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Gel G, Unluer C, Yılmaz ER, Erguder BI, Arıkok AT, Sener S, Kertmen HH, Turkoglu ME. Neuroprotective Effects of Coenzyme Q10 and Ozone Therapy on Experimental Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in Rats. World Neurosurg 2024; 188:e25-e33. [PMID: 38685349 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the neuroprotective effects and functional recovery potential of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and ozone therapy in spinal cord injury (SCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, 40 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups of 8. Surgical procedures induced spinal cord trauma in all groups, except the control group. The ozone group received 0.7 mg/kg rectal ozone daily for 7 days, starting 1 hour postspinal cord trauma. The CoQ10 group was administered 120 mg/kg CoQ10 orally once daily for 7 days, beginning 24 hours prior to trauma. The CoQ10 + ozone group received both treatments. Examinations included a modified Tarlov scale and inclined plane test on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis was conducted on serum samples, and assessments of caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax levels were performed on tissue samples. Additionally, a comprehensive examination analyzed histopathological and ultrastructural changes. RESULTS After SCI, there was a statistically significant increase in serum MDA, tissue caspase-3, and Bax levels (MDA P < 0.001, caspase-3 P < 0.001, Bax P = 0.003). In the CoQ10 + ozone group, serum MDA (P = 0.002), tissue caspase-3 (P = 0.001), and Bax (P = 0.030) levels were significantly lower compared to the trauma group. Tissue Bcl-2 levels were also significantly higher (P = 0.019). The combined treatment group demonstrated improved histopathological, ultrastructural, and neurological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that CoQ10 + ozone therapy in traumatic SCI demonstrates neuroprotective effects via antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanisms. The positive effects on functional recovery are supported by data from biochemical, histopathological, ultrastructural, and neurological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulce Gel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Caner Unluer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdal Resit Yılmaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berrin Imge Erguder
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ata Turker Arıkok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Sener
- Department of Emergency, Acibadem University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Hayri Kertmen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erhan Turkoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Ding Y, Chen Q. Recent advances on signaling pathways and their inhibitors in spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116938. [PMID: 38878684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling central nervous system injury. Its complex pathological mechanism can lead to sensory and motor dysfunction. It has been reported that signaling pathway plays a key role in the pathological process and neuronal recovery mechanism of SCI. Such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. According to reports, various stimuli and cytokines activate these signaling pathways related to SCI pathology, thereby participating in the regulation of pathological processes such as inflammation response, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and glial scar formation after injury. Activation or inhibition of relevant pathways can delay inflammatory response, reduce neuronal apoptosis, prevent glial scar formation, improve the microenvironment after SCI, and promote neural function recovery. Based on the role of signaling pathways in SCI, they may be potential targets for the treatment of SCI. Therefore, understanding the signaling pathway and its inhibitors may be beneficial to the development of SCI therapeutic targets and new drugs. This paper mainly summarizes the pathophysiological process of SCI, the signaling pathways involved in SCI pathogenesis, and the potential role of specific inhibitors/activators in its treatment. In addition, this review also discusses the deficiencies and defects of signaling pathways in SCI research. It is hoped that this study can provide reference for future research on signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of SCI and provide theoretical basis for SCI biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital,16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341000, PR China; Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University),16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341000, PR China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital,16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341000, PR China; Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University),16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341000, PR China.
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Chen Y, Chen B, Dong J, Yang D, Tang H, Wen L, Li J, Huang L, Zhou J. A tough and bioadhesive injectable hydrogel formed with maleimidyl alginate and pristine gelatin. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 334:122011. [PMID: 38553212 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have wide applications in clinical practice. However, the development of tough and bioadhesive ones based on biopolymers, along with biofriendly and robust crosslinking strategies, still represents a great challenge. Herein, we report an injectable hydrogel composed of maleimidyl alginate and pristine gelatin, for which the precursor solutions could self-crosslink via mild Michael-type addition without any catalyst or external energy upon mixing. This hydrogel is tough and bioadhesive, which can maintain intactness as well as adherence to the defect of porcine skin under fierce bending and twisting, warm water bath, and boiling water shower. Besides, it is biocompatible, bioactive and biodegradable, which could support the growth and remodeling of cells by affording an extracellular matrix-like environment. As a proof of application, we demonstrate that this hydrogel could significantly accelerate diabetic skin wound healing, thereby holding great potential in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Baiqi Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jianpei Dong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Deyu Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Lan Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianshu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Jenkner S, Clark JM, Gronthos S, O’Hare Doig RL. Molars to Medicine: A Focused Review on the Pre-Clinical Investigation and Treatment of Secondary Degeneration following Spinal Cord Injury Using Dental Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:817. [PMID: 38786039 PMCID: PMC11119219 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in the permanent loss of mobility, sensation, and autonomic function. Secondary degeneration after SCI both initiates and propagates a hostile microenvironment that is resistant to natural repair mechanisms. Consequently, exogenous stem cells have been investigated as a potential therapy for repairing and recovering damaged cells after SCI and other CNS disorders. This focused review highlights the contributions of mesenchymal (MSCs) and dental stem cells (DSCs) in attenuating various secondary injury sequelae through paracrine and cell-to-cell communication mechanisms following SCI and other types of neurotrauma. These mechanistic events include vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis and cell loss, neuroinflammation, and structural deficits. The review of studies that directly compare MSC and DSC capabilities also reveals the superior capabilities of DSC in reducing the effects of secondary injury and promoting a favorable microenvironment conducive to repair and regeneration. This review concludes with a discussion of the current limitations and proposes improvements in the future assessment of stem cell therapy through the reporting of the effects of DSC viability and DSC efficacy in attenuating secondary damage after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jenkner
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (S.J.); (S.G.)
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Jillian Mary Clark
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (S.J.); (S.G.)
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Ryan Louis O’Hare Doig
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Nishii T, Osuka K, Nishimura Y, Ohmichi Y, Ohmichi M, Suzuki C, Nagashima Y, Oyama T, Abe T, Kato H, Saito R. Protective Mechanism of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth in Treating Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:1196-1210. [PMID: 38185837 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces devastating permanent deficits. Recently, cell transplantation therapy has become a notable treatment for SCI. Although stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are an attractive therapy, their precise mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In this study, we explored one of the neuroprotective mechanisms of SHED treatment at the subacute stage after SCI. We used a rat clip compression SCI model. The animals were randomly divided into three groups: SCI, SCI + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and SCI + SHED. The SHED or PBS intramedullary injection was administered immediately after SCI. After SCI, we explored the effects of SHED on motor function, as assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan score and the inclined plane method, the signal transduction pathway, especially the Janus kinase (JAK) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, the apoptotic pathway, and the expression of neurocan, one of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. SHED treatment significantly improved functional recovery from Day 14 relative to the controls. Western blot analysis showed that SHED significantly reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) at Tyr705 on Day 10 but not on Day 5. However, SHED had no effect on the expression levels of Iba-1 on Days 5 or 10. Immunohistochemistry revealed that p-STAT3 at Tyr705 was mainly expressed in GFAP-positive astrocytes on Day 10 after SCI, and its expression was reduced by administration of SHED. Moreover, SHED treatment significantly induced expression of cleaved caspase 3 in GFAP-positive astrocytes only in the epicenter lesions on Day 10 after SCI but not on Day 5. The expression of neurocan was also significantly reduced by SHED injection on Day 10 after SCI. Our results show that SHED plays an important role in reducing astrogliosis and glial scar formation between Days 5 and 10 after SCI, possibly via apoptosis of astrocytes, ultimately resulting in improvement in neurological functions thereafter. Our data revealed one of the neuroprotective mechanisms of SHED at the subacute stage after SCI, which improved functional recovery after SCI, a serious condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nishii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Osuka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohmichi
- Department of Anatomy II, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mika Ohmichi
- Department of Anatomy II, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Suzuki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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6
