1
|
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sandler
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London W6 OXG, UK
| | - V. Glover
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London W6 OXG, UK
| | - J. Jarman
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London W6 OXG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Merikangas KR, Stevens DE, Merikangas JR, Katz CB, Glover V, Cooper T, Sandler M. Tyramine conjugation deficit in migraine, tension-type headache, and depression. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38:730-6. [PMID: 8580225 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate tyramine sulfate conjugation in patients with migraine or tension-type headache, as defined by the newly introduced International Headache Society (IHS) criteria and to examine whether this relationship is mediated by major depression. A total of 62 subjects completed the study: 38 with migraine (22 with aura and 16 without aura), 12 with tension-type headache, and 12 controls. Patients with migraine had significantly lower urinary tyramine sulfate excretion following oral tyramine challenge than normal control. Tension-type headache was also associated with low tyramine conjugation, but only when comorbid with depression. Although mean tyramine sulfate output was lower among subjects with major depression within each of the subtypes of headache, no significant main effect emerged for depression or major subtype thereof. The lower tyramine sulfate excretion values among patients with both migraine and depression compared to those of migraine alone or depression alone in our data and those of others suggests that comorbid migraine with depression may represent a more severe form of migraine than migraine alone. The findings underscore the importance of comorbidity in clinical and epidemiological studies of migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Merikangas
- Department of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marazziti D, Bonuccelli U, Nuti A, Toni C, Pedri S, Palego L, Pavese N, Lucetti C, Muratorio A, Cassano GB. Platelet 3H-imipramine binding and sulphotransferase activity in primary headache. Cephalalgia 1994; 14:210-4. [PMID: 7954741 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.014003210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated platelet 3H-imipramine (3H-IMI) binding, a putative peripheral serotonergic marker, and the activity of sulphotransferase (ST), an enzyme involved in the catabolism of catecholamines and phenolic compounds, in 14 patients suffering from migraine without aura (MWoA) and in 10 with tension-type headache (TH), as compared with a group of controls. The possible relationships between the biological parameters and clinical features were also examined. The results showed that the two groups of patients had a lower number of 3H-IMI binding sites and a lower activity of the thermolabile form of ST, which acts preferentially on monoamine substrates, than the healthy controls, with no intergroup differences. Significant correlations between psychopathological rating scales and characteristics of the illness were observed in the patients with TH. The decreased number of platelet 3H-IMI binding sites is suggestive of a presynaptic serotonergic dysfunction and confirms the involvement of 5HT in primary headaches. The reduced ST activity might produce changes in the level of sulphated biogenic amines, including dopamine and tyramine, which might have an additional role in the pathophysiology of some aspects of primary headache.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Marazziti
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jarman J. The tyramine conjugation test as a trait marker for endogenous unipolar depression and a predictor of treatment response. Mol Aspects Med 1992; 13:249-61. [PMID: 1435105 DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(92)90012-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Jarman
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kuchel OG, Kuchel GA. Peripheral dopamine in pathophysiology of hypertension. Interaction with aging and lifestyle. Hypertension 1991; 18:709-21. [PMID: 1683857 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.18.6.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, an ancestral catecholamine, is physiologically natriuretic and vasodilating, thus essentially protecting against hypertension. Its actions are overshadowed by the opposite effects of its main biological partner, norepinephrine, and this is accentuated with aging. Clinical observations combined with molecular biology approaches to catecholamine-synthesizing and catecholamine-metabolizing enzymes and receptors permit the identification of some inborn defects. Subtle changes in the dopamine-norepinephrine balance may account for the enhanced peripheral noradrenergic activity seen in the setting of decreased dopaminergic activity in advanced age. These changes may contribute to the diminished ability of the aged kidney to excrete a salt load, as well as to the finding that systolic blood pressure increases with age in populations with a high, but not in those with a low, intake of salt. The attainment of advanced age in Western societies with adverse lifestyle changes (mental rather than physical stress, excess salt intake, overeating, sedentarism) appears to facilitate the development of hypertension. The adaptation to all the preceding lifestyle changes necessitates an increased dopamine generation, which may initially compensate to maintain appropriate natriuresis and vasodilation since many patients with initial borderline essential hypertension express their sympathetic hyperfunction, in addition to increased norepinephrine release, by excessive dopamine release. However, the progression of hypertension is accompanied by a peripheral dopaminergic deficiency and diminished ability to excrete salt. This may represent an eventual inadequacy of a phylogenetically redundant system resulting in decreased natriuresis and vasodilation and may account for the responsiveness of established chronic hypertension to salt restriction, diuretics, and dopaminomimetic medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O G Kuchel
