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Alves SMDL, da Silva SB, Santos RCA, Feitosa SG, de Farias PHM, Silva-Júnior JA, Rodrigues D, Potje SR, Tostes RC, Dos Anjos JV, Araújo AV. New morpholine-containing pyrimidinones act on α-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176788. [PMID: 38977175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Drugs that act on α-adrenoceptors may contain morpholine and pyrimidinone heterocycles. The aim of this study was to synthesize a series of pyrimidinones (S6a-e and S8) and characterize their α-adrenoceptor activity. Cytotoxicity assays (MTT and LDH) were performed in A7r5 and HUVECs. Concentration-effect curves to phenylephrine (Phe) were performed in rat aortic rings in the presence of compounds S6a-e and S8 or vehicle. Nitric oxide (NO) production and NO stable metabolic products, nitrite and nitrate, expressed as total nitrogen oxides (NOx) were assessed in HUVECs by confocal microscopy with the DAF-2DA probe and by the Griess reaction, respectively. Molecular docking simulations were performed using the 6a compound and α2A-adrenoceptor. In the evaluated conditions, the percentage of viable cells and the release of LDH were similar between control cells and cells exposed to the tested pyrimidinones. S6d, S6e, S8, and the positive control prazosin (but not S6a, S6b, and S6c) decreased Phe-induced contractions in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. S6a, S6b, and S6c decreased Phe-induced contractions in endothelium-intact aortic rings. The effect of S6a was abolished by L-NAME. NO production and NOx levels were inhibited in the presence of the α2 receptor antagonist yohimbine and the NOS inhibitor L-NAME. The 6a docking simulation estimated that the mean binding free energy of the compound was lower than the estimated value for yohimbine. These data suggest that S6d, S6e, and S8 may be α1-adrenoceptor antagonists while S6a acts as an agonist of α2-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maria de Luna Alves
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
| | - Sidiane Barros da Silva
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
| | | | - Sidney Gustavo Feitosa
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Miranda de Farias
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Rodrigues
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Regina Potje
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Unidade Acadêmica de Passos, Universidade Do Estado de Minas Gerais - UEMG, Passos-MG, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Janaína Versiani Dos Anjos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Alice Valença Araújo
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil.
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Samanta S, Bagchi D, Bagchi M. Physiological and metabolic functions of the β 3-adrenergic receptor and an approach to therapeutic achievements. J Physiol Biochem 2024:10.1007/s13105-024-01040-z. [PMID: 39145850 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
A specific type of beta-adrenergic receptor was discovered in the decade of 1980s and subsequently recognized as a new type of beta-adrenergic receptor, called beta3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR). β3-AR expresses in different tissues, including adipose tissue, gall bladder, stomach, small intestine, cardiac myocytes, urinary bladder, and brain. Structurally, β3-AR is very similar to β1- and β2-AR and belongs to a G-protein coupled receptor that uses cAMP as an intracellular second messenger. Alternatively, it also activates the NO-cGMP cascade. Stimulation of the β3-AR increases lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, energy expenditure, and insulin action, leading to anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activity. Moreover, β3-AR differentially regulates the myocardial contraction and relaxes the urinary bladder to balance the cardiac activity and delay the micturition reflex, respectively. In recent years, this receptor has served as an attractive target for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, congestive heart failure, and overactive bladder syndrome. Several β3-AR agonists are in the emerging stage that can exert novel pharmacological benefits in different therapeutic areas. The present review focuses on the structure, signaling, physiological, and metabolic activities of β3-AR. Additionally, therapeutic approaches of β3-AR have also been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721101, India.
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Southern University, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Manashi Bagchi
- Creighton University Health Sciences Center, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
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Baker JG, Summers RJ. Adrenoceptors: Receptors, Ligands and Their Clinical Uses, Molecular Pharmacology and Assays. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38926158 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The nine G protein-coupled adrenoceptor subtypes are where the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline interact with cells. Since they are important therapeutic targets, over a century of effort has been put into developing drugs that modify their activity. This chapter provides an outline of how we have arrived at current knowledge of the receptors, their physiological roles and the methods used to develop ligands. Initial studies in vivo and in vitro with isolated organs and tissues progressed to cell-based techniques and the use of cloned adrenoceptor subtypes together with high-throughput assays that allow close examination of receptors and their signalling pathways. The crystal structures of many of the adrenoceptor subtypes have now been determined opening up new possibilities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Michel MC. Introduction: A Short History of Adrenoceptor Research. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38797750 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This chapter provides a short history of adrenoceptor research starting from the initial discovery of adrenaline. It covers the evolving classification of adrenoceptor subtypes, the cloning of these subtypes from multiple species, and factors such as adrenoceptor regulation, inverse agonism and biased agonism. More details on many of these aspects are provided in other chapters of this volume of Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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de Vos JH, Schruers KRJ, Debard G, Bonroy B, Linden DEJ, Leibold NK. The role of the peripheral and central adrenergic system in the construction of the subjective emotional experience of panic. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:627-635. [PMID: 38363344 PMCID: PMC10884065 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the study of emotions can look back to over 100 years of research, it is unclear which information the brain uses to construct the subjective experience of an emotion. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we assess the role of the peripheral and central adrenergic system in this respect. METHODS Healthy volunteers underwent a double inhalation of 35% CO2, which is a well-validated procedure to induce an intense emotion, namely panic. In a randomized, cross-over design, 34 participants received either a β1-blocker acting selectively in the peripheral nervous system (atenolol), a β1-blocker acting in the peripheral and central nervous system (metoprolol), or a placebo before the CO2 inhalation. RESULTS Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were reduced in both β-blocker conditions compared to placebo, showing effective inhibition of the adrenergic tone. Nevertheless, the subjective experience of the induced panic was the same in all conditions, as measured by self-reported fear, discomfort, and panic symptom ratings. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that information from the peripheral and central adrenergic system does not play a major role in the construction of the subjective emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette H de Vos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 (VIJV-SN2), 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen R J Schruers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 (VIJV-SN2), 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Glen Debard
- Mobilab & Care, Thomas More Kempen, Geel, Belgium
| | - Bert Bonroy
- Mobilab & Care, Thomas More Kempen, Geel, Belgium
| | - David E J Linden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 (VIJV-SN2), 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole K Leibold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 (VIJV-SN2), 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Grella SL, Donaldson TN. Contextual memory engrams, and the neuromodulatory influence of the locus coeruleus. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1342622. [PMID: 38375501 PMCID: PMC10875109 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1342622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the basis of contextual memory at a conceptual and cellular level. We begin with an overview of the philosophical foundations of traversing space, followed by theories covering the material bases of contextual representations in the hippocampus (engrams), exploring functional characteristics of the cells and subfields within. Next, we explore various methodological approaches for investigating contextual memory engrams, emphasizing plasticity mechanisms. This leads us to discuss the role of neuromodulatory inputs in governing these dynamic changes. We then outline a recent hypothesis involving noradrenergic and dopaminergic projections from the locus coeruleus (LC) to different subregions of the hippocampus, in sculpting contextual representations, giving a brief description of the neuroanatomical and physiological properties of the LC. Finally, we examine how activity in the LC influences contextual memory processes through synaptic plasticity mechanisms to alter hippocampal engrams. Overall, we find that phasic activation of the LC plays an important role in promoting new learning and altering mnemonic processes at the behavioral and cellular level through the neuromodulatory influence of NE/DA in the hippocampus. These findings may provide insight into mechanisms of hippocampal remapping and memory updating, memory processes that are potentially dysregulated in certain psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Grella
- MNEME Lab, Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tia N. Donaldson
- Systems Neuroscience and Behavior Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Dwaib HS, Michel MC. Is the β 3-Adrenoceptor a Valid Target for the Treatment of Obesity and/or Type 2 Diabetes? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1714. [PMID: 38136585 PMCID: PMC10742325 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptors mediate several functions in rodents that could be beneficial for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This includes promotion of insulin release from the pancreas, cellular glucose uptake, lipolysis, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. In combination, they lead to a reduction of body weight in several rodent models including ob/ob mice and Zucker diabetic fatty rats. These findings stimulated drug development programs in various pharmaceutical companies, and at least nine β3-adrenoceptor agonists have been tested in clinical trials. However, all of these projects were discontinued due to the lack of clinically relevant changes in body weight. Following a concise historical account of discoveries leading to such drug development programs we discuss species differences that explain why β3-adrenoceptors are not a meaningful drug target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen S. Dwaib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Palestine Ahliya University, Bethlehem P.O. Box 1041, Palestine;
| | - Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Joyce W, Warwicker J, Shiels HA, Perry SF. Evolution and divergence of teleost adrenergic receptors: why sometimes 'the drugs don't work' in fish. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245859. [PMID: 37823524 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Adrenaline and noradrenaline, released as hormones and/or neurotransmitters, exert diverse physiological functions in vertebrates, and teleost fishes are widely used as model organisms to study adrenergic regulation; however, such investigations often rely on receptor subtype-specific pharmacological agents (agonists and antagonists; see Glossary) developed and validated in mammals. Meanwhile, evolutionary (phylogenetic and comparative genomic) studies have begun to unravel the diversification of adrenergic receptors (ARs) and reveal that whole-genome duplications and pseudogenization events in fishes results in notable distinctions from mammals in their genomic repertoire of ARs, while lineage-specific gene losses within teleosts have generated significant interspecific variability. In this Review, we visit the evolutionary history of ARs (including α1-, α2- and β-ARs) to highlight the prominent interspecific differences in teleosts, as well as between teleosts and other vertebrates. We also show that structural modelling of teleost ARs predicts differences in ligand binding affinity compared with mammalian orthologs. To emphasize the difficulty of studying the roles of different AR subtypes in fish, we collate examples from the literature of fish ARs behaving atypically compared with standard mammalian pharmacology. Thereafter, we focus on specific case studies of the liver, heart and red blood cells, where our understanding of AR expression has benefited from combining pharmacological approaches with molecular genetics. Finally, we briefly discuss the ongoing advances in 'omics' technologies that, alongside classical pharmacology, will provide abundant opportunities to further explore adrenergic signalling in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jim Warwicker
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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9
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Baker JG, Shaw DE. Asthma and COPD: A Focus on β-Agonists - Past, Present and Future. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 37709918 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Asthma has been recognised as a respiratory disorder for millennia and the focus of targeted drug development for the last 120 years. Asthma is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is caused by exposure to tobacco smoke and other noxious particles and exerts a substantial economic and social burden. This chapter reviews the development of the treatments of asthma and COPD particularly focussing on the β-agonists, from the isolation of adrenaline, through the development of generations of short- and long-acting β-agonists. It reviews asthma death epidemics, considers the intrinsic efficacy of clinical compounds, and charts the improvement in selectivity and duration of action that has led to our current medications. Important β2-agonist compounds no longer used are considered, including some with additional properties, and how the different pharmacological properties of current β2-agonists underpin their different places in treatment guidelines. Finally, it concludes with a look forward to future developments that could improve the β-agonists still further, including extending their availability to areas of the world with less readily accessible healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
- Cell Signalling, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Dominick E Shaw
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Tricomi J, Landini L, Nieddu V, Cavallaro U, Baker JG, Papakyriakou A, Richichi B. Rational design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a cohort of novel beta-adrenergic receptors ligands enables an assessment of structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114961. [PMID: 36495629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of molecules that are able to modulate β-adrenergic signaling have become increasingly attractive over the last decade, revealing that β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) are key targets for a plethora of therapeutic interventions, including cancer. Despite successes in β-AR drug discovery, identification of β-AR ligands that are useful as selective chemical tools in pharmacological studies of the three β-AR subtypes, or lead compounds for drug development is still a highly challenging task. This is mainly due to the intrinsic plasticity of β-ARs as G protein-coupled receptors in conjunction with the requirement for functional receptor subtype selectivity, tissue specificity and minimal off-target effects. With the aim to provide insight into structure-activity relationships for the three β-AR subtypes, we have synthesized and obtained the pharmacological profile of a series of structurally diverse compounds (named MC) that were designed based on the aryloxy-propanolamine scaffold of SR59230A. Comparative analysis of their predicted binding mode within the active and inactive states of the receptors in combination with their pharmacological profile revealed key structural elements that control their activity as agonists or antagonists, in addition to clues about substituents that mediate selectivity for one receptor subtype over the others. We anticipate that these results will facilitate selective β-AR drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Tricomi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Landini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Valentina Nieddu
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ugo Cavallaro
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Joyce W, Pan YK, Garvey K, Saxena V, Perry S. Regulation of heart rate following genetic deletion of the ß1 adrenergic receptor in larval zebrafish. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13849. [PMID: 35665450 PMCID: PMC9539580 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aim Although zebrafish are gaining popularity as biomedical models of cardiovascular disease, our understanding of their cardiac control mechanisms is fragmentary. Our goal was to clarify the controversial role of the ß1‐adrenergic receptor (AR) in the regulation of heart rate in zebrafish. Methods CRISPR‐Cas9 was used to delete the adrb1 gene in zebrafish allowing us to generate a stable adrb1−/− line. Larval heart rates were measured during pharmacological protocols and with exposure to hypercapnia. Expression of the five zebrafish adrb genes were measured in larval zebrafish hearts using qPCR. Results Compared with genetically matched wild‐types (adrb1+/+), adrb1−/− larvae exhibited ~20 beats min−1 lower heart rate, measured from 2 to 21 days post‐fertilization (dpf). Nevertheless, adrb1−/− larvae exhibited preserved positive chronotropic responses to pharmacological treatment with AR agonists (adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoproterenol), which were blocked by propranolol (general ß‐AR antagonist). Regardless of genotype, larvae exhibited similar increases in heart rate in response to hypercapnia (1% CO2) at 5 dpf, but tachycardia was blunted in adrb1−/− larvae at 6 dpf. adrb1 gene expression was abolished in the hearts of adrb1−/− larvae, confirming successful knockout. While gene expression of adrb2a and adrb3a was unchanged, adrb2b and adrb3b mRNA levels increased in adrb1−/− larval hearts. Conclusion Despite adrb1 contributing to the setting of resting heart rate in larvae, it is not strictly essential for zebrafish, as we generated a viable and breeding adrb1−/− line. The chronotropic effects of adrenergic stimulation persist in adrb1−/− zebrafish, likely due to the upregulation of other ß‐AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Biology – Zoophysiology Aarhus Universitet Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Yihang K. Pan
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Kayla Garvey
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Vishal Saxena
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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12
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da Silva SB, Feitosa SGD, de L Alves SM, Santos RCA, Dos Anjos JV, Araújo AV. A Concise and Useful Guide to Understand How Alpha1 Adrenoceptor Antagonists Work. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2383-2405. [PMID: 35507746 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220504141949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adrenoceptors are the receptors for the catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline. They are divided in α (α1 and α2) and β (β1, β2 and β3). α1-Adrenoceptors are subdivided in α1A, α1B and α1D. Most tissues express mixtures of α1-adrenoceptors subtypes, which appear to coexist in different densities and ratios, and in most cases their responses are probably due to the activation of more than one type. The three subtypes of α1-adrenoceptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), specifically coupled to Gq/11. Additionally, the activation of these receptors may activate other signaling pathways or different components of these pathways, which leads to a great variety of possible cellular effects. The first clinically used α1 antagonist was Prazosin, for Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH). It was followed by its congeners, Terazosin and Doxazosin. Nowadays, there are many classes of α-adrenergic antagonists with different selectivity profiles. In addition to SAH, the α1-adrenoceptors are used for the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and urolithiasis. This antagonism may be part of the mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants. Moreover, the activation of these receptors may lead to adverse effects such as orthostatic hypotension, similar to what happens with the antidepressants and with some antipsychotic. Structure-activity relationships can explain, in part, how antagonists work and how selective they can be for each one of the subtypes. However, it is necessary to develop new molecules which antagonize the α1-adrenoceptors or make chemical modifications in these molecules to improve the selectivity, pharmacokinetic profile and/or reduce the adverse effects of known drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidiane B da Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Plasticidade Fenotípica - Centro Acadêmico de Vitória - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. R. Alto do Reservatório, s/n Bela Vista - Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, 50608-680, Brazil
| | - Sidney G D Feitosa
- Departamento de Química Fundamental - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, Cidade Universitária - Recife, PE, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - Silvia M de L Alves
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Plasticidade Fenotípica - Centro Acadêmico de Vitória - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. R. Alto do Reservatório, s/n Bela Vista - Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, 50608-680, Brazil
| | - Ruth C A Santos
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Plasticidade Fenotípica - Centro Acadêmico de Vitória - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. R. Alto do Reservatório, s/n Bela Vista - Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, 50608-680, Brazil
| | - Janaína V Dos Anjos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, Cidade Universitária - Recife, PE, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - Alice V Araújo
- Núcleo de Saúde Pública, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco R. Alto do Reservatório, s/n Bela Vista - Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, 50608-680, Brazil
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Nureki I, Kobayashi K, Tanaka T, Demura K, Inoue A, Shihoya W, Nureki O. Cryo-EM structures of the β 3 adrenergic receptor bound to solabegron and isoproterenol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 611:158-164. [PMID: 35489202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) is the most essential drug target for overactive bladder and has therapeutic potentials for the treatments of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the β3AR-Gs signaling complexes with the selective agonist, solabegron and the nonselective agonist, isoproterenol. Comparison of the isoproterenol-, mirabegron-, and solabegron-bound β3AR structures revealed that the extracellular loop 2 changes its conformation depending on the bound agonist and plays an essential role in solabegron binding. Moreover, β3AR has an intrinsically narrow exosite, regardless of the agonist type. This structural feature clearly explains why β3AR prefers mirabegron and solabegron, as the narrow exosite is suitable for binding with agonists with elongated shapes. Our study deepens the understanding of the binding characteristics of β3AR agonists and may pave the way for developing β3AR-selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikko Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kanae Demura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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14