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Wang S, Cheng L. The role of apoptosis in spinal cord injury: a bibliometric analysis from 1994 to 2023. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1334092. [PMID: 38293650 PMCID: PMC10825042 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1334092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis after spinal cord injury (SCI) plays a pivotal role in the secondary injury mechanisms, which cause the ultimate neurologic insults. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of apoptosis in SCI allows for improved glial and neuronal survival via the administrations of anti-apoptotic biomarkers. The knowledge structure, development trends, and research hotspots of apoptosis and SCI have not yet been systematically investigated. Methods Articles and reviews on apoptosis and SCI, published from 1st January 1994 to 1st Oct 2023, were retrieved from the Web of Science™. Bibliometrix in R was used to evaluate annual publications, countries, affiliations, authors, sources, documents, key words, and hot topics. Results A total of 3,359 publications in accordance with the criterions were obtained, which exhibited an ascending trend in annual publications. The most productive countries were the USA and China. Journal of Neurotrauma was the most impactive journal; Wenzhou Medical University was the most prolific affiliation; Cuzzocrea S was the most productive and influential author. "Apoptosis," "spinal-cord-injury," "expression," "activation," and "functional recovery" were the most frequent key words. Additionally, "transplantation," "mesenchymal stemness-cells," "therapies," "activation," "regeneration," "repair," "autophagy," "exosomes," "nlrp3 inflammasome," "neuroinflammation," and "knockdown" were the latest emerging key words, which may inform the hottest themes. Conclusions Apoptosis after SCI may cause the ultimate neurological damages. Development of novel treatments for secondary SCI mainly depends on a better understanding of apoptosis-related mechanisms in molecular and cellular levels. Such therapeutic interventions involve the application of anti-apoptotic agents, free radical scavengers, as well as anti-inflammatory drugs, which can be targeted to inhibit core events in cellular and molecular injury cascades pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spinal and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Lin FX, Pan QL, Gu HY, Zeng FJ, Lu ZJ. The Role of Resveratrol on Spinal Cord Injury: from Bench to Bedside. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:104-119. [PMID: 37584822 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe and disabling injury of the central nervous system, with complex pathological mechanisms leading to sensory and motor dysfunction. Pathological processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and glial scarring are important factors that aggravate SCI. Therefore, the inhibition of these pathological processes may contribute to the treatment of SCI. Currently, the pathogenesis of SCI remains under investigation as SCI treatment has not progressed considerably. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, is considered a potential therapeutic drug for various diseases and plays a beneficial role in nerve damage. Preclinical studies have confirmed that signaling pathways are closely related to the pathological processes in SCI, and resveratrol is believed to exert therapeutic effects in SCI by activating the related signaling pathways. Based on current research on the pathways of resveratrol and its role in SCI, resveratrol may be a potentially effective treatment for SCI. This review summarizes the role of resveratrol in promoting the recovery of nerve function by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and glial scar formation in SCI through various mechanisms and pathways, as well as the deficiency of resveratrol in SCI research and the current and anticipated research trends of resveratrol. In addition, this review provides a background for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of SCI and the development of potential therapeutic agents. This information could also help clinicians understand the known mechanisms of action of resveratrol and provide better treatment options for patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Xiang Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Lin Pan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Yun Gu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Jun Zeng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
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Sarkislali K, Kobayashi K, Sarić N, Maeda T, Henmi S, Somaa FA, Bansal A, Tu SC, Leonetti C, Hsu CH, Li J, Vyas P, Kawasawa YI, Tu TW, Wang PC, Hanley PJ, Hashimoto-Torii K, Frank JA, Jonas RA, Ishibashi N. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Delivery Via Cardiopulmonary Bypass Provides Neuroprotection in a Juvenile Porcine Model. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1521-1535. [PMID: 38205346 PMCID: PMC10774600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative/inflammatory stresses due to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) cause prolonged microglia activation and cortical dysmaturation, thereby contributing to neurodevelopmental impairments in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). This study found that delivery of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) via CPB minimizes microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis, with subsequent improvement of cortical dysmaturation and behavioral alteration after neonatal cardiac surgery. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses suggest that exosome-derived miRNAs may be the key drivers of suppressed apoptosis and STAT3-mediated microglial activation. Our findings demonstrate that MSC treatment during cardiac surgery has significant translational potential for improving cortical dysmaturation and neurological impairment in children with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Sarkislali
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kei Kobayashi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nemanja Sarić
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Soichiro Henmi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fahad A. Somaa
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ankush Bansal
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shao Ching Tu
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Camille Leonetti
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chao-Hsiung Hsu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jingang Li
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pranav Vyas
- Department of Radiology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tsang-Wei Tu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul C. Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Patrick J. Hanley
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph A. Frank
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard A. Jonas
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Ishibashi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Guha L, Singh N, Kumar H. Different Ways to Die: Cell Death Pathways and Their Association With Spinal Cord Injury. Neurospine 2023; 20:430-448. [PMID: 37401061 PMCID: PMC10323345 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244976.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a systematic/nonsystematic process of cessation of normal morphology and functional properties of the cell to replace and recycle old cells with new also promoting inflammation in some cases. It is a complicated process comprising multiple pathways. Some are well-explored, and others have just begun to be. The research on appropriate control of cell death pathways after acute and chronic damage of neuronal cells is being widely researched today due to the lack of regeneration and recovering potential of a neuronal cell after sustaining damage and the inability to control the direction of neuronal growth. In the progression and onset of various neurological diseases, impairments in programmed cell death signaling processes, like necroptosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and pathways directly or indirectly linked, like autophagy as in nonprogrammed necrosis, are observed. Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the temporary or permanent disruption of motor activities due to the death of a neuronal and glial cell in the spinal cord accompanied by axonal degeneration. Recent years have seen a significant increase in research on the intricate biochemical interactions that occur after a SCI. Different cell death pathways may significantly impact the subsequent damage processes that lead to the eventual neurological deficiency after an injury to the spinal cord. A better knowledge of the molecular basis of the involved cell death pathways might help enhance neuronal and glial survival and neurological deficits, promoting a curative path for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahanya Guha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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10
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Pan B, Wu X, Zeng X, Chen J, Zhang W, Cheng X, Wan Y, Li X. Transplantation of Wnt4-modified neural stem cells mediate M2 polarization to improve inflammatory micro-environment of spinal cord injury. Cell Prolif 2023:e13415. [PMID: 36747440 PMCID: PMC10392051 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation has been considered as a potential strategy to reconnect the neural circuit after spinal cord injury (SCI) but the therapeutic effect was still unsatisfied because of the poor inflammatory micro-environment of SCI. Previous study reported that neuroprotection and inflammatory immunomodulation were considered to be most important mechanism of NSCs transplantation. In addition, Wnt4 has been considered to be neurogenesis and anti-inflammatory so that it would be an essential assistant agent for NSCs transplantation. Our single cells sequence indicates that macrophages are the most important contributor of inflammatory response after SCI and the interaction between macrophages and astrocytes may be the most crucial to inflammatory microenvironment of SCI. We further report the first piece of evidence to confirm the interaction between Wnt4-modified NSCs and macrophages using NSCs-macrophages co-cultured system. Wnt4-modified NSCs induce M2 polarization and inhibit M1 polarization of macrophages through suppression of TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway; furthermore, M2 cells promote neuronal differentiation of NSCs through MAPK/JNK signal pathway. In vivo, transplantation of Wnt4-modified NSCs improves inflammatory micro-environment through induce M2 polarization and inhibits M1 polarization of macrophages to promote axonal regeneration and tissue repair. The current study indicated that transplantation of Wnt4-modified NSCs mediates M2 polarization of macrophages to promote spinal cord injury repair. Our novel findings would provide more insight of SCI and help with identification of novel treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqi Pan
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Zeng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiewen Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenwu Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Li Z, Zhao T, Ding J, Gu H, Wang Q, Wang Y, Zhang D, Gao C. A reactive oxygen species-responsive hydrogel encapsulated with bone marrow derived stem cells promotes repair and regeneration of spinal cord injury. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:550-568. [PMID: 35600969 PMCID: PMC9108756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an overwhelming and incurable disabling event accompanied by complicated inflammation-related pathological processes, such as excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the infiltrated inflammatory immune cells and released to the extracellular microenvironment, leading to the widespread apoptosis of the neuron cells, glial and oligodendroctyes. In this study, a thioketal-containing and ROS-scavenging hydrogel was prepared for encapsulation of the bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which promoted the neurogenesis and axon regeneration by scavenging the overproduced ROS and re-building a regenerative microenvironment. The hydrogel could effectively encapsulate BMSCs, and played a remarkable neuroprotective role in vivo by reducing the production of endogenous ROS, attenuating ROS-mediated oxidative damage and downregulating the inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), resulting in a reduced cell apoptosis in the spinal cord tissue. The BMSCs-encapsulated ROS-scavenging hydrogel also reduced the scar formation, and improved the neurogenesis of the spinal cord tissue, and thus distinctly enhanced the motor functional recovery of SCI rats. Our work provides a combinational strategy against ROS-mediated oxidative stress, with potential applications not only in SCI, but also in other central nervous system diseases with similar pathological conditions.
