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Truc P, Formenty P, Diallo PB, Komoin-Oka C, Lauginie F. Confirmation of two distinct classes of zymodemes ofTrypanosoma bruceiinfecting man and wild mammals in Côte d'Ivoire: suspected difference in pathogenicity. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1997.11813224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Host restriction, morphology and isoenzymes among trypanosomes of some British freshwater fishes. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000052008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYTrypanosomes were studied from the blood of 6 species of small British fish caught in the River Lee. Morphologically the trypanosomes from the blood ofNemacheilus barbatulusL.,Phoxinus phoxinusL.,Cottus gobioL.,Gobio gobioL.,Gasterosteus aculeatusandPungitus pungitusL. were indistinguishable. Cross-transmission experiments using syringe passage of culture forms and also the leech vectorHemiclepsis marginatashowed that the trypanosomes were not host specific. The isoenzyme patterns of culture forms fromN. barbatulusandP. phoxinuswere identical for 11 enzymes studied. The trypanosomes from the 6 species of fish previously classified as separate species are, on the basis of these results, regarded as a single species,Trypanosoma cobitis(Mitrophanow, 1883).
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RIDDOCH BRUCEJ. The adaptive significance of electrophoretic mobility in phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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DE LIMA VILNEYDEMQGONCALVES, ROITMAN ISAAC, ALVES CYRENEDOSSANTOS. Comparison of Six Isoenzymes from 10 Species ofCrithidia1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb05420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ortner S, Binder M, Scheiner O, Wiedermann G, Duchêne M. Molecular and biochemical characterization of phosphoglucomutases from Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 90:121-9. [PMID: 9497037 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar have only recently been defined as two separate species. E. histolytica, the pathogenic species, is the microorganism causing invasive intestinal amoebiasis and/or liver abscess, while the morphologically similar E. dispar is nonpathogenic and noninvasive. The gold standard for the distinction of the two species has been the isoenzyme electrophoresis of phosphoglucomutases (EC 5.4.2.2) and hexokinases (EC 2.7.1.1), but there had also been a controversy about the possibility of a conversion of isoenzyme patterns. In this study, we cloned the phosphoglucomutase (PGM) cDNAs from the pathogenic and the nonpathogenic species. The deduced amino acid sequences were only 2.4% different. The cDNAs were expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. The recombinant polypeptides displayed strong phosphoglucomutase activity, each of the recombinant enzymes comigrated with its natural counterpart from E. histolytica and E. dispar in the starch gel electrophoresis. Our results give a biochemical interpretation of the PGM isoenzyme pattern and support the clear distinction between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortner
- Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, University of Vienna, Austria
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6
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Ortner S, Clark C, Binder M, Scheiner O, Wiedermann G, Duchêne M. Molecular biology of the hexokinase isoenzyme pattern that distinguishes pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica from nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar1Note: Nucleotide sequence data from the E. dispar hexokinases reported in this paper are available in the EMBL, GenBank™ and DDJB data bases under the accession numbers Y11114 (hxk1) and Y11115 (hxk2), the previously reported sequences from E. histolytica are available under the accession numbers X82197 (hxk1) and X82198 (hxk2).1. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)02852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Ortner S, Plaimauer B, Binder M, Scheiner O, Wiedermann G, Duchêne M. Molecular analysis of two hexokinase isoenzymes from Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995; 73:189-98. [PMID: 8577326 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(95)00115-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The zymodemes, electrophoretic patterns of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose phosphate isomerase isoenzymes, have been widely used to determine the pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica isolates. Although pathogenic and nonpathogenic forms of E. histolytica differ clearly in sequences of many homologous genes, a conversion between pathogenic and nonpathogenic zymodemes has been reported by several laboratories. To approach the question what might be the basis for the observed conversion, we examined the molecular biology of the hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) isoenzymes in pathogenic E. histolytica. We isolated two different cDNAs pHXK1 and pHXK2 coding for polypeptides with significant sequence similarity to hexokinases and deduced molecular masses of 49.8 kDa and 49.4 kDa. The two hexokinase sequences differed by 11% on the amino acid and by 8% on the nucleotide level. Expression of the cDNAs in Escherichia coli as nonfusion proteins gave two polypeptides with hexokinase activity. The recombinant Hxk1 and Hxk2 polypeptides comigrated with the more basic and more acidic isoforms of pathogenic amoebae in starch gel electrophoresis, as well as in low and high resolution isoelectric focussing gels. This identified the observed hexokinase isoenzymes of pathogenic E. histolytica as the products of two genes, hxk1 and hxk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortner
- Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Dirie MF, Otte MJ, Thatthi R, Gardiner PR. Comparative studies of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax isolates from Colombia. Parasitology 1993; 106 ( Pt 1):21-9. [PMID: 8097584 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000074771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of four Trypanosoma vivax isolates from Colombia in South America showed that although minor phenotypic differences existed between them, these parasites are antigenically related and belong to a single serodeme. Characterization by isoenzyme assay, karyotyping and DNA probe analysis, showed the Colombian isolates to be more similar to the West African than to Kenyan T. vivax. There was, however, little serological cross-reactivity between South American and African groups of T. vivax. Although the T. vivax isolates from Colombia were pathogenic for dairy calves which showed the typical sign of progressive emaciation, these parasites failed to infect mice or tsetse and could not be cultivated as bloodstream forms in vitro. This study represents initial attempts to establish the phenotypic and serological diversity amongst T. vivax isolates from South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Dirie
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
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9
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Schlegel M. Protist evolution and phylogeny as discerned from small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons. Eur J Protistol 1991. [PMID: 23194754 DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(11)80059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Dukes P, McNamara JJ, Godfrey DG. Elusive trypanosomes. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1991; 85:21-32. [PMID: 1888216 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1991.11812527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Professor Kershaw's encouragement of the development of anion-exchange separation of African trypanosomes from blood led to two decades of activity when, for the first time, considerable progress was made in the intrinsic characterization of these parasites. Such characterization depended on establishing high infections in laboratory rodents. However, the collection of samples from the field was restricted by the failure of certain trypanosomes either to infect, or to multiply adequately in, rodents. More recently, in vitro culture has come to play an increasingly important role in producing material. By obtaining procyclic forms directly from wild tsetse flies, or by transforming low numbers of bloodstream forms in field samples to the procyclic phase in experimental tsetse, trypanosomes of poor or nil infectivity to rodents were readily cultured in the large amounts required for biochemical characterization. A number of specimens of a new kind of Nannomonas, of Trypanosoma simiae, of T. grayi, and of an antigenically distinct T. brucei gambiense were found. Evidence is presented that many other kinds of trypanosome may be eluding isolation by their inability to infect rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dukes
- Tsetse Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, U.K
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11
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Fasogbon AI, Knowles G, Gardiner PR. A comparison of the isoenzymes of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax isolates from East and West Africa. Int J Parasitol 1990; 20:389-94. [PMID: 2358323 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(90)90156-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity in 13 stocks and clones of Trypanosoma vivax from East and West Africa was compared by isoenzyme analysis. The Ugandan and West African stocks and clones showed a very high degree of genetic similarity to each other but they differed from the Kenyan stocks and clones. Two haemorrhagic stocks, IL 2337 (Galana, Kenya) and IL 3067 (Bamburi, Kenya), showed a high degree of similarity in enzyme banding patterns in electrophoresed preparations. One of the Kenyan stocks, M1D 627, differed in most of its enzyme banding patterns from all the other stocks and clones used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Fasogbon
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Godfrey DG, Baker RD, Rickman LR, Mehlitz D. The distribution, relationships and identification of enzymic variants within the subgenus Trypanozoon. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1990; 29:1-74. [PMID: 2181826 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D G Godfrey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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13
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Okot-Kotber BM, Mutinga MJ, Kaddu JB. Biochemical characterization of Leishmania spp. isolated from man and wild animals in Kenya. Int J Parasitol 1989; 19:657-63. [PMID: 2807720 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(89)90044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Isoelectrofocusing in agarose was used to characterize Leishmania spp. isolated from a kala-azar patient, a lizard, genet cat and elephant shrew. Isoenzyme profiles of 12 enzymes and general protein patterns were examined. Both methods were found to be useful for distinguishing between the isolates. The wild animal Leishmania spp. were shown to be indistinguishable from a reference strain of L. major, but the isolate from man was distinctly different from L. donovani sensu stricto. The unique finding that the lizard isolate was similar to L. major and its significance are discussed in some detail. The use of the isoelectrofocusing technique for separation of enzymes and general proteins for characterization purposes is emphasized.
