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Affiliation(s)
- H. Krieg
- Gynecological and Obstetrical Clinic; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Currie
- Edgar and Tenovus Laboratories, Charing Cross Group of Hospitals, Fulham Hospital, London
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Liu XM, Zhang D, Wang TT, Sheng JZ, Huang HF. Ion/Water Channels for Embryo Implantation Barrier. Physiology (Bethesda) 2014; 29:186-95. [PMID: 24789983 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful implantation involves three distinct processes, namely the embryo apposition, attachment, and penetration through the luminal epithelium of the endometrium to establish a vascular link to the mother. After penetration, stromal cells underlying the epithelium differentiate and surround the embryo to form the embryo implantation barrier, which blocks the passage of harmful substances to the embryo. Many ion/water channel proteins were found to be involved in the process of embryo implantation. First, ion/water channel proteins play their classical role in establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane. Second, most of ion/water channel proteins are regulated by steroid hormone (estrogen or progesterone), which may have important implications to the embryo implantation. Last but not least, these proteins do not limit themselves as pure channels but also function as an initiator of a series of consequences once activated by their ligand/stimulator. Herein, we discuss these new insights in recent years about the contribution of ion/water channels to the embryo implantation barrier construction during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jian-Zhong Sheng
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China; and
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Teles A, Zenclussen AC, Schumacher A. Regulatory T cells are baby's best friends. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:331-9. [PMID: 23289369 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are one of the most and best studied immune cell population during human and murine pregnancy, and there is a general consent about their expansion during pregnancy. However, the identification of new and more reliable Treg markers during the last years resulted in some controversies about the kinetics of various Treg subsets at different pregnancy stages. No doubt exists regarding the importance of Treg for a normal pregnancy as pregnancy complications like spontaneous abortion and preeclampsia could be associated with a reduced Treg number and activity. In future, more attention should be paid to bring established data from the bench to the bedside to force the development of adequate therapies for treatment of pregnancy complications. In this article, we summarize previous and recent data on several aspects of Treg biology during human and murine pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teles
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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BRADBURY S, BILLINGTON WD, KIRBY DR. A histochemical and electron microscopical study of the fibrinoid of the mouse placenta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 84:199-211. [PMID: 14344275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1965.tb02121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Brosens I. Deep placentation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 25:273-85. [PMID: 21212025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Deep placentation in human pregnancy is realised by deep invasion of the placental bed by the extravillous trophoblast, involving the decidua and the inner (junctional zone) myometrium. Interstitial invasion of the stroma and endovascular trophoblast invasion of the spiral arteries both occur. Deep endovascular trophoblast invasion into the myometrial segments of spiral arteries is important for proper placental functioning. Before this extended vascular invasion begins, decidua-associated vascular remodelling, which includes swelling and disorganisation of the vascular smooth muscle, occurs during a period of rising placental oxygen. This early remodelling step may accommodate the progressively increasing maternal blood flow to the developing placenta. The subsequent trophoblast-associated remodelling step enhances and stabilises the widening of the vessels, whereas the vascular smooth muscle and elastic lamina are replaced by a fibrinoid matrix with embedded trophoblast. Defective deep remodelling contributes to placental malfunctioning in complications of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pijnenborg
- Department of Woman & Child, University Hospital Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Hanssens M, Brosens I. Endovascular trophoblast and preeclampsia: A reassessment. Pregnancy Hypertens 2010; 1:66-71. [PMID: 26104233 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the earliest report on impaired spiral artery remodelling in preeclamptic human pregnancies, numerous studies have been devoted to possible mechanisms of impaired trophoblast invasion. A better knowledge of early uteroplacental blood flow has provided a physiological context for the processes of spiral artery invasion and associated remodelling, revealing a closely timed relationship between increasing flow and early steps in vascular remodelling. Concerning the impaired trophoblast invasion in preeclampsia, it has also to be considered that impaired invasion not only concerns invasion depth per se, but also the extension of this deep invasion from the central towards the more lateral spiral arteries of the placental bed. Since also in preeclampsia the very central spiral arteries may be normally invaded, the existence of such spatial gradient provides a further dimension to the problem. A practical consequence is that frequently used rodent models, which show invasion of two or three spiral arteries only, may be less useful for studying this particular aspect of the disease. Amongst non-human primates, baboons and rhesus monkeys are 'shallow invaders', and only in some of the great apes deep trophoblast invasion and associated spiral artery remodelling occurs. A better knowledge of the evolutionary history of deep invasion and its possible selective benefit might ultimately improve our understanding of failed deep invasion and impaired spiral artery remodelling in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pijnenborg
- Department of Woman and Child, University Hospital Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisbeth Vercruysse
- Department of Woman and Child, University Hospital Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hanssens
- Department of Woman and Child, University Hospital Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivo Brosens