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12
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Liu NK, Deng LX, Wang M, Lu QB, Wang C, Wu X, Wu W, Wang Y, Qu W, Han Q, Xia Y, Ravenscraft B, Li JL, You SW, Wipf P, Han X, Xu XM. Restoring mitochondrial cardiolipin homeostasis reduces cell death and promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1058. [PMID: 36539405 PMCID: PMC9768173 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in phospholipids have long been associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, their specific roles and signaling cascades in mediating cell death and tissue repair remain unclear. Here we investigated whether alterations of cardiolipin (CL), a family of mitochondrion-specific phospholipids, play a crucial role in mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death following SCI. Lipidomic analysis was used to determine the profile of CL alteration in the adult rat spinal cord following a moderate contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic (T10) level. Cellular, molecular, and genetic assessments were performed to determine whether CL alterations mediate mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death after SCI, and, if so, whether reversing CL alteration leads to neuroprotection after SCI. Using lipidomic analysis, we uncovered CL alterations at an early stage of SCI. Over 50 distinct CL species were identified, of which 50% showed significantly decreased abundance after SCI. The decreased CL species contained mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids that are highly susceptible to peroxidation. In parallel, 4-HNE, a lipid peroxidation marker, significantly increased after SCI. We found that mitochondrial oxidative stress not only induced CL oxidation, but also resulted in CL loss by activating cPLA2 to hydrolyze CL. CL alterations induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death. Remarkably, pharmacologic inhibition of CL alterations with XJB-5-131, a novel mitochondria-targeted electron and reactive oxygen species scavenger, reduced cell death, tissue damage and ameliorated motor deficits after SCI in adult rats. These findings suggest that CL alteration could be a novel mechanism that mediates injury-induced neuronal death, and a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating secondary SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kui Liu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ling-Xiao Deng
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Frontage Laboratories, Exton, PA 19341 USA
| | - Qing-Bo Lu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Wei Wu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Wenrui Qu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Qi Han
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Yongzhi Xia
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Baylen Ravenscraft
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 P. R. China
| | - Si-Wei You
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404Institute of Neuroscience, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Peter Wipf
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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13
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Erxian decoction inhibits apoptosis by activating Akt1 and repairs spinal cord injury in rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Chen D, Zhao Z, Zhang K, Jin F, Zheng C, Jin Y. Protocol for differential centrifugation-based separation and characterization of apoptotic vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101695. [PMID: 36129822 PMCID: PMC9494288 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) are specific extracellular vesicles generated during apoptosis and play important roles in multiple physiological and pathophysiological settings. Here, we present a protocol using differential centrifugation to separate apoVs from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after induction of apoptosis. We describe how to characterize apoV size and morphology by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and determination of specific biomarker expression by immunoblotting. Our protocol will be useful for preparing apoVs for further functional analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zheng et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Fang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Chenxi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China,Corresponding author
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China,Corresponding author
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15
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Wang Y, Luo W, Lin F, Liu W, Gu R. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate selenium nanoparticles for neuroprotection by scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing inflammation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:989602. [PMID: 36159667 PMCID: PMC9493277 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.989602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely crippling injury. Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressing inflammation to ameliorate secondary injury using biomaterials has turned into a promising strategy for SCI recuperation. Herein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate selenium nanoparticles (EGCG-Se NP) that scavenge ROS and attenuate inflammation were used for neuroprotection in SCI. Methods: EGCG-Se NP were arranged using a simple redox framework. The size, morphology, and chemical structure of the EGCG-Se NP were characterized. The protective effect of EGCG-Se NP for neuroprotection was examined in cell culture and in an SCI rat model. Results: EGCG-Se NP could promptly scavenge excess ROS and safeguard PC12 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative harm in vitro. After intravenous delivery in SCI rats, EGCG-Se NP significantly improved locomotor capacity and diminished the injury region by safeguarding neurons and myelin sheaths. Component studies showed that the main restorative impact of EGCG-Se NP was due to their ROS-scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: This study showed the superior neuroprotective effect of EGCG-Se NP through ROS sequestration and anti-inflammatory capabilities. EGCG-Se NP could be a promising and effective treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rui Gu
- *Correspondence: Wanguo Liu, ; Rui Gu,
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16
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Scheijen EEM, Hendrix S, Wilson DM. Oxidative DNA Damage in the Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury: Seems Obvious, but Where Is the Evidence? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091728. [PMID: 36139802 PMCID: PMC9495924 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs at various phases of spinal cord injury (SCI), promoting detrimental processes such as free radical injury of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, cytoskeleton, and organelles. Oxidative DNA damage is likely a major contributor to the pathogenesis of SCI, as a damaged genome cannot be simply turned over to avert detrimental molecular and cellular outcomes, most notably cell death. Surprisingly, the evidence to support this hypothesis is limited. There is some evidence that oxidative DNA damage is increased following SCI, mainly using comet assays and immunohistochemistry. However, there is great variability in the timing and magnitude of its appearance, likely due to differences in experimental models, measurement techniques, and the rigor of the approach. Evidence indicates that 8-oxodG is most abundant at 1 and 7 days post-injury (dpi), while DNA strand breaks peak at 7 and 28 dpi. The DNA damage response seems to be characterized by upregulation of PCNA and PARP1 but downregulation of APEX1. Significant improvements in the analysis of oxidative DNA damage and repair after SCI, including single-cell analysis at time points representative for each phase post-injury using new methodologies and better reporting, will uncover the role of DNA damage and repair in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle E. M. Scheijen
- Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Germany, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (D.M.W.III)
| | - David M. Wilson
- Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (D.M.W.III)
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17
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Rahimi B, Aliaghaei A, Ramezani F, Behroozi Z, Nasirinezhad F. Sertoli cell transplantation attenuates microglial activation and inhibits TRPC6 expression in neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injury. Physiol Behav 2022; 251:113807. [PMID: 35427673 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell therapy is a promising treatment method for relieving neuropathic pain caused by spinal cord injuries (SCI). Sertoli cells (SCs) are an attractive choice given their demonstrated secretion of growth factors and immunosuppressant effect. This study mechanistically characterizes the analgesic effect of SCs transplantation. METHODS The clip compression SCI model was carried out on the T12-T13 level in male Wistar rats. One-week post-SCI, SCs were transplanted into the site of injury. Animals underwent Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scoring, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia on a weekly basis for a duration of six weeks. Histological examination of the spinal cord and molecular evaluation of Iba-1, P2Y4, TRPC6, and P-mTOR were performed. SCs survival, measured by anti-Müllerian hormone expression in the spinal cord. RESULTS Animals that received SCs transplantation showed improvement in motor function recovery and pain relief. Furthermore, a cavity was significantly decreased in the transplanted animals (p = 0.0024), the expression level of TRPC6 and caspase3 and the number of activated microglia decreased compared to the SCI animals, and p-mTOR and P2Y4R expression remarkably increased compared to the SCI group. CONCLUSION SCs transplantation produces an analgesic effect which may represent a promising treatment for SCI-induced chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Rahimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Behroozi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for experimental and comparative study, Iran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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MicroRNA-138-5p Targets Pro-Apoptotic Factors and Favors Neural Cell Survival: Analysis in the Injured Spinal Cord. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071559. [PMID: 35884864 PMCID: PMC9312482 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system microRNA miR-138-5p has attracted much attention in cancer research because it inhibits pro-apoptotic genes including CASP3. We hypothesize that miR-138-5p downregulation after SCI leads to overexpression of pro-apoptotic genes, sensitizing neural cells to noxious stimuli. This study aimed to identify miR-138-5p targets among pro-apoptotic genes overexpressed following SCI and to confirm that miR-138-5p modulates cell death in neural cells. Gene expression and histological analyses revealed that the drop in miR-138-5p expression after SCI is due to the massive loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes and its downregulation in neurons. Computational analyses identified 176 potential targets of miR-138-5p becoming dysregulated after SCI, including apoptotic proteins CASP-3 and CASP-7, and BAK. Reporter, RT-qPCR, and immunoblot assays in neural cell cultures confirmed that miR-138-5p targets their 3′UTRs, reduces their expression and the enzymatic activity of CASP-3 and CASP-7, and protects cells from apoptotic stimuli. Subsequent RT-qPCR and histological analyses in a rat model of SCI revealed that miR-138-5p downregulation correlates with the overexpression of its pro-apoptotic targets. Our results suggest that the downregulation of miR-138-5p after SCI may have deleterious effects on neural cells, particularly on spinal neurons.
