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Reizer A, Galperin BL. "I Refuse to Wear a Mask!" Examining the Relationship Between Grit and Preventative Behaviors and Well-Being: Mediating Role of Motivation. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:2117-2138. [PMID: 36503337 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221144608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite government mandates to wear face masks in some public locations, why do some people still refuse to wear a face mask in public? This paper examines the relationship between grit, COVID-19 preventative health measure, and distress. Further, the mediating role of COVID-19 autonomous and controlled motivation is also investigated. The results suggest that grit is directly related to decreased distress and increased preventative behaviors. COVID-19 autonomous and controlled motivated mediated the relationship between grit, distress and preventive behaviors, such that COVID-19 autonomous motivation mediated the association between grit and preventive behaviors; while COVID-19 controlled motivation mediated the relationship between grit and psychological distress. These findings suggest that grit can be an important growth mindset in increasing preventative behaviors and individual well-being during the pandemic. Implications for human resource managers in attempting to help employees cope effectively during the pandemic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abira Reizer
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - Bella L Galperin
- Department of Management, John H. Sykes College of Business, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
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2
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Buenconsejo JU, Datu JAD, Liu D. Does grit predict thriving or is it the other way around? A latent cross-lagged panel model on the triarchic model of grit and the 5Cs of positive youth development. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 39150081 DOI: 10.1111/jora.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Grit, defined as passion and perseverance to achieve long-term goals, has been associated with adolescents' optimal academic and psychological functioning. However, the role of grit in adolescents' positive youth development (PYD)-characterized by the 5Cs known as competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring-remains unknown. Using latent cross-lagged panel modeling, this study examined the longitudinal relations between the triarchic model of grit (TMG) dimensions (i.e., perseverance of effort, consistency of interest, and adaptability to situations), and the 5Cs of PYD while controlling for specific socio-demographic covariates (gender, age, SES, and school type). Data were obtained from 1620 Filipino adolescents (Mage = 17.15; SDage = 1.00) in November 2021 and May 2022. Results show that grit dimensions predicted subsequent PYD dimensions, but not vice versa. Specifically, while perseverance and adaptability were linked to higher levels of competence, confidence, and character, consistency was associated with lower levels of competence and confidence six months later. Results highlight the importance of grit's dimensions in facilitating PYD characteristics among adolescents, especially efficacy-related Cs (competence and confidence). Theoretical and practical implications in promoting adolescent thriving and well-being are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Uy Buenconsejo
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jesus Alfonso D Datu
- Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning and Development, Centre for Advancement in Inclusive and Special Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Duo Liu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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3
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Martin J, Estep A, Tozcko M, Hartzel B, Boolani A. Relationships between grit and lifestyle factors in undergraduate college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:614-622. [PMID: 35325588 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2052078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the influence of grit on physical activity, sleep and diet in undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants: 125 undergraduate students participated in the study. Participants completed an online survey while enrolled in an online class during June, 2020. Methods: The online questionairre featured the following validated survey instruments: International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants Short Form and the grit short form. Effects of grit on lifestyle behaviors were explored using several statistical approaches. Results: We found that individuals with more grit reported better eating and sleeping behaviors compared to those with less grit. However, we did not find an influence of grit on physical activity or sitting time. Conclusion: Our findings support that personality traits encompassed in grit contribute to college students reporting healthier dietary habits and better sleep quality during a global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Amanda Estep
- Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Tozcko
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Bailey Hartzel
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Ali Boolani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