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khoo BY, Sit KH, Wong KP. An HPLC-ECD procedure for measuring total phenolsulfotransferase (PST) activity in human liver, platelets and blood. Clin Chim Acta 1990; 194:219-28. [PMID: 2093474 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(90)90136-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The phenolsulfotransferase (PST) activity in human liver, platelets and blood was measured under saturating concentrations of the conjugating agent, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Conventional PST assays employ PAP35S at suboptimal concentrations. In addition, the sulfate conjugate formed, namely N-acetyldopamine-sulfate (NADA-sulfate) was quantified directly by high-pressure liquid chromatography cum electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). NADA, the biogenic amine acceptor used in this study appeared from kinetic data to be a substrate of both the P and M forms of PST when used in micromolar concentration. Two apparent Km values of 4.2 mumol/l and 22.6 mumol/l were observed. In contrast, only one apparent Km value was evident when the assay was carried out in the presence of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP), a selective inhibitor of the P form of PST or after heat treatment under specified conditions which inactivates the M form of PST. Thus measurement of PST activity with NADA as the acceptor substrate permits the determination of total PST activity and a parallel assay with the inclusion of DCNP would distinguish the two variants of PST, both of which appear to be present in all human tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Y Khoo
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
The tyramine conjugation test and depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr 1990; 2:72-6. [PMID: 26952031 DOI: 10.1017/s0924270800035122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article the value of the tyramine conjugation test (TCT) as a predictor of the response to antidepressive medication is reviewed. The TCT seems of little discomfort for the patient, is easy to perform and is suggested to have a high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, there are indications that a decreased tyamine conjugation could be a traitmarker for the vulnerability of depression. Hypotheses concerning the, as yet unclear etiology of the decreased tyramine are reviewed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jarman J, Fernandez M, Davies PT, Glover V, Steiner TJ, Thompson C, Rose FC, Sandler M. High incidence of endogenous depression in migraine: confirmation by tyramine test. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53:573-5. [PMID: 2391520 PMCID: PMC488132 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.53.7.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Forty patients with migraine who were attending a specialist clinic were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--Lifetime version. Sixteen (40%) had a history of major depression which was of endogenous type in 15, according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. The tyramine test, a previously established trait marker for endogenous depression, showed that the migraine group as a whole had significantly low values compared with 14 normal controls, due almost entirely to low values in the endogenous depressive subgroup; there were no differences between diet-sensitive and non-diet-sensitive migraine patients. Thus depression in patients with migraine seems unlikely to be secondary to migraine per se. A substantial subgroup of patients with migraine may possess an inherent predisposition to endogenous depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jarman
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Davis BA. Biogenic amines and their metabolites in body fluids of normal, psychiatric and neurological subjects. J Chromatogr A 1989; 466:89-218. [PMID: 2663901 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)84617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic monoamines and their metabolites have been isolated, identified and quantified in human body fluids over the past forty years using a wide variety of chromatographic separation and detection techniques. This review summarizes the results of those studies on normal, psychiatric and neurological subjects. Tables of normal values and the methods used to obtain them should prove to be useful as a reference source for benchmark amine and metabolite concentrations and for successful analytical procedures for their chromatographic separation, detection and quantification. Summaries of the often contradictory results of the application of these methods to psychiatric and neurological problems are presented and may assist in the assessment of the validity of the results of experiments in this field. Finally, the individual, environmental and the methodological factors affecting the concentrations of the amines and their metabolites are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Davis
- Neuropsychiatric Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The proposal that migraine is a blood disorder and caused by a primary abnormality of platelet behaviour was first put forward in 1978. This paper outlines the basis on which the proposal was made and the way in which the platelet hypothesis can account for the many facets of the disorder. It also reports further studies of platelet composition and function which have been undertaken by a large number of independent workers during the past ten years. The results of their investigations provide strong additional support for the platelet hypothesis in migraine.
