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Leite VF, Kogien M, Maia MCW, Bittencourt MN, Rézio LDA, Marcon SR. Indicators of emotional distress and mindfulness in undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study. Rev Bras Enferm 2024; 77:e20230499. [PMID: 39383434 PMCID: PMC11458143 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to assess the association between indicators of emotional distress and dispositional mindfulness in health students at a Brazilian federal public university. METHODS a cross-sectional study, developed with university students in the health area of a public institution from May to June 2022. In the analysis, multiple linear regression was used using SPSS software. RESULTS the sample was mostly female, ≤ 22 years old, non-white, studying the first semesters, with a higher prevalence for the medicine course. Students presented moderate dispositional mindfulness scores. It was observed that the variables of stress, depression and current suicide risk were associated with the capacity for mindfulness. CONCLUSIONS knowing the indicators of emotional distress that are related to the potential of mindfulness can contribute as a situational diagnosis to better design strategies that promote the improvement of emotional indicators of health students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moisés Kogien
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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2
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Schubert AL, Frischkorn GT, Sadus K, Welhaf MS, Kane MJ, Rummel J. The brief mind wandering three-factor scale (BMW-3). Behav Res Methods 2024:10.3758/s13428-024-02500-6. [PMID: 39259475 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers from different fields have become increasingly interested in measuring individual differences in mind wandering as a psychological trait. Although there are several questionnaires that allow for an assessment of people's perceptions of their mind wandering experiences, they either define mind wandering in a very broad sense or do not sufficiently separate different aspects of mind wandering. Here, we introduce the Brief Mind Wandering Three-Factor Scale (BMW-3), a 12-item questionnaire available in German and English. The BMW-3 conceptualizes mind wandering as task-unrelated thought and measures three dimensions of mind wandering: unintentional mind wandering, intentional mind wandering, and meta-awareness of mind wandering. Based on results from 1038 participants (823 German speakers, 215 English speakers), we found support for the proposed three-factorial structure of mind wandering and for scalar measurement invariance of the German and English versions. All subscales showed good internal consistencies and moderate to high test-retest correlations and thus provide an effective assessment of individual differences in mind wandering. Moreover, the BMW-3 showed good convergent validity when compared to existing retrospective measures of mind wandering and mindfulness and was related to conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness as well as self-reported attentional control. Lastly, it predicted the propensity for mind wandering inside and outside the lab (as assessed by in-the-moment experience sampling), the frequency of experiencing depressive symptoms, and the use of functional and dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies. All in all, the BMW-3 provides a brief, reliable, and valid assessment of mind wandering for basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathrin Sadus
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthew S Welhaf
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Kane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Jan Rummel
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Yeung RC, Fernandes MA. Recurrent involuntary memories and mind wandering are related but distinct. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1483-1498. [PMID: 38652302 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01961-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneous thought is common in daily life, and includes recurrent involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs; memories retrieved unintentionally and repetitively) and mind wandering (MW). Both recurrent IAMs and MW are often unintentional or unconstrained, and both predict symptoms of mental health disorders. However, not all MW is unintentional, and not all IAMs are unconstrained. To what extent do recurrent IAMs and MW converge versus diverge? Undergraduates (N = 2,701) completed self-report measures of recurrent IAMs, trait MW, and psychopathology (i.e., PTSD, depression, anxiety). Regressions indicated that recurrent IAMs were significantly associated with spontaneous MW, but not deliberate MW. Further, both spontaneous MW and recurrent IAMs had unique relationships with disorder symptoms. Results suggest that recurrent IAMs are related to MW to the extent that recurrent IAMs are spontaneous. Conversely, recurrent IAMs are distinct from MW to the extent that recurrent IAMs' associations with disorder symptoms could not be solely explained by trait MW (and vice versa). This work highlights related, but distinguishable, forms of spontaneous thought and their transdiagnostic links with psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Yeung
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Myra A Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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4