- Leuven Institute for Fertility and Embryology, Tiensevest 168, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Leber A, Teles A, Zenclussen AC. Regulatory T Cells and Their Role in Pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:445-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Zenclussen ML, Thuere C, Ahmad N, Wafula PO, Fest S, Teles A, Leber A, Casalis PA, Bechmann I, Priller J, Volk HD, Zenclussen AC. The persistence of paternal antigens in the maternal body is involved in regulatory T-cell expansion and fetal-maternal tolerance in murine pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:200-8. [PMID: 20055792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Mammalian pregnancy is a state of immunological tolerance and CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) contribute to its maintenance. Knowing that Treg act in an antigen-specific way during pregnancy, we hypothesized that they are generated after maternal immune cells encounter paternal antigens. METHOD OF STUDY We mated wild type females with transgenic green fluorescent protein (GFP) males in an allogenic setting and killed them on different days of pregnancy. RESULTS Presence of paternal and maternal MHC class II(+) cells in vaginal lavage on day 0.5 of pregnancy was confirmed. Thus, antigen presentation may take place early during pregnancy in the periphery either by the direct or indirect pathways. Foxp3(+) cells known to have regulatory activity could be detected on day 2 of pregnancy in lymph nodes and shortly after implantation at the fetal-maternal interface. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that paternal antigens are processed early during pregnancy, which leads to the generation of Treg. The continuous release of placental antigens into the maternal circulation allows the maintenance of a Treg population which is specific for paternal antigens and mediates tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus until the time point of birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Zenclussen
- Reproductive Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Properties of Cultured Preimplantation Mouse and Rabbitembryos, and Cell Strains Derived from Them. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470719435.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Terness P, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG, Rabinovich GA, Saito S, Clark DA. Tolerance signaling molecules and pregnancy: IDO, galectins, and the renaissance of regulatory T cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 58:238-54. [PMID: 17681041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Is the concept of maternal tolerance preventing rejection of the semi-allogeneic 'fetal allograft' still valid? METHOD OF STUDY Compilation of expert reviews of literature and recent advances in research on indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), regulatory T cells and galectin-1. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A role for IDO in pregnancy success remains speculative, but solid data exist to support a role for Treg cells, and for galectin-1 in induction and action of Treg cells. Just as several signals may need to be simultaneously present to induce Th1 cytokine-triggered abortions, more than 1 signal may need to be simultaneously present to prevent rejection and ensure success. Both complement and coagulation pathways appear necessary for embryo execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Terness
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Satterfield MC, Dunlap KA, Hayashi K, Burghardt RC, Spencer TE, Bazer FW. Tight and adherens junctions in the ovine uterus: differential regulation by pregnancy and progesterone. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3922-31. [PMID: 17478549 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In species with noninvasive implantation by conceptus trophectoderm, fetal/maternal communications occur across the endometrial epithelia. The present studies identified changes in junctional complexes in the ovine endometrium that regulate paracellular trafficking of water, ions, and other molecules, and the secretory capacity of the uterine epithelia. Distinct temporal and spatial alterations in occludin, tight junction protein 2, and claudin 1-4 proteins were observed in the endometrium of cyclic and early pregnant ewes. Dynamic changes in tight junction formation were characterized by an abundance of tight junction proteins on d 10 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy that substantially decreased by d 12. Early progesterone administration advanced conceptus development on d 9 and 12 that was associated with loss of tight-junction-associated proteins. Pregnancy increased tight-junction-associated proteins between d 14-16. Cadherin 1 and beta-catenin, which form adherens junctions, were abundant in the endometrial glands, but decreased after d 10 of pregnancy in the luminal epithelium and then increased by d 16 with the onset of implantation. Results support the ideas that progesterone elicits transient decreases in tight and adherens junctions in the endometrial luminal epithelium between d 10-12 that increases selective serum and tissue fluid transudation to enhance blastocyst elongation, which is subsequently followed by an increase in tight and adherens junctions between d 14-16 that may be required for attachment and adherence of the trophectoderm for implantation. The continuous presence of tight and adherens junctions in the uterine glands would allow for vectorial secretion of trophic substances required for conceptus elongation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carey Satterfield
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
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Simmons RL, Russell PS. THE HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS OF FERTILIZED MOUSE EGGS AND TROPHOBLAST*. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb12839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zenclussen AC. Regulatory T cells in pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:31-9. [PMID: 16838178 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance mechanisms are responsible for the survival of the fetus within the maternal uterus without being attacked by the cells of the maternal immune system despite their direct contact. Regulatory T cells (Treg) were claimed to be important players in the tolerance towards the fetus bearing alloantigens. Recent evidence confirmed an augmentation in the number of Treg during pregnancy and, most importantly, diminished numbers of Treg were associated with immunological rejection of the fetus. This could be prevented by adoptively transferring CD4(+)/CD25(+) Treg cells from normal pregnant mice into abortion-prone animals. Treg prevented abortion while creating a transient tolerant microenvironment characterized by high levels of TGF-beta, LIF, and HO-1. Downregulated levels of Treg were accordingly also reported during human miscarriage. Furthermore, we have evidence suggesting that, to be protective, Treg need to be activated by male antigens during pregnancy.