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Abstract
Recent biological investigations of the African trypanosomes have been moving away from their previous preoccupation with the phenomenon of antigenic variation. The feeling has arisen that antigenic variation, as demonstrated by the Trypanozoon and Nannomonas subgenera of trypanosomes, is too extensive, the number of serodemes too large and the coexistence of different species in many areas too complicated, to allow any immunoprophylaxis based on antibodies to variable antigens. This is, of course, not to rule out possible biochemical intervention in the biosynthesis or export of VSG molecules by trypanosomes. However, in the case of T. vivax, more information is required concerning antigenic variation and coat structure in this organism before these avenues of investigation are discarded. Ways of improving the yield of mature metacyclic trypanosomes in vitro must be found, so that the contribution of metacyclic variable antigens to the induction of immunity in T. vivax infection can be elucidated. The number of bloodstream VATs must be determined (perhaps by genetic rather than serological means), as there is evidence both for VAT exhaustion contributing to the self-cure of infected hosts, and for a possible limit to the number of VATs which can be expressed in infections in Africa. In South America nothing is known of the number of serodemes of T. vivax which exist, although such knowledge is obviously required, especially if immunity to bloodstream variants is the more important mechanism of inducing immunity to this trypanosome and true cyclical transmission is rare in, or absent from, that subcontinent. Further, in a fragile organism, with a coat of suspect integrity, the method of VSG packing and the relative exposure of underlying surface molecules seems to hold out even more hope for an immunological intervention based on cell surface but invariant molecules than is the case with T. brucei or T. congolense, although this is being attempted with the latter species. In T. brucei infections the appearance of the non-dividing stumpy population acts as a stimulus to the induction of humoral immune responses. In ruminants, antibody responses to T. vivax, at least as judged from lysis tests, lag behind the appearance of the different VATs by some days. It would be important to determine, therefore, whether, if late bloodstream forms could be induced more frequently in the ruminant, the speed of anti-VAT responses could be enhanced. Whilst self-cure appears to be relatively common in T. vivax infections, it is unlikely that it results in sterile immunity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Gardiner
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
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Mohamed HA, Molyneux DH, Scott CM. Isoenzyme characterization of trypanosomes of the subgenus Herpetosoma. Parasitology 1987; 94 ( Pt 1):39-48. [PMID: 3547258 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000053439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoenzyme analysis was used to characterize 6 species of trypanosomes of the subgenus Herpetosoma using 13 different enzyme systems. The species studied were Trypanosoma lewisi, T. musculi, T. grosi, T. microti, T. evotomys and T. nabiasi which cannot be distinguished on morphological grounds. Extracts for thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis were prepared from cultures of insect forms in either Schneider's Drosophila or Grace's insect tissue culture media with foetal calf serum or a nutrient agar medium. Extracts of T. lewisi and T. musculi bloodstream forms were also run for comparison. All parasites gave distinct patterns which enabled them to be differentiated on one or more enzyme systems. Two types of computer analysis were used to group the parasites; using these techniques the murine parasites T. lewisi, T. musculi and T. grosi fell into one broad group, and T. microti and T. evotomys of microtine rodents formed another. These findings are in accord with earlier observations on the behavioural characteristics of these parasites in their mammalian host and their vector (fleas). The clear differences observed provide the basis for the application of other biochemical and immunological techniques for differentiation within this subgenus of trypanosomes.
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Ukoha AI. Use of enzyme ratios for differentiating stocks of Trypanosoma vivax. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1986; 72:307-12. [PMID: 2940765 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bloodstream forms of nine different Trypanosoma vivax stocks were compared by the enzyme ratios of selected enzyme systems. Analysis of the results differentiated the trypanosome stocks into three groups, thus suggesting that enzyme ratios of selected enzymes could be of practical use in demonstrating intraspecific differences in trypanosomes.