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Wang Y, Chen T, Cui JF, Liu JL, Li TH, Du TJ. Comparison of trait and state mind wandering among schizotypal, subclinically depressed, and control individuals. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:422. [PMID: 38840083 PMCID: PMC11151557 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mind wandering is a common phenomenon in daily life. However, the manifestations and cognitive correlates of mind wandering in different subclinical populations remain unclear. In this study, these aspects were examined in individuals with schizotypal traits and individuals with depressive symptoms, i.e., subclinical populations of patients with schizophrenia and depression. METHODS Forty-two individuals with schizotypal traits, 42 individuals with subclinical depression, and 42 controls were recruited to complete a mind wandering thought sampling task (state level) and a mind wandering questionnaire (trait level). Measures of rumination and cognitive functions (attention, inhibition, and working memory) were also completed by participants. RESULTS Both subclinical groups exhibited more state and trait mind wandering than did the control group. Furthermore, individuals with schizotypal traits demonstrated more trait mind wandering than individuals with subclinical depression. Rumination, sustained attention, and working memory were associated with mind wandering. In addition, mind wandering in individuals with subclinical depression can be accounted for by rumination or attention, while mind wandering in individuals with high schizotypal traits cannot be accounted for by rumination, attention, or working memory. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that individuals with high schizotypal traits and subclinical depression have different patterns of mind wandering and mechanisms. These findings have implications for understanding the unique profile of mind wandering in subclinical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Baiduizi 23A, Haidian District, Beijing, 100073, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Institute of Educational Information and Statistics, National Academy of Educational Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Healthy, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Hong Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanities, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Tian-Jiao Du
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanities, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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5
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Cheung RYM, Djekou L. Self-compassion and grit mediated the relation between mindfulness and mind wandering based on cross-sectional survey data. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9090. [PMID: 38643257 PMCID: PMC11032370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that mindfulness and mind wandering are opposing constructs. However, little is known about why and how they are negatively related. Through a process-oriented approach, this cross-sectional study tested self-compassion and grit as mediators for the relation between mindfulness and mind wandering. A total of 487 self-identified meditators were recruited from the UK (241 female, 49.49%). Participants reported a mean age of 38.98 years (SD = 10.03), with an average of 2.26 h of meditation practice per week (SD = 4.47). Upon informed consent, the participants completed a self-report questionnaire that assessed the core variables under study. Path analysis indicated that mindfulness was related to self-compassion. Greater self-compassion was, in turn, related to greater grit, which was then related to lower mind wandering. Bootstrapping analysis further indicated that self-compassion and grit as mediators between mindfulness and mind wandering, above and beyond age, gender, hours of meditation, income, and education as covariates. The cross-sectional findings provided initial evidence of mediation by showing that mindfulness and mind wandering were related through self-compassion and grit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Y M Cheung
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - Lemuela Djekou
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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6
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Li C, Wang R, Zhu N, Kong F. Childhood maltreatment and depressed mood in female college students: A daily diary analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106611. [PMID: 38159407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment has well-documented relations with depressed mood. However, few studies have used a daily diary methodology to investigate the association between all five forms of childhood maltreatment (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, emotional and physical neglect) and depressed mood, and the mechanisms underlying the association remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The current study sought to examine the associations of multiple forms of childhood maltreatment with depressed mood via a 14-day daily diary methodology, and investigate the mediating effects of self-compassion and perceived social support. METHODS A sample of 220 Chinese female college students (Mage = 19.13 years) participated in this study and completed questionnaires regarding childhood maltreatment, self-compassion, perceived social support and depressed mood. RESULTS The multilevel regression analysis indicated that only emotional abuse was slightly associated with depressed mood, while emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect, or sexual abuse were not associated with depressed mood. The multilevel mediation analysis further revealed that self-compassion and perceived social support independently mediated the association of childhood emotional abuse with depressed mood. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results emphasize the specific association between childhood emotional abuse and daily depressed mood, and further support self-compassion and perceived social support as explanatory mechanisms linking childhood emotional abuse with later depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ningzhe Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Kong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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7