Collapse
|
13
|
Singer SS, Palmert MR, Redman MD, Leahy DM, Feeser TC, Lucarelli MJ, Volkwein LS, Bruns M. Hepatic dopamine sulfotransferases in untreated rats and in rats subjected to endocrine or hypertension-related treatments. Hepatology 1988; 8:1511-20. [PMID: 3192164 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840080608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the dopamine sulfotransferase activity of rat liver cytosol. With cytosol, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and dopamine Km values were 17.2 +/- 4.1 and 22.4 +/- 3.5 microM. Females possessed 23 to 37% of dopamine sulfotransferase levels, per gm liver, in males. DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography resolved dopamine sulfotransferase activity to dopamine sulfotransferase I and dopamine sulfotransferase II. Dopamine sulfotransferase II comprised 79 +/- 10 or 61 +/- 18% of dopamine sulfotransferase in males or females in routine assays. 4-Methoxytyramine gave 609 or 179% of mean dopamine sulfotransferase activity with dopamine sulfotransferase I or II. Dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine were comparable substrates. Epinephrine was less effective. Mn++, Cd++, Zn++, Na+ and K+ inhibited dopamine sulfotransferase II. Mg++ activated it. Dopamine sulfotransferase II from males was purified 184 +/- 64-fold. Its Km values for 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and dopamine were 12.7 +/- 1.5 and 47.5 +/- 6.7 microM, respectively. Its dopamine sulfotransferase mechanism was sequential. The molecular weight of dopamine sulfotransferase II was 49,100 +/- 4,000 by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Dopamine sulfotransferase II preferred phenol to catecholamines. Dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine were its best catecholamine substrates. Adrenalectomy or castration of males led to 35 or 45% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels, indicating adrenal and gonadal participation in control of dopamine sulfotransferase production. Testosterone had no effect in either sex, whereas estradiol led to 40% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels in males. This suggested a role for ovaries in dopamine sulfotransferase production, supported by 55 to 102% increased dopamine sulfotransferase levels after ovariectomy. Okamoto-hypertensive males or males given hypertensogenic doses of cortisol exhibited 37 or 48% mean increases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels per gm liver. Antihypertensive spironolactone or hydralazine led to 30% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels. Altered dopamine sulfotransferase levels after all experimental manipulations were due mostly to changed dopamine sulfotransferase II content. Dopamine sulfotransferase II is compared to other reported enzymes that sulfate catecholamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Singer
- Chemistry Department, University of Dayton, Ohio 45469
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baker GB, Wong JT, Coutts RT, Pasutto FM. Simultaneous extraction and quantitation of several bioactive amines in cheese and chocolate. J Chromatogr A 1987; 392:317-31. [PMID: 3597580 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for simultaneous extraction and quantitation of the amines 2-phenylethylamine, tele-methylhistamine, histamine, tryptamine, m- and p-tyramine, 3-methoxytyramine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine. This method is based on extractive derivatization of the amines with a perfluoroacylating agent, pentafluorobenzoyl chloride, under basic aqueous conditions. Analysis was done on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron-capture detector and a capillary column system. The procedure is relatively rapid and provides derivatives with good chromatographic properties. Its application to analysis of the above amines in cheese and chocolate products is described.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu PH, Rozdilsky B, Boulton AA. Sulfate conjugation of monoamines in human brain: purification and some properties of an arylamine sulfotransferase from cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 1985; 45:836-43. [PMID: 3861769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An arylamine sulfotransferase (PST-M) from human brain cortex that is involved in the formation of O-sulfate esters of monoamines has been purified 272-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, chromatofocussing, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. A molecular weight of 62,000, pK of pH 5.8, and an optimum pH for the reaction at 7.8-8.0 with respect to tyramines have been determined. This enzyme possesses an extremely high affinity for dopamine and m-tyramine based on the low Km values and is moderately active toward noradrenaline and p-tyramine. Serotonin is a poor substrate. In contrast, another sulfotransferase, PST-P, which has been separated from PST-M and partially purified, exhibited a very high affinity for phenol and nitrophenols but was inactive toward the amine sulfate acceptors. In the human brain the specific activity toward dopamine as well as the ratio of activity toward dopamine/phenol was considerably higher than those for rat, hog, and bovine brains.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nugon-Baudon L, Szylit O, Chaigneau M, Dierick N, Raibaud P. [In vitro and in vivo production of amines by a Lactobacillus strain isolated from a cock crop]. