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Margetts BM, Stuart‐Fox D, Franklin AM. Red vision in animals is broadly associated with lighting environment but not types of visual task. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10899. [PMID: 38304263 PMCID: PMC10828735 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Red sensitivity is the exception rather than the norm in most animal groups. Among species with red sensitivity, there is substantial variation in the peak wavelength sensitivity (λmax) of the long wavelength sensitive (LWS) photoreceptor. It is unclear whether this variation can be explained by visual tuning to the light environment or to visual tasks such as signalling or foraging. Here, we examine long wavelength sensitivity across a broad range of taxa showing diversity in LWS photoreceptor λmax: insects, crustaceans, arachnids, amphibians, reptiles, fish, sharks and rays. We collated a list of 161 species with physiological evidence for a photoreceptor sensitive to red wavelengths (i.e. λmax ≥ 550 nm) and for each species documented abiotic and biotic factors that may be associated with peak sensitivity of the LWS photoreceptor. We found evidence supporting visual tuning to the light environment: terrestrial species had longer λmax than aquatic species, and of these, species from turbid shallow waters had longer λmax than those from clear or deep waters. Of the terrestrial species, diurnal species had longer λmax than nocturnal species, but we did not detect any differences across terrestrial habitats (closed, intermediate or open). We found no association with proxies for visual tasks such as having red morphological features or utilising flowers or coral reefs. These results support the emerging consensus that, in general, visual systems are broadly adapted to the lighting environment and diverse visual tasks. Links between visual systems and specific visual tasks are commonly reported, but these likely vary among species and do not lead to general patterns across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony M. Margetts
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Devi Stuart‐Fox
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Amanda M. Franklin
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Hart NS, Lamb TD, Patel HR, Chuah A, Natoli RC, Hudson NJ, Cutmore SC, Davies WIL, Collin SP, Hunt DM. Visual Opsin Diversity in Sharks and Rays. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:811-827. [PMID: 31770430 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of color vision systems found in extant vertebrates suggests that different evolutionary selection pressures have driven specializations in photoreceptor complement and visual pigment spectral tuning appropriate for an animal's behavior, habitat, and life history. Aquatic vertebrates in particular show high variability in chromatic vision and have become important models for understanding the role of color vision in prey detection, predator avoidance, and social interactions. In this study, we examined the capacity for chromatic vision in elasmobranch fishes, a group that have received relatively little attention to date. We used microspectrophotometry to measure the spectral absorbance of the visual pigments in the outer segments of individual photoreceptors from several ray and shark species, and we sequenced the opsin mRNAs obtained from the retinas of the same species, as well as from additional elasmobranch species. We reveal the phylogenetically widespread occurrence of dichromatic color vision in rays based on two cone opsins, RH2 and LWS. We also confirm that all shark species studied to date appear to be cone monochromats but report that in different species the single cone opsin may be of either the LWS or the RH2 class. From this, we infer that cone monochromacy in sharks has evolved independently on multiple occasions. Together with earlier discoveries in secondarily aquatic marine mammals, this suggests that cone-based color vision may be of little use for large marine predators, such as sharks, pinnipeds, and cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Hart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Trevor D Lamb
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo C Natoli
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Hudson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne I L Davies
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shaun P Collin
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David M Hunt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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The retinal pigments of the whale shark ( Rhincodon typus) and their role in visual foraging ecology. Vis Neurosci 2019; 36:E011. [PMID: 31718726 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523819000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The spectral tuning properties of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) rod (rhodopsin or Rh1) and long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cone visual pigments were examined to determine whether these retinal pigments have adapted to the broadband light spectrum available for surface foraging or to the narrowband blue-shifted light spectrum available at depth. Recently published whale shark genomes have identified orthologous genes for both the whale shark Rh1 and LWS cone opsins suggesting a duplex retina. Here, the whale shark Rh1 and LWS cone opsin sequences were examined to identify amino acid residues critical for spectral tuning. Surprisingly, the predicted absorbance maximum (λmax) for both the whale shark Rh1 and LWS visual pigments is near 500 nm. Although Rh1 λmax values near 500 nm are typical of terrestrial vertebrates, as well as surface foraging fish, it is uncommon for a vertebrate LWS cone pigment to be so greatly blue-shifted. We propose that the spectral tuning properties of both the whale shark Rh1 and LWS cone pigments are most likely adaptations to the broadband light spectrum available at the surface. Whale shark melanopsin (Opn4) deactivation kinetics was examined to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of the pupillary light reflex. Results show that the deactivation rate of whale shark Opn4 is similar to the Opn4 deactivation rate from vertebrates possessing duplex retinae and is significantly faster than the Opn4 deactivation rate from an aquatic rod monochromat lacking functional cone photoreceptors. The rapid deactivation rate of whale shark Opn4 is consistent with a functional cone class and would provide the animal with an exponential increase in the number of photons required for photoreceptor signaling when transitioning from photopic to scotopic light conditions, as is the case when diving.