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Fraquelli C, Hauzinger J, Humpel C, Nolano M, Provitera V, Sharma VK, Loh P, Pidsudko Z, Blatsios G, Troger J. Serpinin in the Skin. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010183. [PMID: 35052862 PMCID: PMC8773586 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The serpinins are relatively novel peptides generated by proteolytic processing of chromogranin A and they are comprised of free serpinin, serpinin-RRG and pGlu-serpinin. In this study, the presence and source of these peptides were studied in the skin. By Western blot analysis, a 40 kDa and a 50 kDa protein containing the sequence of serpinin were detected in the trigeminal ganglion and dorsal root ganglia in rats but none in the skin. RP-HPLC followed by EIA revealed that the three serpinins are present in similar, moderate amounts in rat dorsal root ganglia, whereas in the rat skin, free serpinin represents the predominant molecular form. There were abundant serpinin-positive cells in rat dorsal root ganglia and colocalization with substance P was evident. However, much more widespread distribution of the serpinins was found in dorsal root ganglia when compared with substance P. In the skin, serpinin immunoreactivity was found in sensory nerves and showed colocalization with substance P; as well, some was present in autonomic nerves. Thus, although not exclusively, there is evidence that serpinin is a constituent of the sensory innervation of the skin. The serpinins are biologically highly active and might therefore be of functional significance in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fraquelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (J.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Jasmine Hauzinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (J.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimers Research, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Maria Nolano
- Skin Biopsy Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Instituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.N.); (V.P.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Provitera
- Skin Biopsy Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Instituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.N.); (V.P.)
| | - Vinay Kumar Sharma
- Section of Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.K.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Peng Loh
- Section of Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.K.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Zenon Pidsudko
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Georgios Blatsios
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (J.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (J.H.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-512-504-27343
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15
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Boukerb AM, Cambronel M, Rodrigues S, Mesguida O, Knowlton R, Feuilloley MGJ, Zommiti M, Connil N. Inter-Kingdom Signaling of Stress Hormones: Sensing, Transport and Modulation of Bacterial Physiology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690942. [PMID: 34690943 PMCID: PMC8526972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have coexisted for millions of years. The hormonal communication between microorganisms and their hosts, dubbed inter-kingdom signaling, is a recent field of research. Eukaryotic signals such as hormones, neurotransmitters or immune system molecules have been shown to modulate bacterial physiology. Among them, catecholamines hormones epinephrine/norepinephrine, released during stress and physical effort, or used therapeutically as inotropes have been described to affect bacterial behaviors (i.e., motility, biofilm formation, virulence) of various Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio sp.). More recently, these molecules were also shown to influence the physiology of some Gram-positive bacteria like Enterococcus faecalis. In E. coli and S. enterica, the stress-associated mammalian hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine trigger a signaling cascade by interacting with the QseC histidine sensor kinase protein. No catecholamine sensors have been well described yet in other bacteria. This review aims to provide an up to date report on catecholamine sensors in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their transport, and known effects on bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Melyssa Cambronel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Sophie Rodrigues
- EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM, Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient, France
| | - Ouiza Mesguida
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Rikki Knowlton
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc G J Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Mohamed Zommiti
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
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16
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Nagiri C, Kobayashi K, Tomita A, Kato M, Kobayashi K, Yamashita K, Nishizawa T, Inoue A, Shihoya W, Nureki O. Cryo-EM structure of the β3-adrenergic receptor reveals the molecular basis of subtype selectivity. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3205-3215.e5. [PMID: 34314699 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue and urinary bladder and has emerged as an attractive drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and overactive bladder (OAB). Here, we report the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the β3AR-Gs signaling complex with the selective agonist mirabegron, a first-in-class drug for OAB. Comparison of this structure with the previously reported β1AR and β2AR structures reveals a receptor activation mechanism upon mirabegron binding to the orthosteric site. Notably, the narrower exosite in β3AR creates a perpendicular pocket for mirabegron. Mutational analyses suggest that a combination of both the exosite shape and the amino-acid-residue substitutions defines the drug selectivity of the βAR agonists. Our findings provide a molecular basis for βAR subtype selectivity, allowing the design of more-selective agents with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisae Nagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tomita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kan Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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17
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Meroni ER, Khorzad R, Bracker K, Sinnott-Stutzman V. Retrospective evaluation of albuterol inhalant exposure in dogs: 36 cases (2007-2017). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 31:86-93. [PMID: 33118712 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical features, clinicopathological features, treatment, and outcome of dogs presented for albuterol exposure. DESIGN Retrospective case series from January 2007 to December 2017. SETTING Tertiary veterinary facility. ANIMALS Thirty-six client-owned dogs presenting for known or suspected albuterol exposure secondary to chewing on albuterol metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS All dogs presented with clinical signs attributable to albuterol exposure. The most common physical examination abnormality was sinus tachycardia, noted in 34 of 36 (94%) dogs. Twenty-seven patients (75%) were admitted to the hospital for therapy, with a median length of hospitalization of 20.5 hours (16.75-24.5). Thirty-two of 36 dogs had serum electrolytes evaluated at admission, with 22 of 32 (69%) presenting with hypokalemia ([K+] < 3.62 mmol/L]). Hyperlactatemia ([lactate] > 2.80 mmol/L) was noted in 23 of 28 (82%) dogs. A negative correlation was found between serum lactate and potassium (r = -0.64, r2 = 0.40, P = 0.0003). Hyperglycemia ([glucose] > 6.44 mmol/L) was noted in 20 of 30 (67%) dogs. Beta antagonist therapy was utilized in 20 of 36 (56%) of dogs. CONCLUSIONS Although uncommon, albuterol intoxication can lead to significant clinical and electrolyte abnormalities. Albuterol-induced hypokalemia and associated tachyarrhythmias can be successfully managed, and albuterol intoxication has an excellent prognosis for survival to discharge. A minimum database should be evaluated in all dogs presenting for suspected albuterol exposure, with lactate and glucose monitored carefully in dogs with moderate or severe hypokalemia given the correlation found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana R Meroni
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roxanna Khorzad
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Central Texas Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Hospital, Austin, Texas
| | - Kiko Bracker
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Calvani M, Subbiani A, Bruno G, Favre C. Beta-Blockers and Berberine: A Possible Dual Approach to Contrast Neuroblastoma Growth and Progression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7534693. [PMID: 32855766 PMCID: PMC7443044 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7534693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of nutraceuticals during cancer treatment is a long-lasting debate. Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline quaternary alkaloid extracted from a variety of medicinal plants. BBR has been shown to have therapeutic effects in different pathologies, particularly in cancer, where it affects pathways involved in tumor progression. In neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial childhood solid tumor, BBR, reduces tumor growth by regulating both stemness and differentiation features and by inducing apoptosis. At the same time, the inhibition of β-adrenergic signaling leads to a reduction in growth and increase of differentiation of neuroblastoma. In this review, we summarize the possible beneficial effects of BBR in counteracting tumor growth and progression in various types of cancer and, in particular, in neuroblastoma. However, BBR administration, besides its numerous beneficial effects, presents a few side effects due to inhibition of MAO A enzyme in neuroblastoma cells. Therefore, herein, we proposed a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome side effects of BBR administration consisting of concomitant administration of BBR together with β-blockers in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Calvani
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Subbiani
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gennaro Bruno
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Favre
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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19
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Filippi L, Bruno G, Domazetovic V, Favre C, Calvani M. Current Therapies and New Targets to Fight Melanoma: A Promising Role for the β3-Adrenoreceptor. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061415. [PMID: 32486190 PMCID: PMC7352170 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of cancer and the most deadly skin cancer. According to World Health Organization, about 132,000 melanoma skin cancers occur globally each year. Thanks to the efficacy of new therapies, life expectation has been improved over the last years. However, some malignant melanomas still remain unresponsive to these therapies. The β-adrenergic system, among its many physiological roles, has been recognized as the main mediator of stress-related tumorigenic events. In particular, catecholamine activation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) affects several processes that sustain cancer progression. Among the β-AR subtypes, the β3-AR is emerging as an important regulator of tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize data of different experimental studies focused on β3-AR involvement in tumor development in various types of cancer and, particularly, in melanoma. Taken together, the preclinical evidences reported in this review demonstrate the crucial role of β3-AR in regulating the complex signaling network driving melanoma progression. Therefore, a need exists to further disseminate this new concept and to investigate more deeply the role of β3-AR as a possible therapeutic target for counteracting melanoma progression at clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Surgical Feto-Neonatal Department, A. Meyer University Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Gennaro Bruno
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.F.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Vladana Domazetovic
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudio Favre
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Maura Calvani
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children’s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.F.); (M.C.)