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. MICROBIOLOGIE 1985; 136B:63-73. [PMID: 4083828 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2609(85)80007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chicken digestive tract is mainly colonized by bacteria belonging to the Lactobacillus genus. One of these strains (LEM-207) isolated from the crop of a cock and closely resembling L. acidophilus, was able to develop on a carbohydrate-free medium. Production of carbon dioxide and synthesis of tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine were observed in the cultures. Once implanted in the crops of germ-free chickens, strain LEM-207 led to the formation of amines. In germ-free (axenic) animals, only endogenous tyramine was detected, whereas in monoassociated chickens, we found a production of tyramine, cadaverine and putrescine. The concentrations of cadaverine and putrescine decreased with increasing acidification of the contents, whereas the level of tyramine increased (7-fold higher level than in germ-free chicken). Amine production was not detected in the caeca. The toxicological aspects of tyramine production in terms of the animal are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Causon RC, Brown MJ, Davies DS. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and amperometric detection of 3-O-methyl isoprenaline sulphate: application to studies on the presystemic metabolism of d-isoprenaline in man. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 337:311-20. [PMID: 3988861 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A selective method for the determination of 3-O-methyl isoprenaline sulphate in human urine and blood plasma has been developed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. The sulphoconjugate was subjected to acidic hydrolysis and the liberated 3-O-methyl isoprenaline was isolated by organic extraction and conventional cation exchange. An internal standard of 3-O-methyl isoetharine was synthesized from commercially available isoetharine and used to correct for recovery losses. The assay was shown to be linear over the range 5 ng/ml to 20 micrograms/ml with a limit of detection of 2 ng/ml. The reliability of the analytical method was examined together with its applicability to in-vivo studies in man.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Phenylethylamine is an endogenous neuroamine conceptualized as the body's natural amphetamine. PEA has been suggested to play a role in the etiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased PEA turnover in phenylketonuria contributes to the pathophysiology of this condition. Depressed and chronic paranoid schizophrenic patients show decreased and increased PEA urinary excretion, respectively. Parkinsonian patients show decreased urinary PEA excretion. In animals, drugs that relieve or produce depression and parkinson result in increased or decreased brain PEA levels, respectively. PEA has been postulated to play a role in the etiology of migraine headache and aggression.
Collapse
|
19
|
Baker GB, Coutts RT, Legatt DF. Levels of p-tyramine in rat brain after chronic administration of MAO-inhibiting antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1983; 7:779-82. [PMID: 6686709 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(83)90065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected acutely or chronically with tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg i.p.) or phenelzine (15 mg/kg i.p.) and extracts of their brains were analyzed by electron-capture gas chromatography for concentrations of p-tyramine. Concentrations of p-tyramine were significantly higher than control levels at all time intervals with both drugs, but these increases showed different patterns with each drug. With tranylcypromine treatment, para-tyramine levels peaked at day 2; with phenelzine treatment they increased steadily over the time course, surpassing levels obtained in tranylcypromine experiments by day 8.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Sulfoconjugation is an important metabolic pathway determining the fate and potential cardiovascular action of ingested phenolic substances. Among the three catecholamines, dopamine (DA) is to the highest degree sulfoconjugated and has the highest affinity toward the phenolsulfotransferase (PST). The concentration of some sulfated catecholamines, particularly of DA sulfate, increases following ingestion of catecholamines or their precursors. This can be confounded with blood-derived increases in DA sulfate associated with BP peaks in some hypertensive patients. We mimicked, therefore, the latter condition by infusion of free DA into normotensive subjects. At low DA infusion rates, plasma DA sulfate exceeded free DA concentrations, and there were no changes in blood pressure and pulse rate. At higher DA infusion rates, blood pressure and pulse rate increased only while plasma free DA concentrations exceeded those of DA sulfate, indicating that free DA remains biologically active only prior to being conjugated. A similar increase in DA sulfate from alimentary sources (e.g., eating a banana) remains without cardiovascular response and is not associated with an overflow of free DA, since all the ingested DA is conjugated in the gut. We describe a patient with pheochromocytoma who experienced repeated hypertensive crises after ingestion of food containing some biogenic amines, (once also documented by NE increase), possibly due to a phenol sulfoconjugation defect (e.g., substrate inhibition of the PST or its genetic deficiency). Platelet PST-determinations may serve as a screening tool to detect subjects with sulfoconjugation defects since they probably reflect the PSt activity in the gut where ingested phenols are sulfoconjugated.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Administration of amitriptyline greatly diminished the pressor response to intravenous tyramine in patients receiving monoamine-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Dothiepin and trimipramine, however, produced little change in sensitivity to tyramine. It is suggested that a combination of amitriptyline and an MAOI, started together in a modest dose that is then increased, may protect patients against the potential dangers of eating tyramine-containing foods. However, because MAOIs allow a high proportion of ingested tyramine to be absorbed into the systemic circulation, patients treated with MAOIs, even in combination with amitriptyline, should not be encouraged to eat foods containing tyramine.