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Hart NS, Theiss SM, Harahush BK, Collin SP. Microspectrophotometric evidence for cone monochromacy in sharks. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:193-201. [PMID: 21212930 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-010-0758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sharks are apex predators, and their evolutionary success is in part due to an impressive array of sensory systems, including vision. The eyes of sharks are well developed and function over a wide range of light levels. However, whilst close relatives of the sharks-the rays and chimaeras-are known to have the potential for colour vision, an evolutionary trait thought to provide distinct survival advantages, evidence for colour vision in sharks remains equivocal. Using single-receptor microspectrophotometry, we measured the absorbance spectra of visual pigments located in the retinal photoreceptors of 17 species of shark. We show that, while the spectral tuning of the rod (wavelength of maximum absorbance, λ(max) 484-518 nm) and cone (λ(max) 532-561 nm) visual pigments varies between species, each shark has only a single long-wavelength-sensitive cone type. This suggests that sharks may be cone monochromats and, therefore, potentially colour blind. Whilst cone monochromacy on land is rare, it may be a common strategy in the marine environment: many aquatic mammals (whales, dolphins and seals) also possess only a single, green-sensitive cone type. It appears that both sharks and marine mammals may have arrived at the same visual design by convergent evolution. The spectral tuning of the rod and cone pigments of sharks is also discussed in relation to their visual ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Scott Hart
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Morton RA, Pitt GA. Aspects of visual pigment research. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 32:97-171. [PMID: 4892505 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122778.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Partridge JC, White EM, Douglas RH. The effect of elevated hydrostatic pressure on the spectral absorption of deep-sea fish visual pigments. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:314-9. [PMID: 16391353 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hydrostatic pressure (0.1-54 MPa, equivalent to pressures experienced by fish from the ocean's surface to depths of ca. 5,400 m) on visual pigment absorption spectra was investigated for rod visual pigments extracted from the retinae of 12 species of deep-sea fish of diverse phylogeny and habitat. The wavelength of peak absorption (lambda(max)) was shifted to longer wavelengths by an average of 1.35 nm at 40 MPa (a pressure approximately equivalent to average ocean depth) relative to measurements made at one atmosphere (ca. 0.1 MPa), but with little evidence of a change in absorbance at the lambda(max). We conclude that previous lambda(max) measurements of deep-sea fish visual pigments, made at a pressure close to 0.1 MPa, provide a good indication of lambda(max) values at higher pressures when considering the ecology of vision in the deep-sea. Although not affecting the spectral sensitivity of the animal to any important degree, the observed shift in lambda(max) may be of interest in the context of understanding opsin-chromophore interaction and spectral tuning of visual pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Partridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.
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DARTNALL HJ. Visual pigments before and after extraction from visual cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 154:250-66. [PMID: 13719817 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1961.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Douglas RH, Partridge JC, Marshall NJ. The eyes of deep-sea fish. I: Lens pigmentation, tapeta and visual pigments. Prog Retin Eye Res 1998; 17:597-636. [PMID: 9777651 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-9462(98)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deep-sea fish, defined as those living below 200 m, inhabit a most unusual photic environment, being exposed to two sources of visible radiation; very dim downwelling sunlight and bioluminescence, both of which are, in most cases, maximal at wavelengths around 450-500 nm. This paper summarises the reflective properties of the ocular tapeta often found in these animals, the pigmentation of their lenses and the absorption characteristics of their visual pigments. Deep-sea tapeta usually appear blue to the human observer, reflecting mainly shortwave radiation. However, reflection in other parts of the spectrum is not uncommon and uneven tapetal distribution across the retina is widespread. Perhaps surprisingly, given the fact that they live in a photon limited environment, the lenses of some deep-sea teleosts are bright yellow, absorbing much of the shortwave part of the spectrum. Such lenses contain a variety of biochemically distinct pigments which most likely serve to enhance the visibility of bioluminescent signals. Of the 195 different visual pigments characterised by either detergent extract or microspectrophotometry in the retinae of deep-sea fishes, ca. 87% have peak absorbances within the range 468-494 nm. Modelling shows that this is most likely an adaptation for the detection of bioluminescence. Around 13% of deep-sea fish have retinae containing more than one visual pigment. Of these, we highlight three genera of stomiid dragonfishes, which uniquely produce far red bioluminescence from suborbital photophores. Using a combination of longwave-shifted visual pigments and in one species (Malacosteus niger) a chlorophyll-related photosensitizer, these fish have evolved extreme red sensitivity enabling them to see their own bioluminescence and giving them a private spectral waveband invisible to other inhabitants of the deep-ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Douglas
- Department Optometry and Visual Science, City University, London, U.K
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DENTON EJ. The contributions of the orientated photosensitive and other molecules to the absorption of whole retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997; 150:78-94. [PMID: 13623812 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1959.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Observations have been made on the intact retinae of various animals chosen so as to give examples of golden, red and purple retinae. It is confirmed, by a method giving the absorption curve of unbleached retina, that the retinae of deep-sea fish have golden photosensitive pigments in optical densities so high that they absorb over 90% of blue-green light striking them. Despite the fact that light has passed through all the retinal layers the spectral total density curves correspond closely to those obtained on highly purified retinal extracts. After making a small correction for losses of light in the layers of retina other than the receptor layer the
D
min.