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Zenclussen AC, Gerlof K, Zenclussen ML, Sollwedel A, Bertoja AZ, Ritter T, Kotsch K, Leber J, Volk HD. Abnormal T-cell reactivity against paternal antigens in spontaneous abortion: adoptive transfer of pregnancy-induced CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells prevents fetal rejection in a murine abortion model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:811-22. [PMID: 15743793 PMCID: PMC1602357 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian pregnancy is thought to be a state of immunological tolerance. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still poorly understood. Here, we determined whether an inappropriate function of T regulatory (Treg) cells is involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion. We evaluated spleen and decidual lymphocytes from CBA/J mice undergoing immunological abortion (DBA/2J-mated) or having normal pregnancy (BALB/c-mated) on day 14 of gestation for ex vivo cytokine production after PMA or paternal antigen (alloantigen) stimulation. Treg activity was characterized by quantifying CD4(+)CD25(+) cells, foxp3 expression, and interleukin-10 secretion. Decidual lymphocytes from abortion CBA/J mice contained a significantly higher frequency of interferon-gamma-producing T cells specific for paternal antigens compared to those from normal pregnancy (7.8% versus 2.7%, P < 0.05). Compared to virgin CBA/J females, normal pregnant mice showed strongly elevated numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+) and interleukin-10(+) Treg cells in the thymus whereas significantly lower frequencies of Treg cells were observed in abortion mice. Very interestingly, CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells from normal pregnant and nonpregnant CBA/J mice could inhibit both proliferation and interferon-gamma secretion of lymphocytes from abortion mice in vitro whereas in vivo prevention of fetal rejection could only be achieved after adoptive transfer of Treg cells from normal pregnant mice. Our data suggest that pregnancy-induced Treg cells play a vital role in maternal tolerance to the allogeneic fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum, Raum 2.0534, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Mammalian pregnancy is thought to be a state of immunological tolerance and immunological pregnancy complications may result from incomplete allo-tolerance. We reported recently a higher frequency of Th1 cytokine-producing T cells specific against paternal antigens in abortion-prone mice compared to normal pregnant mice. Since Th2 cells were shown to be not essential for normal pregnancy; alloreactive Th1 cells must be differently regulated. In this context, T regulatory cells (Treg) were proposed to play an essential role. Normal pregnant mice show an expansion of CD4(+)CD25+ and IL-10+ Treg cells at the periphery compared to non-pregnant animals. Further, we reported significantly lower frequencies of Treg in abortion-prone mice. Interestingly, CD4(+)CD25+ Treg cells from normal pregnant mice were able to prevent fetal rejection. Accordingly, down-regulated levels of Treg were also reported during human miscarriage. The putative mechanisms involved in Treg-induced tolerance in mice and humans are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Medical University Berlin, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum, Raum 2.0534, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Baykal C, Sargon MF, Esinler I, Onderoğlu S, Onderoğlu L. Placental microcirculation of intrauterine growth retarded fetuses: scanning electron microscopy of placental vascular casts. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2004; 270:99-103. [PMID: 12838432 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-003-0511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 03/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to investigate the ultra structural difference of placentas in IUGR fetuses that were all found to have abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms. METHODS Nine placentas from 7 IUGR fetuses and 2 from healthy normal fetuses were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS All of the placentas of IUGR fetuses who had abnormal umbilical artery Doppler flow antenatally were found to have a prominent increase in the amount of total blood vessels; these aberrant blood vessels had a very tortuous course and they showed increased branching when compared with placentas from uncomplicated term pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that there is a clear difference in vascular ultra structure of the placentas of pregnancies with fetal growth restriction selected by abnormal umbilical artery Doppler flow test. IUGR seems to be a problem due to placental vascular insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Baykal
- SSK Ankara Maternity Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
The study of embryo stem cells began in 1963, initially using disaggregates of cleaving rabbit and mouse embryos. Their differentiation in vitro was modest, and usually curtailed at best to the formation of trophectoderm cells, which attached to plastic. Rabbit morulae and blastocysts adhered more readily, trophectoderm forming a sheet of cells which was overgrown by stem cells from inner cell mass. Whole-blastocyst cultures on collagen-coated surfaces produced a pile of cells, and its outgrowths included neural, blood, neuronal, phagocytic and many other types of cell. When inner cell mass was freed and cultured intact or as cell disaggregates, lines of embryo stem cells (ES) were established which possessed good rates of cleavage, and immense stability in their secretion of enzymes, morphology and chromosomal complement. Developmental capacities of single mouse embryo stem cells were measured by injecting one or more into a recipient blastocyst, and extent of colonization in resulting chimaeras measured their pluripotency. In mouse, cell clumps were termed embryoid bodies, which produced similar outgrowths as in rabbit. Component cells again differentiated widely, depending to a limited extent on their exposure to various cytokines or substrates. Markers for differentiation or pluripotency were established, which revealed how neural, cardiac, haematological and other ES lines could be established in vitro. These have proved useful to study early differentiation and their use in grafting to sick recipients. Displaying similar properties, human ES cells emerged in the late 1990s. Models for the clinical use of ES cells showed how they colonized rapidly, travelled to target tissues via fetal pathways, differentiated and colonized target organs. No signs of inflammation or tissue damage were noted; injured tissues could be repaired including remyelination, and no cancers were formed. ES cells offer wide therapeutic potentials for humans, although extensive clinical trials are still awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Edwards
- Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Duck End Farm, Dry Drayton, Cambridge CB3 8DB, UK.