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The hypothesis postulates that a brief episode of focal cerebral hypoxia occurs in every attack of migraine. Clinical biochemical and technical (EEG and CT scans) evidence is summarized suggesting that cerebral hypoxia is seen as the turning-point in the pathogenesis of the attack. It may be provoked by different mechanisms in different patients; the potential role of decreased oxygen supply and of increased oxygen need are reviewed and excess sympathetic drive is considered a potential key mechanism in a majority of patients. Whether or not focal hypoxia leads to a genuine migraine attack, depends largely upon the quality of the whirlpool of biochemical, vascular and hematological changes that follow the hypoxic episode. These changes are discussed and it is concluded that those which have been reported to occur during migraine attacks could be due to a preceding hypoxic event. Finally, the hypoxia viewpoint is confronted with some popular theories about the pathogenesis of migraine. It is found that the other points of view are compatible with the hypoxia hypothesis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Littlewood J, Glover V, Sandler M, Petty R, Peatfield R, Rose FC. Platelet phenolsulphotransferase deficiency in dietary migraine. Lancet 1982; 1:983-6. [PMID: 6122845 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients with dietary migraine were found to have significantly lower levels of platelet phenolsulphotransferase activity than either migrainous patients without a history of dietary provocation or normal controls. Of the two known human variants of this enzyme, the phenol-inactivating P form, for which no endogenous substrate has so far been identified, was more severely involved than the M enzyme, which inactivates monoamines (including tyramine). Such commonly implicated dietary triggering agents as chocolate and cheese may contain as-yet-unidentified phenolic substrates of phenolsulphotransferase P; if the platelet enzyme deficiency were mirrored by low gut activity, abnormally large amounts of potentially toxic substances might gain access to the circulation in consequence.
Collapse
|
24
|
Davis BA, Yu PH, Carlson K, O'Sullivan K, Boulton AA. Plasma levels of phenylacetic acid, m- and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenic and other patients. Psychiatry Res 1982; 6:97-105. [PMID: 6120530 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(82)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Blood from chronic schizophrenic patients in two hospitals (A and B) and from institutional and noninstitutional controls was analyzed for platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity toward three different substrates (tryptamine, phenylethylamine, and p-tyramine) and for plasma levels of conjugated and unconjugated phenylacetic acid (PAA) and m- and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acids (mHPA and pHPA). Compared to the controls, schizophrenic patients were found to have significantly reduced MAO activity. Although significant differences were found between unconjugated PAA (reduced) in Hospital B, conjugated pHPA (increased) in Hospital A, and conjugated PAA (increased) in Hospitals A and B and noninstitutional controls, the most consistent significant finding was a reduced unconjugated mHPA in both groups of schizophrenic patients compared with both control groups.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chapter 1 Amines of Biological Interest and their Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(08)70282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
26
|
Baker GB, LeGatt DF, Coutts RT. A gas chromatographic procedure for quantification of para-tyramine in rat brain. J Neurosci Methods 1982; 5:181-8. [PMID: 7057679 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(82)90066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
27
|
LeGatt D, Baker G, Coutts R. Simultaneous extraction and separation of trace amines of biological interest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Kuchel O, Buu NT, Hamet P, Larochelle P, Bourque M, Genest J. Essential hypertension with low conjugated catecholamines imitates pheochromocytoma. Hypertension 1981; 3:347-55. [PMID: 7251096 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.3.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
29
|
Hart RF, Renskers KJ, Nelson EB, Roth JA. Localization and characterization of phenol sulfotransferase in human platelets. Life Sci 1979; 24:125-30. [PMID: 763073 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Abstract
The concept that migraine results from an initial vasoconstriction due to increased release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerves to cranial blood vessels has been reappraised in the light of recently acquired knowledge of the mechanisms of action of drugs used in the treatment of migraine, physiological and pharmacological evidence implicating noradrenaline, and the observations by others that several migraine variants may be associated with some degree of sympathetic overactivity. If the theory is correct, it suggests that both prophylaxis and management of the acute condition should be possible by means of selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism. The use of drugs with potentially dangerous vasoconstrictor properties appears to be unnecessary. The suggestion is made that the increased adrenergic activity might result from changes within the hypothalamus.
