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Davidson C, Foster S. The seeds of change: Antecedent variables and their impact in building grit and resilience through outdoor adventure education. J Adolesc 2024; 96:1527-1538. [PMID: 38923000 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examines the impact of Outdoor Adventure Education (OAE) on developing grit and resilience in adolescents. Focusing on a United States-based sample collected in 2015, it explores how antecedent variables such as age and gender influence these outcomes, integrating the PERMA model of well-being to investigate underlying mechanisms. METHODS The research employed a cross-sectional design with 350 participants aged 14-18 from various OAE courses. Data collection involved pre/post surveys assessing grit and resilience as experiences through mastery, relatedness, and emotional reactivity. The study utilized established inventories for grit and the Resilience Scales for Children and Adolescents. RESULTS Findings revealed significant grit, mastery, and relatedness increases following the OAE program. Participants demonstrated enhanced perseverance and passion toward goals, increased sense of mastery, and better relational dynamics. However, emotional reactivity scores remained largely unchanged. Notably, the impact of these programs varied based on participants' gender and socioeconomic status, indicating differential effects across demographic groups. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that OAE programs effectively foster grit and resilience in adolescents, with varying impacts based on demographic factors. It highlights the necessity for inclusive and adaptive program designs that cater to diverse participant needs. The results contribute valuable insights to the field of youth development, emphasizing the role of OAE in enhancing key psychological traits essential for adolescents' growth and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Davidson
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, The University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Stephen Foster
- Department of Psychology, Penn State York, York, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Wetzler EL, Farina AG, Powers J, Matthews MD. Grit and uncertainty: Grit predicts performance and West Point graduation during pandemic conditions. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 36:536-545. [PMID: 37318312 PMCID: PMC11407409 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2222631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grit, or the passionate pursuit of long-term goals, is an important predictor of performance and success across various domains, including within some military contexts. Whether grit predicts such outcomes at a military service academy during a multi-year period of prolonged uncertainty, however, is unknown. Using institutional data collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic onset, we assessed how well grit, physical fitness test scores, and entrance examination scores predicted performance in academic, military, and physical domains, as well as on-time graduation for 817 cadets from the West Point Class of 2022. This cohort spent more than 2 years of their time at West Point functioning under the uncertainty of pandemic-related conditions. Multiple regression results showed that grit, fitness test, and entrance examination scores were all significant predictors of performance outcomes in the academic, military, and physical domains. Results from binary logistic regression showed that, in addition to physical fitness, grit scores significantly predicted graduation from West Point and accounted for unique variance. Consistent with results from pre-pandemic studies, grit was an important predictor of performance and success for West Point cadets even under pandemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Wetzler
- Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | - Andrew G Farina
- Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | - Jeremiah Powers
- Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | - Michael D Matthews
- Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
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3
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Biggs AT, Seech TR, Johnston SL, Russell DW. Psychological endurance: how grit, resilience, and related factors contribute to sustained effort despite adversity. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 151:271-313. [PMID: 37697826 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2023.2253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Many concepts describe how individuals sustain effort despite challenging circumstances. For example, scholars and practitioners may incorporate discussions of grit, hardiness, self-control, and resilience into their ideas of performance under adversity. Although there are nuanced points underlying each construct capable of generating empirically sound propositions, the shared attributes make them difficult to differentiate. As a result, substantial confusion arises when debating how these related factors concomitantly contribute to success, especially when practitioners attempt to communicate these ideas in applied settings. The model proposed here-psychological endurance-is a unified theory to explore how multiple concepts contribute to sustained goal-directed behaviors and individual success. Central to this model is the metaphor of a psychological battery, which potentiates and sustains optimal performance despite adversity. Grit and hardiness are associated with the maximum charge of the psychological battery, or how long an individual could sustain effort. Self-control modulates energy management that augments effort required to sustain endurance, whereas resilience represents the ability to recharge. These factors are constrained by both psychological and physiological stressors in the environment that drain the psychology battery. Taken together, these ideas form a novel framework to discuss related psychological concepts, and ideally, optimize intervention to enhance psychological endurance.
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Apró A, Fejes N, Bandi SA, Járai R. Investigating the effect of grit trait on performance and success in Hungarian athlete's sample. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1283115. [PMID: 38680277 PMCID: PMC11048980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1283115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study is to translate the Grit questionnaire into Hungarian and validate specifically within the context of sports. The second goal is to assess the questionnaire in Hungarian as a pilot study in the athlete population and to compare the grit trait with the coaches' athlete evaluation. Methods Two hundred and sixty nine athletes, including 40 national team players, took part in the study, with an average age of 18.17 years (SD = 5.51). For the preliminary assessment, the Cloninger Temperament and Character Questionnaire (TCI-RH) was used; the coaches' athlete evaluation was modeled on a talent map. Results The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fit of the two-factor structure, and the internal reliability of the questionnaire scales also proved to be adequate. 2. There is no relationship between adolescents' perceived grit and coach ratings. 3. The national team players achieved a higher grit score. Conclusion Based on the psychometric indicators, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire proved to be adequate. Therefore, it is applicable and useful for psychological practitioners and researchers in the Hungarian population within the context of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Apró
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Center for basketball methodology and education, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Fejes
- Doctoral School of the Institute of Psychology, Applied Psychology Programme, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs A. Bandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Járai
- Department of Cognitive and Evolutionary Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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5
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Chen O, Liu R, Zhao X. Impact of army morale on suicidal ideation: The mediating role of grit and the moderating role of social support in a Chinese Navy population. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 36:148-157. [PMID: 38377245 PMCID: PMC10880510 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2151814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether increased army morale could reduce suicidal ideation. The mediating role of grit and the moderating role of social support were also examined. A total of 1029 male navy cadets in China were recruited to complete the survey. The measures used in the study included the Army Morale Scale, Grit Scale, Social Support Scale, and Self-rated Idea of Suicide Scale. The results indicated that: increased army morale could significantly reduce suicidal ideation; the impact of army morale on suicidal ideation could be partially mediated by grit; and social support moderated the impact of army morale on suicidal ideation. Specifically, relatively higher levels of social support could reduce suicidal ideation among individuals with lower levels of army morale, but the effect is not significant when the morale is at a high level. The study revealed that increased army morale could reduce suicidal ideation. Moreover, the mediating role of grit and the moderating role of social support were also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outong Chen
- Department of Psychology, Normal College & School of Teacher Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Qingdao Branch, Naval Aeronautical University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Weifang Engineering Vocational College, Qingzhou, Shandong, China
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6
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Terry D, Peck B, Baker E, Schmitz D. Self-efficacy, grit, and rural career aspirations among early career nurses: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:50. [PMID: 38233912 PMCID: PMC10795393 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global nursing workforce shortage represents an impediment to the delivery of safe, evidence-based healthcare. Despite collective efforts, a consistent stream of nurses leaving the profession remains, particularly within the first five years of practice, which is exacerbated in rural communities. The aim of the study was to compare self-efficacy, grit, and rural career aspirations among nursing graduates between their second and fourth year of their nursing profession. METHODS As part of a longitudinal investigation, a repeated cross-sectional design was utilised. Participants included, 117 (response rate 52.2%) who completed an online questionnaire 18-24 months after graduating, and 32 participants (response rate of 21.0%) who agree to repeat the questionnaire 36-48 months after graduating. The questionnaire included demographic, employment, and measures examining general and occupational self-efficacy, grit, and rural career aspirations. RESULTS No differences between general and occupational self-efficacy or grit were identified between second- and fourth-year nurses. In addition, the importance placed on undertaking rural career also remains unchanged. However, a higher proportion of fourth year nurses were more likely to be in management or were considering leaving the profession. CONCLUSIONS This examination of early career nurses, now in their second and fourth-year post-graduation highlights self-efficacy, grit, and rural career aspirations remains stable between two- and four-years following graduation, while nursing in their fourth year were more likely to consider leaving the profession. Nursing retention is a 'Wicked Problem' that is unavoidably a complex amalgam of macro, meso and micro factors that we are yet to fully appreciate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Terry
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, 4305, Raceview LPO Raceview, QLD, PO BOX 4393, Australia.