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Wang X, Matsumoto H, Zhao X, Das SK, Paria BC. Embryonic signals direct the formation of tight junctional permeability barrier in the decidualizing stroma during embryo implantation. J Cell Sci 2003; 117:53-62. [PMID: 14627626 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection of the embryo from the maternal adverse environment during early pregnancy is considered to be achieved by the establishment of a transitory permeability barrier created by decidual cells immediately surrounding the implanting embryo. Normally, the polarized epithelium acts as a barrier by regulating paracellular passage of substances through tight junctions. The expression of tight junction proteins in the uterine luminal epithelium prior to implantation is consistent with this idea. However, limited information is available regarding the nature and regulation of the permeability barrier that is created by decidualizing stromal cells during implantation. We show here that the tight junction proteins, occludin, claudin-1, zonula occludens-1 and zonula occludens-2, are all expressed and physically associated in decidualizing stromal cells of the primary decidual zone forming a barrier surrounding the embryo with the loss of adjacent luminal epithelium. The blastocyst trophectoderm appears to be the stimulus for the creation of this barrier, since isolated inner cell mass or artificial stimuli failed to induce such a barrier. Furthermore, the primary decidual zone induced by the normal blastocyst is impermeable to immunoglobulin molecules. These findings suggest that trophoblast-induced expression of tight junctions forms a temporary barrier in cells of the primary decidual zone that restricts the passage of injurious stimuli such as maternal immunoglobulins to the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2678, USA
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Beeson JG, Rogerson SJ, Cooke BM, Reeder JC, Chai W, Lawson AM, Molyneux ME, Brown GV. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to hyaluronic acid in placental malaria. Nat Med 2000; 6:86-90. [PMID: 10613830 PMCID: PMC2613479 DOI: 10.1038/71582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy leads to the accumulation of parasite-infected erythrocytes in the placenta, and is associated with excess perinatal mortality, premature delivery and intrauterine growth retardation in the infant, as well as increased maternal mortality and morbidity. P. falciparum can adhere to specific receptors on host cells, an important virulence factor enabling parasites to accumulate in various organs. We report here that most P. falciparum isolates from infected placentae can bind to hyaluronic acid, a newly discovered receptor for parasite adhesion that is present on the placental lining. In laboratory isolates selected for specific high-level adhesion, binding to hyaluronic acid could be inhibited by dodecamer or larger oligosaccharide fragments or polysaccharides, treatment of immobilized receptor with hyaluronidase, or treatment of infected erythrocytes with trypsin. In vitro flow-based assays demonstrated that high levels of adhesion occurred at low wall shear stress, conditions thought to prevail in the placenta. Our findings indicate that adhesion to hyaluronic acid is involved in mediating placental parasite accumulation, thus changing the present understanding of the mechanisms of placental infection, with implications for the development of therapeutic and preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Beeson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Paria BC, Zhao X, Das SK, Dey SK, Yoshinaga K. Zonula occludens-1 and E-cadherin are coordinately expressed in the mouse uterus with the initiation of implantation and decidualization. Dev Biol 1999; 208:488-501. [PMID: 10191061 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two-way interactions between the blastocyst trophectoderm and the uterine luminal epithelium are essential for implantation. The key events of this process are cell-cell contact of trophectoderm cells with uterine luminal epithelial cells, controlled invasion of trophoblast cells through the luminal epithelium and the basement membrane, transformation of uterine stromal cells surrounding the blastocyst into decidual cells, and protection of the "semiallogenic" embryo from the mother's immunological responses. Because cell-cell contact between the trophectoderm epithelium and the luminal epithelium is essential for implantation, we investigated the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and E-cadherin, two molecules associated with epithelial cell junctions, in the mouse uterus during the periimplantation period. Preimplantation uterine epithelial cells express both ZO-1 and E-cadherin. With the initiation and progression of implantation, ZO-1 and E-cadherin are expressed in stromal cells of the primary decidual zone (PDZ). As trophoblast invasion progresses, these two molecules are expressed in stroma in advance of the invading trophoblast cells. These results suggest that expression of these adherence and tight junctions molecules in the PDZ serves to function as a permeability barrier to regulate access of immunologically competent maternal cells and/or molecules to the embryo and provide homotypic guidance of trophoblast cells in the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Paria
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ralph L. Smith Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160-7338, USA
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Kaufmann P, Huppertz B, Frank HG. The fibrinoids of the human placenta: origin, composition and functional relevance. Ann Anat 1996; 178:485-501. [PMID: 9010564 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(96)80102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Placental fibrinoids are extracellularly deposited materials which are histologically glossy and acid staining, and can be found in every normal and pathological placenta at all stages of pregnancy. The amount of fibrinoid is, in general, independent of pregnancy outcome and fetal wellbeing. According to new findings, the classical histological term "fibrinoid" covers two distinctive extracellular matrices which differ as regards structure, composition and function. Fibrin-type fibrinoid is mostly composed of fibrin together with other molecules derived from blood clotting or degenerative processes. It is mainly a maternal blood-clot product which is used (a) to adapt the intervillous space to optimized flow conditions and (b) to control growth of the villous trees by encasing new villous branches which caused intervillous stasis or turbulence of maternal blood. Moreover, fibrin-type fibrinoid replaces degenerative syncytiotrophoblast at the maternofetal exchange surfaces, thus acting as a kind of substitute barrier. Matrix-type fibrinoid is a secretory product of invasive extravillous trophoblast cells. It shares some similarities with basement membranes, however, it is secreted in an apolar fashion, embedding the secreting cells. Like basement membranes, it contains laminins, collagen IV, and heparan sulfate. In addition, oncofetal fibronectins, vitronectin, and i-glycosylated molecules but no collagens I, III, and VII can be found. Matrix-type fibrinoid is thought to regulate trophoblast invasion by specific interactions with cell surface integrins. As a kind of "glue", it anchors the placenta to the uterine wall and seems to play an important role in materno-fetal immune interactions at this particular site. Both types of fibrinoid are usually co-localized, thus indicating close morphogenetic and functional interrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kaufmann