Collapse
|
32
|
Carter SB, Sandler M, Sepping P, Bridges PK. Decreased conjugated tyramine outputs in depression: gastrointestinal factors. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 5:269-72. [PMID: 656274 PMCID: PMC1429276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1978.tb01638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
33
|
Carter SB, Sandler M, Goodwin BL, Sepping P, Bridges PK. Decreased urinary output of tyramine and its metabolites in depression. Br J Psychiatry 1978; 132:125-32. [PMID: 623943 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.132.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite dramatic clinical improvement in about one-third of a group of severely depressed, medication-resistant patients one year after modified leucotomy, their relative decrease in conjugated and free tyramine output after an oral tyramine load remained unchanged and abnormal. Whilst a direct deficit in intestinal tyramine-conjugating ability still needs to be finally ruled out, this appears most compatible with a deficit due to bodily metabolic failure, perhaps a deficit in membrane transport which could be an essential aspect of the depressive illness syndrome. Attention is drawn to a similar defect in migraine. The two illnesses may represent a common predisposition which an appropriate triggering mechanism may transform to the florid disease. Biochemical detection of such vulnerability may have important diagnostic and predictive significance.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The prodromal (cerebral) symptoms of migraine are associated with a fall in cerebral blood-flow (C.B.F.). The suggestion that various circulating vasoactive agents might be the cause of this fall in C.B.F. ignores the contradictory findings that the cerebral vascular bed is normally unresponsive to such agents; but if the blood-barrier is disrupted, systemically administered monoamines and prostaglandins elicit pronounced changes in cerebral-tissue perfusion and metabolism. A defect in the blood-brain barrier of migraine patients (particularly those in whom an item of diet may trigger an attack) would make the cerebral circulation vulnerable to variations in circulating levels of vasoactive substances. Alternatively, the barrier could be intact in non-dietary patients, but release of monoamines or prostaglandins from the brain itself could account for the observed changes in the cerebral circulation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Wong KP. The conjugation of tyramine with sulphate by liver and intestine of different animals. Biochem J 1976; 160:491-3. [PMID: 828055 PMCID: PMC1164265 DOI: 10.1042/bj1600491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyramine was conjugated with sulphate by extracts of monkey intestine and livers of monkey, rat, mouse, guinea pig and man. The activity measured in monkey intestine was almost three times that of monkey liver. Labelled tyramine sulphate synthesized from [14C] tyramine, [3H] tyramine or Na235SO4, on acid hydrolysis, released its radioactive precursor. Liver extracts of monkey, rat, mouse and guinea pig synthesized respectively 145,66,21 and 6 pmol of [14C] tyramine sulphate/min per mg of protein. Except with the monkey, intestine exhibited very low activity. trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, was added as a routine to the enzyme preparation, as its omission resulted in the production of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in appreciable amounts. This oxidative deamination of tyramine, however, did not decrease the sulpho-conjugation of tyramine. The low Km (9.1 muM) of sulphotransferase for tyramine is probably responsible.