/
D
max.
ratios were about 0·25 for chrysopsin retinae and 0·25 for porphyropsin retinae. The losses of light in retinae from which the rod and cone layer has been brushed off, although varying little with wavelength, rise slowly in the near ultra-violet and red from a minimum in the yellow. The edge-fold preparation, useful for studying the dichroism of the retinal rods is described. Using such preparations it is shown that the spectral curves of dichroic difference in density are very close to those of total retinal density and therefore there can be little material absorbing light between 400 and 720 m
μ
orientated along the axes of unbleached rods. There is, however, such material absorbing near ultra-violet light present in unbleached retinae whose principal photosensitive pigment is derived from vitamin
A
2
. For both vitamin
A
1
and vitamin
A
2
retinae the sense of the dichroism in the near ultra-violet is reversed in the first hour following the bleaching of the photosensitive pigments. This shows that the molecules of visual white (vitamin
A
) in the bleached isolated retina are orientated with their axes of resonance parallel to the axes of the rods, a conclusion confirmed by studies of the polarization of the fluorescence of visual white in the bleached retina.
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Frontiers in the study of the biochemistry and molecular biology of vision and luminescence in fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89124-2.50008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Crescitelli F. The scotopic photoreceptors and their visual pigments of fishes: functions and adaptations. Vision Res 1991; 31:339-48. [PMID: 1843745 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(91)90086-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Crescitelli
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Crescitelli F. Adaptations of visual pigments to the photic environment of the deep sea. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT : PUBLISHED UNDER AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS AND THE DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 5:66-75. [PMID: 1982497 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402560510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This is a summary of studies that bear on the problems of the adaptation of visual pigments to the photic environment of the deep sea. The results suggest that the spectral absorption of these retinal pigments is shifted toward the blue in order to match the dim, blue-green downwelling light and/or the bioluminescence of organisms that are critical to the life of the species. Through such a spectral match, greater visual sensitivity is achieved for life in the special photic condition of their habitat. This adaptation has been found for chimaerid fishes, for elasmobranchs, for teleosts, for mammals, and for certain crustaceans and cephalopods. The most convincing evidence for such an adaptive match has been found in teleosts that have red-emitting photophores. In these fishes a photopigment with absorbance shifted toward the red has been found by extraction and microspectrophotometry. A few exceptions to this idea of an adaptive match have appeared in the literature, the cone pigments, especially, being examples of such offset pigments. The malacosteid fishes have been shown to have a red-shifted retinal pigment with 11-cis-3-dehydroretinal as the chromophore and some invertebrates have also adopted this molecule to adjust the spectral absorption to the photic environment or to the bioluminescence. These studies are beginning to reveal that visual biochemistry is basically the same in vertebrates and invertebrates and that the visual pigment protein arose early in phylogeny and has been retained, with appropraite modifications, to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Crescitelli
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Cohen JL. Adaptations for scotopic vision in the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402560511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hiller-Adams P, Widder EA, Case JF. The visual pigments of four deep-sea crustacean species. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1988; 163:63-72. [PMID: 3385669 DOI: 10.1007/bf00611997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The visual pigments of four mesopelagic crustacean species were studied at sea by means of microspectrophotometry. The absorbance maxima obtained for the visual pigments and their metarhodopsins, respectively, were: 493 nm and 481 nm (Systellaspis debilis), 485 nm and 480 nm (Acanthephyra curtirostris), 491 nm and 482 nm (A. smithi), and 495 nm and 487 nm (Sergestes tenuiremis). The spectral characteristics of the rhodopsins and metarhodopsins permit high photosensitivity and facilitate photoregeneration in a nearly monochromatic environment. Photic regeneration of rhodopsins from the deep-sea environment was demonstrated, and data were obtained which are consistent with the occurrence of dark regeneration. Specific optical density of the observed visual pigments was calculated for two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hiller-Adams