- Department of Anatomy, RWTH Aachen, Germany
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Abzug MJ. Identification of trophoblastic giant cells as the initial principal target of early gestational murine enterovirus infection. Placenta 1993; 14:137-48. [PMID: 8506247 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a murine enterovirus, infects the majority of murine placentae and fetuses following inoculation in early gestation and infects most placentae but almost no fetuses in late gestation. The sequence of infection of TMEV following early gestation inoculation was studied. Mice were inoculated with TMEV on day 6 or 7 of pregnancy and sacrificed at intervals between 1 h and 4 days later. Culture of placenta-embryo units identified infection at 2, 3, and 4 days post-inoculation. In situ hybridization revealed TMEV RNA primarily in giant cells around the yolk cavity and in giant cells situated between the decidua and spongiotrophoblast layers of the placenta. Occasional decidual cells located near giant cells were also hybridization-positive. The giant cells were immunohistochemically identified as fetally derived trophoblast cells. Giant cells are the earliest predominant target of TMEV infection following early gestation inoculation and appear to be an integral part of the pathogenesis of gestational murine enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Abzug
- Department of Pediatrics (Section of Infectious Diseases), Children's Hospital, Denver, Colorado
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Wolf VHJ, Schmidt W. Histochemische Untersuchungen zum Kohlenhydratmetabolismus in den Fruchthüllen. Acta Histochem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Drake BL, Head JR. Murine trophoblast can be killed by allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated in GIBCO Opti-MEM medium. J Reprod Immunol 1989; 15:71-7. [PMID: 2785595 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(89)90045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous work in this laboratory demonstrated that a population of cultured midterm murine trophoblast cells are not susceptible to lysis by allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated by standard in vitro protocols. We now report that this trophoblast population is killed, in an MHC-dependent manner, by allospecific CTL generated in GIBCO Opti-MEM, a modified tissue culture medium designed to maintain cell growth and proliferation in the presence of low concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS).
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Drake
- Cecil and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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Zuckermann FA, Head JR. Murine trophoblast resists cell-mediated lysis. II. Resistance to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cell Immunol 1988; 116:274-86. [PMID: 3180225 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(88)90230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of murine trophoblast cells to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been assessed. Primary short-term cultures of murine trophoblast cells isolated from 14-day placentas were found to be resistant to endogenous and interferon-activated natural killer (NK) cells and natural cytotoxic cells. That the relevant target structures are expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells and accessible to the effectors was demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the lysis of NK-sensitive target cells (YAC-1) in a dose-dependent manner. The lytic resistance of trophoblast cells was unaffected by neuraminidase treatment, inhibition of protein synthesis, or extending the assay time to 12 hr. Moreover, trophoblast cells were resistant to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity when coated with an alloantibody capable of mediating their lysis in the presence of heterologous complement. Neither the preincubation of effector cells in concentrated trophoblast culture supernatants nor the direct exposure of effectors to monolayers of trophoblast cells inhibited their NK lytic activity, indicating that the secretion of a suppressive factor or the direct inactivation of the NK cells was not responsible for the observed resistance to lysis. These observations, together with previous results showing the resistance of trophoblast to cytotoxic T cell-mediated lysis, reveal that murine trophoblast cells possess a resistance mechanism against several forms of cell-mediated lysis. This feature of trophoblast cells at the maternal-fetal interface is likely to play an important role in protecting the fetoplacental allograft from immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Zuckermann
- Graduate Studies Program in Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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Lee MM, Yeh MN. Fetal microcirculation of abnormal human placenta. I. Scanning electron microscopy of placental vascular casts from small for gestational age fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154:1133-9. [PMID: 2422938 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The latex injection-corrosion cast technique coupled with scanning electron microscopy was applied to the study of small for gestational age placentas. The main ultrastructural changes observed in the fetal vasculature of small for gestational age placentas were less branching of arteries and veins, capillaries with variable diameters, and many capillary bud projections; also numerous "H"-shaped anastomoses were present in the capillary network. The corrosion/cast technique approach enabled us to visualize the three-dimensional distribution of arteries, veins, and capillary network as well as the ultrastructural alterations among the various-sized vessels in the abnormal placenta. Light microscopic examination of these placentas revealed numerous syncytial knots and fibrinoid deposits pressing on arteriolar and capillary vessels at different locations. We suggest that the numerous capillary buds and anastomoses are characteristics of neovascularization and may be a compensatory phenomenon of the capillary network. This information could shed new light on alterations of physiologic functions of the pathologic placenta.