Collapse
|
36
|
Youdim MB, Holzbauer M. Physiological and pathological changes in tissue monoamine oxidase activity. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1976; 38:193-229. [PMID: 784909 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article explores the possibility that malfunction of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.4., MAO) could lead to aberrations in the catabolism of biogenic amines in the central nervous system and give rise to certain mental abnormalities. No conclusive evidence could be presented to substantiate this. Data on the normal function of the enyzme (for example its existence in multiple forms, the control of MAO activity by hormones or the independent development of MAO activities towards different substrates during maturation) are reviewed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Robertson HA, Juorio AV. Octopamine and some related noncatecholic amines in invertebrate nervous systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1976; 19:173-224. [PMID: 13043 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
In a group of depressed patients who had either been treated with or considered suitable for monoamine oxidase (M.A.O.) inhibitor therapy, a highly significant decrease in conjugated tyramine output was observed after an oral tyramine load compared with normal controls. However, there was no difference in conjugated isoprenaline output between the two groups after isoprenaline ingestion, even though this amine is almost solely metabolised by what is likely to be the same conjugation mechanism. Whilst some explanation in terms of altered gut motility is conceivable, it seems more likely that the apparent deficit in tyramine conjugation in depression represents an increase in functional M.A.O. activity. Consequently, this enzyme would metabolise a greater proportion of available amine, causing a proportionately large decrease in the smaller conjugate pool.
Collapse
|
39
|
Jansen GS, Vrensen GF, Van Kempen GM. Intracellular localization of phenol sulphotransferase in rat brain. J Neurochem 1974; 23:329-35. [PMID: 4417540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
40
|
Carter SM, Youdim MB, Sandler M, Hunter KR, Stern GM. Enhanced tyramine conjugation in Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta 1974; 51:327-9. [PMID: 4826525 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(74)90320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
41
|
Sandler M. New Look at Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. Proc R Soc Med 1973. [DOI: 10.1177/003591577306600958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merton Sandler
- Bernhard Baron Memorial Research Laboratories and Institute of Obstetrics & Gynacology, Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, London W6 OXG
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Conolly ME, Davies DS, Dollery CT, Morgan CD, Paterson JW, Sandler M. Metabolism of isoprenaline in dog and man. Br J Pharmacol 1972; 46:458-72. [PMID: 4656607 PMCID: PMC1666503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb08143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The metabolism of isoprenaline has been studied in man and dog following intravenous and oral or intra-duodenal administration.2. Intravenous isoprenaline was excreted largely unchanged in urine in both species. Only one-third of the radioactivity in urine was in the form of the O-methyl metabolite.3. After oral doses in man or intraduodenal doses in dogs, plasma radioactivity was almost entirely as conjugated isoprenaline and this metabolite accounted for more than 80% of radioactivity in urine.4. Catechol-O-methyl transferase may be less important than Uptake(2) in limiting the pharmacological action of isoprenaline.5. Pharmacological response (heart-rate increase) was related to plasma concentration of isoprenaline only after rapid intravenous injections. In dogs, following prolonged infusion or intraduodenal doses, heart rate returned to base-line values when plasma concentrations of isoprenaline were high.
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Abstract
The incidence of headache and changes in the EEG after tyramine were studied in 25 migrainous patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled investigation. There were three groups of patients: the first had migraine alone, the second had migraine and epilepsy, and the third had migraine which was precipitated by food substances containing tyramine. Psychological tests showed that all the patients were more neurotic, more introverted, and more obsessional than normal subjects. Headache occurred in 12 of 50 patient sessions and 10 of these occurred in the group with dietary precipitated migraine. In this group, however, headache followed tyramine alone in only two patients. The remaining eight headaches occurred in two patients after placebo alone, and in three after both test capsules. The EEG was activated after tyramine, but not after placebo, in 11 of the 15 patients with migraine and epilepsy, and dietary precipitated migraine. This effect was observed, however, in only two of the 10 patients with classical migraine alone. There was no relation between the occurrence of headache and EEG activation. Although there was no significant relationship between tyramine ingestion and the occurrence of headache, the EEG changes observed during the study support the hypothesis that tyramine has an action on the central nervous system in some migrainous subjects.
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Scott DF, Moffett A, Swash M. Observations on the relation of migraine and epilepsy. An electroencephalographic, psychological and clinical study using oral tyramine. Epilepsia 1972; 13:365-75. [PMID: 4559924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1972.tb04577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Speight TM, Avery GS. Pizotifen (BC-105): a review of its pharmacological properties and its therapeutic efficacy in vascular headaches. Drugs 1972; 3:159-203. [PMID: 4403890 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-197203030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
50
|
|