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20
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Beta-Blockers and Cancer: Where Are We? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13060105. [PMID: 32466499 PMCID: PMC7345088 DOI: 10.3390/ph13060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. After diagnosis, cancer treatment may involve radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Several of the approaches used to treat cancer also attack normal cells and, thus, there is the need for more effective treatments that decrease the toxicity to normal cells and increase the success rates of treatment. The use of beta-blockers in cancer has been studied for their antagonist action on the adrenergic system through inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors. Besides regulating processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, and airway strength or reactivity, beta-blockers block mechanisms that trigger tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. This study presents a literature review of the available studies addressing cancer treatments and beta-blockers. Overall, data suggest that propranolol may be used as a complement for the treatment of several types of cancer due to its ability to improve cancer outcomes by decreasing cancer cell proliferation rates. Nonetheless, additional in vitro studies should be performed to fully understand the protective role of BBs in cancer patients.
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21
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Schellenberg LM, Bonicelli J, Hochheim I, Regenthal R, Abraham G. Presence and function of β-adrenergic receptors in primary equine bronchial epithelia cells. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 61:101897. [PMID: 31962137 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) plays an important role in regulating a variety of cell and organ functions in different animal species and is an important target in asthma pathogenesis and therapy. The β-AR expression and function in equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBEC) were not known but innervation and significant decrease in receptor level were reported in the equine bronchial tissues from asthmatic horses. 125I-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding studies were undertaken in primary freshly isolated and cultured EBEC to identify the presence of the β-ARs. The receptor distribution was assessed using subtype-selective β-AR antagonists (ICI 118 551 (β2) and CGP 20712A (β1). The β-AR function was confirmed by measuring the agonist-induced intracellular cAMP accumulation in freshly isolated and cultured EBEC. In both freshly isolated and cultured EBEC, the specific ICYP binding was saturable and of high affinity. The maximal receptor density (Bmax) was 9763 ± 140 binding sites/cell (mean ± SEM, n = 7) and 10575 ± 194 binding sites/cell (mean ± SEM, n = 5) in freshly isolated and cultured EBEC, respectively. The receptor affinity to the ligand (KD) was also not different between the two cell conditions. ICI 118.551 displaced ICYP with 25 000-fold higher affinity than CGP 20712A. Moreover, in both fresh isolated and cultured EBEC, cAMP-accumulation was stimulated with a rank-order of potency of isoproterenol > adrenaline > noradrenaline. These results highlight the β2-AR to be a key subtype in both freshly isolated and cultured primary EBEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Marie Schellenberg
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Bonicelli
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ina Hochheim
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Getu Abraham
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Obara K, Shigematsu M, Takahasi H, Iiboshi Y, Yoshioka K, Kasuya Y, Tanaka Y. Pharmacological properties of β-adrenoceptors mediating rat superior mesenteric artery relaxation and the effects of chemical sympathetic denervation. Life Sci 2020; 241:117155. [PMID: 31837330 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS β-Adrenoceptors (β-ADRs) mediating the relaxation of rat superior mesenteric arteries (SMAs) were pharmacologically identified, and the effects of chemical sympathetic denervation on β-ADR-mediated relaxation were examined. MAIN METHODS The tension changes of endothelium-denuded SMAs were isometrically recorded and the mRNA of endothelium-denuded SMA β-ADR was detected using RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS In endothelium-denuded SMAs contracted with ≥10-7 M phenylephrine (an α1-ADR agonist), isoprenaline (a β-ADR agonist)-induced relaxation was competitively inhibited by 3 × 10-9-10-8 M propranolol (a β1,2-ADR antagonist), but not further affected by ≥10-8 M propranolol. Although isoprenaline-induced relaxation was not affected by ICI-118,551 (10-9-10-8 M; a β2-ADR antagonist), it was competitively inhibited by atenolol (10-7-3 × 10-7 M; a β1-ADR antagonist) in the presence of ICI-118,551. In the presence of 10-7 M propranolol, isoprenaline- and CGP-12177A (a β3-ADR partial agonist)-induced relaxation was competitively inhibited by high concentrations of bupranolol (a β1,2,3-ADR antagonist), with pA2 values of 6.49 and 5.76, respectively. We detected the mRNA of β1- and β3-ADRs in endothelium-denuded SMAs. Treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (a catecholaminergic neurotoxin) reduced maximal isoprenaline-induced relaxation in the presence and absence of 10-7 M propranolol, but not CGP-12177A-induced relaxation. SIGNIFICANCE Isoprenaline-induced relaxation of rat SMAs is mediated by β1- and β3-ADRs. β-ADR-mediated relaxation of rat SMAs is shown to be attenuated by chemical sympathetic denervation. The differences in the effects of bupranolol and chemical sympathetic denervation on the responses to isoprenaline and CGP-12177A in rat SMAs might be explained by the possible presence of multiple β3-ADRs with different pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Obara
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mai Shigematsu
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takahasi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yuri Iiboshi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kento Yoshioka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Kasuya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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Lu YY, Cheng CC, Wu HJ, Lin YK, Chen YC, Chen SA, Chen YJ. Effects of ANP on pulmonary vein electrophysiology, Ca 2+ homeostasis and adrenergic arrhythmogenesis via PKA. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:247-254. [PMID: 31637746 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of arrhythmia and increases the risk of stroke and heart failure (HF). Pulmonary veins (PVs) are important sources of triggers that generate AF, and calcium (Ca2+ ) overload participates in PV arrhythmogenesis. Neurohormonal activation is an important cause of AF. Higher atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) level predicts paroxysmal AF occurrence in HF patients. However, it is not clear if ANP directly modulates electrophysiological characteristics and Ca2+ homeostasis in the PVs. Conventional microelectrodes, whole-cell patch-clamp, and the Fluo-3 fluorimetric ratio technique were performed using isolated rabbit PV preparations or single isolated PV cardiomyocytes before and after ANP administration. We found that ANP (1, 10, and 100 nmol/L) concentration-dependently decreased spontaneous activity in PV preparations. ANP (100 nmol/L) decreased isoproterenol (1 μmol/L)-induced PV spontaneous activity and burst firing. AP811 (100 nmol/L, NPR-C agonist), H89 (1μmol/L, PKA inhibitor) decreased isoproterenol-induced PV spontaneous activity or burst firing, but successive administration of ANP had no further effect on PV activity. KT5823 (1 μmol/L, PKG inhibitor) decreased isoproterenol-induced PV spontaneous activity but did not change isoproterenol-induced PV burst firing, whereas successive administration of ANP did not change isoproterenol-induced PV burst firing. ANP decreased intracellular Ca2+ transient and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content in single PV cardiomyocytes. ANP decreased the late sodium current, L-type Ca2+ current, but did not change nickel-sensitive Na+ -Ca2+ exchanger current in single PV cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, ANP directly regulates PV electrophysiological characteristics and Ca2+ homeostasis and attenuates isoproterenol-induced arrhythmogenesis through NPR-C/cAMP/PKA signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Hui-Jun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Heart Rhythm Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Oliver E, Mayor Jr F, D’Ocon P. Bloqueadores beta: perspectiva histórica y mecanismos de acción. Rev Esp Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Shiina S, Kanemura A, Suzuki C, Yamaki F, Obara K, Chino D, Tanaka Y. β-Adrenoceptor subtypes and cAMP role in adrenaline- and noradrenaline-induced relaxation in the rat thoracic aorta. J Smooth Muscle Res 2019. [PMID: 29540622 PMCID: PMC5863045 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.54.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Object We identified the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) subtypes responsible for the
relaxant responses to adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NA) in the rat thoracic aorta and
examined the role of cAMP which is involved in these relaxant responses.