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19
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Liang W, Han B, Hai Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Yang J, Sun D, Yin P. The Role of Microglia/Macrophages Activation and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK Pathway in Distraction Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:926453. [PMID: 35755773 PMCID: PMC9218068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.926453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Distraction spinal cord injuries (DSCIs) often occur as the neurological complication of distraction forces following the implantation of internal fixation devices during scoliosis correction surgery. However, the underlying mechanism behind these injuries remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the activation of microglia and macrophages, as well as changes in TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathway activity after DSCIs in Bama miniature pigs. Prior to surgical intervention, the pigs were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group, the complete distraction spinal cord injury (CDSCI) group, and the incomplete distraction spinal cord injury (IDSCI) group. After surgery, the Tarlov scale and individual limb motor scale (ILMS) were used to evaluate changes in the pigs’ behavior. All pigs were euthanized 7 days after surgery, and histopathological examinations of the spinal cord tissues were performed. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Caspase-3 expression in the anterior horn of spinal gray matter tissues. Immunofluorescence staining was utilized to assess the M1/M2 phenotype changes in microglia/macrophages and NF-κB P65 expression in central DSCI lesions, while western blotting was performed to determine the expression of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathway-related proteins. The results of the present study showed that the Tarlov and ILMS scores decreased significantly in the two DSCI groups compared with the sham group. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Nissl staining revealed that the tissue structure and nerve fiber tracts in the distracted spinal cord tissues were destroyed. Both DSCI groups showed the number of survived neurons decreased and the Caspase-3 expression increased. The results of the immunofluorescence staining indicated that the CD16 and CD206 expression in the microglia/macrophages increased. Between the two DSCI groups, the CDSCI group showed increased CD16 and decreased CD206 expression levels. The intensity of the fluorescence of NF-κB P65 was found to be significantly enhanced in pigs with DSCIs. Moreover, western blot results revealed that the expression of TLR4, p-IκBα, NF-κB P65, p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-P38 proteins increased in spinal cord tissues following DSCI. The present study was based on a porcine DSCI model that closely mimicked clinical DSCIs while clarifying DSCI-associated neuroinflammation mechanisms, in turn providing evidence for identifying potential anti-inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishi Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jincai Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Li M, Fang F, Sun M, Zhang Y, Hu M, Zhang J. Extracellular vesicles as bioactive nanotherapeutics: An emerging paradigm for regenerative medicine. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4879-4903. [PMID: 35836815 PMCID: PMC9274746 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs), as bioactive cell-secreted nanoparticles which are involved in various physiological and pathological processes including cell proliferation, immune regulation, angiogenesis and tissue repair, have emerged as one of the most attractive nanotherapeutics for regenerative medicine. Herein we provide a systematic review of the latest progress of EVs for regenerative applications. Firstly, we will briefly introduce the biogenesis, function and isolation technology of EVs. Then, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of the native unmodified EVs and engineering strategies of the modified EVs as regenerative entities will be discussed. Subsequently, the main focus will be placed on the tissue repair and regeneration applications of EVs on various organs including brain, heart, bone and cartilage, liver and kidney, as well as skin. More importantly, current clinical trials of EVs for regenerative medicine will also be briefly highlighted. Finally, the future challenges and insightful perspectives of the currently developed EV-based nanotherapeutics in biomedicine will be discussed. In short, the bioactive EV-based nanotherapeutics have opened new horizons for biologists, chemists, nanoscientists, pharmacists, as well as clinicians, making possible powerful tools and therapies for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- International Medical Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Jinan University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510630, P. R. China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: (J.Z.); E-mail:
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: (J.Z.); E-mail:
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Tracking Antioxidant Status in Spinal Cord Injured Rodents: A Voltammetric Method Suited for Clinical Translation. World Neurosurg 2022; 161:e183-e191. [PMID: 35093575 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a signalling cascade that produces oxidative stress and damages the spinal cord. Voltammetry is a clinically accessible technique to detect, monitor, and guide correction of this potentially reversible secondary injury mechanism. Voltammetry is well suited for clinical translation because the method is inexpensive, simple, rapid, and portable. Voltammetry relies on the measurement of anodic current from a reagent-free, electrochemical reaction on the surface of a small electrode. METHODS The present study tested the use of new disposable carbon nanotube based screen printed electrodes (CNT-SPE) for the voltammetric measurement of antioxidant current (AC). Spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats after SCI. Locomotor function after SCI was assessed by using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score. RESULTS The more severe SCI caused a decline in spinal cord AC419 at 10 minutes (P < 0.05), 4 hours (P < 0.0001), and 1 day (P < 0.01) after injury compared with sham controls. It also caused a decline in plasma AC375 at 1 (P < 0.001) and 3 days (P < 0.05) after injury compared with their pre-injury baseline. Spinal cord AC419 correlated with plasma AC375 (r = 0.49, P < 0.01) and BBB score (r = 0.66, P < 0.0001) at 1 day after SCI. CONCLUSIONS AC measured by CNT-SPE demonstrated a time- and severity-dependent decline after SCI. Plasma AC could serve as a surrogate marker for spinal cord AC.
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22
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Lin MW, Fang SY, Hsu JYC, Huang CY, Lee PH, Huang CC, Chen HF, Lam CF, Lee JS. Mitochondrial Transplantation Attenuates Neural Damage and Improves Locomotor Function After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:800883. [PMID: 35495036 PMCID: PMC9039257 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.800883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of secondary neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal death in spinal cord injury (SCI). Even though mitochondria-based therapy is an attractive therapeutic option for SCI, the efficacy of transplantation of allogeneic mitochondria in the treatment of SCI remains unclear. Herein, we determined the therapeutic effects of mitochondrial transplantation in the traumatic SCI rats. Compressive SCI was induced by applying an aneurysm clip on the T10 spinal cord of rats. A 100-μg bolus of soleus-derived allogeneic mitochondria labeled with fluorescent tracker was transplanted into the injured spinal cords. The results showed that the transplanted mitochondria were detectable in the injured spinal cord up to 28 days after treatment. The rats which received mitochondrial transplantation exhibited better recovery of locomotor and sensory functions than those who did not. Both the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 and severity of demyelination in the injured cord were reduced in the mitochondrial transplanted groups. Mitochondrial transplantation also alleviated SCI-induced cellular apoptosis and inflammation responses. These findings suggest that transplantation of allogeneic mitochondria at the early stage of SCI reduces mitochondrial fragmentation, neuroapoptosis, neuroinflammation, and generation of oxidative stress, thus leading to improved functional recovery following traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yuan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yu C. Hsu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Huang
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsuan Lee
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Huang
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fuh Lam
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, E-Da Hospital, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Shun Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jung-Shun Lee,
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23
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Progression in translational research on spinal cord injury based on microenvironment imbalance. Bone Res 2022; 10:35. [PMID: 35396505 PMCID: PMC8993811 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level and imposes a considerable burden on patients, families, and society. Repair of the injured spinal cord has been recognized as a global medical challenge for many years. Significant progress has been made in research on the pathological mechanism of spinal cord injury. In particular, with the development of gene regulation, cell sequencing, and cell tracing technologies, in-depth explorations of the SCI microenvironment have become more feasible. However, translational studies related to repair of the injured spinal cord have not yielded significant results. This review summarizes the latest research progress on two aspects of SCI pathology: intraneuronal microenvironment imbalance and regenerative microenvironment imbalance. We also review repair strategies for the injured spinal cord based on microenvironment imbalance, including medications, cell transplantation, exosomes, tissue engineering, cell reprogramming, and rehabilitation. The current state of translational research on SCI and future directions are also discussed. The development of a combined, precise, and multitemporal strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord is a potential future direction.
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24
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Zawadzka M, Kwaśniewska A, Miazga K, Sławińska U. Perspectives in the Cell-Based Therapies of Various Aspects of the Spinal Cord Injury-Associated Pathologies: Lessons from the Animal Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112995. [PMID: 34831217 PMCID: PMC8616284 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the spinal cord (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition often leading to severe dysfunctions, therefore an improvement in clinical treatment for SCI patients is urgently needed. The potential benefits of transplantation of various cell types into the injured spinal cord have been intensively investigated in preclinical SCI models and clinical trials. Despite the many challenges that are still ahead, cell transplantation alone or in combination with other factors, such as artificial matrices, seems to be the most promising perspective. Here, we reviewed recent advances in cell-based experimental strategies supporting or restoring the function of the injured spinal cord with a particular focus on the regenerative mechanisms that could define their clinical translation.