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Datu JAD, Buenconsejo JU, Shek CYC. Grit, academic engagement in math and science, and well-being outcomes in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study in Hong Kong and Macau. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2023; 44:489-512. [PMID: 38603326 PMCID: PMC9892874 DOI: 10.1177/01430343221147273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence showing that the triarchic model of grit and its dimensions (i.e., perseverance of effort, consistency of interests, and adaptability to situations) predict engagement and well-being outcomes in high school and undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. However, there has been limited research on how this model of grit relates to engagement and optimal psychological outcomes in primary school students. This research investigates the association of grit's dimensions with academic engagement in math and science as well as well-being outcomes (i.e., positive emotions, negative emotions, and flourishing) in primary school students. Participants were primary school students (Mage = 10.42; SDage = 1.26) from Hong Kong (n = 279) and Macau (n = 124). Results showed that perseverance of effort positively predicted cognitive and behavioral engagement in math as well as positive emotions even after controlling for demographic covariates (i.e., age, gender, setting, and year level), conscientiousness, and achievement goal orientations. Adaptability to situations positively predicted cognitive and social engagement in math and flourishing. Consistency of interests negatively predicted both cognitive engagement in science and negative emotions. Indeed, this study indicates that perseverance and adaptability may facilitate children's positive academic and psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Alfonso D. Datu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jet U. Buenconsejo
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Ying Cherry Shek
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Yoneda T, Lozinski T, Turiano N, Booth T, Graham EK, Mroczek D, Muniz Terrera G. The Big Five personality traits and allostatic load in middle to older adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105145. [PMID: 36996993 PMCID: PMC10106433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Further understanding of the associations between personality traits and allostatic load (AL) may be important for predicting, addressing, and optimizing health outcomes. This review synthesized the existing literature reporting the association between the Big Five personality traits and AL in adults to identify the generalizability and robustness of relationships, potential mechanisms underlying the associations, and study characteristics that may be contributing to inconsistencies in the field. Published and unpublished empirical reports were included if at least one of the Big Five traits was examined and an AL index was constructed using at least two biomarkers in a sample of adults. The methodological plan and standardized coding guide were pre-registered and reported (https://osf.io/rxw5a). Based on 11 studies that met eligibility, meta-analysis of correlation coefficients indicated a small but significant positive association between neuroticism and AL, and small but significant inverse associations between both conscientiousness and openness with AL. This review identifies strengths and limitations within the field, as well as several avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Yoneda
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, USA.
| | | | | | - Tom Booth
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eileen K Graham
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Daniel Mroczek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, USA; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Graciela Muniz Terrera
- Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA; Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Sutin AR, Luchetti M, Aschwanden D, Sesker AA, Zhu X, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. Five-Factor Model Personality Domains and Facets Associated with Markers of Cognitive Health. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023; 44:97-108. [PMID: 37214235 PMCID: PMC10195061 DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a diverse, age-stratified sample (N=3,478; age range 18-90) this study examines the cross-sectional association between five-factor model personality traits - domains and facets - and three measures of cognitive health - processing speed, visuospatial ability, subjective memory - and whether these associations vary by age, race, and ethnicity. Consistent with the literature on personality and cognitive health, higher openness and conscientiousness were associated with better cognitive performance and subjective memory, whereas higher neuroticism was associated with slower processing speed and worse subjective memory but was unrelated to visuospatial ability. Moderation analyses suggested some associations were stronger in midlife compared to younger and older adulthood but were generally similar across race and ethnicity. The facet-level analyses indicated the components of each domain most strongly associated with cognitive function (e.g., the responsibility facet of conscientiousness) and suggested some differences across facets within the same domain (e.g., depression was associated with worse performance, whereas anxiety was unrelated to performance; sociability was the only facet of extraversion associated with worse performance). The present research is consistent with the larger literature on personality and cognition and extends it by documenting similarities and differences across facets and demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xianghe Zhu
- Florida State University College of Medicine
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Allemand M, Grünenfelder-Steiger AE, Fend HA, Hill PL. Self-control in adolescence predicts forgivingness in middle adulthood. J Pers 2023; 91:400-412. [PMID: 35551671 PMCID: PMC10084201 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This 33-year study examined associations between self-control development in adolescence and forgivingness, i.e., the dispositional tendency to forgive others, in middle adulthood. METHODS Participants were 1350 adults aged 45 years (50.6% female). Self-control was measured yearly from age 12 to 16, while forgivingness was measured at age 45. RESULTS Results indicated significant individual differences in level and change of self-control across the adolescent years and an average mean-level increase. Individual differences in level and change in self-control were independently associated with forgivingness in middle adulthood. Individuals who either entered adolescence with higher self-control, and/or increased in self-control during the adolescent years, reported higher scores in forgivingness at age 45 compared to peers. This pattern held even after controlling for gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and conduct problems in adolescence. CONCLUSION The current findings demonstrate that developmental processes in adolescence are important for individual differences in the dispositional tendency to forgive others in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Allemand
