer-term trajectories of children's risk for substance use. Methodological avenues for future studies to operationalize the model are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Costello DM, Murphy TE. Time-Varying Effect Models for Examining Age-Dynamic Associations in Gerontological Research. Exp Aging Res 2023; 49:289-305. [PMID: 35786370 PMCID: PMC9807687 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2022.2095606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dynamic processes unfolding over later adulthood are of prime interest to gerontological researchers. Time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) accommodates dynamic change trajectories, but its use in gerontological research is limited. We introduce and demonstrate TVEM with an empirical example based on the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). METHODS We examined (a) age-varying prevalence of past month elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety and (b) age-varying associations between older adults' elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety and needing help with basic activities of daily living and educational attainment. RESULTS The proportion of participants reporting elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety in the past month increased gradually from 23-29% across the ages 70-92. Individuals needing help with ADLs had higher odds of reporting elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety, however the association was strongest for those in their 60s versus 80s. Across all ages, adults with lower education levels had higher odds of reporting elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety, an association that also varied by age. CONCLUSION We demonstrated TVEM's value for studying dynamic associations that vary across chronological age. With the recent availability of free, user-friendly software for implementing TVEM, gerontological researchers have a new tool for exploring complex change processes that characterize older adults' development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darcé M. Costello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geržičáková M, Dedkova L, Mýlek V. What do parents know about children's risky online experiences? The role of parental mediation strategies. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Dennermalm N, Karlsson P, Ekendahl M. Risk factors for substance use in Swedish adolescents: A study across substances and time points. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2022; 39:535-552. [PMID: 36284740 PMCID: PMC9549217 DOI: 10.1177/14550725221108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The public health model for prevention of disease and disorder
has been influential in informing interventions regarding substance use. While a
number of risk factors within this model have been found to predict substance
use, few studies have explored the associations across substances, at different
time points and in the same individuals. The aim of this study was to test this
model across legal and illegal substance use among adolescents, and to identify
potential changes in associations over time. Methods: Data from two
waves of a nationally representative cohort study among Swedish adolescents were
used. Baseline data were collected in 2017 (9th grade) with a follow-up in 2019
(11th grade). Using modified Poisson regression analyses, we explored
cross-sectional associations between factors from different domains and
prevalence of cigarette use, binge-drinking and illegal drug use at both
baseline and follow-up. Results: The results in part supported the
public health model. Substance use was predicted by factors within the family,
school and the individual/peer domain, but several associations were not
statistically significant. The only consistent risk factors across substances
and time points were lack of parental monitoring, truancy and minor criminal
activities. Conclusion: Despite widely different prevalence rates
across substances, some risk factors were consistently associated with
adolescent substance use. Nonetheless, the findings challenge the assumption
that risk factors are stable over adolescence. They suggest a need for flexible
prevention interventions spanning across substances and legal boundaries of
substances, but also over domains to reflect the heterogenous needs of
adolescents.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pelham WE, Tapert SF, Gonzalez MR, Guillaume M, Dick AS, Sheth CS, Baker FC, Baskin-Sommers A, Marshall AT, Lisdahl KM, Breslin FJ, Van Rinsveld A, Brown SA. Parental Knowledge/Monitoring and Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence: Protective Factor or Spurious Association? Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:919-931. [PMID: 35061153 PMCID: PMC8777180 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parental knowledge/monitoring is negatively associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms, suggesting monitoring could be a target for prevention and treatment. However, no study has rigorously addressed the possibility that this association is spurious, leaving the clinical and etiological implications unclear. The goal of this study was to conduct a more rigorous test of whether knowledge/monitoring is causally related to depressive symptoms. 7940 youth (ages 10.5-15.6 years, 49% female) at 21 sites across the U.S. completed measures of parental knowledge/monitoring and their own depressive symptoms at four waves 11-22 weeks apart during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, monitoring and depression were examined in standard, between-family regression models. Second, within-family changes in monitoring and depression between assessments were examined in first differenced regressions. Because the latter models control for stable, between-family differences, they comprise a stronger test of a causal relation. In standard, between-family models, parental monitoring and youths' depressive symptoms were negatively associated (standardized [Formula: see text]= -0.22, 95% CI = [-0.25, -0.20], p < 0.001). In first-differenced, within-family models, the association shrunk by about 55% (standardized [Formula: see text]= -0.10, 95% CI = [-0.12, -0.08], p < 0.001). The magnitude of within-family association remained similar when adjusting for potential time-varying confounders and did not vary significantly by youth sex, age, or history of depressive disorder. Thus, in this community-based sample, much of the prima facie association between parental knowledge/monitoring and youths' depressive symptoms was driven by confounding variables rather than a causal process. Given the evidence to date, a clinical focus on increasing parental knowledge/monitoring should not be expected to produce meaningfully large improvements in youths' depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E Pelham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Marybel R Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mathieu Guillaume
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anthony Steven Dick
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Chandni S Sheth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Andrew T Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Florence J Breslin
- National Center for Wellness & Recovery, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | | | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mak HW, Fosco GM, Lanza ST. Dynamic Associations of Parent-Adolescent Closeness and Friend Support With Adolescent Depressive Symptoms Across Ages 12-19. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:299-316. [PMID: 33241902 PMCID: PMC8127347 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Supportive relationships with parents and friends reduce adolescent risk for depression; however, whether and how the strength of these associations changes across adolescence remains less clear. Age-varying associations of mother-adolescent and father-adolescent closeness and friend support with depressive symptoms were examined across ages 12.5-19.5 using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 4,819). Positive relationships with mothers, fathers, and friends were associated with lower depressive symptoms across adolescence, and the associations were generally stable across age. The association between father-adolescent closeness and depressive symptoms was stronger for girls than for boys during mid-adolescence. Mother-adolescent closeness was more strongly negatively associated with depressive symptoms in the context of higher friend support during mid-adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hio Wa Mak
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gregory M. Fosco
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Stephanie T. Lanza
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|