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Blake Peck
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, 4305, Raceview LPO Raceview, QLD, PO BOX 4393, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ed Baker
- Center for Health Policy, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - David Schmitz
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, USA
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Iversen ZA, Almagor Tikotzki M, Kurman J. Psychological resilience: Predictors and measurement among Israel Defense Force combat officer candidates. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 35:493-506. [PMID: 37903167 PMCID: PMC10617368 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2127986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to develop a resilience selection tool for combat officers that would augment the test battery at the Israel Defense Force (IDF) Officer Selection Center (OSC). To enable this goal, we sought to explore the underlying structure of resilience in a diverse number of resilience predictors. Participants were 1,533 male candidates at the IDF OSC. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, 159 items from 13 separate resilience scales were refined into a single, 18-item psychological resilience scale. The new scale emphasizes self-efficacy, competency and overall positive self-perception. The new scale is tailored specifically to military combat officers. Initial construct validity was demonstrated against Big Five dimensions and psychological evaluations at IDF OSC. Predictive validity was demonstrated against command and peer evaluations from IDF Officer Training School (OTS). Medium to strong positive correlations were found between the resilience scale and Big Five dimensions of Extroversion and Conscientiousness, as well as a medium negative correlation with Neuroticism. Low but significant correlations were found between the resilience measure and psychological evaluations of combat officer vocational congruence. Low but significant correlations were also found with command and peer evaluations from Officer Training School. Resilience scale scores were found to predict OTS commander evaluations, but not OTS peer evaluations, beyond standard OSC scores when controlling for demographic variables. The theoretical importance of findings as well as implications for military officer selection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny Kurman
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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8
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Wilson TB, Caporale-Berkowitz NA, Parent MC, Brownson CB. Grit is associated with decreased mental health help-seeking among student veterans. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2025-2030. [PMID: 34314660 PMCID: PMC10371202 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1953034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the role of grit as a mediator of the relationship between student-veteran status and not seeking mental health help. Participants: A diverse and nationally representative sample of students (8,203 women, 4,934 men) from 18 U.S. colleges and universities included in the Understanding Student Distress and Academic Success study was used. Method: Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling to assess associations between military service, grit, and help seeking. Results: Military service was positively associated with both facets of grit: consistency of interests (CI) and perseverance of effort (PE). CI, but not PE, mediated the relationship between military service and never having sought mental health help. Conclusions: These results suggest that grit mediates the relationship between military service and not seeking mental health help. Interventions for student-veterans that emphasize the utility of mental health treatment may be useful to diminish the negative influence of grit on help-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Wilson
- Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mike C. Parent
- Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chris B. Brownson
- Counseling and Mental Health Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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9
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Hof T, Zuidema PM, Pennings HJM. Quality of life, psychosocial characteristics, and study skills affecting recruits' intention to quit Basic Military Training. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 35:467-479. [PMID: 37615559 PMCID: PMC10453997 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2124790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Quitting Basic Military Training (BMT) is a problem in the Dutch Armed Forces. Previous research focused on physical factors. Yet, contemporary research focuses on psychosocial characteristics, study skills, and quality of life factors associated with recruits' intention to quit BMT. We combined several factors to identify the key factors affecting recruits' intentions to quit BMT. We also studied gender and rank position differences. Three hundred fifty-five recruits enrolled in BMT participated by completing a self-report questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis showed that being highly engaged with BMT, having a high sense of belonging, and being highly proactive resulted in lower intention to quit. Having a high sense of responsibility resulted in higher intention to quit BMT. For gender, significant differences were found in study skills and self-esteem. For rank positions, significant differences were found in several psychosocial characteristics, study skills, quality of life factors, and intention to quit; with officer rank recruits showing higher intentions to quit than noncommissioned officer rank recruits. These identified factors can be used to improve conditions for BMT recruits. It is further advised to investigate the origin of gender and rank position differences that affect associations between psychosocial characteristics, study skills, quality of life factors, and recruits' intention to quit, so that these differences can be minimized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Hof
- Department Human Behavior and Training, Unit Defense, Safety and Security, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline M. Zuidema
- Department Human Behavior and Training, Unit Defense, Safety and Security, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Helena J. M. Pennings
- Department Human Behavior and Training, Unit Defense, Safety and Security, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Center for Research and Development of Health Professions Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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LaRocca MA, Marshall DR, Groves KS. Exploring the Motivation to Lead in a Demanding Environment: The Role of Achievement Values, Grit, and Psychological Capital. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231199456. [PMID: 37643627 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231199456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
As leaders across organizational contexts continue to face volatile and often stressful environments, a greater understanding of the psychological underpinnings of the motivation to lead (MTL) in challenging circumstances is needed. Based on a sample of 242 cadets holding leadership positions in a military college, we utilized a distal and proximal conceptualization of MTL to test achievement values, grit, and psychological capital (PsyCap) as antecedents to the three factors of MTL. Controlling for gender, prior leadership positions, and leader tenure, regression modeling revealed grit and achievement values to be positively associated with affective/identity MTL, while PsyCap was positively associated with all three MTL factors. In addition, PsyCap mediated the relation between grit and all three MTL factors. Our findings suggest that PsyCap plays a critical proximal role in MTL in demanding environments, and further implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A LaRocca
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, USA
| | - Daniel R Marshall
- Department of Assessment and Institutional Research, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, USA
| | - Kevin S Groves
- Pepperdine Graziadio Business School, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Meng Q, Jia W. Influence of psychological hardiness on academic achievement of university students: The mediating effect of academic engagement. Work 2022; 74:1515-1525. [PMID: 36565087 DOI: 10.3233/wor-211358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dropping out of university students is a serious problem faced by higher education all over the world. Studies have shown that academic hardiness is a positive psychological variable to prevent students from dropping out of university and academic burnout. Psychological hardiness can reduce the dropping out by increasing university students' academic engagement and academic achievement. OBJECTIVE This study aims to discover the influence of psychological hardiness on university student's academic achievement and the mediating role of academic engagement in the relationship between psychological hardiness and academic achievement. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 615 participants. METHODS Pearson correlation coefficients were conducted to analyze the relationships between psychological hardiness, academic engagement and academic achievement. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate the mediating role of academic engagement in the relationship between psychological hardiness and academic achievement. RESULTS The research indicated a closely significant association between psychological hardiness, academic engagement and academic achievement. Psychological hardiness can directly predict academic achievement and can also indirectly predict academic achievement through the intermediary effect of academic engagement. CONCLUSION This study could have important implications for research by linking psychological hardiness and academic achievement. The results suggest that universities should pay attention to the positive role psychological hardiness plays in improving university students' academic achievement. This study also benefits the university administrators, especially, those dealing with university students at the risk of dropping out and high academic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- Department of Higher Education, College of Education, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wenxiu Jia
- Department of Higher Education, College of Education, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
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12
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Ledford AK, Beckner ME, Conkright WR, Raver C, Dixon DP, Miles P, Martin B, Nindl BC, Lynch SM. Psychological and physiological changes during basic, underwater, demolition/SEAL training. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113970. [PMID: 36179811 PMCID: PMC10284119 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examines the growth of psychological characteristics and adaptation of physiological markers of stress during a six-month assessment and selection course for U.S. Navy SEALs. Resilience, hardiness, and grit instruments were used to evaluate the psychological characteristics. Blood samples were taken to determine physiological markers related to stress adaptation; specifically, evaluating DHEA, DHEA-to-cortisol ratio, BDNF, NPY, and cortisol. Data was collected at four timepoints throughout the assessment and selection course from 353 students over three classes. Results indicated that resilience and hardiness grow after an initial decline, DHEA and DHEA-to-cortisol increased suggesting physiological adaptation. However, psychological and physiological markers do not exhibit the same growth patterns for participants in the course. This study enhances the understanding of psychological growth and physiological adaptation in a high-stress environment over an extended duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Ledford
- Department of Leadership, Ethics, and Law, United States Naval Academy, United States.