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Yuan GF, Qiao S, Li X. Bridging internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: a network analysis. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1306414. [PMID: 38249397 PMCID: PMC10796684 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1306414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has documented that HIV-related stigma may be a significant trigger of mental health problems among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, less is known about how internalized HIV stigma is linked to depressive symptoms among PLWH during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study sought to explore the network structure of internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms, along with bridge nodes, to elucidate how they co-exist. Participants were 1,197 Chinese PLWH (64.3% male, Mage = 41.52, SD = 9.20) who completed the measurements of internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak (May 2020). Results revealed that "ashamed of having HIV" was identified as the most central nodes in the internalized HIV stigma network, whereas "mind wandered during tasks" ranked highest on centrality in the depressive symptoms network. Two bridge connections were exhibited within the combined internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms network model: "inferiority due to HIV" and "gloomy feelings" from internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms communities, respectively. This study is one of the first to examine the co-occurrence of internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic using a network approach. These findings have potential clinical implications for mitigating depressive symptoms in populations facing socioeconomic disadvantage and vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhe F. Yuan
- School of Education Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Sichuan, China
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Shan Qiao
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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8
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Price MM, Zanesco AP, Denkova E, Barry J, Rogers SL, Jha AP. Investigating the protective effects of mindfulness-based attention training on mind wandering in applied settings. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1232598. [PMID: 38213609 PMCID: PMC10781831 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1232598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mind wandering, a phenomenon in which attention drifts away from the task-at-hand, is associated with deleterious effects on performance and well-being. As such, efforts to curb mind wandering are warranted. Recently, mindfulness training (MT) has been found to protect against mind wandering. Yet, many MT programs are at risk of falling off the implementation cliff due to challenges implementing these programs in applied settings. To mitigate against this, early-stage research in small convenience samples may be necessary to spur stakeholder engagement and collaboration. Herein, the effects of MT on mind wandering were examined via an internal meta-analysis of early-stage studies of a manualized, context-adaptable short-form MT program, referred to as Mindfulness-Based Attention Training (MBAT). Methods Five longitudinal studies (N = 304) were conducted in a variety of organizational cohorts. Self-reported mind wandering and meta-awareness, as well as accuracy (A') and response time variability (intra-individual coefficient of variation, ICV) during performance of the sustained attention to response task (SART) were assessed at baseline (T1) and 4 weeks later (T2) in MBAT and no-training participants. Results Standardized mean change (SMC) from T1 to T2 significantly differed between MBAT and no-training groups for mind wandering (ΔSMC = -0.387, p < 0.001), meta-awareness (ΔSMC = -0.374, p < 0.001), and ICV (ΔSMC = -0.376, p = 0.043), suggesting potential protective effects in self-reported and performance-based metrics of mind wandering. Discussion These results serve as preliminary proof-of-concept support for MBAT's protective effects on mind wandering. Further, they suggest that MBAT is amenable to implementation across a variety of applied and organizational settings and warrants additional research employing larger sample sizes in randomized controlled designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena M. Price
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Anthony P. Zanesco
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Ekaterina Denkova
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Jordan Barry
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Scott L. Rogers
- School of Law, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Amishi P. Jha
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
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9
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Chan HCY, Lo HHM. Effects of the original zentangle method on older adults with depressive symptoms a randomized waitlist-controlled trial. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37359601 PMCID: PMC10161183 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Depressive symptoms are common among older adults and many of them did not seek for professional help. Although Zentangle has been widely implemented in service centers for older adults in many societies, very limited empirical study has been conducted on the effects of this method. This study aims to evaluate the effects of Zentangle on community-dwelling older adults with depressive symptoms. Methods: A randomised waitlist-controlled trial of Zentangle was conducted. Forty-six community-dwelling older adults with mild to moderate depression were recruited and randomly assigned to a six session Zentangle group or a waitlist control group. The effects were examined by comparing the participants who received a six-week Zentangle intervention with those in the waitlist control group. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Self-compassion Scale - Short form (SCS-SF) and other mental health outcomes were assessed at baseline, post-intervention and six-week follow-up. Results: Repeated measure ANOVA revealed significant Time x Group effects for depression (F (2, 88) = 21.29, p < .001) and self-compassion (F (2, 88) = 18.50, p < .001) with a large net effect size. Six-week follow-up indicated that such improvements were sustained. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary support that the Zentangle programme is an effective alternative treatment approach for older adults with mild to moderate depression. The original Zentangle method can reduce depressive symptoms and cultivate self-compassion. Further research is necessary to expand our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of how the original Zentangle method works. Trial registration: ISRCTN66410347. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04536-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Chun-Yiu Chan