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25
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Wu C, Zhang H, Hong H, Chen C, Chen J, Zhang J, Xue P, Jiang J, Cui Z. E3 ubiquitin ligase Triad1 promotes neuronal apoptosis by regulating the p53-caspase3 pathway after spinal cord injury. Somatosens Mot Res 2021; 39:21-28. [PMID: 34641746 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2021.1986385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spinal cord injury entails a high risk of major disability, but there is still no effective treatment for this condition. This study aims to explore the neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury, which is a key component of secondary injury processes, and plays a critical role in the development of neurological dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Triad1 and its interaction with p53 in the spinal cord after a spinal cord contusion injury in rats. We explored the regulation function of Triad1 to the neuronal apoptosis through p53-caspase3 pathway in primary neurons. RESULTS Triad1 was markedly up-regulated in the grey matter one day after injury, and the distribution and time point of Triad1 expression correlated with the presence of apoptotic neurons. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments further demonstrated that Triad1 interacted with p53 after spinal cord injury. Specific siRNA and overexpression plasmids for Triad1 were transfected into primary neurons, and the expression of both p53 and caspase3 was altered following the change of Triad1. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Triad1 is involved in regulating the pathological process of neuronal apoptosis mediated by p53-caspase3 pathway after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshuai Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Hong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Xue
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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26
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Shahsavani N, Alizadeh A, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Availability of neuregulin-1beta1 protects neurons in spinal cord injury and against glutamate toxicity through caspase dependent and independent mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113817. [PMID: 34314724 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes sensorimotor and autonomic impairment that partly reflects extensive, permanent loss of neurons at the epicenter and penumbra of the injury. Strategies aimed at enhancing neuronal protection are critical to attenuate neurodegeneration and improve neurological recovery after SCI. In rat SCI, we previously uncovered that the tissue levels of neuregulin-1beta 1 (Nrg-1β1) are acutely and persistently downregulated in the injured spinal cord. Nrg-1β1 is well-known for its critical roles in the development, maintenance and physiology of neurons and glia in the developing and adult spinal cord. However, despite this pivotal role, Nrg-1β1 specific effects and mechanisms of action on neuronal injury remain largely unknown in SCI. In the present study, using a clinically-relevant model of compressive/contusive SCI in rats and an in vitro model of glutamate toxicity in primary neurons, we demonstrate Nrg-1β1 provides early neuroprotection through attenuation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, necrosis and apoptosis in acute and subacute stages of SCI. Mechanistically, availability of Nrg-1β1 following glutamate challenge protects neurons from caspase-dependent and independent cell death that is mediated by modulation of mitochondria associated apoptotic cascades and MAP kinase and AKT signaling pathways. Altogether, our work provides novel insights into the role and mechanisms of Nrg-1β1 in neuronal injury after SCI and introduces its potential as a new neuroprotective target for this debilitating neurological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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27
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Richard SA, Sackey M. Elucidating the Pivotal Neuroimmunomodulation of Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9230866. [PMID: 34341666 PMCID: PMC8325586 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9230866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a distressing incident with abrupt onset of the motor as well as sensory dysfunction, and most often, the injury occurs as result of high-energy or velocity accidents as well as contact sports and falls in the elderly. The key challenges associated with nerve repair are the lack of self-repair as well as neurotrophic factors and primary and secondary neuronal apoptosis, as well as factors that prevent the regeneration of axons locally. Neurons that survive the initial traumatic damage may be lost due to pathogenic activities like neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Implanted stem cells are capable of differentiating into neural cells that replace injured cells as well as offer local neurotrophic factors that aid neuroprotection, immunomodulation, axonal sprouting, axonal regeneration, and remyelination. At the microenvironment of SCI, stem cells are capable of producing growth factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor which triggers neuronal survival as well as axonal regrowth. Although stem cells have proven to be of therapeutic value in SCI, the major disadvantage of some of the cell types is the risk for tumorigenicity due to the contamination of undifferentiated cells prior to transplantation. Local administration of stem cells via either direct cellular injection into the spinal cord parenchyma or intrathecal administration into the subarachnoid space is currently the best transplantation modality for stem cells during SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidu A. Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P.O. Box MA128, Ho, Ghana
| | - Marian Sackey
- Department of Pharmacy, Ho Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box MA-374, Ho, Ghana
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28
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Sirtuins: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Defense against Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7207692. [PMID: 34257819 PMCID: PMC8249122 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7207692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most incapacitating neurological disorders. It involves complex pathological processes that include a primary injury and a secondary injury phase, or a delayed stage, which follows the primary injury and contributes to the aggravation of the SCI pathology. Oxidative stress, a key pathophysiological event after SCI, contributes to a cascade of inflammation, excitotoxicity, neuronal and glial apoptosis, and other processes during the secondary injury phase. In recent years, increasing evidence has demonstrated that sirtuins are protective toward the pathological process of SCI through a variety of antioxidant mechanisms. Notably, strategies that modulate the expression of sirtuins exert beneficial effects in cellular and animal models of SCI. Given the significance and novelty of sirtuins, we summarize the oxidative stress processes that occur in SCI and discuss the antioxidant effects of sirtuins in SCI. We also highlight the potential of targeting sirtuins for the treatment of SCI.
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29
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Ying Y, Zhang Y, Tu Y, Chen M, Huang Z, Ying W, Wu Q, Ye J, Xiang Z, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhu S. Hypoxia Response Element-Directed Expression of aFGF in Neural Stem Cells Promotes the Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury and Attenuates SCI-Induced Apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:693694. [PMID: 34195203 PMCID: PMC8236866 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.693694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing neuronal death after spinal cord injury (SCI) is considered to be an important strategy for the renovation of SCI. Studies have shown that, as an important regulator of the development and maintenance of neural structure, acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) has the role of tissue protection and is considered to be an effective drug for the treatment of SCI. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are rendered with the remarkable characteristics to self-replace and differentiate into a variety of cells, so it is promising to be used in cell transplantation therapy. Based on the facts above, our main aim of this research is to explore the role of NSCs expressing aFGF meditated by five hypoxia-responsive elements (5HRE) in the treatment of SCI by constructing AAV–5HRE–aFGF–NSCs and transplanting it into the area of SCI. Our research results showed that AAV–5HRE–aFGF–NSCs can effectively restore the motor function of rats with SCI. This was accomplished by inhibiting the expression of caspase 12/caspase 3 pathway, EIF2α–CHOP pathway, and GRP78 protein to inhibit apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yurong Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Ying
- Department of Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziyue Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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30
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Li K, van Delft MF, Dewson G. Too much death can kill you: inhibiting intrinsic apoptosis to treat disease. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107341. [PMID: 34037273 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is implicated in both physiological and pathological processes. Since many types of cancerous cells intrinsically evade apoptotic elimination, induction of apoptosis has become an attractive and often necessary cancer therapeutic approach. Conversely, some cells are extremely sensitive to apoptotic stimuli leading to neurodegenerative disease and immune pathologies. However, due to several challenges, pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis is still only a recently emerging strategy to combat pathological cell loss. Here, we describe several key steps in the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway that represent potential targets for inhibitors in disease contexts. We also discuss the mechanisms of action, advantages and limitations of small-molecule and peptide-based inhibitors that have been developed to date. These inhibitors serve as important research tools to dissect apoptotic signalling and may foster new treatments to reduce unwanted cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Li
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark F van Delft
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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31
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Zheng C, Sui B, Zhang X, Hu J, Chen J, Liu J, Wu D, Ye Q, Xiang L, Qiu X, Liu S, Deng Z, Zhou J, Liu S, Shi S, Jin Y. Apoptotic vesicles restore liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract type 2 diabetes. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12109. [PMID: 34084287 PMCID: PMC8144839 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a naturally occurring process generating plenty of apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), but the feature, fate and function of apoVs remain largely unknown. Notably, as an appealing source for cell therapy, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergo necessary apoptosis and release apoVs during therapeutic application. In this study, we characterized and used MSC‐derived apoVs to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice, and we found that apoVs were efferocytosed by macrophages and functionally modulated liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract T2D. We showed that apoVs can induce macrophage reprogramming at the transcription level in an efferocytosis‐dependent manner, leading to inhibition of macrophage accumulation and transformation of macrophages towards an anti‐inflammation phenotype in T2D liver. At the molecular level, we discovered that calreticulin (CRT) was exposed on the surface of apoVs to act as a critical ‘eat‐me’ signal mediating apoV efferocytosis and macrophage regulatory effects. Importantly, we demonstrated that CRT‐mediated efferocytosis of MSC‐derived apoVs contributes to T2D therapy with alleviation of T2D phenotypes including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. These findings uncover that functional efferocytosis of apoVs restores liver macrophage homeostasis and ameliorates T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Bingdong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jiachen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Di Wu
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Qingyuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lei Xiang
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xinyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Songtao Shi
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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32
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Pizzolato C, Gunduz MA, Palipana D, Wu J, Grant G, Hall S, Dennison R, Zafonte RD, Lloyd DG, Teng YD. Non-invasive approaches to functional recovery after spinal cord injury: Therapeutic targets and multimodal device interventions. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shi Z, Yuan S, Shi L, Li J, Ning G, Kong X, Feng S. Programmed cell death in spinal cord injury pathogenesis and therapy. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12992. [PMID: 33506613 PMCID: PMC7941236 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) always leads to functional deterioration due to a series of processes including cell death. In recent years, programmed cell death (PCD) is considered to be a critical process after SCI, and various forms of PCD were discovered in recent years, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis. Unlike necrosis, PCD is known as an active cell death mediated by a cascade of gene expression events, and it is crucial for elimination unnecessary and damaged cells, as well as a defence mechanism. Therefore, it would be meaningful to characterize the roles of PCD to not only enhance our understanding of the pathophysiological processes, but also improve functional recovery after SCI. This review will summarize and explore the most recent advances on how apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis are involved in SCI. This review can help us to understand the various functions of PCD in the pathological processes of SCI, and contribute to our novel understanding of SCI of unknown aetiology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongju Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahe Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