| | | | - William R Conkright
- Deputy Chief, Nutrition Care Division, Madigan Army Medical Center, United States
| | - Celeste Raver
- Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership, United States Naval Academy, United States
| | - Deirdre P Dixon
- TECO Energy Center for Leadership, Sykes College of Business, The University of Tampa, United States
| | - Patti Miles
- Maine Business School, University of Maine, United States
| | - Brian Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Scott M Lynch
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Department of Sociology, Duke University
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13
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Beitia P, Stamatis A, Amasay T, Papadakis Z. Predicting Firefighters' Physical Ability Test Scores from Anaerobic Fitness Parameters & Mental Toughness Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15253. [PMID: 36429971 PMCID: PMC9691205 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical ability test (PAT) evaluates firefighters' (FF) occupational capacity. The contribution of anaerobic systems during PAT and mental toughness (MT) relationship to PAT is unexplored. PAT modeling based on anaerobic fitness (AF), MT, and respective relationships were examined. Fourteen male FFs (Age: 29.0 ± 7.0 years) completed a PAT composed of occupationally-specific tasks in full gear. On a separate day, a series of AF assessments were performed (handgrip-dynamometry: HG; vertical-jump: VJ; Margaria-Kalamen: MK; 300-yard shuttle run: 300YD). MT was evaluated using military training MT inventory (MTMTI) and sports MT questionnaire (SMTQ). We tested the PAT model using multiple backward regression and related correlations coefficients at p < 0.05. A 78% proportion of PAT was explained by AF parameters (F2,13 = 20.2, <0.05). PAT was significantly correlated with HG (r = -0.71, p < 0.01), VJ (r = -0.73, p < 0.01), MK (r = -0.75, p < 0.01), and with 300YD (r = 0.60, p < 0.05). MT did not demonstrate significant correlation with PAT (p > 0.01). Anaerobic system significantly contributes to PAT performance. FFs should optimize AF training, which would allow for enhanced occupational performance in PAT. Further investigation into psychological determinants of FFs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Beitia
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health Promotion and Clinical Practice, College of Health and Wellness, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
| | - Andreas Stamatis
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, State University of New York, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA
| | - Tal Amasay
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health Promotion and Clinical Practice, College of Health and Wellness, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
| | - Zacharias Papadakis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health Promotion and Clinical Practice, College of Health and Wellness, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
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Jones MV, Smith N, Burns D, Braithwaite E, Turner M, McCann A, Walker L, Emmerson P, Webster L, Jones M. A systematic review of resilient performance in defence and security settings. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273015. [PMID: 36190945 PMCID: PMC9529107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A narrative systematic literature review was conducted to explore resilient performance in defence and security settings. A search strategy was employed across a total of five databases, searching published articles from 2001 onwards that assessed performance and optimal function in relation to resilience, in defence and security personnel. Following narrative synthesis, studies were assessed for quality. Thirty-two articles met inclusion criteria across a range of performance domains, including, but not limited to, course selection, marksmanship, land navigation, and simulated captivity. Some of the key findings included measures of mental toughness, confidence, and a stress-is-enhancing mindset being positively associated with performance outcomes. There was mixed evidence for the predictive value of biomarkers, although there was some support for cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and neuropeptide-y (NPY), and vagal reactivity. Interventions to improve resilient performance were focused on mindfulness or general psychological skills, with effects generally clearer on cognitive tasks rather than direct performance outcomes in the field. In sum, no single measure, nor intervention was consistently associated with performance over a range of domains. To inform future work, findings from the present review have been used to develop a framework of resilient performance, with the aim to promote theoretically informed work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vincent Jones
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | - Nathan Smith
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, England
| | - Danielle Burns
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | | | - Martin Turner
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | - Andy McCann
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | - Lucy Walker
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | | | - Leonie Webster
- Human and Social Sciences Group, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Jones
- Human and Social Sciences Group, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Chen CC, Hung CH. Plan and Then Act: The Moderated Moderation Effects of Profession Identity and Action Control for Students at Arts Universities during the Career Development Process. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101938. [PMID: 36292385 PMCID: PMC9601481 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservice teachers at universities of arts have more than 10 years of professional training before admission, but in their senior year, they face the pressure of the graduation exhibition and performances and the teacher certification examination at the same time. This process is dissimilar to that for preservice teachers at general universities. Such a difference, however, has not been taken seriously in the past. In order to avoid burnout, preservice teachers at universities of arts, when they are under the pressure of limited time, may choose to identify with the departments they are more familiar with for their future careers, rather than identifying with their educational program, in order to increase hope for their career and reduce the chance of burnout. In addition, we believe that the use of action control/state control would also show different adaptation situations in the face of pressure. Therefore, this study focuses on the role of profession identity and action control as moderating variables in the process of becoming preservice teachers at arts universities. We recruited 304 art-major preservice teachers to establish a path model to explore their future time perspective and grit, detecting how the mediation of career decision self-efficacy affects learning burnout and career hope. Secondly, we inspected the moderating effect of profession identity and action control on learning burnout and career hope. We found that profession identity moderates the relationships between future time perspective and career decision self-efficacy as well as between career decision self-efficacy and learning burnout, all of which exhibited ordinal interactions. Furthermore, preservice teachers with high decision-making efficacy had lower burnout than those with low efficacy, but the high-efficacy advantage in preservice teachers under state control in reducing burnout would disappear. Lastly, although professional identification was important, action control regulated the relationship between career decision self-efficacy and learning burnout with ordinal interaction; that is, action control could effectively reduce their learning burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Chen
- Teacher Education Center, National Taiwan University of Arts, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-916-374-766
| | - Chao-Hsiang Hung
- General Education Center, National Taiwan University of Arts, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
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Georgoulas‐Sherry V. Understanding the Distinctions of Positive Constructs: Resilience, Grit, and Hardiness. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jls.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Benedict TM, Grier TL, Roy TC, Toussaint MN, Jones BH. Demographic, psychosocial, and physical fitness predictors of successful graduation from U.S. Army Ranger School. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 35:180-191. [PMID: 37133490 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2094174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