- Department of Childcare, Elderly and Community Services, Institute of Vocational Education, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Herman Hay-Ming Lo
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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10
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Beshai S, Salimuddin S, Refaie N, Maierhoffer J. Dispositional Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Buffer the Effects of COVID-19 Stress on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms. Mindfulness (N Y) 2022; 13:3028-3042. [PMID: 36312006 PMCID: PMC9589785 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-022-02008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a dramatic rise in symptoms of depression and anxiety. Dispositional mindfulness (DM) and self-compassion (SC) have consistently been associated with psychological disorder symptoms and appear to buffer the effects of stress on depression and anxiety. Methods Across two studies (n = 888), we examined direct and indirect (moderation) relationships of DM, SC, COVID-19-related stress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. We also examined the differential effects of several DM measures (FFMQ-15; FFMQ-39; MAAS) in the relationships of COVID-19 stress and psychological disorder symptoms. We recruited participants (Study 1 n = 350; 42.2% cis women; Study 2 n = 538; 44.3% cis women) online (MTurk) and examined associations of DM, SC, and COVID-19 stress, and emotional impact, and the moderating effect of DM and SC in the relationships of COVID-19-related fears, stress, emotional impacts, and psychological disorder symptoms. Results DM and SC were moderately and negatively correlated with COVID-19 fears and stress (correlations ranging r = − .14 to r = − .42) across studies. Study 1 moderation analyses demonstrated SC, but not DM (FFMQ-15), significantly moderated relationships of COVID-19 fears and emotional impacts with symptoms. Study 2 analyses demonstrated the FFMQ-39, but not the MAAS, significantly moderated relationships of COVID-19 stress and psychological disorder symptoms. Conclusions These results support the potential protective roles of DM and SC in disrupting pathological trajectories related to naturally elevated pandemic stress. Results also demonstrate the differential associations of several DM measures with COVID-19 stress. Future research should replicate such findings with more diverse samples and using various measures of self-compassion and risk metrics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12671-022-02008-0.
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11
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Moore SK, Okst K, Smith L, Fatkin T, Creedon T, Fredericksen AK, Gawande R, Schuman-Olivier Z. "Today I Can Look in the Mirror and Like Myself": Effects of a Trauma-Informed Mindful Recovery Program on Self-Compassion. Front Psychol 2022; 13:780383. [PMID: 35719537 PMCID: PMC9201725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Opioid-related deaths continue to rise. Psychological trauma is commonly comorbid with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). Adverse childhood experiences can disrupt the development of emotion regulation, increasing risk of substance use. Self-compassion may reduce OUD risk and outcomes by facilitating emotion regulation, decreasing the toxicity of shame, and reducing internalized stigma that can hinder recovery. Mindfulness practice enhances self-compassion. Methods This study is part of a pilot (N = 18) of the Mindful Recovery OUD Care Continuum (M-ROCC) during buprenorphine office-based opioid treatment (OBOT). The present study was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the intervention’s effects on self-compassion development, and to explore differential changes in self-compassion during the intervention among participants with varying intensity of trauma exposure measured by high levels of childhood adversity (defined by 4+ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) at baseline). We conducted secondary analyses of a subset of qualitative interview data (N = 11 unique participants) collected for the pilot study (weeks 4 and 24, 14 total interviews) to elaborate upon changes in Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF) scores. Results In the primary pilot study, participants’ mean SCS-SF scores shifted significantly from baseline to week 24, β = 0.22, p = 0.028. This change is elaborated upon through interviews. Despite pervasive challenges to becoming more self-compassionate (e.g., trauma histories and substance use), participants reported increased compassionate self-responding and decreased uncompassionate self-responding. Mindfulness training was identified as the primary mechanism underlying the shift. Kindness to self and others and—to a lesser extent an increased sense of common humanity—were also identified as key to overall self-compassion. Compared to those in the lower ACEs group, participants in the higher ACEs group tended to have lower baseline self-compassion scores (d = 1.09, p = 0.055). Conclusion M-ROCC may increase self-compassion among patients with OUD during OBOT by increasing compassionate, and decreasing uncompassionate, self-responding. Patients with OUD with greater childhood adversity tended to have lower levels of self-compassion, which improved with M-ROCC. Future trials with larger samples are needed to confirm these potential outcomes, mechanisms, and differential impacts between ACEs subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Moore