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut A Fend
- Institute of Education, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick L Hill
- Deparment of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Hufer-Thamm A, Starr A, Steinmayr R. Is There Evidence for Intelligence-by-Conscientiousness Interaction in the Prediction of Change in School Grades from Age 11 to 15 Years? J Intell 2023; 11:45. [PMID: 36976138 PMCID: PMC10058778 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid intelligence and conscientiousness are the most important predictors of school grades. In addition to this main effect, researchers have suggested that the two traits might also interact with each other in the prediction of school success. A synergistic and a compensatory form of interaction have been suggested, but past evidence has been mixed so far. Most previous studies on this subject have been cross-sectional and many of them focused on older adolescents or adults in upper secondary school or university. We thus investigated the main and interaction effects of fluid intelligence and conscientiousness on school grades in math and German in a longitudinal sample of 1043 German students from age 11 to 15 years. Results from latent growth curve models with latent interaction terms showed a small compensatory interaction effect for baseline levels of math grades but not for their development. No interaction effect was found for German grades. These findings are discussed against the background that (synergistic) interaction effects between intelligence and conscientiousness might be more relevant in older students from higher secondary school or university context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hufer-Thamm
- Faculty of Psychology, Technical University Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexandra Starr
- Department of Education, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ricarda Steinmayr
- Faculty of Psychology, Technical University Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Wright AJ, Jackson JJ. Is parent personality associated with adolescent outcomes for their child? A response surface analysis approach. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Wright
- Psychological & Brain Sciences Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Joshua J. Jackson
- Psychological & Brain Sciences Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
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10
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Wright AJ, Jackson JJ. Childhood temperament and adulthood personality differentially predict life outcomes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10286. [PMID: 35717439 PMCID: PMC9206675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Debate has long surrounded whether temperament and personality are distinct sets of individual differences or are rather two sides of the same coin. To the extent that there are differences, it could indicate important developmental insights concerning the mechanisms responsible for linking traits with outcomes. One way to test this is to examine the joint and incremental predictive validity of temperament and personality in the same individuals across time. Using a longitudinal sample spanning 3 decades starting at infancy and followed up to 37 years old (N = 7081), we ran a series of Bayesian generalized linear models with measures of childhood temperament and adult-based personality to predict outcomes in several life domains. Results indicated that while each set of individual differences were often related to the same outcomes, there were instances in which temperament provided incremental validity above adult personality, ranging from 2 to 10% additional variance explained. Personality in childhood explained the most variance for outcomes such as cognitive ability and educational attainment whereas personality performed best for outcomes such as health status, substance use, and most internalizing outcomes. These findings indicate childhood and adulthood assessments of personality are not redundant and that a lifespan approach is needed to understand fully understand life outcomes.
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Wright AJ, Jackson JJ. Initiation of drug and alcohol use and personality development during adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221090107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits predict both the initiation and continued usage of alcohol and drugs. Less established is if substance use is associated with subsequent changes in personality, especially during the sensitive period of adolescence. We used three approaches to disentangle selection and socialization effects to address whether substance use is associated with personality development (impulsivity, sensation-seeking, depression, self-esteem). First, we used a multi-wave longitudinal sample of adolescents ( N = 8,303) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Child and Young Adult dataset to study the first use of several substances. Second, we used propensity score weighting to equate users and abstainers on a range of background variables. Third, we investigated changes before, during, and after initiation of substances. Overall, there was unique variability and effects in personality across time for average levels, trajectories, and magnitudes of change both between users and abstainers as well as within users of specific substances. Results suggest that initiation of substance use is associated with changes in personality; the specifics of which are largely contingent upon the substance being used. Impulsivity and sensation-seeking were the traits associated with the most change while cocaine and cigarettes were the substances associated with the greatest changes.