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Readnower RD, Hubbard WB, Kalimon OJ, Geddes JW, Sullivan PG. Genetic Approach to Elucidate the Role of Cyclophilin D in Traumatic Brain Injury Pathology. Cells 2021; 10:199. [PMID: 33498273 PMCID: PMC7909250 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin D (CypD) has been shown to play a critical role in mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and the subsequent cell death cascade. Studies consistently demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial calcium overload and mPTP opening, is essential to the pathobiology of cell death after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). CypD inhibitors, such as cyclosporin A (CsA) or NIM811, administered following TBI, are neuroprotective and quell neurological deficits. However, some pharmacological inhibitors of CypD have multiple biological targets and, as such, do not directly implicate a role for CypD in arbitrating cell death after TBI. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of the role CypD plays in TBI pathobiology. Further, we directly assessed the role of CypD in mediating cell death following TBI by utilizing mice lacking the CypD encoding gene Ppif. Following controlled cortical impact (CCI), the genetic knockout of CypD protected acute mitochondrial bioenergetics at 6 h post-injury and reduced subacute cortical tissue and hippocampal cell loss at 18 d post-injury. The administration of CsA following experimental TBI in Ppif-/- mice improved cortical tissue sparing, highlighting the multiple cellular targets of CsA in the mitigation of TBI pathology. The loss of CypD appeared to desensitize the mitochondrial response to calcium burden induced by TBI; this maintenance of mitochondrial function underlies the observed neuroprotective effect of the CypD knockout. These studies highlight the importance of maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis after injury and validate CypD as a therapeutic target for TBI. Further, these results solidify the beneficial effects of CsA treatment following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Readnower
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - William Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | - Olivia J. Kalimon
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - James W. Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.D.R.); (W.B.H.); (O.J.K.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
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Wang N, Yang Y, Pang M, Du C, Chen Y, Li S, Tian Z, Feng F, Wang Y, Chen Z, Liu B, Rong L. MicroRNA-135a-5p Promotes the Functional Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury by Targeting SP1 and ROCK. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:1063-1077. [PMID: 33294293 PMCID: PMC7691148 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs play a pivotal role in neural remodeling after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of miR-135a-5p in regulating the functional recovery of SCI by impacting its target genes and downstream signaling. The gene transfection assay and luciferase reporter assay confirmed the target relationship between miR-135a-5p and its target genes (specificity protein 1 [SP1] and Rho-associated kinase [ROCK]1/2). By establishing the H2O2-induced injury model, miR-135a-5p transfection was found to inhibit the apoptosis of PC12 cells by downregulating the SP1 gene, which subsequently induced downregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, cleaved caspase-3) and upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. By measuring the neurite lengths of PC12 cells, miR-135a-5p transfection was found to promote axon outgrowth by downregulating the ROCK1/2 gene, which subsequently caused upregulation of phosphate protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphate glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Use of the rat SCI models showed that miR-135a-5p could increase the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores, indicating neurological function recovery. In conclusion, the miR-135a-5p-SP1-Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 and miR-135a-5p-ROCK-AKT/GSK3β axes are involved in functional recovery of SCI by regulating neural apoptosis and axon regeneration, respectively, and thus can be promising effective therapeutic strategies in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Du
- Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Li
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhenming Tian
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxiang Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Salidroside Ameliorates Mitochondria-Dependent Neuronal Apoptosis after Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Partially through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Promoting Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3549704. [PMID: 32774670 PMCID: PMC7396093 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3549704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the second most common injury of the spinal cord and has the risk of neurological dysfunction and paralysis, which can seriously affect patient quality of life. Salidroside (Sal) is an active ingredient extracted from Herba Cistanche with a variety of biological attributes such as antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective activities. Moreover, Sal has shown a protective effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver, heart, and brain, but its effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the spinal cord has not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that Sal pretreatment can significantly improve functional recovery in mice after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury and significantly inhibit the apoptosis of neurons both in vivo and in vitro. Neurons have a high metabolic rate, and consequently, mitochondria, as the main energy-supplying suborganelles, become the main injury site of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mitochondrial pathway-dependent neuronal apoptosis is increasingly confirmed by researchers; therefore, Sal's effect on mitochondria naturally attracted our attention. By means of a range of experiments both in vivo and in vitro, we found that Sal can reduce reactive oxygen species production through antioxidant stress to reduce mitochondrial permeability and mitochondrial damage, and it can also enhance the PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway and promote mitophagy to eliminate damaged mitochondria. In conclusion, our results show that Sal is beneficial to the protection of spinal cord neurons after ischemia-reperfusion injury, mainly by reducing apoptosis associated with the mitochondrial-dependent pathway, among which Sal's antioxidant and autophagy-promoting properties play an important role.
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Tao L, Liu X, Da W, Tao Z, Zhu Y. Pycnogenol achieves neuroprotective effects in rats with spinal cord injury by stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential. Neurol Res 2020; 42:597-604. [PMID: 32497471 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1773610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to verify the neuroprotective effects of pycnogenol (PYC) on spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male Wistar rats were selected to establish a model of SCI in accordance with the Allen's protocol. The rats in the PYC group were treated with 100 mg/kg PYC by intraperitoneal injection 15 minutes after SCI. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale was used to evaluate locomotor activity. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) production were detected by ELISA. The expression of Cleaved-caspase 3, Bcl-2, Bax and the levels of Cytochrome c (Cyt-c) were analysed by Western blot or Immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we used the JC-1 fluorescent probe to analyse the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). RESULTS The rats that received PYC had significantly higher BBB scores than the control lesion rats. PYC treatment resulted in reduced bleeding in spinal cord tissue and proliferation of glial cells, greater numbers of anterior horn neurons, more complete structures of residual neurons, and significant improvement in Nissl body morphology. In addition, PYC reduced MDA production and increased SOD activity. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was significantly increased in the PYC treatment group compared with the SCI group. In addition, PYC decreased the expression of Cleaved-caspase 3 and Bax and the release of Cyt-c and increased the expression of Bcl-2 in the SCI rats. CONCLUSIONS The above findings suggested that PYC can improve motor function and reduce neuronal apoptosis after SCI by stabilizing the MMP through the inhibition of oxidative stress. ABBREVIATIONS DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; IHC: immunological histological chemistry; MDA: malondialdehyde; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PMSF: phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride; PVDF: polyvinylidene difluoride; PYC: Pycnogenol; RIPA: radio immunoprecipitation assay; SCI: spinal cord injury; SOD: superoxide dismutase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, China Medical University First Hospital , Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wacili Da
- Department of Orthopaedics, China Medical University First Hospital , Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhengbo Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, China Medical University First Hospital , Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, China Medical University First Hospital , Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Gu J, Jin ZS, Wang CM, Yan XF, Mao YQ, Chen S. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Improves Spinal Cord Function After Injury in Rats by Activating Autophagy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1621-1631. [PMID: 32425507 PMCID: PMC7196809 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s237502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a global medical problem. The smallest membrane-bound nanovesicles, known as exosomes, have a role in complex intercellular communication systems and can be used directly as therapeutic agents by acting as important paracrine factors. Nevertheless, the use of exosomes derived from BMSCs (BMSC-Exos) to treat SCI has been less, and the specific mechanism has not yet been reported. Methods BMSC-Exos were characterized by TEM, NTA and Western blot. The effects of BMSC-Exos treatment were compared by SCI in vivo model and a series of in vitro experiments. Results BMSC-Exos were found to enhance the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3IIB and Beclin-1 and enabled autophagosomes formation. After BMSC-Exos treatment, there was marked decline in the level of expression of proapoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3, while that of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated. Conclusion BMSC-Exos can attenuate neuronal apoptosis by promoting autophagy and promote the potential efficacy of functional behavior recovery in SCI rats. In summary, these findings expand the theoretical knowledge and forms a realistic route for the future treatment of SCI by BMSC-Exos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Shuai Jin
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Ming Wang
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Fei Yan
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Qing Mao
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215228, People's Republic of China
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Shelake S, Sankpal UT, Eslin D, Bowman WP, Simecka JW, Raut S, Ray A, Basha R. Clotam enhances anti-proliferative effect of vincristine in Ewing sarcoma cells. Apoptosis 2020; 24:21-32. [PMID: 30610505 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic strategies used in Ewing sarcoma (ES) especially for relapsed patients have resulted in modest improvements in survival over the past 20 years. Combination therapeutic approach presents as an alternative to overcoming drug resistance in metastatic ES. This study evaluated the effect of Clotam (tolfenamic acid or TA), a small molecule and inhibitor of Specificity protein1 (Sp1) and survivin for sensitizing ES cell lines to chemotherapeutic agent, vincristine (VCR). ES cells (CHLA-9 and TC-32) were treated with TA or VCR or TA + VCR (combination), and cell viability was assessed after 24/48/72 h. Effect of TA or VCR or TA + VCR treatment on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were evaluated using propidium iodide, cell cycle assay and Annexin V flow cytometry respectively. The apoptosis markers, caspase 3/7 (activity levels) and cleaved-PARP (protein expression) were measured. Cardiomyocytes, H9C2 were used as non-malignant cells. While, all treatments caused time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability, interestingly, combination treatment caused significantly higher response (~ 80% inhibition, p < 0.05). Cell viability inhibition was accompanied by inhibition of Sp1 and Survivin. TA + VCR treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased caspase 3/7 activity which strongly correlated with upregulated c-PARP level and Annexin V staining. Cell cycle arrest was observed at G0/G1 (TA) or G2/M (VCR and TA + VCR). All treatments did not cause cytotoxicity in H9C2 cells. These results suggest that TA could enhance the anti-cancer activity of VCR in ES cells. Therefore, TA + VCR combination could be further tested to develop as safe/effective therapeutic strategy for treating ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Shelake
- Department of Pediatrics and Women's Health, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Umesh T Sankpal
- Department of Pediatrics and Women's Health, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Don Eslin
- Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, 32806, USA
| | - W Paul Bowman
- Department of Pediatrics and Women's Health, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
- Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA
| | - Jerry W Simecka
- Pre-clinical Services, UNT Systems College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Sangram Raut
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Anish Ray
- Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA
| | - Riyaz Basha
- Department of Pediatrics and Women's Health, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
- Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA.