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Kayley Okst
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lydia Smith
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Fatkin
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Timothy Creedon
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A Kiera Fredericksen
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Richa Gawande
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Zev Schuman-Olivier
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Buric I, Farias M, Driessen JMA, Brazil IA. Individual differences in meditation interventions: A meta-analytic study. Br J Health Psychol 2022; 27:1043-1076. [PMID: 35224829 PMCID: PMC9543193 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Meditation interventions typically show small to moderate effects on health and well‐being, but we know little about how these effects vary across individuals. This meta‐analytic study investigates the relationship between baseline participant characteristics and the outcomes of meditation. Methods A systematic search yielded 51 eligible studies with 7782 participants. A combination of subgroup analyses and meta‐regression based on the random‐effects model were used. Results We found that a higher baseline level of psychopathology or depression was associated with deterioration in mental health after a meditation intervention. On the other hand, participants with higher scores on interpersonal variables, motivation, medical conditions, and mindfulness showed higher levels of positive meditation outcomes. Higher well‐being and stress were simultaneously associated with moderate increases in negative and positive meditation outcomes. Participant demographics, psychological traits, self‐concept, and length of meditation practice did not significantly influence the response to meditation. Conclusions Overall, we found that meditation interventions affect participants differently, and identified some of the individual characteristics that should be considered when using meditation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Buric
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Brain, Belief, & Behaviour Lab, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, UK
| | - Miguel Farias
- Brain, Belief, & Behaviour Lab, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, UK
| | - Josi M A Driessen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Inti A Brazil
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands.,Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, The Netherlands
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13
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Chaieb L, Hoppe C, Fell J. Mind wandering and depression: A status report. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104505. [PMID: 34929225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While many clinical studies and overviews on the contribution of rumination to depression exist, relatively little information regarding the role of mind wandering (MW) in general is available. Therefore, it remains an open question whether patterns of MW are altered in depression and, if so, how these alterations are related to rumination. Here, we review and discuss studies investigating MW in cohorts, showing either a clinically significant depression or with clinically significant disorders accompanied by depressive symptoms. These studies yield first tentative insights into major issues. However, further investigations are required, specifically studies which: i) compare patients with a primary diagnosis of major depression with healthy and appropriately matched controls, ii) implement measures of both MW and rumination, iii) are based on experience sampling (in combination with other key approaches), iv) compare experience sampling during daily life, resting state and attentional tasks, v) explore possible biases in the assessment of MW, vi) acquire data not only related to the propensity and contents of MW, but also regarding meta-awareness and intentionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christian Hoppe
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Clinical effects of mindfulness-based interventions for adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a scoping review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 8:31-46. [PMID: 33987076 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-021-00240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Survivors of childhood maltreatment are at high risk for developing complex psychiatric disorders. Traditional treatments, including psychopharmacology, tend to be less efficacious for this population. This scoping review aimed to discuss existing empirical studies on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions for adult childhood trauma survivors, as well as the documented clinical challenges and adaptations for this population. Recent findings We reviewed 17 research articles that measured the effects of mindfulness-based interventions for adults with childhood maltreatment histories. These studies showed that mindfulness-based interventions can be beneficial for childhood maltreatment survivors to alleviate psychological symptoms including stress, anxiety, recurrent depression, substance use, and post-traumatic stress. Studies had a wide range of methodological quality and reported a broad range of effect sizes. The wide variety of outcome measures and control conditions made it difficult to compare across studies. Summary Mindfulness-based interventions can be beneficial for addressing psychopathology among adults with childhood maltreatment histories, although some adaptations can be necessary to address possible challenges this population are likely to encounter. More research is needed to specifically evaluate the clinical effects among childhood maltreatment survivors and to directly compare the effects among those with and without childhood maltreatment histories.