Methods The effects of β-AR antagonists or the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor
SQ 22,536 on AD- and NA-induced relaxant responses in phenylephrine-induced contraction
and increases in cAMP levels were examined in isolated, endothelium-denuded rat thoracic
aorta segments. Results AD-induced relaxation was completely suppressed by
propranolol (10−7 M) or by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) plus atenolol
(10−6 M), and was also very strongly inhibited by ICI-118,551
(10−8 M) alone. AD (10−5 M) increased tissue cAMP levels by
approximately 1.9-fold compared with that in non-stimulated aortic tissue, but did not
significantly increase cAMP levels in the presence of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) or
SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). AD-induced relaxation was strongly suppressed by SQ 22,536
(10−4 M). NA-induced relaxation was almost completely suppressed by atenolol
(10−6 M) plus ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) although it was hardly affected
by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) alone. NA (10−5 M) increased tissue cAMP
levels by approximately 2.2-fold compared with that in non-stimulated aortic tissue, but
did not significantly increase cAMP levels in the presence of atenolol (10−6 M)
or SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). NA-induced relaxation was strongly suppressed by SQ
22,536 (10−4 M). Conclusion In rat thoracic aorta, AD- and
NA-induced relaxations, which are both strongly dependent on increased tissue cAMP levels,
are mainly mediated through β2- and β1-adrenoceptors
respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Shiina
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kanemura
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yamaki
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Obara
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Chino
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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26
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do Vale GT, Ceron CS, Gonzaga NA, Simplicio JA, Padovan JC. Three Generations of β-blockers: History, Class Differences and Clinical Applicability. Curr Hypertens Rev 2019; 15:22-31. [PMID: 30227820 DOI: 10.2174/1573402114666180918102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-adrenergic receptors are expressed in cardiomyocytes and activated by either noradrenaline released from sympathetic synapses or circulating catecholamines. Their corresponding receptors have three subtypes, namely, β1, β2 and β3, which are members of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. Activation of β1-adrenergic receptors causes various physiological reactions including cardiac contraction and renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. Antagonists of β-adrenergic receptors, known as β-blockers, have been used effectively for over four decades and have beneficial effects in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There are three generations of β-blockers according to their pharmacological properties. Firstgeneration β-blockers are non-selective, blocking both β1- and β2-receptors; second-generation β- blockers are more cardioselective in that they are more selective for β1-receptors; and thirdgeneration β-blockers are highly selective drugs for β1-receptors. The latter also display vasodilator actions by blocking α1-adrenoreceptors and activating β3-adrenergic receptors. In addition, thirdgeneration β-blockers exhibit angiogenic, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-hypertrophic and antiapoptotic activities among other effects that are still under investigation. CONCLUSION The objective of this review is to describe the evolution observed during the development of the three distinctive generations, thereby highlighting the advantages of third-generation β- blockers over the other two drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T do Vale
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla S Ceron
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália A Gonzaga
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Janaina A Simplicio
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Padovan
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, New York, NY, United States
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27
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Low-Dose Adrenaline Reduces Blood Pressure Acutely in Anesthetized Pigs Through a β2-Adrenergic Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 74:38-43. [PMID: 31274841 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adrenaline (epinephrine) is one of the prime messengers of the fight-or-flight response, favoring the activation of β-adrenergic receptors. Although general vasoconstriction to nonessential tissues is imperative, the vasodilatory effect of β-adrenergic receptor activation contends with this. We aimed to determine the dose-dependent effects of adrenaline on hemodynamics and to test whether adrenaline could lower blood pressure (BP) through a β2-adrenergic pathway. Nineteen Danish landrace pigs were used to pharmacologically probe the hemodynamic effect of adrenaline. Pigs were anesthetized, intubated, and electrocardiogram, systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and left ventricular pressure (LVP) were monitored continuously. First, we tested the dose-dependent effects of adrenaline (0.01-10 µg/kg). Second, we determined the response to adrenaline (0.3 µg/kg) after atropine, prazosin, and propranolol pretreatment. Finally, we tested the hemodynamic effect of salbutamol in a subset of pigs. All doses of adrenaline increased heart rate, while BP showed a biphasic response: At low doses, adrenaline decreased SBP from 118 ± 3 to 106 ± 4 mm Hg (n = 15; P < 0.05) and DBP from 86 ± 3 to 71 ± 3 (n = 15; P < 0.05), while at high doses, SBP and DBP increased. LVP showed a similar pattern, with a tendency of decreased pressure at low doses, and an increased pressure at high doses (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with autonomic blockers revealed that the increase in BP was due to α-adrenergic activity, while the decrease was due to β-adrenergic activity. In confirmation, β-adrenergic activation through salbutamol showed a similar decrease in SBP, DBP, and LVP. We conclude that adrenaline dose-dependently increases heart rate, while producing a biphasic response in BP with a decrease at low doses and an increase at high doses in an anesthetized, large-animal model.
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28
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Oliver E, Mayor F, D'Ocon P. Beta-blockers: Historical Perspective and Mechanisms of Action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 72:853-862. [PMID: 31178382 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Beta-blockers are widely used molecules that are able to antagonize β-adrenergic receptors (ARs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family and receive their stimulus from endogenous catecholamines. Upon β-AR stimulation, numerous intracellular cascades are activated, ultimately leading to cardiac contraction or vascular dilation, depending on the relevant subtype and their location. Three subtypes have been described that are differentially expressed in the body (β1-, β2- and β3-ARs), β1 being the most abundant subtype in the heart. Since their discovery, β-ARs have become an important target to fight cardiovascular disease. In fact, since their discovery by James Black in the late 1950s, β-blockers have revolutionized the field of cardiovascular therapies. To date, 3 generations of drugs have been released: nonselective β-blockers, cardioselective β-blockers (selective β1-antagonists), and a third generation of these drugs able to block β1 together with extra vasodilation activity (also called vasodilating β-blockers) either by blocking α1- or by activating β3-AR. More than 50 years after propranolol was introduced to the market due to its ability to reduce heart rate and consequently myocardial oxygen demand in the event of an angina attack, β-blockers are still widely used in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Oliver
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Federico Mayor
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar D'Ocon
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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29
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Docherty JR. The pharmacology of α 1-adrenoceptor subtypes. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:305-320. [PMID: 31067439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the functions of α1-adrenoceptor subtypes, particularly in terms of contraction of smooth muscle. There are 3 subtypes of α1-adrenoceptor, α1A- α1B- and α1D-adrenoceptors. Evidence is presented that the postulated α1L-adrenoceptor is simply the native α1A-adrenoceptor at which prazosin has low potency. In most isolated tissue studies, smooth muscle contractions to exogenous agonists are mediated particularly by α1A-, with a lesser role for α1D-adrenoceptors, but α1B-adrenoceptors are clearly involved in contractions of some tissues, for example, the spleen. However, nerve-evoked responses are the most crucial physiologically, so that these studies of exogenous agonists may overestimate the importance of α1A-adrenoceptors. The major α1-adrenoceptors involved in blood pressure control by sympathetic nerves are the α1D- and the α1A-adrenoceptors, mediating peripheral vasoconstrictor actions. As noradrenaline has high potency at α1D-adrenceptors, these receptors mediate the fastest response and seem to be targets for neurally released noradrenaline especially to low frequency stimulation, with α1A-adrenoceptors being more important at high frequencies of stimulation. This is true in rodent vas deferens and may be true in vasopressor nerves controlling peripheral resistance and tissue blood flow. The αlA-adrenoceptor may act mainly through Ca2+ entry through L-type channels, whereas the α1D-adrenoceptor may act mainly through T-type channels and exhaustable Ca2+ stores. α1-Adrenoceptors may also act through non-G-protein linked second messenger systems. In many tissues, multiple subtypes of α-adrenoceptor are present, and this may be regarded as the norm rather than exception, although one receptor subtype is usually predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Docherty
- Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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30
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Okeke K, Angers S, Bouvier M, Michel MC. Agonist-induced desensitisation of β 3 -adrenoceptors: Where, when, and how? Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2539-2558. [PMID: 30809805 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β3 -Adrenoceptor agonists have proven useful in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome, but it is not known whether their efficacy during chronic administration may be limited by receptor-induced desensitisation. Whereas the β2 -adrenoceptor has phosphorylation sites that are important for desensitisation, the β3 -adrenoceptor lacks these; therefore, it had been assumed that β3 -adrenoceptors are largely resistant to agonist-induced desensitisation. While all direct comparative studies demonstrate that β3 -adrenoceptors are less susceptible to desensitisation than β2 -adrenoceptors, desensitisation of β3 -adrenoceptors has been observed in many models and treatment settings. Chimeric β2 - and β3 -adrenoceptors have demonstrated that the C-terminal tail of the receptor plays an important role in the relative resistance to desensitisation but is not the only relevant factor. While the evidence from some models, such as transfected CHO cells, is inconsistent, it appears that desensitisation is observed more often after long-term (hours to days) than short-term (minutes to hours) agonist exposure. When it occurs, desensitisation of β3 -adrenoceptors can involve multiple levels including down-regulation of its mRNA and the receptor protein and alterations in post-receptor signalling events. The relative contributions of these mechanistic factors apparently depend on the cell type under investigation. Which if any of these factors is applicable to the human urinary bladder remains to be determined. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Okeke