U.S. Army Ranger School is an arduous 64-day leadership training course designed to simulate the stressors of combat. Although physical fitness has been shown to be an important predictor of successful graduation for Ranger School, psychosocial characteristics like self-efficacy and grit have not been examined. The purpose of this study is to identify personal, psychosocial, and fitness characteristics associated with successful completion of Ranger School. This study was a prospective cohort examining the association of baseline characteristics of Ranger School candidates with a primary outcome of graduation success. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the contribution of demographics, psychosocial, fitness and training characteristics to graduation success. Out of 958 eligible Ranger Candidates, this study obtained graduation status for 670 students, 270 (40%) of which graduated. Soldiers who graduated were younger, more likely to come from units with a higher proportion of previous Ranger School graduates, had higher self-efficacy and faster 2-mile run times. The results from this study suggest that Ranger students should arrive in optimal physical conditioning. Furthermore, training programs that optimize student self-efficacy and units with a high proportion of successful Ranger graduates may confer advantage for this challenging leadership course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Benedict
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Tyson L. Grier
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Tanja C. Roy
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Maisha N. Toussaint
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Bruce H. Jones
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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Park JA, Song MH, Lim J, Park J. Two faces of grit–perseverance: Is it always good to exert grit? JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2094935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ae Park
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Hae Song
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeseo Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jooyong Park
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Neroni J, Meijs C, Kirschner PA, Xu KM, de Groot RHM. Academic self-efficacy, self-esteem, and grit in higher online education: Consistency of interests predicts academic success. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcademic self-efficacy, self-esteem, and grit (i.e., perseverance of effort and consistency of interests) have all separately shown to predict academic success within traditional education. In higher online education, information on these relationships is lacking, while this group of learners is growing in size and importance. We therefore investigated the total as well as the unique predictive value of academic self-efficacy, self-esteem, and grit on academic success in higher online education. Moreover, mediation effects were investigated. Students of a higher online education university in the Netherlands participated (N = 2027, age 18–80 years) in this observational study. Participants filled out online questionnaires on the variables of interest and potential confounding variables at baseline. Academic success was measured objectively through information provided by the exam registration office and operationalized in three variables: exam attempt, study progress, and academic performance. Logistic regression analyses showed that consistency of interests significantly predicted exam attempt (B = .43, p < .001). Generalized multiple linear regression analyses with negative binomial distribution showed that consistency of interests was a significant predictor of study progress (B = .16, p < .001). Mixed model analyses revealed no significant predictors for academic performance (ps > .06). The fact that of our three predictors solely consistency of interests was found to be predictive for academic success indicates that online educational institutes should pay attention to consistency of interests of their students to improve the academic success rates.
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Chen O, Liu R, Zhao X. Role of Self-Control and Self-Construal in the Army Morale and Suicidal Ideation of Chinese Military Cadets. Front Psychol 2022; 13:904170. [PMID: 35719476 PMCID: PMC9201465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the relationship between army morale and suicidal ideation in Chinese military cadets, including the mediating role of self-control and the moderating role of self-construal. A total of 1124 male navy cadets participated in the study, completing a series of questionnaires. The results revealed the following: (1) army morale could negatively predict suicidal ideation; (2) the negative predictive effect of army morale on suicidal ideation could be partially mediated by self-control; and (3) self-construal moderated the predictive effect of army morale on suicidal ideation among navy cadets. Finally, the current study suggested that building some relevant assessment, diagnostic, and training programs may help build army morale and further prevent suicidal ideation in the military context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outong Chen
- Department of Psychology, Normal College and School of Teacher Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Qingdao Branch, Naval Aeronautical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Weifang Engineering Vocational College, Qingzhou, China
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21
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Frontini R, Monteiro D, Rodrigues F, Matos R, Antunes R. Adapting the Short Grit Scale with Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling for Portuguese College Students. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1428-1442. [PMID: 35658701 PMCID: PMC9483702 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221107140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) is a self- and informant-report version of the longer Grit Scale, and it retains the 2-factor structure of the original scale. Our purpose in this research was to measure trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals by translating and validating the Grit-S for Portuguese respondents. Our participants were 572 college students (135 female, 437 male; age range 18-30 years, M age = 21.47, SD = 2.29 years) from twelve Portuguese universities. Our data confirmed the scale's two-factor structure ("consistency of interests" and "perseverance of effort") and demonstrated appropriate adjustment values (CFI = 0.999, TLI = 0.981, SRMR = 0.017, RMSEA = 0.001, CI90%= 0.000-0.041). We found the adapted scale to be invariant for sex. Use of the scale confirmed an association between grit and well-being. These results imply that other investigators and practitioners interested in this scale may now apply it with Portuguese young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Frontini
- CIEQV - Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- CIEQV - Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- CIEQV - Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- CIEQV - Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Raúl Antunes
- CIEQV - Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
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Reserve Soldiers’ Psychological Resilience Impact to Sustainable Military Competences: On the Mediating Role of Psychological Skills (Effort, Self-Efficacy, Proactivity). SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to explore an analytical model, gauge the interplay between psychological resilience and achieved military competencies, and examine an intermediary role of effort, proactivity, and self-efficacy. In this study, 337 reserve soldiers from Lithuania were investigated with the Lithuanian Military Training Competences Assessment Scale, Resilience Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Short Grit Scale (Grit-S), and Proactivity Scale. Our findings highlighted the importance of the psychological resilience of reserve soldiers due to its positive relationship with the personality traits. Implicit interconnectedness between psychological resilience and psychological skills together with military competences was researched, and it became evident that self-efficacy determined a statistically important mediating role (indirect effect = 0.264 **, p < 0.05) between reservists’ psychological resilience and perceived military training course results. However, the other components included in the study did not have a mediating effect (effort indirect effect = 0.03, p > 0.1; proactivity indirect effect = 0.094, p > 0.1). The research findings are important because of greater prominence of the role of reserve troops in military operations around the world and achievements in the domain of security and defense. This study has great theoretical and empirical value in making decisions concerning the psychological resilience of reserve soldiers’ promotion and sustainable improvement of military preparedness strategies.