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15
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Akase M, Terao T, Kawano N, Sakai A, Hatano K, Shirahama M, Hirakawa H, Kohno K, Ishii N. More Purpose in Life and Less Novelty Seeking Predict Improvements in Self-Compassion During a Mindfulness-Based Intervention: The EXMIND Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 32317992 PMCID: PMC7146234 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, a 4-week mindfulness-based intervention followed by a 4-week existential approach was found to be as effective for increasing self-compassion as an 8-week mindfulness-based intervention. The purpose of the present study was to identify the factors that predicted change in self-compassion during the 8-week mindfulness-based intervention. METHODS Fifty-seven of the 61 completers of the 8-week mindfulness-based intervention provided baseline, 4-week, and 8-week self-compassion scale scores. The mean age of the 47 females and 10 males was 49.6 years. Pearson's correlation coefficients were generated on the associations between the change of total self-compassion scale scores from baseline to 8 weeks with age; gender; and the baseline scores on the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego Auto-questionnaire, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Mini-Mental State Examination, Japanese Adult Reading Test, Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Parental Bonding Instrument, and purpose in life (PIL). Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of the change in total self-compassion scale scores. RESULTS Novelty seeking (TCI) was significantly and negatively associated with the change in total self-compassion scale scores, whereas the PIL scores were significantly and positively associated with the change in total self-compassion scale scores. Novelty seeking was not significantly associated with baseline, 4-week, or 8-week total self-compassion scale scores, whereas the PIL scores were significantly and positively associated with baseline, 4-week, and 8-week total self-compassion scale scores. The limitation of the present study was a relatively small number of subjects which deterred a more sophisticated analysis of the pathways involved. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that more PIL and less novelty seeking predict improvements in self-compassion during mindfulness-based interventions, although novelty seeking might substantially predict the improvement but self-compassion scale and PIL might somewhat conceptually overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Akase
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Terao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Nobuko Kawano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Akari Sakai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Koji Hatano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Masanao Shirahama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirakawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kohno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Ishii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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16
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Joss D, Khan A, Lazar SW, Teicher MH. Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Self-Compassion and Psychological Health Among Young Adults With a History of Childhood Maltreatment. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2373. [PMID: 31749731 PMCID: PMC6843003 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals who were maltreated during childhood are faced with increased risks for developing various psychological symptoms that are particularly resistant to traditional treatments. This pilot study investigated the effects of a mindfulness based behavioral intervention for young adults with a childhood maltreatment history. Methods This study looked at self-report psychological questionnaires from 20 subjects (5 males) before and after a mindfulness-based behavioral intervention, compared to 18 subjects (6 males) in the waiting list control group (age range 22–29); all subjects experienced mild-to-moderate childhood maltreatment. We analyzed changes in stress, anxiety, depression, mindfulness and self-compassion related to the intervention with linear mixed effects models; we also analyzed the relationships among questionnaire score changes with partial correlation analyses and mediation analysis. Results Linear mixed effects model analyses revealed significant group by time interaction on stress (p < 0.01), anxiety (p < 0.05), and self-compassion (p < 0.01), with the mindfulness group having significant reduction in stress and anxiety (p < 0.01), and significant increase in mindfulness (p < 0.05) and self-compassion (p < 0.001). Partial correlation analyses showed that among all subjects from both groups, changes in mindfulness positively correlated with changes in self-compassion (r = 0.578, p = 0.001), which negatively correlated with changes in depression (r = −0.374, p = 0.05) and anxiety (r = −0.395, p < 0.05). Changes in self-compassion mediated, in part, the relationship between changes in mindfulness and changes in anxiety (average causal mediation effect = −4.721, p < 0.05). We observed a dose-dependent effect of the treatment, i.e., the number of intervention sessions attended were negatively correlated with changes in stress (r = −0.674, p < 0.01), anxiety (r = −0.580, p < 0.01), and depression (r = −0.544, p < 0.05), after controlling for the individual differences in childhood maltreatment severity. Conclusion Our results suggest that, to some extent, the mindfulness-based intervention can be helpful for improving self-compassion and psychological health among young adults with a childhood maltreatment history. Clinical Trial Registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02447744.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Joss
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alaptagin Khan
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara W Lazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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