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Boid R, Mleche W. Isoenzyme analysis of stocks of trypanosomes isolated from cattle in Indonesia. Res Vet Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Young CJ, Godfrey DG. Enzyme polymorphism and the distribution of Trypanosoma congolense isolates. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1983; 77:467-81. [PMID: 6660953 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1983.11811740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conditions were established for demonstrating, by electrophoresis, polymorphism in 12 soluble enzymes from Trypanosoma congolense. Three enzymes had identical mobilities in every stock, variation occurring among the remaining nine. Enzyme profiles were determined in 78 stocks collected from various hosts in a number of African countries, and were used by the computer to establish relationships within the collection. The major groupings formed solely from the isoenzymes corresponded remarkably closely to the origins of the stocks. Two distinct enzymic divisions formed, related only at the 20% level; Division A consisted entirely of stocks isolated in the humid coastal areas of West Africa, while Division B consisted mostly of stocks from drier zones throughout Africa. Some large groupings within these two main divisions also correlated with particular areas of origin within the major ecologic zones. The dry zone Division B included one group almost exclusively from East Africa, and two quite distinct enzymic groups from The Gambia; isolates from Liberia and Ivory Coast tended to fall into separate groups within the humid zone Division A. It is suggested that the differences between the major divisions may be associated with infraspecific adaptation to the different vector species occupying the separate habitats.
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Abstract
The commonly held view that the kinetoplastida, and in particular trypanosomes, are asexual is largely derived from the principle that an organism is asexual until proved sexual. If the basis for this view is examined in detail, it largely arises from the lack of morphologically distinguishable gametes, the difficulties encountered in visualizing chromosomes and a few experiments, using drug-resistant stocks, in which no recombination between stocks could be demonstrated. While it is clear that these organisms are able to reproduce asexually, the existence of a sexual cycle was, until recently, an entirely open question. The early work strongly suggests that any sexual process (in the species examined extensively at the morphological level) does not involve classical well-differentiated gametes and so must involve fusion of morphologically very similar cells. These findings taken together with the inability to visualize chromosomes and thereby identify meiosis, mean that classical methods are unable to detect any sexual process even if it did occur. This review examines the evidence provided by the experimental approaches which have been applied recently to the question of kinetoplastid sexuality. These approaches include isoenzyme studies and the analysis of possible genetic exchange by the use of selective markers (e.g. drug resistance). The results which these techniques have produced make it clear that the kinetoplastid protozoans cannot be regarded as a totally asexual group of organisms.
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Lee CM, Boone LY. Rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes: influence of infection with Trypanosoma. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 75:505-8. [PMID: 6349921 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) changes were studied in livers of rats inoculated with Trypanosoma lewisi, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei. Marked increases in G6PD were directly related to the degree of parasitemia. No essential differences in G6PD levels were seen in animals inoculated with physiological saline when compared with uninoculated controls. Elevation of G6PD was observed only from day 10 to 20 in rats inoculated with T. lewisi. After day 20, the G6PD levels were not statistically significant from those of uninoculated controls. Liver G6PD levels were increased as early as day 3 post-inoculation and continued up to the time of death in rats inoculated with T. brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. congolense.
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Abstract
Clones of 32 strains of Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from patients attending a venereal diseases clinic were compared among themselves and with authentic Pentatrichomonas hominis on the basis of their isoenzyme patterns for eight enzymes by thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis. The enzymes examined were: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI); phosphoglucomutase (PGM); malic enzyme (NADP+) (ME); hexokinase (HK); malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (MDH); glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD); aldolase (ALD); and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). From the isoenzyme patterns of four enzymes (LDH, MDH, HK, and GPI) the strains of T vaginalis could be divided clearly into five groups. PGM showed differences in only one strain, while two other enzyme patterns (ME and ALD) were the same for all the strains of T vaginalis tested. All isolates were clearly distinguishable from P hominis. Although G6PD patterns were not sharp some differences were evident among T vaginalis strains.