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Fluid Intelligence and Competence Development in Secondary Schooling: No Evidence for a Moderating Role of Conscientiousness. J Intell 2022; 10:jintelligence10020027. [PMID: 35645236 PMCID: PMC9149944 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence10020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid intelligence and conscientiousness are important predictors of students’ academic performance and competence gains. Although their individual contributions have been widely acknowledged, less is known about their potential interplay. Do students profit disproportionately from being both smart and conscientious? We addressed this question using longitudinal data from two large student samples of the German National Educational Panel Study. In the first sample, we analyzed reading and mathematics competencies of 3778 fourth graders (Mage = 9.29, 51% female) and gains therein until grade 7. In the second sample, we analyzed the same competencies in 4942 seventh graders (Mage = 12.49, 49% female) and gains therein until grade 9. The results of (moderated) latent change score models supported fluid intelligence as the most consistent predictor of competence levels and gains, whereas conscientiousness predicted initial competence levels in mathematics and reading as well as gains in mathematics (but not reading) only in the older sample. There was no evidence for interaction effects between fluid intelligence and conscientiousness. We found only one statistically significant synergistic interaction in the older sample for gains in reading competence, which disappeared when including covariates. Although our findings point to largely independent effects of fluid intelligence and conscientiousness on competence gains, we delineate avenues for future research to illuminate their potential interplay.
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Aschwanden D, Sutin AR, Ledermann T, Luchetti M, Stephan Y, Sesker AA, Zhu X, Terracciano A. Subjective Cognitive Decline: Is a Resilient Personality Protective Against Progression to Objective Cognitive Impairment? Findings from Two Community-Based Cohort Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:87-105. [PMID: 35848026 PMCID: PMC9843496 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is related to personality functioning and risk of subsequent objective cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether lower neuroticism and higher conscientiousness-resilient personality traits-protect against conversion from SCD to objective cognitive impairment in two longitudinal community-based cohorts. METHODS Data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 1,741, Mean age = 68.64 years, Follow-up mean = 7.34 years) and the National Health and Aging Trends Survey (N = 258, Mean age = 79.34 years, Follow-up mean = 4.31 years) were analyzed using Cox regression analysis, controlling for sociodemographic covariates, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and apolipoprotein ɛ4. RESULTS The pooled results showed that lower neuroticism and higher conscientiousness were associated with decreased risk of conversion from SCD to objective cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Among individuals with SCD, those with a resilient personality may have more cognitive and psychological reserve to maintain cognitive functioning and delay conversion to objective cognitive impairment. The findings further contribute to a better understanding of personality along the cognitive continuum: The observed effect sizes were smaller than those reported in cognitively normal individuals but larger than in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Personality could provide useful information to identify individuals with SCD who may develop objective cognitive impairment-namely those who hold a vulnerable personality (higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Aschwanden
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida, USA
| | - Angelina R. Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Ledermann
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Florida State University College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida, USA
| | - Martina Luchetti
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida, USA
| | | | - Amanda A. Sesker
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida, USA
| | - Xianghe Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida, USA
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Datu JAD, Buenconsejo JU. The ecological benefits of staying gritty: grit dimensions are associated with pro-environmental passion, awareness, and behaviours. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1967100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jet U. Buenconsejo
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Thorsen C, Yang Hansen K, Johansson S. The mechanisms of interest and perseverance in predicting achievement among academically resilient and non-resilient students: Evidence from Swedish longitudinal data. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 91:1481-1497. [PMID: 34110002 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Students with low socio-economic status (SES) are typically depicted as low performers and more likely to fail in school. However, a group of students, despite their background, manage to succeed in school. The capacity to overcome adversities and achieve successful educational outcomes is referred to as Academic Resilience. Research on the relationship between personality traits and academic performance shows that conscientiousness is a crucial factor in predicting academic success and resilience. However, it has also been shown that achievement is a result of an interaction between conscientiousness and students' interest in the subject. AIMS The study aims to investigate how students' school-related perseverance and interest predict academic achievement among resilient and non-resilient pupils over time in the Swedish compulsory school setting. SAMPLE Study subjects were a subset (N = 1,665) of the sampled compulsory school students from the 1992 birth cohort in the evaluation through follow-up (ETF) database. METHODS Multigroup structural equation modelling (SEM) with latent variable interaction was used. Measurement invariance was tested to examine the comparability of the constructs across groups. RESULTS The results suggest that resilient students rely heavily on both perseverance of effort and interest in school subjects to succeed in their education. For the non-resilient group, the later perseverance level was conditioned on the level of the interest, and neither their early nor later grade interest was related to their achievement. CONCLUSIONS The academically resilient students displayed more consistency in interest and perseverance over time, which might explain their relative success compared to the non-resilient group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kajsa Yang Hansen