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23
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Harry N. Socio-demographic characteristics as predictors of psychosocial resources of call centre agents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2022.2028074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Harry
- Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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Hosseini L, Sharif Nia H, Ashghali Farahani M. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Family Caregivers' Hardiness Scale: A Sequential-Exploratory Mixed-Method Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:807049. [PMID: 35432109 PMCID: PMC9010881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.807049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Caring for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a stressful situation and an overwhelming task for family caregivers. Therefore, these caregivers need to have their hardiness empowered to provide proper and appropriate care to these older adults. From the introduction of the concept of hardiness, few studies have been conducted to assess the hardiness of caregivers of patients with AD. Presumably, one reason for this knowledge gap is the lack of a proper scale to evaluate hardiness in this group. This study was conducted to develop a reliable and valid Family Caregivers' Hardiness Scale (FCHS) to measure this concept accurately among Iranian family caregivers sample. Methods This study is a cross-sectional study with a sequential-exploratory mixed-method approach. The concept of family caregivers' hardiness was clarified using deductive content analysis, and item pools were generated. In the psychometric step, the samples were 435 family caregivers with a mean age of 50.26 (SD ± 13.24), and the data were gathered via an online form questionnaire. In this step, the items of the FCHS were evaluated using face and content validity. Then, the factor structure was determined and confirmed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) followed by convergent and divergent validity, respectively. Finally, scale reliability, including stability, and internal consistency were evaluated. Results The finding revealed that FCHS consists of five factors, namely, "Religious Coping" (5 items), "Self-Management" (6 items), "Empathic Communication" (3 items), "Family Affective Commitment" (3 items), and "Purposeful Interaction" (4 items) that explained 58.72% of the total variance. The results of CFA showed a good model fit. Reliability showed acceptable internal consistency and stability. Conclusion Based on the results of the psychometric evaluation of the FCHS, turned out that the concept of hardiness in Iranian family caregivers is a multidimensional concept that is most focused on individual-cultural values, emotional family relationships, and social relationships. The designed scale also has acceptable validity and reliability features that can be used in future studies to measure this concept in family caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Hosseini
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharif Nia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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25
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Wei J, Liu RD. The interplay between perceived parents' academic socialization and psychological control in predicting youth's grit: An investigation across elementary, middle, and high schools in China. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Burrell LM, Kelly CJ, Kelly DR, Matthews MD. The Relationship Among Chronotype, Hardiness, Affect, and Talent and Their Effects on Performance in a Military Context. Psychol Rep 2022:332941211073659. [PMID: 35234105 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211073659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual preference for morning or evening activities (chronotype), affect, hardiness, and talent are associated with a variety of performance outcomes. This longitudinal study was designed to investigate the degree to which these variables are associated with academic, physical, and military performance. Self-reported measures of chronotype, affect, and hardiness were collected from 1149 cadets from the Class of 2016 upon entry to the United States Military Academy. Talent, a composite of academic, leadership, and physical fitness scores were drawn from cadet records. Academic, military, and physical performance measures were collected at graduation 4 years later. The results indicated that a morning orientation was associated with better physical and military performance. Higher talent scores, as well as lower levels of negative affect, were associated with better performance across all three performance measures. Hardiness was only associated with military performance. The findings suggest that a morning orientation and less negative affect may result in better performance overall within a challenging and structured military environment. Future studies of chronotype shifts may provide further insight into associated performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita M Burrell
- 8531Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
| | | | - Dennis R Kelly
- 8531Office of Institutional Research, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Matthews
- 8531Office of Institutional Research, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
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27
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Dunston ER, Messina ES, Coelho AJ, Chriest SN, Waldrip MP, Vahk A, Taylor K. Physical activity is associated with grit and resilience in college students: Is intensity the key to success? JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:216-222. [PMID: 32240056 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1740229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the independent associations among physical activity, sitting, grit, and resilience in college students. Participants: Undergraduate students (n = 244) from a regional university participated in the study in January 2018. Methods: An online survey regarding physical activity, grit, and resilience was distributed via email. Linear regression analyses were used to determine independent associations among grit, resilience, physical activity and sitting. One-way ANCOVAs were used to determine differences in grit and resilience across levels of activity. Results: Vigorous physical activity was positively associated with resilience and the perseverance of effort grit domain, while being negatively associated with the consistency of interest grit domain. Further, grit and resilience scores were significantly higher with increased volumes of vigorous, but not moderate, physical activity. Conclusions: The intensity of physical activity may play an important role in psychosocial determinants related to student success such as grit and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Dunston
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington, USA
| | - Emily S Messina
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington, USA
| | - Alan J Coelho
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington, USA
| | - Shelby N Chriest
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington, USA
| | - Martin P Waldrip
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington, USA
| | - Annika Vahk
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington, USA
| | - Katrina Taylor
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington, USA
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Barrett TJ, Sobhani M, Fox GR, Files B, Patitsas N, Duhaime J, Ebert R, Faulk R, Saxon L. Diverse predictors of early attrition in an elite Marine training school. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 34:388-397. [PMID: 38536294 PMCID: PMC10013366 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1993721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reconnaissance Marine training is deliberately difficult, to assure that graduates have the capabilities required to function successfully in the high-risk military occupational specialty. The majority of training attrition is due to voluntary withdrawal and previous research has identified certain predictive factors such as demographics, mental status, and physical performance. While some characteristics of training attrition have been identified, there is still a lack of understanding related to an individual's profile that is more apt to complete Recon training. Retrospective survey data was analyzed from 3,438 trainees within the Reconnaissance Training Company. Surveys were related to trainees' military recruitment history and other military experience, prior life experience, athletic experience, self-identified personality characteristics and motivations, and reasons for voluntary withdrawal if applicable, as well as physical performance metrics. Various demographic factors, self-reported hobbies, motivations, aquatic experience, and physical performance were associated with success in Recon Marine training courses. Subjects who voluntarily withdrew from training most commonly cited mental stress and aquatic rigor as the reason and less commonly cited reasons were physical and family reasons. These results could potentially increase training success, but more research is needed to understand the relationships between the observed trainee characteristics and success in elite warfighter training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J. Barrett
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Institute for Creative Technologies, California, USA
| | - Mona Sobhani
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Institute for Creative Technologies, California, USA
| | - Glenn R. Fox
- Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Files
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory West, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Patitsas
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Josiah Duhaime
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Institute for Creative Technologies, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Ebert
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Institute for Creative Technologies, California, USA
| | - Rob Faulk
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Institute for Creative Technologies, California, USA
| | - Leslie Saxon
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Institute for Creative Technologies, California, USA
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29
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Georgoulas-Sherry V, Hernandez HG. The effects of grit and resilience on moral competence following simulated combat exposure. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1982631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna G. Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fresno, California, USA
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30
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Lepinoy A, Lo Bue S, Vanderlinde R. Basic needs satisfaction in a military learning environment: An exploratory study. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1973793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Lepinoy
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Lo Bue
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