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephane Angers
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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31
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Bisch AL, Wheatley CM, Baker SE, Peitzman ER, Van Iterson EH, Laguna TA, Morgan WJ, Snyder EM. Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Genotype, Not Circulating Catecholamines, Influences Cardiovascular Function in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY AND PULMONARY MEDICINE 2019; 13:1179548419835788. [PMID: 30956528 PMCID: PMC6442074 DOI: 10.1177/1179548419835788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease affecting multiple organ systems of the body and is characterized by mutation in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Previous work has shown that a single dose of aβ-agonist increases cardiac output (Q) and stroke volume (SV) and decreases systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in healthy subjects. This effect is attenuated in patients with CF; however, the mechanism is unknown. Potential explanations for this decreased cardiovascular response to a β-agonist in CF include inherent cardiovascular deficits secondary to the CFTR mutation, receptor desensitization from prolonged β-agonist use as part of clinical care, or inhibited drug delivery to the bloodstream due to mucus buildup in the lungs. This study sought to determine the effects of endogenous epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) on cardiovascular function in CF and to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular function and CFTR F508del mutation. Methods: A total of 19 patients with CF and 31 healthy control subjects completed an assessment of Q (C2H2 rebreathing), SV (calculated from Q and heart rate [HR]), Q and SV indexed to body surface area (BSA, QI, and SVI, respectively), SVR (through assessment of Q and mean arterial blood pressure [MAP]), and HR (from 12-lead electrocardiogram [ECG]) at rest along with plasma measures of EPI and NE. We compared subjects by variables of cardiovascular function relative to EPI and NE, and also based on genetic variants of the F508del mutation (homozygous deletion for F508del, heterozygous deletion for F508del, or no deletion of F508del). Results: Cystic fibrosis patients demonstrated significantly lower BSA (CF = 1.71 ± 0.05 m2 vs healthy = 1.84 ± 0.04 m2, P = .03) and SVI (CF = 30.6 ± 2.5 mL/beat/m2 vs healthy = 39.9 ± 2.5 mL/beat/m2, P = .02) when compared with healthy subjects. Cystic fibrosis patients also demonstrated lower Q (CF = 4.58 ± 0.36 L/min vs healthy = 5.71 ± 0.32 L/min, P = .03) and SV (CF = 54 ± 5.5 mL/beat vs healthy = 73.3 ± 4.5 mL/beat, P = .01), and a higher HR (CF = 93.2 ± 3.9 bpm vs healthy = 80.5 ± 2.7 bpm, P < .01) and SVR (CF = 2082 ± 156 dynes*s/cm−5 vs healthy = 1616 ± 74 dynes*s/cm−5, P = .01) compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, CF patients demonstrated a lower SV (P < .01) corrected for NE when compared with healthy subjects. No significant differences were seen in HR or Q relative to NE, or SVR relative to EPI. Differences were seen in SV (F(2,14) = 7.982, P < .01) and SV index (F(2,14) = 2.913, P = .08) when patients with CF were stratified according to F508del mutation (number of deletions). Conclusions: Individuals with CF have lower cardiac and peripheral hemodynamic function parameters at rest. Furthermore, these results suggest that impairment in cardiovascular function is likely the result of F508del CFTR genotype, rather than receptor desensitization or inhibited drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Bisch
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Courtney M Wheatley
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah E Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Peitzman
- Department of Biology, Health Science Center, University of Wisconsin La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | | | - Theresa A Laguna
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wayne J Morgan
- Arizona Respiratory Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric M Snyder
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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32
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Mittal R, Jhaveri VM, Kay SIS, Greer A, Sutherland KJ, McMurry HS, Lin N, Mittal J, Malhotra AK, Patel AP. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases and Development of Treatment Modalities. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:19-32. [PMID: 29737266 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666180508111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The underlying pathology for cardiovascular disease is largely atherosclerotic in nature and the steps include fatty streak formation, plaque progression and plaque rupture. While there is optimal drug therapy available for patients with CVD, there are also underlying drug delivery obstacles that must be addressed. Challenges in drug delivery warrant further studies for the development of novel and more efficacious medical therapies. An extensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease in combination with current challenges in drug delivery serves as a platform for the development of novel drug therapeutic targets for CVD. The objective of this article is to review the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, first-line medical treatment for CVD, and key obstacles in an efficient drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Vasanti M Jhaveri
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Sae-In Samantha Kay
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida FL, United States
| | - Aubrey Greer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Kyle J Sutherland
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Hannah S McMurry
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Nicole Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Arul K Malhotra
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Amit P Patel
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida FL, United States
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33
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Stanford SC, Heal DJ. Catecholamines: Knowledge and understanding in the 1960s, now, and in the future. Brain Neurosci Adv 2019; 3:2398212818810682. [PMID: 32166174 PMCID: PMC7058270 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818810682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The late 1960s was a heyday for catecholamine research. Technological developments made it feasible to study the regulation of sympathetic neuronal transmission and to map the distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain. At last, it was possible to explain the mechanism of action of some important drugs that had been used in the clinic for more than a decade (e.g. the first generation of antidepressants) and to contemplate the rational development of new treatments (e.g. l-dihydroxyphenylalanine therapy, to compensate for the dopaminergic neuropathy in Parkinson's disease, and β1-adrenoceptor antagonists as antihypertensives). The fact that drug targeting noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic transmission are still the first-line treatments for many psychiatric disorders (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a testament to the importance of these neurotransmitters and the research that has helped us to understand the regulation of their function. This article celebrates some of the highlights of research at that time, pays tribute to some of the subsequent landmark studies, and appraises the options for where it could go next.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Clare Stanford
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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34
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Taylor DL, Gough A, Schurdak ME, Vernetti L, Chennubhotla CS, Lefever D, Pei F, Faeder JR, Lezon TR, Stern AM, Bahar I. Harnessing Human Microphysiology Systems as Key Experimental Models for Quantitative Systems Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 260:327-367. [PMID: 31201557 PMCID: PMC6911651 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two technologies that have emerged in the last decade offer a new paradigm for modern pharmacology, as well as drug discovery and development. Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) is a complementary approach to traditional, target-centric pharmacology and drug discovery and is based on an iterative application of computational and systems biology methods with multiscale experimental methods, both of which include models of ADME-Tox and disease. QSP has emerged as a new approach due to the low efficiency of success in developing therapeutics based on the existing target-centric paradigm. Likewise, human microphysiology systems (MPS) are experimental models complementary to existing animal models and are based on the use of human primary cells, adult stem cells, and/or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to mimic human tissues and organ functions/structures involved in disease and ADME-Tox. Human MPS experimental models have been developed to address the relatively low concordance of human disease and ADME-Tox with engineered, experimental animal models of disease. The integration of the QSP paradigm with the use of human MPS has the potential to enhance the process of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Albert Gough
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark E Schurdak
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence Vernetti
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chakra S Chennubhotla
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Lefever
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fen Pei
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James R Faeder
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R Lezon
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew M Stern
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ostadal B, Parizek A, Ostadalova I, Kolar F. Cardiotoxicity of β-mimetic catecholamines during ontogenetic development - possible risks of antenatal therapy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:639-646. [PMID: 29633627 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines are involved in the regulation of a wide variety of vital functions. The β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) - adenylyl cyclase system has been identified early in embryogenesis before the heart has received adrenergic innervation. The structure of β-receptors in the immature myocardium is similar to that in adults; there are, however, significant quantitative developmental changes in the inotropic and chronotropic responsiveness. Information on the toxic effect of the β-AR agonists in the immature heart is surprisingly scarce, even though these agents are used in clinical practice both during pregnancy and in early postnatal development. Large doses of β-AR agonists induce malformations of the cardiovascular system; the type of change depends upon the time at which the β-AR agonist was administered during embryogenesis. During postnatal ontogeny, the cardiotoxicity of β-AR agonists increased from birth to adulthood. It seems likely that despite interspecies differences, developmental changes in the cardiac sensitivity to β-AR agonists may exist in all mammals, depending on the degree of maturation of the system involved in β-adrenergic signaling. All the existing data draw attention to the possible harmful consequences of the clinical use of β-AR agonists during early phases of cardiac development. Late effects of the early disturbances of the cardiac muscle cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ostadal