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Critical Role of p38 in Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating Inflammation and Apoptosis in a Rat Model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020; 45:E355-E363. [PMID: 31725126 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN To evaluate the effect of p38 pathway on spinal cord injury (SCI), a rat model of SCI was performed. OBJECTIVE We determined the effect of p38 on SCI and SCI related inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA SCI is a severe clinical problem worldwide. It is difficult to prevent cell necroptosis and promote the survival of residual neurons after SCI. p38, a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases, its effect on SCI and SCI related inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy have not been studied very well. METHODS The rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: the sham-operated (sham) group, the SCI group, the SCI + vehicle group, and the SCI + SB203580 (10 mg/kg) group. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 was administered by oral (10 mg/kg/d) gavage once per day for 14 days. Neurological recovery was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotion rating scale. Apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation related proteins were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits or western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that p38 was upregulated after SCI from day 3, which was paralleled with the levels of its proteins ATF-2, suggesting an increase in p38 activity. Our results showed administration of SB203580 attenuated histopathology and promoted locomotion recovery in rats after SCI. SB203580 administration significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokines levels as well as the inflammation signaling pathway. SB203580 administration also modulated the apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that p38 inhibitor SB203580 treatment alleviates secondary SCI by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, thereby promoting neurological and locomoter functional recovery, thus suggest the important role of p38 in neuronal protection after SCI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Hart CG, Dyck SM, Kataria H, Alizadeh A, Nagakannan P, Thliveris JA, Eftekharpour E, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Acute upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein-4 regulates endogenous cell response and promotes cell death in spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113163. [PMID: 31881217 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits a cascade of secondary injury mechanisms that induce profound changes in glia and neurons resulting in their activation, injury or cell death. The resultant imbalanced microenvironment of acute SCI also negatively impacts regenerative processes in the injured spinal cord. Thus, it is imperative to uncover endogenous mechanisms that drive these acute injury events. Here, we demonstrate that the active form of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) is robustly and transiently upregulated in acute SCI in rats. BMP4 is a key morphogen in neurodevelopment; however, its role in SCI is not fully defined. Thus, we elucidated the ramification of BMP4 upregulation in a preclinical model of compressive/contusive SCI in the rat by employing noggin, an endogenous antagonist of BMP ligands, and LDN193189, an intracellular inhibitor of BMP signaling. In parallel, we studied cell-specific effects of BMP4 on neural precursor cells (NPCs), oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), neurons and astrocytes in vitro. We demonstrate that activation of BMP4 inhibits differentiation of spinal cord NPCs and OPCs into mature myelin-expressing oligodendrocytes, and acute blockade of BMPs promotes oligodendrogenesis, oligodendrocyte preservation and remyelination after SCI. Importantly, we report for the first time that BMP4 directly induces caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in neurons and oligodendrocytes in vitro, and noggin and LDN193189 remarkably attenuate caspase-3 activation and lipid peroxidation in acute SCI. BMP4 also enhances the production of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in activated astrocytes in vitro and after SCI. Interestingly, our work reveals that despite the beneficial effects of BMP inhibition in acute SCI, neither noggin nor LDN193189 treatment resulted in long-term functional recovery. Collectively, our findings suggest a role for BMP4 in regulating acute secondary injury mechanisms following SCI, and a potential target for combinatorial approaches to improve endogenous cell response and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Scott M Dyck
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pandian Nagakannan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James A Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Andrabi SS, Yang J, Gao Y, Kuang Y, Labhasetwar V. Nanoparticles with antioxidant enzymes protect injured spinal cord from neuronal cell apoptosis by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. J Control Release 2019; 317:300-311. [PMID: 31805339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In spinal cord injury (SCI), the initial damage leads to a rapidly escalating cascade of degenerative events, known as secondary injury. Loss of mitochondrial homeostasis after SCI, mediated primarily by oxidative stress, is considered to play a crucial role in the proliferation of secondary injury cascade. We hypothesized that effective exogenous delivery of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles (nano-SOD/CAT) - at the lesion site would protect mitochondria from oxidative stress, and hence the spinal cord from secondary injury. Previously, in a rat contusion model of severe SCI, we demonstrated extravasation and retention of intravenously administered nanoparticles specifically at the lesion site. To test our hypothesis, a single dose of nano-SOD/CAT in saline was administered intravenously 6 h post-injury, and the spinal cords were analyzed one week post-treatment. Mitochondria isolated from the affected region of the spinal cord of nano-SOD/CAT-treated animals demonstrated significantly reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) activities, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced calcium levels, and also higher adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production capacity than those isolated from the spinal cords of untreated control or SOD/CAT solution treated animals. Although the treatment did not achieve the same mitochondrial function as in the spinal cords of sham control animals, it significantly attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction following SCI. Further, immunohistochemical analyses of the spinal cords of treated animals showed significantly lower ROS, cleaved caspase-3, and cytochrome c activities, leading to reduced spinal cord neuronal cell apoptosis and smaller lesion area than in untreated animals. These results imply that the treatment significantly attenuated progression of secondary injury that was also reflected from less weight loss and improved locomotive recovery of treated vs. untreated animals. In conclusion, nano-SOD/CAT mitigated activation of cascade of degenerating factors by protecting mitochondria and hence the spinal cord from secondary injury. An effective treatment during the acute phase following SCI could potentially have a positive long-term impact on neurological and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Suhail Andrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Youzhi Kuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Vinod Labhasetwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Lin J, Pan X, Huang C, Gu M, Chen X, Zheng X, Shao Z, Hu S, Wang B, Lin H, Wu Y, Tian N, Wu Y, Gao W, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Wang X. Dual regulation of microglia and neurons by Astragaloside IV-mediated mTORC1 suppression promotes functional recovery after acute spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:671-685. [PMID: 31675186 PMCID: PMC6933381 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and neuronal apoptosis contribute to the progression of secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are targets for SCI therapy; autophagy is reported to suppress apoptosis in neuronal cells and M2 polarization may attenuate inflammatory response in microglia, while both are negatively regulated by mTORC1 signalling. We hypothesize that mTORC1 suppression may have dual effects on inflammation and neuronal apoptosis and may be a feasible approach for SCI therapy. In this study, we evaluate a novel inhibitor of mTORC1 signalling, Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that AS-IV may suppress mTORC1 signalling both in neuronal cells and microglial cells in vitro and in vivo. AS-IV treatment may stimulate autophagy in neuronal cells and protect them against apoptosis through autophagy regulation; it may also promote M2 polarization in microglial cells and attenuate neuroinflammation. In vivo, rats were intraperitoneally injected with AS-IV (10 mg/kg/d) after SCI, behavioural and histological evaluations showed that AS-IV may promote functional recovery in rats after SCI. We propose that mTORC1 suppression may attenuate both microglial inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis and promote functional recovery after SCI, while AS-IV may become a novel therapeutic medicine for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangxiang Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chongan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingbao Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ximiao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xuanqi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenxuan Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sunli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Lin
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Boraiah V, Modgil S, Sharma K, Podder V, Sivapuram MS, Miranpuri GS, Anand A, Goni V. Altered Expression of Heat Shock Protein-27 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 after Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2019; 10:452-458. [PMID: 31595117 PMCID: PMC6779554 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1697683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to serious complications involving primary trauma and progressive loss due to inflammation, local ischemia, or infection. Despite a worldwide annual incidence of 15 to 40 cases per million, methylprednisolone is the only treatment available to alleviate neurologic dysfunction; therefore, research is currently focused on identifying novel targets by biochemical and molecular studies.
Purpose
Here, we investigated the expression of various molecular markers at the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein level at day 0 and day 30 post-SCI.
Methods
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the expression of CASPASE-3 and heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27) in serum samples. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the level of mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1), VEGFR-2, HSP-27, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CASPASE-3.
Results
HSP-27 expression at day 30, as compared with day 0, showed significant downregulation. In contrast, there was elevated expression of MCP-1. ELISA analysis showed no significant change in the expression of CASPASE-3 or HSP-27.