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ODUOR-OKELO DOMINIC. Ultrastructural observations on the chorioallantoic placenta of the golden-rumped elephant shrew, Rhynchocyon chrysopygus. Afr J Ecol 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1985.tb00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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OWITI GEO, ODUOR-OKELO D, GOMBE S. Ultrastructure of the chorioallantoic placenta of the springhare (Pedetes capensis larvalis Hollister). Afr J Ecol 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1985.tb00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lala PK, Kearns M, Colavincenzo V. Cells of the fetomaternal interface: their role in the maintenance of viviparous pregnancy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1984; 170:501-17. [PMID: 6475813 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001700321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An immune system capable of discriminating between self and nonself evolved in nature long before the appearance of the viviparous mode of pregnancy, which brings maternal cells into a direct physical contact with genetically disparate cells of fetal origin. In the hemochorial type of placentation, the former include cells of the maternal immune system. This article briefly reviews the possible mechanisms that may protect the semiallogeneic conceptus in nature, with special reference to the role of the cells at the fetomaternal interface. We also present some new data on the antigenicity of pre- and postimplantation trophoblast cells and the immunobiology of decidual cells. Systemic changes in the maternal immune system appear to represent homeostatic responses to the presence of a semiallogeneic conceptus, unrelated to its protection; mechanisms for this protection must reside locally at the fetomaternal interface. We find that the lack of immunogenicity of the outer (trophoblast) cells of the preimplantation blastocyst can be explained by a transient disappearance of the major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens on their cell surface. However, following implantation and the formation of the placenta, class 1 MHC antigens reappear on certain classes of trophoblast cells, i.e., labyrinthine and spongiotrophoblast cells of the murine placenta. Similarly, cytotrophoblast cells of the early human placenta exhibit the presence of class 1 MHC antigens. An absence of class 2 MHC antigens despite the presence of class 1 antigens cannot entirely explain the lack of trophoblast immunogenicity. A local immunosuppression mediated by trophoblast cells themselves as well as maternal cells of hemopoietic origin in the decidua remain as a strong possibility. Typical decidual cells appear to play a central role in the maintenance of pregnancy because of their numerous functions: nutritive, endocrine, and immunoregulatory. Our studies reveal that they are descendants of bone-marrow-derived precursors, have unique surface markers recognizable with monoclonal antibodies nonreactive with other hemopoietic cell lineages, and have the ability to abrogate mixed lymphocyte reactions in vitro in a genetically unrestricted manner. Further studies directed at the cells of the fetomaternal interface should provide a better insight into the mode of survival of the nature's most commonplace allograft.
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Abstract
The modification of the immunological response by murine trophoblast cells of different sources was investigated using the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and the cell mediated lympholysis (CML) test. MLR between C57BL (H-2b) stimulator splenocytes (mitomycin C treated in the unidirectional MLR) and BALB/c (H-2d) responder lymph node cells were markedly suppressed by trophoblast of ectoplacental cone (EPC) and placental origin. The same in vitro effect was observed with supernatants (SN) of trophoblast cells and with supernatants of blastocysts. Addition of anti-progesterone serum (APS), anti-testosterone serum (RAT), and anti-immunoglobulin serum (RAHIg) in serial dilutions to the trophoblast-MLR system revealed that the immunosuppressive effect of trophoblast giant cells and trophoblast giant cell culture supernatants can be abolished with APS. Identical results were obtained with APS added to immunosuppressive doses of progesterone. CML between C57BL responder lymph node cells and mitomycin C-treated BALB/c stimulator spleen cells was also markedly suppressed when trophoblast of EPC origin was added. A similar suppression of cytotoxic T-cell induction was seen when progesterone was added to the system. The immunosuppressive action of trophoblast as detected in vitro is likely to play an important role in the maintainance of pregnancy by protecting the semiallogeneic conceptus against immune aggression by the maternal immune system.
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Pattillo RA. Genetic origin, immunobiology, and gonadotropin expression in trophoblast and nontrophoblast neoplasms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1984; 176:53-79. [PMID: 6093475 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4811-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
People have many different reasons for wanting to know how the allogeneic relationship in normal human pregnancy is successful, but this question is far from being answered. Meanwhile, investigators will continue to use the ideas, approaches and tools with which they have experience and in which they have placed their confidence. Some study the factors which regulate immune functions in the fetus (for review see Murgita & Wigzel 1981); other focus more on the mother (for review see Rocklin et al. 1979); while yet others examine specialized aspects of abnormal pregnancies such as spontaneous abortion (Gill 1983). Although no one knows how the system operates to favor pregnancy, our particular bias is that trophoblast is the driving force which makes it work; for, without trophoblast, there is no pregnancy. This prejudice grew from our early observations of immunopathology in normal placentae (McCormick et al. 1971, Faulk et al. 1974, Faulk et al. 1980b, and reviewed by Faulk & Fox 1982) and was extended and amplified by experiments which showed that trophoblast, as well as antibodies to trophoblast, were able to impede allogeneic recognition as measured by specific inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction (McIntyre & Faulk 1979 & 1979a). For a variety of reasons, many laboratories became interested in trophoblast-antigen biochemistry, and a burst of publications appeared on this subject (Faulk et al. 1977, Whyte & Loke 1979, Ogbimi et al. 1979, see review by Johnson et al. 1980). Some of this work confirmed and extended an earlier hypothesis from our laboratory that trophoblast membranes could serve as a hapten-carrier system where one group of trophoblast antigens (TA1) was the carrier, and a second group (TA2) was the hapten (Faulk et al. 1978). This hypothesis invoked a concept of trophoblast-lymphocyte cross-reactive antigens, an idea which was subsequently confirmed biochemically by showing human placental cell-surface antigens on peripheral blood lymphocytes (Hamilton et al. 1980). McIntyre and Faulk (1982, 1982a) later showed that these antigens were allotypic, and data have been provided in the above paragraphs to show that these components of trophoblast membranes are capable of serving as immunogens to stimulate the mother to mount immune recognition of her blastocyst. Indeed, it is presently our interpretation that successful nidation depends upon maternal recognition of the blastocyst, and that a lack of recognition results in spontaneous abortion, sometimes occurring so early that the mother is not aware that she was pregnant (Miller et al. 1980).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Abstract
Seven strains and mutants of the alphaviruses, Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus, differed in their lethality for mouse embryos and their mothers. The A7 strain and the neurovirulence mutant M103 of Semliki Forest virus were selected for detailed comparison. A7 produced 100% lethality of mouse embryos but was avirulent for their mothers. M103 did not kill embryos or their mothers but did induce postnatal immunity. This immunity could be induced in utero or by suckling to an immune mother. Infectious virus could be recovered from the brain, blood, and embryos of mice infected with A7. Mice infected with M103 developed a viremia of similar titer, but virus could not be recovered from brain or embryos. Electron microscopy showed multiplying virus in trophoblast and fetal tissue after infection with A7, but no virus could be detected in such tissue after infection with M103. Cultures of ectoplacental cone trophoblast cells incubated in the presence of A7 or M103 showed multiplying A7 in the giant cells, but no M103. It is concluded that A7 can traverse both the blood-brain barrier and the placenta, whereas M103 can traverse neither.