- a Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - A Parizek
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - I Ostadalova
- a Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - F Kolar
- a Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Boivin-Jahns V, Uhland K, Holthoff HP, Beyersdorf N, Kocoski V, Kerkau T, Münch G, Lohse MJ, Ungerer M, Jahns R. Cyclopeptide COR-1 to treat beta1-adrenergic receptor antibody-induced heart failure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201160. [PMID: 30125285 PMCID: PMC6101361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, heart failure still incurs significant morbidity and mortality. Stimulating antibodies directed against the secondextracellular loop of the human ß1-adrenergic receptor (anti-ß1EC2) cause myocyte damage and heart failure in rats. This receptor domain is 100% homologous between rats and humans. OBJECTIVE ß1EC2-mimicking cyclopeptides (25-meric) markedly improved the development and/or course of anti-ß1EC2-mediated cardiomyopathy. Further developments should be investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The shortened 18-meric cyclic peptide COR-1, in which one of the two disulphide bonds was removed to enable reproducible GMP production, can also be used to treat cardiomyopathic rats. Echocardiography, catheterization and histopathology of the rat hearts revealed that monthly intravenous administrations of COR-1 almost fully reversed the cardiomyopathic phenotype within 6 months at doses of 1 to 4 mg/kg body weight. Administration of COR-1 resulted in markedly reduced anti-ß1EC2-expressing memory B lymphocytes in the spleen despite continued antigenic boosts, but did not significantly decrease overall peripheral anti-ß1EC2 titers. COR-1 did not induce any anti-ß1EC2 or other immune response in naïve rats (corresponding to findings in healthy human volunteers). It did not cause any toxic side effects in GLP studies in dogs, rats or mice, and the "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) exceeded the therapeutic doses by 100-fold. CONCLUSION The second generation immunomodulating epitope-mimicking cyclopeptide COR-1 (also termed JNJ-5442840) offers promise to treat immune-mediated cardiac diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibody Specificity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Heart Failure/drug therapy
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/therapeutic use
- Peptides, Cyclic/toxicity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Boivin-Jahns
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kocoski
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin J. Lohse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Roland Jahns
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Bank of Biomaterials and Data Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre (CHFC), Würzburg, Germany
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Newman SP. Delivering drugs to the lungs: The history of repurposing in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 133:5-18. [PMID: 29653129 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The repurposing of drug delivery by the pulmonary route has been applied to treatment and prophylaxis of an increasingly wide range of respiratory diseases. Repurposing has been most successful for the delivery of inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Repurposing utilizes the advantages that the pulmonary route offers in terms of more targeted delivery to the site of action, the use of smaller doses, and a lower incidence of side-effects. Success has been more variable for other drugs and treatment indications. Pulmonary delivery is now well established for delivery of inhaled antibiotics in cystic fibrosis (CF), and in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Other inhaled treatments such as those for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), lung transplant rejection or tuberculosis may also become routine. Repurposing has progressed in parallel with the development of new drugs, inhaler devices and formulations.
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Bhogal NK, Hasan A, Gorelik J. The Development of Compartmentation of cAMP Signaling in Cardiomyocytes: The Role of T-Tubules and Caveolae Microdomains. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5020025. [PMID: 29751502 PMCID: PMC6023514 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
3′-5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a signaling messenger produced in response to the stimulation of cellular receptors, and has a myriad of functional applications depending on the cell type. In the heart, cAMP is responsible for regulating the contraction rate and force; however, cAMP is also involved in multiple other functions. Compartmentation of cAMP production may explain the specificity of signaling following a stimulus. In particular, transverse tubules (T-tubules) and caveolae have been found to be critical structural components for the spatial confinement of cAMP in cardiomyocytes, as exemplified by beta-adrenergic receptor (β-ARs) signaling. Pathological alterations in cardiomyocyte microdomain architecture led to a disruption in compartmentation of the cAMP signal. In this review, we discuss the difference between atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes in respect to microdomain organization, and the pathological changes of atrial and ventricular cAMP signaling in response to myocyte dedifferentiation. In addition, we review the role of localized phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in constraining the cAMP signal. Finally, we discuss microdomain biogenesis and maturation of cAMP signaling with the help of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). Understanding these mechanisms may help to overcome the detrimental effects of pathological structural remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet K Bhogal
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Alveera Hasan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Chino D, Sone T, Yamazaki K, Tsuruoka Y, Yamagishi R, Shiina S, Obara K, Yamaki F, Higai K, Tanaka Y. Pharmacological identification of β-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating isoprenaline-induced relaxation of guinea pig colonic longitudinal smooth muscle. J Smooth Muscle Res 2018. [PMID: 29540623 PMCID: PMC5863046 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.54.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Object We aimed to identify the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) subtypes involved in isoprenaline-induced relaxation of guinea pig colonic longitudinal smooth muscle using pharmacological and biochemical approaches. Methods Longitudinal smooth muscle was prepared from the male guinea pig ascending colon and contracted with histamine prior to comparing the relaxant responses to three catecholamines (isoprenaline, adrenaline, and noradrenaline). The inhibitory effects of subtype-selective β-AR antagonists on isoprenaline-induced relaxation were then investigated. Results The relaxant potencies of the catecholamines were ranked as: isoprenaline > noradrenaline ≈ adrenaline, whereas the rank order was isoprenaline > noradrenaline > adrenaline in the presence of propranolol (a non-selective β-AR antagonist; 3 × 10-7 M). Atenolol (a selective β1-AR antagonist; 3 × 10-7-10-6 M) acted as a competitive antagonist of isoprenaline-induced relaxation, and the pA2 value was calculated to be 6.49 (95% confidence interval: 6.34-6.83). The relaxation to isoprenaline was not affected by ICI-118,551 (a selective β2-AR antagonist) at 10-9-10-8 M, but was competitively antagonized by 10-7-3 × 10-7 M, with a pA2 value of 7.41 (95% confidence interval: 7.18-8.02). In the presence of propranolol (3 × 10-7 M), the relaxant effect of isoprenaline was competitively antagonized by bupranolol (a non-selective β-AR antagonist), with a pA2 value of 5.90 (95% confidence interval: 5.73-6.35). Conclusion These findings indicated that the β-AR subtypes involved in isoprenaline-induced relaxation of colonic longitudinal guinea pig muscles are β1-AR and β3-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chino
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Sone
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kumi Yamazaki
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yuri Tsuruoka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Risa Yamagishi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shiina
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Obara
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yamaki
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Koji Higai
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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40
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Chronic exercise induces pathological left ventricular hypertrophy in adrenaline-deficient mice. Int J Cardiol 2018; 253:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mei CG, Gui LS, Wang HC, Tian WQ, Li YK, Zan LS. Polymorphisms in adrenergic receptor genes in Qinchuan cattle show associations with selected carcass traits. Meat Sci 2017; 135:166-173. [PMID: 29040964 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The beta-adrenergic receptors coded by the ADRB1, ADRB2 and ADRB3 genes play important roles in mediating metabolic effects, especially lipolysis, insulin resistance and energy balance. This study investigated the expression levels of these three genes in different tissues of Qinchuan cattle by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expressed levels of RNA from the ADRB2 gene were generally much higher than for ADRB1 and ADRB3. ADRB1 and ADRB2 expression levels were highest in subcutaneous fat and lower in muscle, whereas ADRB3 expression was higher in muscle tissue. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered in 503 Qinchuan cattle by DNA sequencing, containing three missense mutations (g.1148G>C in ADRB1, g.1293C>T and g.1311T>C in ADRB2), four synonymous mutations (g.1054T>C, g.1122C>T and g.1143G>T in ADRB1 and g.506A>G in ADRB3), as well as one mutation in 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) (g.2799G>A in ADRB3). Interestingly, five of them were located in regions predicted to contain multiple repeats of CG nucleotides (CpG islands). Association analysis showed relationships between most of those SNPs or combined haplotypes and carcass traits of Qinchuan cattle. This study association analysis suggests that polymorphisms in these genes might be useful for selection in beef cattle breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Gang Mei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Gui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong-Cheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wan-Qiang Tian
- Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yao-Kun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin-Sen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Yangling 712100, China.