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Mattick LJ, Lott BE, Baum CE, Soliman AS. Grit as a Key Factor in the Ability of Students to Achieve Productive Global Field Research. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2021; 36:55-61. [PMID: 34160754 PMCID: PMC10088981 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-021-02035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global fieldwork is an invaluable educational experience for students who aspire to pursue careers as global public health professionals and cancer experts. Student-led research projects can be mutually beneficial for students and host institutions by providing opportunities for bilateral learning, sharing resources, building databases, and ultimately creating uniquely informed multi-cultural health research relevant to global communities. The USA-host country partnerships can be delicate, requiring tactful approaches to the investment in the careers of students and the field projects. The US and host institutions must therefore be selective in determining which students have the privilege of participating in global field work. This paper examines the importance of grit as a character trait contributing to the success of student-led global health research projects. Grit has been explored at length as a predictor of student success in domestic educational experiences, yet is underrepresented in the context of global education, field training, and evaluation of research and learning outcomes. This manuscript utilizes testimonials of three public health graduate students recently returned from summer cancer epidemiology education training fellowships to explore the role that grit played in completion of their independent research projects. Ultimately, this paper discusses ways to identify grit in student applicants and to foster an improved capacity for grit before, during, and after their field experiences. We share the experiences with an aim of providing participant perspectives that may be used by educators, students, and administrators at US and international partner institutions to inform global research, experiential learning, and educational and training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J Mattick
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University At Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Breanne E Lott
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christina E Baum
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amr S Soliman
- Community Health and Social Medicine Department, CUNY School of Medicine, The City College of New York, New York City, NY, USA
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32
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Farina AG, Johnson SK. Intentional self-regulation among young adults: Investigating the structure of selection, optimization, and compensation among West Point Cadets. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2021.1944811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Singh
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Delhi NCR, India
| | - Surekha Chukkali
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Delhi NCR, India
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34
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Gonzalez JA, Simpson J. The workplace integration of veterans: Applying diversity and fit perspectives. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2021. [PMCID: PMC7342076 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Military veterans are a valuable part of the human capital resource pool. Nonetheless, veterans often struggle with their transition into civilian life and workplaces. This problem often limits the extent to which work organizations utilize their talents. Here, we briefly review relevant work from outside the management field and nascent work within the field to build a conceptual model for understanding the integration of veterans into the workplace. We do this by applying diversity and person-environment fit perspectives. A diversity standpoint helps us to understand veterans as a social group and their inclusion in the workplace, while the person-environment fit perspective helps us describe veterans’ compatibility with their work environments in terms of organizational demands and veterans’ needs. We intend for this conceptual model to guide future empirical research on veterans as human capital and their transition into civilian organizations as part of their societal reintegration, career development, and personal well-being. Management scholars have neglected the study of military veterans at work. Veterans’ workplace experiences are part of their societal reintegration. Diversity theory explains veterans’ discrimination, stigma, and identity strain. Veterans’ attributes, perspectives, and KSAs fit organizational demands. Meaningful work can spillover to fit veterans’ life needs.
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Ihme KRM, Sundstrom P. The mindful shield: The effects of mindfulness training on resilience and leadership in military leaders. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:675-688. [PMID: 32740947 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to address military leader perceptions of their resilience, transformational leadership behaviors, and leadership effectiveness before and after experiencing Mindfulness-Based Attention Training (MBAT). METHODS Participants were formal and informal leaders in the Kansas Air National Guard. The study used a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design. Phase I involved analyzing pretest and posttest results obtained from a Jha Lab study for three self-report assessments in an intervention group (n = 36) vs a control group (n = 37). The qualitative data in phase II was obtained from individual interviews of participants (n = 12) following the Jha Lab study. RESULTS The phase I quantitative results confirmed the null hypotheses-no significant differences found-for all research questions. Phase II resulted in eight thematic codes, six of which were central to the experiences described by participants (Halting, Sensing, Being, Shielding, Considering, and Engaging) and two that were not (Obstructing, and Escaping). CONCLUSIONS The key finding was that the descriptions of mindful thoughts and behaviors were consistent across participants indicating that MBAT accurately presents mindfulness during the course and the training had positive effects on participant mindfulness, primarily in the areas of being present to self, shielding the self through reperceiving, and then consciously altering behavior based on the new perspective. Results should direct future resiliency course development, leadership course curricula, and aid understanding of how leaders mentally conceptualize stress, incorporate resilient behaviors and then apply that knowledge to their own leadership behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R M Ihme
- College of Doctoral Studies, University of the Rockies, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Peggy Sundstrom
- Program Chair, Organizational Development and Leadership, Ashford University College of Doctoral Studies, San Diego, California
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The Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S) Does Not Relate to Acute Muscular Endurance Performance. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:263-269. [PMID: 34025883 PMCID: PMC8120954 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grit has been previously presented as a personality trait that reflects an individual’s perseverance of effort and consistency of interest for achieving their long-term goals. In resistance training this could mean that a “grittier” individual may perform more repetitions at a given intensity as they are better able to overcome metabolic and neuromuscular fatigue. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine if grit was related to back squat muscular endurance performance. Fifty-eight resistance-trained males and females volunteered for participation (age = 23±3 yrs; body height = 172.53 ± 8.64 cm; body mass = 80.64 ± 6.49 kg). The grit of each participant was assessed via the Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S), and muscular endurance performance was tested via completion of a back squat set to volitional failure at 70% of the participant’s one-repetition maximum. Spearman rho or Pearson’s correlations, depending on normality, were used with 1000 bootstrapped replicate samples and revealed no relationship between GRIT-S scores (3.78 ± 0.52) and repetitions performed (14 ± 4) in a combined cohort of all 58 individuals (ρ = -0.051), males only (r = 0.057) or females only (ρ = -0.441). Supplementary investigation of the data also showed that the five “best” performers (i.e. the five individuals who performed the most repetitions) tended to have lower GRIT-S scores than the five “worst” performers. The results of the current study suggest that the GRIT-S has limited value in the context of muscular endurance performance. The skewed range of GRIT-S scores (2.75-5.0) observed in this investigation, also highlights the potential for social desirability to bias one’s self-perception of grit.
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Lam KKL, Zhou M. Qualitative Exploration of Chinese Students’ Perspectives on Long-Term Goal Striving. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1889552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Spain ES, Lin E, Young LV. Early predictors of successful military careers among West Point cadets. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 32:389-407. [PMID: 38536388 PMCID: PMC10187042 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2020.1801285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of leadership to organizational performance puts a premium on identifying future leaders. Early prediction of high-potential talent enables organizations to marshal scarce developmental resources and opportunities to those who are best positioned to show distinction in elevated roles. Much of the existing literature indicates that general mental ability remains the strongest predictor of future professional performance. Using data from 13 classes of West Point graduates who stayed in the Army to be considered for at least early promotion to the rank of major (N = 5,505), regression analyses indicate that cadet military grade point average surpasses both cognitive ability and academic performance by a considerable margin in the ability to predict future professional outcomes such as selection for early promotion or battalion command. Moreover, these differences in predicting managerial career outcomes endure over 16 years. Both practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett S. Spain
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | - Eric Lin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | - Lissa V. Young
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
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Schaefer HS, Gist NH, Bigelman K, Coelho JD, Proctor ES, Lerner RM. Tough Teams and Optimistic Individuals: The Intersecting Roles of Group and Individual Attributes in Helping to Predict Physical Performance. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 155:1-25. [PMID: 33048642 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2020.1818670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the effects of individual and group-level characteristics on performance during a mandatory and challenging physical education course at the United States Military Academy (USMA). We focused on attributes related to mental toughness, and examined both self-report and utilized an other-rating scale that measures mental toughness-related characteristics and is important to USMA generally. We examined course scores for 5,581 first-year students over five academic years, accounted for background physical fitness, and determined how mental toughness attributes at the group and individual-level contributed to overall course score and scores on constituent events (e.g. obstacle course, rope climbing). Self-reported optimism, self-reported resilience, and mental toughness items from a peer rating scale, but not self-reported grit, significantly improved course performance. The average score across class section on optimism or the peer rating scale also positively covaried with course score, over and above the individual-level impact of that attribute. Analyses of individual events demonstrated that "group-level character" was important for some events, whereas individual attributes were most important for others. Findings suggested an emergent group character capable of influencing individual physical performance scores. Being a member of a tough group may have comparable effects to individual mental toughness.