- Neuroscience Research Program, IES, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Crescitelli F, McFall-Ngai M, Horwitz J. The visual pigment sensitivity hypothesis: further evidence from fishes of varying habitats. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1985; 157:323-33. [PMID: 3837092 DOI: 10.1007/bf00618122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Visual pigments were extracted from the retinas of 8 species of marine teleosts and 4 species of elasmobranchs and a comparison was made of the pigment properties from these fishes, some inhabiting surface waters, others from the mesopelagic zone, and a few migrating vertically between these two environments. An association was found between the spectral position of the absorbance curve and the habitat depth or habitat behavior, with the blue-shifted chrysopsins being the pigments of the twilight zone fishes and the rhodopsins with fishes living near the surface. The retina of the swell shark (Cephaloscyllium ventriosum) yielded extracts with two photopigments; one, a rhodopsin at 498 nm; the second, a chrysopsin at 478 nm. This fish has been reported to practice seasonal vertical migrations between the surface and the mesopelagic waters. In addition to the spectral absorbance, several properties of these visual pigments were examined, including the meta-III product of photic bleaching, regeneration with added 11-cis and 9-cis retinals, and the chromophoric photosensitivity. The chrysopsin properties were found to be fundamentally similar to those of typical vertebrate rhodopsins. Correlating the spectral data with the habitat and habitat behavior of our fishes gives us confidence in the idea that the scotopic pigments have evolved as adaptations to those aspects of their color environment that are critical to the survival of the species.
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Denys CJ, Brown PK. Euphausiid visual pigments. The rhodopsins of Euphausia superba and Meganyctiphanes norvegica (Crustacea, Euphausiacea). J Gen Physiol 1982; 80:451-72. [PMID: 7142953 PMCID: PMC2228684 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.80.3.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhabdoms of Euphausia superba contain one digitonin-extractable rhodopsin, lambda max 485 nm. The rhodopsin undergoes unusual pH-dependent spectral changes: above neutrality, the absorbance decreases progressively at 485 nm and rises near 370 nm. This change is reversible and appears to reflect an equilibrium between a protonated and an unprotonated form of the rhodopsin Schiff-base linkage. Near neutral pH and at 10 degrees C, the rhodopsin is partiaLly converted by 420-nm light to a stable 493-nm metarhodopsin. The metarhodopsin is partially photoconverted to rhodopsin by long-wavelength light in the absence of NH2OH; in the presence of NH2OH, it is slowly converted to retinal oxime and opsin. The rhodopsin of Meganyctiphanes norvegica measured in fresh rhabdoms by microspectrophotometry has properties very similar to those of the extracted rhodopsin of E. superba. Its lambda max is 488 nm and it is partially photoconverted by short wavelength irradiation to a stable photoconvertible metarhodopsin similar to that of E. superba. In the presence of light and NH2OH, the M. norvegica metarhodopsin is converted to retinal oxime and opsin. Our results indicate that previous determinations of euphausiid rhodopsin absorbance spectra were incorrect because of accessory pigment contamination.
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Evolutionary Adaptations of Fishes to the Photic Environment. THE VISUAL SYSTEM IN VERTEBRATES 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66468-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lavigne DM, Ronald K. Pinniped visual pigments. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 52:325-9. [PMID: 1175361 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(75)90073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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O'Day WT, Fernandez HR. Aristostomias scintillans (Malacosteidae): a deep-sea fish with visual pigments apparently adapted to its own bioluminescence. Vision Res 1974; 14:545-50. [PMID: 4424870 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(74)90044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Muntz WR. Yellow filters and the absorption of light by the visual pigments of some Amazonian fishes. Vision Res 1973; 13:2235-54. [PMID: 4771192 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(73)90225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Munz FW, McFarland WN. The significance of spectral position in the rhodopsins of tropical marine fishes. Vision Res 1973; 13:1829-74. [PMID: 4746986 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(73)90060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Dartnall
- MRC Vision Unit, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton
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Crescitelli F. The Visual Cells and Visual Pigments of the Vertebrate Eye. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISION 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65066-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bridges CD. Variation of visual pigment amongst individuals of an American minnow, Notemigonus crysolecuas boscii. Vision Res 1964; 4:233-9. [PMID: 5888601 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(64)90005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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