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Rains SL, Amaya CN, Bryan BA. Beta-adrenergic receptors are expressed across diverse cancers. Oncoscience 2017; 4:95-105. [PMID: 28966942 PMCID: PMC5616202 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Based largely on retrospective analyses and a handful of prospective case reports, pharmacological inhibition of the beta adrenergic receptors using beta blockers has shown clinical anti-cancer efficacy in reproductive cancers, as well as angiosarcoma and multiple myeloma. Because of the potential promise of beta blockers as an adjunct to standard anti-cancer therapy, it is imperative to identify other tumor types expressing beta adrenergic (β-AR) receptors so future preclinical and clinical studies can be directed at the most promising tumor targets. We performed immunohistochemical detection of β1-AR, β2-AR, and β3-AR across 29 of the most common human cancer types (389 tissues total) and 19 matching non-diseased controls (100 tissues total). Our analysis revealed all three β-AR receptors were expressed most strongly in melanoma relative to other cancer types. Other malignancies that revealed relatively higher levels of β-AR receptors were esophagus, pancreas, kidney, and lung cancers. Moreover, particular β-AR receptors exhibited significant overexpression in tumor tissue relative to their matching normal tissue in urogenital/reproductive malignancies including breast, endometrium, ovarian, and urothelial cancer, as well as colon, lung, and thyroid cancer. This study identifies several cancer types expressing the β-AR receptors which should be evaluated in future studies for susceptibility to beta blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Rains
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Clarissa N Amaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Brad A Bryan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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Wada Y, Nakano S, Morimoto A, Kasahara KI, Hayashi T, Takada Y, Suzuki H, Niwa-Sakai M, Ohashi S, Mori M, Hirokawa T, Shuto S. Discovery of Novel Indazole Derivatives as Orally Available β 3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists Lacking Off-Target-Based Cardiovascular Side Effects. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3252-3265. [PMID: 28355078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously discovered that indazole derivative 8 was a highly selective β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist, but it appeared to be metabolically unstable. To improve metabolic stability, further optimization of this scaffold was carried out. We focused on the sulfonamide moiety of this scaffold, which resulted in the discovery of compound 15 as a highly potent β3-AR agonist (EC50 = 18 nM) being inactive to β1-, β2-, and α1A-AR (β1/β3, β2/β3, and α1A/β3 > 556-fold). Compound 15 showed dose-dependent β3-AR-mediated responses in marmoset urinary bladder smooth muscle, had a desirable metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic profile (Cmax and AUC), and did not obviously affect heart rate or mean blood pressure when administered intravenously (3 mg/kg) to anesthetized rats. Thus, compound 15 is a highly potent, selective, and orally available β3-AR agonist, which may serve as a candidate drug for the treatment of overactive bladder without off-target-based cardiovascular side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Wada
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakano
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Akifumi Morimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kasahara
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takada
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Hiroko Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Michiko Niwa-Sakai
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ohashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Mutsuhiro Mori
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation , 632-1, Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.,Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR/CoMSIA Studies on a Series of (R)-2-((2-(1H-Indol-2-yl)ethyl)amino)-1-Phenylethan-1-ol with Human β₃-Adrenergic Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030404. [PMID: 28273884 PMCID: PMC6155312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The β₃ adrenergic receptor is raising as an important drug target for the treatment of pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and cardiac diseases among others. Several attempts to obtain selective and high affinity ligands have been made. Currently, Mirabegron is the only available drug on the market that targets this receptor approved for the treatment of overactive bladder. However, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in USA and the MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) in UK have made reports of potentially life-threatening side effects associated with the administration of Mirabegron, casting doubts on the continuity of this compound. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to gather information for the rational design and synthesis of new β₃ adrenergic ligands. Herein, we present the first combined 2D-QSAR (two-dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) and 3D-QSAR/CoMSIA (three-dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship/Comparative Molecular Similarity Index Analysis) study on a series of potent β₃ adrenergic agonists of indole-alkylamine structure. We found a series of changes that can be made in the steric, hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor, lipophilicity and molar refractivity properties of the compounds to generate new promising molecules. Finally, based on our analysis, a summary and a regiospecific description of the requirements for improving β₃ adrenergic activity is given.
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Cannavo A, Koch WJ. GRK2 as negative modulator of NO bioavailability: Implications for cardiovascular disease. Cell Signal 2017; 41:33-40. [PMID: 28077324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), initially identified as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), is a gaso-transmitter with important regulatory roles in the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. In the former, this diatomic molecule and free radical gas controls vascular tone and cardiac mechanics, among others. In the cardiovascular system, it is now understood that β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation is a key modulator of NO generation. Therefore, it is not surprising that the up-regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), in particular GRK2, that restrains βAR activity contributes to impaired cardiovascular functions via alteration of NO bioavailability. This review, will explore the specific interrelation between βARs, GRK2 and NO in the cardiovascular system and their inter-relationship for the pathogenesis of the onset of disease. Last, we will update the readers on the current status of GRK2 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic strategy for heart failure with an emphasis on their ability of rescuing NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
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Di Salvo J, Nagabukuro H, Wickham LA, Abbadie C, DeMartino JA, Fitzmaurice A, Gichuru L, Kulick A, Donnelly MJ, Jochnowitz N, Hurley AL, Pereira A, Sanfiz A, Veronin G, Villa K, Woods J, Zamlynny B, Zycband E, Salituro G, Frenkl T, Weber AE, Edmondson SD, Struthers M. Pharmacological Characterization of a Novel Beta 3 Adrenergic Agonist, Vibegron: Evaluation of Antimuscarinic Receptor Selectivity for Combination Therapy for Overactive Bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:346-355. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Silva D, Jacinto T. Inhaled β 2-agonists in asthma management: an evolving story. Breathe (Sheff) 2016; 12:375-377. [PMID: 28210324 PMCID: PMC5297952 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.017116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathomimetic agents have been known in Chinese medicine for at least 5000 years as a drug to treat disorders of respiratory tract; however, they were introduced to western medicine mainly in the beginning of the 20th century [1]. The history and the future of inhaled β2-agonists in asthma managementhttp://ow.ly/s1s4305l4k4
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Silva
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, EPE, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Immunology, Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Jacinto
- Allergology, CUF Porto Hospital and Instituto, Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS - Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
In 1956, Riker Laboratories, Inc., (now 3 M Drug Delivery Systems) introduced the first pressurized metered dose inhaler (MDI). In many respects, the introduction of the MDI marked the beginning of the modern pharmaceutical aerosol industry. The MDI was the first truly portable and convenient inhaler that effectively delivered drug to the lung and quickly gained widespread acceptance. Since 1956, the pharmaceutical aerosol industry has experienced dramatic growth. The signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 led to a surge in innovation that resulted in the diversification of inhaler technologies with significantly enhanced delivery efficiency, including modern MDIs, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizer systems. The innovative inhalers and drugs discovered by the pharmaceutical aerosol industry, particularly since 1956, have improved the quality of life of literally hundreds of millions of people. Yet, the delivery of therapeutic aerosols has a surprisingly rich history dating back more than 3500 years to ancient Egypt. The delivery of atropine and related compounds has been a crucial inhalation therapy throughout this period and the delivery of associated structural analogs remains an important therapy today. Over the centuries, discoveries from many cultures have advanced the delivery of therapeutic aerosols. For thousands of years, therapeutic aerosols were prepared by the patient or a physician with direct oversight of the patient using custom-made delivery systems. However, starting with the Industrial Revolution, advancements in manufacturing resulted in the bulk production of therapeutic aerosol delivery systems produced by people completely disconnected from contact with the patient. This trend continued and accelerated in the 20th century with the mass commercialization of modern pharmaceutical inhaler products. In this article, we will provide a summary of therapeutic aerosol delivery from ancient times to the present along with a look to the future. We hope that you will find this chronological summary intriguing and informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Brittain
- Pharmacology Department, Allen & Hanburys Limited, Ware, Hertfordshire}
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