Conclusion
There may be possible opposing role of HSP-27 and MCP-1 governing SCI. Their association can be studied by designing in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Boraiah
- Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Modgil
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kaushal Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Centre for System Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Podder
- Department of General Medicine, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally, Telangana, India
| | - Madhava Sai Sivapuram
- Department of General Medicine, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinna Avutapalli, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gurwattan S Miranpuri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Akshay Anand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vijay Goni
- Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Standardized human bone marrow-derived stem cells infusion improves survival and recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. J Neurol Sci 2019; 402:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Rong Y, Liu W, Wang J, Fan J, Luo Y, Li L, Kong F, Chen J, Tang P, Cai W. Neural stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles attenuate apoptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:340. [PMID: 31000697 PMCID: PMC6472377 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause severe irreversible motor dysfunction and even death. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can promote functional recovery after acute SCI in experimental animals, but numerous issues, including low-transplanted cell survival rate, cell de-differentiation, and tumor formation need to be resolved before routine clinical application is feasible. Recent studies have shown that transplanted stem cells facilitate regeneration through release of paracrine factors. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), the smallest known membrane-bound nanovesicles, are involved in complex intercellular communication systems and are an important vehicle for paracrine delivery of therapeutic agents. However, the application of NSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (NSC-sEVs) to SCI treatment has not been reported. We demonstrate that NSC-sEVs can significantly reduce the extent of SCI, improve functional recovery, and reduce neuronal apoptosis, microglia activation, and neuroinflammation in rats. Furthermore, our study suggests that NSC-sEVs can regulate apoptosis and inflammatory processes by inducing autophagy. In brief, NSC-sEVs increased the expression of the autophagy marker proteins LC3B and beclin-1, and promoted autophagosome formation. Following NSC-sEV infusion, the SCI area was significantly reduced, and the expression levels of the proapoptotic protein Bax, the apoptosis effector cleaved caspase-3, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly reduced, whereas the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated. In the presence of the autophagy inhibitor 3MA, however, these inhibitory effects of NSC-sEVs on apoptosis and neuroinflammation were significantly reversed. Our results show for the first time that NSC-sEV treatment has the potential to reduce neuronal apoptosis, inhibit neuroinflammation, and promote functional recovery in SCI model rats at an early stage by promoting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuluo Rong
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongjun Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linwei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanqi Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Chen J, Shifman MI. Inhibition of neogenin promotes neuronal survival and improved behavior recovery after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2019; 408:430-447. [PMID: 30943435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Following spinal cord trauma, axonal regeneration in the mammalian spinal cord does not occur and functional recovery may be further impeded by retrograde neuronal death. By contrast, lampreys recover after spinal cord injury (SCI) and axons re-connected to their targets in spinal cord. However, the identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons located in the lamprey brain differ in their regenerative capacities - some are good regenerators, and others are bad regenerators - despite the fact that they have analogous projection pathways. Previously, we reported that axonal guidance receptor Neogenin involved in regulation of axonal regeneration after SCI and downregulation of Neogenin synthesis by morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) enhanced the regeneration of RS neurons. Incidentally, the bad regenerating RS neurons often undergo a late retrograde apoptosis after SCI. Here we report that, after SCI, expression of RGMa mRNA was upregulated around the transection site, while its receptor Neogenin continued to be synthesized almost inclusively in the "bad-regenerating" RS neurons. Inhibition of Neogenin by MO prohibited activation of caspases and improved the survival of RS neurons at 10 weeks after SCI. These data provide new evidence in vivo that Neogenin is involved in retrograde neuronal death and failure of axonal regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael I Shifman
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Gao Y, Vijayaraghavalu S, Stees M, Kwon BK, Labhasetwar V. Evaluating accessibility of intravenously administered nanoparticles at the lesion site in rat and pig contusion models of spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2019; 302:160-168. [PMID: 30930216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In spinal cord injury (SCI), timely therapeutic intervention is critical to inhibit the post-injury rapidly progressing degeneration of spinal cord. Towards that objective, we determined the accessibility of intravenously administered biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) as a drug delivery system to the lesion site in rat and pig contusion models of SCI. Poly (d,l-lactide co-glycolide, PLGA)-based NPs loaded with a near-infrared dye as a marker for NPs were used. To analyze and quantify localization of NPs to the lesion site, we mapped the entire spinal cord, segment-by-segment, for the signal count. Our objectives were to determine the NP dose effect and duration of retention of NPs at the lesion site, and the time window post-SCI within which NPs localize at the lesion site. We hypothesized that breakdown of the blood-spinal cord barrier following contusion injury could lead to more specific localization of NPs at the lesion site. The mapping data showed a dose-dependent increase and significantly greater localization of NPs at the lesion site than in the remaining uninjured segment of the spinal cord. Further, NPs were seen to be retained at the lesion site for more than a week. With delayed post-SCI administration, localization of NPs at the lesion site was reduced but still localize even at four weeks post-injury administration. Interestingly, in uninjured animals (sham control), greater accumulation of NPs was seen in the thoracic and lumbar enlargement regions of the spinal cord, which in animals with SCI changed to the lesion site, indicating drastic post-injury hemodynamic changes in the spinal cord. Similar to the rat results, pig contusion model of SCI showed greater NP localization at the lesion site. In conclusion, NPs could potentially be explored as a carrier for delivery of therapeutics to the lesion site to minimize the impact of post-SCI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sivakumar Vijayaraghavalu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Melinda Stees
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Brian K Kwon
- Department of Orthopedics, International Collaboration of Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vinod Labhasetwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Inhibition of MSK1 Promotes Inflammation and Apoptosis and Inhibits Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:191-203. [PMID: 30919247 PMCID: PMC6511344 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase (MSK) 1 is a nuclear serine/threonine kinase. In the central nervous system, it plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and neuronal survival; it is also involved in astrocyte inflammation and the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production. However, its specific role in spinal cord injury is not clear. Here, we aimed to elucidate this role using an in vivo animal model. In this study, we found that MSK1 is gradually decreased, starting 1 day after spinal cord injury and to its lowest level 3 days post-injury, after which it gradually increased. To further investigate the possible function of MSK1 in spinal cord injury, we interfered with its expression by utilizing a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-encoding lentivirus, which was injected into the injured spinal cord to inhibit local expression. After MSK1 inhibition, we found that the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β were increased. Moreover, the expression of IL-10 was decreased. In addition, neuronal apoptotic cells were increased significantly and expression of the apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 was also increased. Ultrastructural analysis of nerve cells also revealed typical neuronal apoptosis and severe neuronal damage. Finally, we found that hindlimb motor function decreased significantly with MSK1 knockdown. Therefore, our findings suggest that the inhibition of this protein promotes inflammatory responses and apoptosis and suppresses functional recovery after spinal cord injury. MSK1 might thus play an important role in repair after spinal cord injury by regulating inflammation and apoptosis.
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Albayar AA, Roche A, Swiatkowski P, Antar S, Ouda N, Emara E, Smith DH, Ozturk AK, Awad BI. Biomarkers in Spinal Cord Injury: Prognostic Insights and Future Potentials. Front Neurol 2019; 10:27. [PMID: 30761068 PMCID: PMC6361789 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a major challenge in Neurotrauma research. Complex pathophysiological processes take place immediately after the injury and later on as the chronic injury develops. Moreover, SCI is usually accompanied by traumatic injuries because the most common modality of injury is road traffic accidents and falls. Patients develop significant permanent neurological deficits that depend on the extent and the location of the injury itself and in time they develop further neurological and body changes that may risk their mere survival. In our review, we explored the recent updates with regards to SCI biomarkers. We observed two methods that may lead to the appearance of biomarkers for SCI. First, during the first few weeks following the injury the Blood Spinal Cord Barrier (BSCB) disruption that releases several neurologic structure components from the injured tissue. These components find their way to Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and the systemic circulation. Also, as the injury develops several components of the pathological process are expressed or released such as in neuroinflammation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity sequences. Therefore, there is a growing interest in examining any correlations between these components and the degrees or the outcomes of the injury. Additionally, some of the candidate biomarkers are theorized to track the progressive changes of SCI which offers an insight on the patients' prognoses, potential-treatments-outcomes assessment, and monitoring the progression of the complications of chronic SCI such as Pressure Ulcers and urinary dysfunction. An extensive literature review was performed covering literature, published in English, until February 2018 using the Medline/PubMed database. Experimental and human studies were included and titles, PMID, publication year, authors, biomarkers studies, the method of validation, relationship to SCI pathophysiology, and concluded correlation were reported. Potential SCI biomarkers need further validation using clinical studies. The selection of the appropriate biomarker group should be made based on the stage of the injuries, the accompanying trauma and with regards to any surgical, or medical interference that might have been done. Additionally, we suggest testing multiple biomarkers related to the several pathological changes coinciding to offer a more precise prediction of the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Albayar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abigail Roche
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Przemyslaw Swiatkowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Antar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nouran Ouda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Emara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Douglas H. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ali K. Ozturk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Basem I. Awad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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