- University West, Trollhättan, Sweden.,University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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The Relationship between Self-Confidence, Self-Efficacy, Grit, Usefulness, and Ease of Use of eLearning Platforms in Corporate Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study contributes to the understanding of self-confidence as a predictor of self-efficacy, ease of use, and usefulness of eLearning platforms in corporate training. The present research explored the relationship among the employees’ beliefs regarding self-confidence, grit, ease of use, self-efficacy, and usefulness of eLearning platforms in their workplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, 307 responses from Romanian employees who used eLearning platforms in corporate training (females = 60.3%, males = 39.7%, age range of less than 24 years (12.1%) to over 55 years (6.2%)) were exploited for research. Data were analyzed through a path analysis model. Results indicate that grit (i.e., consistency of interest), self-efficacy, and perceived ease of use of eLearning platforms were considerably directly influenced by the self-confidence variable. Usefulness was directly influenced by the ease of use and was indirectly influenced by self-confidence. Mediation analysis indicated that full mediation occurs only through the ease of use of eLearning platforms variable in the relationship between self-confidence and usefulness. A unit increase in self-confidence will increase the expected value of grit by 0.54 units (t = 8.39, p < 0.001), will indirectly increase the expected value of usefulness through ease of use by 0.15 units (t = 2.39, p = 0.017), and will increase the expected value of self-efficacy by 0.53 units (t = 6.26, p < 0.001). In addition, perceived ease of use of eLearning platforms in corporate training fully mediated the relationship of usefulness regressed on self-confidence (β = 0.20, t = 2.51, p = 0.012). These novel results reveal the contributions of self-confidence, consistency of interest as a grit dimension, and ease of use of eLearning platforms in predicting lifelong learning solutions, which improve business outcomes. The related investigation and consequences were further considered.
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Westphal A, Vock M, Kretschmann J. Unraveling the Relationship Between Teacher-Assigned Grades, Student Personality, and Standardized Test Scores. Front Psychol 2021; 12:627440. [PMID: 33815213 PMCID: PMC8017135 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Big Five personality traits play a major role in student achievement. As such, there is consistent evidence that students that are more conscientious receive better teacher-assigned grades in secondary school. However, research often does not support the claim that students that are more conscientious similarly achieve higher scores in domain-specific standardized achievement tests. Based on the Invest-and-Accrue Model, we argue that conscientiousness explains to some extent why certain students receive better grades despite similar academic accomplishments (i.e., achieving similar scores in domain-specific standardized achievement tests). Therefore, the present study examines to what extent the relationship between student personality and teacher-assigned grades consists of direct as opposed to indirect associations (via subject-specific standardized test scores). We used a representative sample of 14,710 ninth-grade students to estimate these direct and indirect pathways in mathematics and German. Structural equation models showed that test scores explained between 8 and 11% of the variance in teacher-assigned grades in mathematics and German. The Big Five personality traits in students additionally explained between 8 and 10% of the variance in grades. Finally, the personality-grade relationship consisted of direct (0.02 | β| ≤ 0.27) and indirect associations via test scores (0.01 | β| ≤ 0.07). Conscientiousness explained discrepancies between teacher-assigned grades and students' scores in domain-specific standardized tests to a greater extent than any of the other Big Five personality traits. Our findings suggest that students that are more conscientious may invest more effort to accomplish classroom goals, but fall short of mastery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Westphal
- Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miriam Vock
- Department of Education, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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18
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Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Martin J, Cortes N, Caswell S, Boolani A. Influence of grit on lifestyle factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of adults in the United States. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 175:110705. [PMID: 33531728 PMCID: PMC7843028 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has profoundly impacted the world, including disruptions in lifestyles to support physical distancing. It is well known that personality plays a role in lifestyle behaviors such that certain traits predict health and well-being. The present study examined the relationship between grit and lifestyle behaviors during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and initial lockdowns in the United States. It was hypothesized that those with more grit would engage in healthier lifestyle behaviors of increased physical activity, less sedentary time, and better eating habits. Using an internet-based survey, data was collected from adults from April 13th to May 4th, 2020. Survey questions focused on demographics, grit, physical activity and sedentary time, and dietary habits. Associations between grit and lifestyle were examined using a combination of hierarchical multiple regression analyses and ANCOVAs. The sample of 888 adults (age: 34.8 ± 14.0) was 74.2% female. Those with higher grit were more physically active, reported less sedentary time, and practiced better dietary habits. Collectively, these findings suggest that grit may help individuals lead a healthier lifestyle during stressful or negative events such as a global pandemic. Future work should examine the role of grit on lifestyle behaviors as the quarantine continues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, VA, USA