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Enhancing Undergraduate Student Success in STEM Fields through Growth-Mindset and Grit. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci10100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concern about graduation rates in higher education has led universities to offer courses that help students develop success skills. Scientist Life Skills, a new course for freshman at Florida A&M University, focuses on helping students matriculate into majors via development of growth mindset, grit, and critical thinking. Here, we assessed the outcomes of this course and explored the associations between building life skills and student success. A series of mindset, grit, and critical-thinking assessment measures were used to collect data before and after the course. Our results showed that the new course achieved its intended goals of providing STEM students with a set of tools that help them seamlessly transition into the university and successfully matriculate through their majors. Specifically, the course design significantly moved students toward a growth-mindset, increased their critical thinking, and their second-semester grade point averages (GPAs). This model life skills course can be adopted in non-STEM areas as well.
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Soheili F, Hosseinian S, Abdollahi A. Development and Initial Validation of the Children's Hardiness Scale. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:1932-1949. [PMID: 32731798 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120945175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several measures have been developed in the past decades to assess the dimensions of hardiness in adult populations, whereas the same for children has remained relatively understudied. The present research has sought to develop and validate children's hardiness scale (CHS) to assess hardiness attitudes in the respondents with age categories ranging between 10 and 12. Relying on a mixed-method approach, the research has been conducted in two studies. In the first, using both deductive and inductive methods, items were generated. The Content and face validity of the items was explored. To determine factor structure afterward, the exploratory factor analysis was conducted. In the course of the second study, confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the scale's dimensionality and factor structure. The significant correlation between CHS, academic hardiness, and perceived stress, demonstrated the construct validity of the scale. Using the convenience sampling method, a total sample of 641 children participated in both studies. The results demonstrated that the final scale in line with the hardiness theory comprised three subscales: "commitment", "control", and "challenge". The scale revealed acceptable internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity. Overall, the results of the current research indicated that a 20-item CHS can be applied in evaluating children's hardiness attitudes. Further studies are required, however, to assess the applicability of the scale in different cultural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Soheili
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, 48408Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Hosseinian
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, 48408Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Abdollahi
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, 48408Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Kannangara CS, Allen RE, Carson JF, Khan SZN, Waugh G, Kandadi KR. Onwards and upwards: The development, piloting and validation of a new measure of academic tenacity- The Bolton Uni-Stride Scale (BUSS). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235157. [PMID: 32701983 PMCID: PMC7377486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
What factors determine success at University? For many years the construct of intelligence was felt to be critical. More recently, the construct of grit, has attracted the attention of many researchers, along with related concepts such as self-control, growth mind-sets and resilience. The authors of this paper have developed a specific measure of tenacity and self-composure, two constructs crucial to academic achievement. This measure comprises of 12 items drawn from the above constructs, but also including mental well-being and strengths use. In the first study, the authors report on the psychometric properties of the Bolton Uni-Stride Scale (BUSS). The new scale was administered to 1117 university students. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed two underlying factors, one labelled "tenacity" had seven items and accounted for 30% of the variance. The second was labelled "self-composure," and accounted for 14% of the variance. In the second study the BUSS was given to 340 undergraduate students along with the Grit Scale, the Self-Control Scale, the Mind-sets Quiz, the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10) and the short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). This study presented evidence for good internal consistency reliability (.74) and test-retest reliability over three weeks was .70 for Tenacity and .77 for Self-composure. BUSS Academic Tenacity correlated highly with grit (.63), self-control (.59), resilience (.52), mind-sets (.35) and mental well-being (.54). The study also evidences good discriminative validity of the BUSS. A second study conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), explaining a total of 44% of the variance. The authors have shown good support for the reliability and validity of the BUSS scale. It now needs to be tested in other universities and in different countries. It is the contention of the authors that academic tenacity will be a better measure of academic success than other competing measures, such as grit, on their own. Further research is needed to test this assertion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gill Waugh
- University of Bolton, Bolton, United Kingdom
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Zisman C, Ganzach Y. In a Representative Sample Grit Has a Negligible Effect on Educational and Economic Success Compared to Intelligence. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550620920531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We compare the relative contribution of grit and intelligence to educational and job-market success in a representative sample of the American population. We find that, in terms of Δ R 2, intelligence contributes 48–90 times more than grit to educational success and 13 times more to job-market success. Conscientiousness also contributes to success more than grit but only twice as much. We show that the reason our results differ from those of previous studies which showed that grit has a stronger effect on success is that these previous studies used nonrepresentative samples that were range restricted on intelligence. Our findings suggest that although grit has some effect on success, it is negligible compared to intelligence and perhaps also to other traditional predictors of success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoav Ganzach
- Tel Aviv University, Israel
- Ariel University, Israel
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The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employees’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model of Grit and Meaning Orientation. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Even though research on the micro-effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been growing, our understanding of the psychological mechanisms through which perceived CSR affects employees’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) remains insufficient. Based on social identity theory and the concept of whole self, this study examines the mediating role of meaning orientation as a psychological mechanism and tests the moderating role of grit, using survey data collected from 361 South Korean workers. Our results show that the positive association between perceived CSR and OCB is mediated by meaning orientation. In addition, grit strengthens the perceived CSR-meaning orientation relationship, which in turn boosts employees’ OCB. This study contributes to the literature by revealing a psychological mechanism and how it is moderated by individual traits, which are crucial in predicting CSR’s micro-effects. We discuss how our results can be practically applied by organizations as part of sustainable human resource management.
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Terry D, Peck B. Factors That Impact Measures of Grit among Nursing Students: A Journey Emblematic of the Koi Fish. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:564-574. [PMID: 34542520 PMCID: PMC8314281 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grit is the capacity to persevere, to have passion, and be committed to achieve goals long-term regardless of adversity or challenge. Grit provides an insight into why some nursing students succeed academically or clinically, while others do not. This quantitative cross-sectional correlational study measured levels of grit among nursing students undertaking a three-year bachelor's degree program. All students (n = 2349) within the program were invited to complete a questionnaire which included the short grit scale (Grit-S) which measured each student's level of perseverance and passion. Overall, it was highlighted that increased levels of grit correlated with an increase in the student's year of study, greater perceived clinical and academic performance, not using television as a motivator for entry to nursing, being lower on the socio-economic spectrum, and being older in age. Grit was found to develop exponentially as students entered second and third years, suggesting that a balance of constant academic and clinical challenge was an impetus for many to achieve in the face of adversity, and is reminiscent of the journey of the koi fish. This paper culminates in a call for educators to consider the inclusion of creative grit forming challenges that focus on developing a student's sense of open-mindedness within first year of undergraduate nursing programs.