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Sutcliffe RG, Davies M, Hunter JB, Waters JJ, Parry JE. The protein composition of the fibrinoid material at the human uteroplacental interface. Placenta 1982; 3:297-308. [PMID: 7134197 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(82)80006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Pavia CS, Stites DP, Fraser R. Transplantation antigen expression on murine trophoblast detection by induction of specific alloimmunity. Cell Immunol 1981; 64:162-76. [PMID: 6170456 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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40
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Log T, Chang KS, Hsu YC. Carcinomas induced by cell lines cultivated from normal mouse placentas. Int J Cancer 1981; 27:365-72. [PMID: 6169661 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910270316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines have been established from placentas of various strains of mice by in vitro cultivation. The established lines appear to be trophoblast cells as judged from their production of gonadotropin-like substance and their production of gonadotropin-like substance and steroid hormones. The cell lines lack detectable H-2 antigen, Fc receptor sites, Thy 1 and antigen and surface immunoglobulin determinants. In addition, the cells are resistant to murine type-C RNA tumor virus infection. The resistance is due to a block of viral replication after the stages of viral adsorption and penetration. The cell lines induced carcinomas after injection into adult mice of original host strains. Usually at least 2 x 10(6) cells are required to induce tumors by i.p. or s.c. injection. Transplantation of the tumor cells to various strains of mice revealed that some strains accepted and some strains rejected the transplant. Genetic crossings between susceptible and resistant mouse strains indicate that susceptibility to transplantation of tumor is determined by a single pair of dominant autosomal genes.
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Pijnenborg R, Robertson WB, Brosens I, Dixon G. Review article: trophoblast invasion and the establishment of haemochorial placentation in man and laboratory animals. Placenta 1981; 2:71-91. [PMID: 7010344 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(81)80042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Trophoblast invasion is an essential component of haemochorial placentation and has to be considered to relation to reactive changes in the maternal uterine tissues. Some comparative aspects of human and laboratory rodents are discussed and, although there is an obvious phylogenetic gap between the two, many characteristics of placental development are found to be analogous. Trophoblast growth into the uterus is different in different species: localized trophoblast growth forming a bulky tissue (mouse, rat, hamster) contrast with a dispersion of independent trophoblastic elements, forming an interstitial invasion (guinea pig, man). In the rat, mouse, hamster and man retrograde intra-arterial trophoblast migration occurs in maternal vessels supplying blood to the developing placenta. Early changes in maternal tissue might influence trophoblast behaviour. Decidualization probably is a key phenomenon, and the relation of decidual necrosis to trophoblast invasion is considered. Some kind of controlled immune response by the mother also may be involved. These considerations apply to stromal or interstitial invasion as well as to intravascular trophoblast migration but, for the latter, haemodynamic factors probably influence tissue reactions.
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42
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Faulk WP, Galbraith GM. Trophoblast transferrin and transferrin receptors in the host--parasite relationship of human pregnancy. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1979; 204:83-97. [PMID: 37515 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1979.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin and specific transferrin receptors are demonstrated on the microvillous surface of syncytiotrophoblast in human immature and term placentae by immuno histological techniques with the use of light and electron microscopy. That the distribution of transferrin is limited to the materno-foetal interface supports the hypothesis that binding of maternal transferrin to trophoblast receptors is involved in the process of iron transport to the foetus. Parallel studies with baboon placentae demonstrate the presence of trophoblast receptors which bind both baboon and human transferrin, thereby putting forward an experimental model which might be used to test the biological significance of placental transferrin receptors in primates. In addition, investigation of a large number of human cell lines shows that many transformed cells, but no normal cells (such as blood lymphocytes) or cells from primary culture (such as neonatal foreskin fibroblasts), possess the ability to bind transferrin to their membranes. These findings suggest that transferrin receptors may play important biological roles in addition to that of iron transport from mother to foetus. One such role could be the limitation of iron in intervillous spaces, thus depriving iron-requiring microorganisms of iron, hence serving as a non-specific factor of resistance for placentae. Another role for foetal transferrin receptors on trophoblasts could be to bind maternal transferrin at the materno-foetal interface, thus frustrating maternal immunosurveillance. This is similar to a mechahism used by schistosomes in the host-parasite relation where host proteins are bound by the parasite to escape immunological recognition. The presence of transferrin receptors on transformed cells suggests that this mechanism might also be employed by tumour cells. Finally, in view of previous studies which show that transferrin is required by stimulated lymphocytes to pass from the G1 to the S phase of cellular replication, it is proposed that trophoblast transferrin receptors could limit the amount of transferrin in intervillous spaces and thus impede the proliferation and possible cytotoxicity of maternal activated lymphocytes at the materno-foetal interface.