| | - N Cortes
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, VA, USA.,Department of Bioengieering, George Mason University, VA, USA.,Institute for BioHealth Innovation, George Mason University, VA, USA
| | - S Caswell
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, VA, USA
| | - A Boolani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Clarkson University, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, Clarkson University, NY, USA
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19
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Abstract
Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit of personal goals. There has been a proliferation of theories and models describing different aspects of self-regulation both within and outside of psychology. All of these models provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes they talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or make contributions that are underappreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose of this article is to integrate across the many different models in order to refine the vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve this objective, we first review some of the more prominent models of self-regulation coming from social psychology, personality psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. We then integrate across these models based on four key elements—level of analysis, conflict, emotion, and cognitive functioning—specifically identifying points of convergence but also points of insufficient emphasis. We close with prescriptions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Julia L. Briskin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Brent W. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA
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20
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Datu JAD, Restubog SLD. The emotional pay-off of staying gritty: linking grit with social-emotional learning and emotional well-being. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2020.1758922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Alfonso D. Datu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, Integrated Centre for Wellbeing (i-WELL), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Simon Lloyd D. Restubog
- School of Labor and Employment Relations and Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Beck ED, Jackson JJ. Idiographic Traits: A Return to Allportian Approaches to Personality. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721420915860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since its beginnings, personality psychology has focused on both nomothetic and idiographic questions, but nomothetic approaches have captured the majority of attention in the past century. In this article, we demonstrate how recent measurement and modeling techniques provide an avenue for testing idiographic propositions about the dynamic features of a personality system. Findings indicate that people have unique structures of personality and that these structures are sensitive to situations people encounter. At the same time, these unique, mutable systems show longitudinal consistency for some but not all people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emorie D. Beck
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Joshua J. Jackson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
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22
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Hill PL, Edmonds GW, Jackson JJ. Pathways Linking Childhood Personality to Later Life Outcomes. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2019; 13:116-120. [PMID: 33815567 DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dispositional characteristics are associated with important life outcomes across the lifespan, often predicting outcomes decades in advance. Evidence has accrued to demonstrate that personality characteristics measured during childhood and adolescence show unique effects on later life outcomes above and beyond adult personality. Currently it is unclear why personality produces unique effects at different life stages, given the modest consistency of personality across the lifespan. The current article sets forth potential explanations for why these unique predictive effects may occur, charting multiple pathways that link childhood personality to later outcomes that differ from how adult personality influences the same products. We conclude by providing directions for future longitudinal investigations into when, why, and how assessments of childhood personality can help advance our understanding of lifespan development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Hill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Joshua J Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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23