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Huéscar Hernández E, Moreno-Murcia JA, Cid L, Monteiro D, Rodrigues F. Passion or Perseverance? The Effect of Perceived Autonomy Support and Grit on Academic Performance in College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062143. [PMID: 32213809 PMCID: PMC7143131 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Individuals who possess passion and perseverance to extensively work and study through challenges and adversity to achieve a set of goals are likely to reach higher achievement compared to others who lack similar facets. However, an under-researched question lingers over the effect of teacher-induced behaviors on academic outcomes such as grades and performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between teacher-induced autonomy support and student academic performance considering the mediating effect of basic psychological needs satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and grit as two-independent factors. Methods: A convenience sample of 474 Sports Science students (Mage = 21.83 years; SD = 3.91) participated in the study. All participants completed a multi-section survey assessing the variables under analysis. Results: The measurement and structural model displayed acceptable fit, hence direct and indirect effects were examined among the variables of interest. Basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation seem to display a mediating role between perceived autonomy support and academic performance, through perseverance. Contrarily, grit-passion did not exhibit a significant indirect effect. Conclusions: Current results shed new insights on how perseverance can shape student motivation and school success considering the autonomy support induced by teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Huéscar Hernández
- Psicología de la Salud Department, Edificio Altamira, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. Universidad, s/n, 30202 Elche, Alicante, Spain;
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno-Murcia
- Sport Research Center, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 03130 Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-22-24-41
| | - Luís Cid
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM—IPSantarém), Av. Dr. Mário Soares n-110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (L.C.); (D.M.); (F.R.)
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM—IPSantarém), Av. Dr. Mário Soares n-110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (L.C.); (D.M.); (F.R.)
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM—IPSantarém), Av. Dr. Mário Soares n-110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (L.C.); (D.M.); (F.R.)
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 2040-413 Santarém, Portugal
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Terry D, Peck B. Academic and clinical performance among nursing students: What's grit go to do with it? NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2020; 88:104371. [PMID: 32092601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing is both a science and an art and requires students to develop sound scientific foundations for artful application. The at times binary nature of how the way in which the knowledge and skills of nursing are delivered in higher education can be difficult for students to comprehend initially and synchronise for practice and can lead to feelings of being overwhelmed, withdrawal or failure. Understanding what influences student performance in bachelor level nursing studies is imperative so educators can develop programs that straddle the art and science conundrum and lead to graduate success. Grit is a non-cognitive trait, a drive that keeps an individual on task through difficult circumstances for sustained periods of time. Grit might well represent a key factor in our understanding of why one student succeeds while another withdraws. OBJECTIVES To examine measures of grit in the context of demographic characteristics of nursing students and their impact on student self-perceived academic and clinical performance. DESIGN A cross-sectional design. SETTING A single School of Nursing at a multi-campus, regional, peri-urban Australian University. PARTICIPANTS All nursing students (n = 2349) studying a three-year bachelor of nursing degree were invited to participate. METHODS Data were collected using a questionnaire that included several demographic items, questions relating to the student's perceived level of academic and clinical performance, and the eight-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) used to measure trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals. RESULTS Students, regardless of their year of study or any other demographic factor, showed grit was the only significant predictor of clinical and academic performance. CONCLUSIONS The strength between grit and perceived performance both academically and clinically, makes grit a valuable factor for development in students as a vehicle for success in nursing programs of study. This paper culminates in suggestions for creative approaches to grit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Terry
- School of Nursing & Healthcare Professions, Federation University, University Drive, Mt Helen, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia.
| | - Blake Peck
- School of Nursing & Healthcare Professions, Federation University, University Drive, Mt Helen, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia.
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Meyer G, Shatto B, Kuljeerung O, Nuccio L, Bergen A, Wilson CR. Exploring the relationship between resilience and grit among nursing students: A correlational research study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2020; 84:104246. [PMID: 31706204 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurse turnover is a critical issue around the world. Finding factors that can increase job persistence in nursing can have a positive impact on both the quality and cost of health care. Resilience and grit have been studied as factors that help an individual persist in the pursuit of their goals. Resilience and grit are related terms that have frequently been used interchangeably, although some studies suggest that they are different constructs. Determining if they are different constructs is important as we seek to develop qualities in new nurses that increase their job persistence and satisfaction. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between resilience and grit in pre-licensure nursing students. DESIGN/SETTING This descriptive correlational study was conducted at a midsize private University in the United States. PARTICIPANTS The convenience sample consisted of students from 3 pre-licensure programs: Traditional Bachelor of Science in Nursing (TBSN), Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing (ABSN) and Direct Entry Masters of Science in Nursing (DEMSN). The final sample was 348 students: 79% TBSN, 7% ABSN and 14% DEMSN. METHODS Resilience was measured with the Conner-Davidson Resilience 10 item scale. Grit was measured utilizing the Short Grit Scale. RESULTS Inspection of the interfactor correlations suggest that resilience and grit scales are distinct, though tend to correlate well. Notably, the relationship between resilience and the persistent effort component of grit was moderate. That correlation was higher than the relationship between the consistent interest component of grit and resilience. CONCLUSION This study concludes that grit and resilience are related concepts but are not synonymous. Being mindful of the difference in these two attributes may be important in the development of educational offerings in both Schools of Nursing and in new nurse residency programs to increase retention in nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geralyn Meyer
- Saint Louis University School of Nursing, United States of America.
| | - Bobbi Shatto
- Saint Louis University School of Nursing, United States of America
| | | | - Lisa Nuccio
- Northwestern University Hospital, United States of America
| | - Adam Bergen
- Barnes-Jewish Hospital, United States of America
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Nogueira A, Tovar-Gálvez M, González-Hernández J. Do It, Don't Feel It, and Be Invincible: A Prolog of Exercise Addiction in Endurance Sports. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2692. [PMID: 31920780 PMCID: PMC6934061 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The social relevance of endurance sports has increased people's motivation to engage in these particular physical activities, associating their practice with a particular lifestyle (e.g., feeling victorious and a feeling of self-improvement). Therefore, the dark personality traits (not because they are negative but because they are more hidden), understood as a personal and adaptive response to the psychosocial relationships that athletes establish while practicing these sports. Following these arguments, Grit has been used to trace the response of athletes in their quest to improve performance and endurance in the face of common setbacks suffered as a result of long hours of training. Empirical studies should help to discover how these personality traits can pose real challenges to their adaptation, and what the impact of their psychological response may be in a functional or dysfunctional way [e.g., exercise addiction (EA)], in order to classify them as risk or protective factors. Through transversal design, the present study sought to explore the relationship between Grit and Dark Traits of Personality regarding the appearance of EA in a sample (N = 241) of amateur endurance sport athletes (M age = 31.80; SD = 9.87). The results show that men not only score higher for addiction levels but also for narcissism (grandiosity feelings) and psychopathy (coldness) factors. If signs of narcissism and Machiavellianism increase, perseverance efforts grow too, and the likelihood of EA increases considerably. The conclusions drawn on the basis of the results allow us to place consistency of interest as a protective factor for the EA, whereas Dark Traits of personality - especially Machiavellianism - constitute a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Nogueira
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maribel Tovar-Gálvez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan González-Hernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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