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Olding LB. Interactions between maternal and fetal/neonatal lymphocytes. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1979; 66:83-104. [PMID: 312182 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67205-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bernard O, Ripoche MA, Bennett D. Distribution of maternal immunoglobulins in the mouse uterus and embryo in the days after implantation. J Exp Med 1977; 145:58-75. [PMID: 830790 PMCID: PMC2180582 DOI: 10.1084/jem.145.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of maternal immunoglobulins in the mouse uterus and embryo in the days after implantation has been studied on sections incubated with sheep Fab anti-mouse immunoglobulins labeled with peroxidase. At the time of implantation the blastocyst is already surrounded by immunoglobulins that are also present in the blastocoel and early endoderm; uterine glands contain large amounts of immunoglobulins. Later, immunoglobulins are concentrated in the vacuolated endoderm, then the visceral yolk sac and the embryonic gut. They are also present in the various cavities of the embryo. Trophoblast cells progressively contain increasing amounts of immunoglobulins. In the decidua, immunoglobulins coat the cells and also occasionally appear as cytoplasmic granules. The early presence of maternal immunoglobulins may represent the transfer of serum proteins as a means of nutrition for the embryo. It is also very likely to have an immunological significance in the protection of the embryo.
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Cantor J, Shapiro SS, Sherman MI. Chondroitin sulfate synthesis by mouse embryonic, extraembryonic, and teratoma cells in vitro. Dev Biol 1976; 50:367-77. [PMID: 1278590 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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47
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Morisada M, Yamaguchi H, Iizuka R. Immunobiological function of the syncytiotrophoblast: a new theory. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125:3-16. [PMID: 1275011 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(76)90884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to present our hypothesis concerning the antigen-antibody complex formation and the resolution system inside the syncytiotrophoblast to explain immunologic fetomaternal relationships. This hypothesis, derived from the results of our experiments, might be an answer to why the fetus is not rejected by the mother, in contradistinction to other allografts. We also believe that this hypothesis makes important contributions to the explanation of the immunologic processes of cells, i.e., those processes which work against antigens inside a living body.
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Bardos P, Luthier B, Avenet JM, de Russe J, Muh JP, Soutoul JH, Weill JD. [Variations of the concentrations of certain glycoproteins in maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Clin Chim Acta 1976; 66:353-63. [PMID: 55319 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(76)90234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated systematically the variations during normal pregnancies of the concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, transferrin and alpha-fetoprotein simultaneously in maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid. The role of certain factors such as the gestational age birth weight, placental weight and pairty were studied with regard to variations in the concentrations of each of these proteins. This research permitted the definition during pregnancy of the normal concentrations for these four proteins and allowed us to learn more about protein exchanges between fetal blood, maternal blood and amniotic fluid. There exists a difference between the concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin and of orosomucoid found for primigravidae and for multigravidae. The role of these glycoproteins in preventing the mother from rejecting the fetus (insofar as the fetus may be considered as an allograft) is discussed.
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Nelson DM, Smith CH, Enders AC, Donohue TM. The nonuniform distribution of acidic components on the human placental syncytial trophoblast surface membrane: a cytochemical and analytical study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1976; 184:159-81. [PMID: 1247183 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091840204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The surface coat of syncytial trophoblast from term human placentas was studied using cytochemical methods (colloidal iron, alcian blue-lanthanum nitrate, dialyzed iron) in coordination with tissue enzyme digestions (trypsin, neuraminidase) and sialic acid analyses. The presence of at least two highly acidic anionic components that contribute significantly to the surface negativity of trophoblast has been demonstrated. The first of these, sialic acid, was removed with neuraminidase. Tissue digestion with this glycosidase was accompanied by a decrease in trophoblast surface staining with colloidal iron, a decrease in tissue sialic acid, and an increase in the concentration of sialic acid in the incubating medium. Results from methylation experiments were consistent with the presence of sialic acid. The second anionic component(s) was identified by removal with trypsin of a glycocalyx constituent that stained with both colloidal iron and lanthanum. After trypsinization, tissue sialic acid levels were not significantly different from control values, and no detectable sialic acid was present in the incubating medium. The identity of this anionic component has not been established. Both sialic acid and nonsialic acid acidic components are distributed in higher density on membrane of microvilli than on intermicrovillous surface membrane. In addition, the sialic acid moieties appear to be clustered in the glycocalyx.
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Wiley LM, Calarco PG. The effects of anti-embryo sera and their localization on the cell surface during mouse preimplantation development. Dev Biol 1975; 47:407-18. [PMID: 54272 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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