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Hoerger M, Perry LM, Korotkin BD, Walsh LE, Kazan AS, Rogers JL, Atiya W, Malhotra S, Gerhart JI. Statewide Differences in Personality Associated with Geographic Disparities in Access to Palliative Care: Findings on Openness. J Palliat Med 2019; 22:628-634. [PMID: 30615552 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2018.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Geographic disparities in access to palliative care cause unnecessary suffering near the end-of-life in low-access U.S. states. The psychological mechanisms accounting for state-level variation are poorly understood. Objective: To examine whether statewide differences in personality account for variation in palliative care access. Design: We combined 5 state-level datasets that included the 50 states and national capital. Palliative care access was measured by the Center to Advance Palliative Care 2015 state-by-state report card. State-level personality differences in openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and extraversion were identified in a report on 619,387 adults. The Census and Gallup provided covariate data. Regression analyses examined whether state-level personality predicted state-level palliative care access, controlling for population size, age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and political views. Sensitivity analyses controlled for rurality, nonprofit status, and hospital size. Results: Palliative care access was higher in states that were older, less racially diverse, higher in socioeconomic status, more liberal, and, as hypothesized, higher in openness. In regression analyses accounting for all predictors and covariates, higher openness continued to account for better state-level access to palliative care (β = 0.428, p = 0.008). Agreeableness also emerged as predicting better access. In sensitivity analyses, personality findings persisted, and less rural states and those with more nonprofits had better access. Conclusions: Palliative care access is worse in states lower in openness, meaning where residents are more skeptical, traditional, and concrete. Personality theory offers recommendations for palliative care advocates communicating with administrators, legislators, philanthropists, and patients to expand access in low-openness states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoerger
- 1 Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,2 Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,3 Department of Palliative Medicine, University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Laura M Perry
- 1 Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,3 Department of Palliative Medicine, University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Brittany D Korotkin
- 1 Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,3 Department of Palliative Medicine, University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Leah E Walsh
- 1 Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Adina S Kazan
- 1 Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - James L Rogers
- 1 Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Wasef Atiya
- 1 Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,3 Department of Palliative Medicine, University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sonia Malhotra
- 3 Department of Palliative Medicine, University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,4 Section of Palliative Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - James I Gerhart
- 5 Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
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24
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Disabato DJ, Goodman FR, Kashdan TB. Is grit relevant to well-being and strengths? Evidence across the globe for separating perseverance of effort and consistency of interests. J Pers 2018; 87:194-211. [PMID: 29573415 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers conceptualize grit as the combination of two facets: perseverance of effort and consistency of interests toward long-term goals. We tested the reliability of grit facet scores across the globe and examined how differently each grit facet related to well-being and personality strengths. METHOD An international sample of 7,617 participants from six of the seven continents (excluding Antarctica) completed an online survey. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses and omega reliability coefficients indicated that the 12 items from the original Grit Scale were multidimensional and reliably measured perseverance of effort and consistency of interests. Concurrent validity analyses showed that perseverance of effort was moderately to strongly related to subjective well-being, beliefs about well-being, and personality strengths, whereas consistency of interests had weak or negative correlations with these outcomes. The stronger relations with perseverance of effort were replicated across seven regions of the world. The presence of overall grit was supported in individualistic countries, but not collectivistic countries (i.e., those in Latin America and Asia). CONCLUSIONS We discuss the multidimensionality of grit, including a conceptual understanding of overall grit and how it may differ across cultures. We suggest well-being and strengths researchers study grit facets separately due to their differential validity.
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25
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Hill PL, Weston SJ, Jackson JJ. The co-development of perceived support and the Big Five in middle and older adulthood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025417690262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined whether relationships also influence personality trait development during middle and older adulthood, focusing on the individual’s perception of support from the relationship partner. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study ( n = 20,422; mean age = 65.9 years), we examined the longitudinal relationships between Big Five personality trait levels and perceived support from children, family, friends, and spouses. Results found that participants who reported more positive social support and lower negative support also tended to score higher on conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience, but lower on neuroticism. Moreover, changes in positive support across relationship partners coincided with trait changes over time, in the form of more positive support was associated with seemingly adaptive changes on the Big Five. Findings are discussed with respect to identifying social influences on personality development in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara J. Weston
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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