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Murray AK. Characterization of stocks of Trypanosoma vivax. I. Isoenzyme studies. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1982; 76:275-82. [PMID: 7125757 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1982.11687542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Camargo EP, Mattei DM, Barbieri CL, Morel CM. Electrophoretic analysis of endonuclease-generated fragments of k-DNA, of esterase isoenzymes, and of surface proteins as aids for species identification of insect trypanosomatids. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1982; 29:251-8. [PMID: 6284925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb04022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to verify the applicability of biochemical methods for species identification of Trypanosomatidae, 13 species of monoxenic trypanosomatids plus the heteroxenous Trypanosoma cruzi were comparatively analyzed by three different biochemical methods. Insect trypanosomatids examined were: Crithidia acanthocephali, C. fasciculata (three varieties), C. luciliae luciliae, C. luciliae thermophila, C. deanei, C. oncopelti, Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum, H. megaseliae, H. samuelpessoai, H. mariadeanei, Leptomonas seymouri, L. collosoma, L. samueli, and Blastocrithidia culicis. Also included in the survey were aposymbiotic strains of C. deanei and C. oncopelti. Methods used were: electrophoretic profiling of endonuclease-generated fragments of k-DNA, esterase isoenzymes profiling, and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of radioiodinated cell surface proteins. Interspecific but not intraspecific differences were detected by all three methods among the 13 monoxenic species examined. Thus, it is concluded that these methods can be successfully used, in addition to classical criteria, for species identification of insect trypanosomatids.
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Kilgour V. The electrophoretic mobilities and activities of eleven enzymes of bloodstream and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei compared. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1980; 2:51-62. [PMID: 6450896 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(80)90048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Eleven soluble enzymes in the supernatant of bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei were compared for electrophoretic mobility and activity with those of T. brucei cultures grown in 3 different media. All bands of each enzyme found in the bloodstream form were also present in the cultured material, but extra bands of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) (EC 1.1.1.37), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) (EC 2.6.1.1), and in 2 to 6 cultures of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) (EC 1.1.1.42) were present in culture forms but not in bloodstream forms. An interfering enzyme, peculiar to cultured T. brucei, which reacted with 2-oxoglutarate and possibly a trace amount of ammonium ions, ran with the fast-moving ASAT bands. Threonine dehydrogenase activity, high in cultured trypanosomes irrespective of the medium used but low in bloodstream trypanosomes, was markedly lower in Trypanosoma evansi and a much passaged T. brucei 8/18. Glucosephosphate isomerase activity on the other hand was high in bloodstream and low in cultured trypanosomes. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was too low to record reliably in bloodstream trypanosomes, but could be clearly detected in cultured forms. As the differences point to some changes in gene expression between the two forms, culture material is likely to replace trypanosomes from living animals for electrophoretic characterization only when considerable comparative work has been done.
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Sargeaunt PG, Williams JE, Neal RA. A comparative study of Entamoeba histolytica (NIH :200, HK9, etc.), "E. histolytica-like" and other morphologically identical amoebae using isoenzyme electrophoresis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980; 74:469-74. [PMID: 6255635 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultures of old, well documented strains of Entamoeba histolytica (NIH:200, HK9 etc.) have been compared with "E. histolytica-like" strains and, in turn, with E. moshkovskii, E. invadens and E. chattoni. They have been grouped according to their isoenzyme patterns. The "E. histolytica-like" organisms give patterns similar to E. moshkovskii and both of these are different from E. histolytica Groups I to IV. E. invadens and E. chattoni have easily distinguished characteristic isoenzyme bands. "E. polecki" is indistinguishable from E. histolytica.
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Miles MA, Lanham SM, de Souza AA, Póvoa M. Further enzymic characters of Trypanosoma cruzi and their evaluation for strain identification. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980; 74:221-37. [PMID: 6992358 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Gibson WC, de C Marshall TF, Godfrey DG. Numerical analysis of enzyme polymorphism: a new approach to the epidemiology and taxonomy of trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1980; 18:175-246. [PMID: 7001872 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Rassam MB, Al-Mudhaffar SA, Chance ML. Isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania species from Iraq. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1979; 73:527-34. [PMID: 539855 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1979.11687295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis in Iraq takes both the visceral and cutaneous forms. The causative organisms are identified according to the electrophoretic variation of the enzymes MDH, GPI, 6PGD, PGM and IDH. The 37 visceral stocks investigated fall into two groups which differ only with respect to GPI. The six cutaneous stocks were divided into three groups. Group 3 represents Leishmania major, while groups 4 and 5 refer to L. tropica showing intraspecific variation with regard to 6PGD.
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Melrose T, Brown C. Isoenzyme variation in piroplasms isolated from bovine blood infected with Theileria annulataand T parva. Res Vet Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Goncalves de Lima VM, Roitman I, Kilgour V. Five trypanosomatid species of insects distinguished by isoenzymes. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1979; 26:648-52. [PMID: 161788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blastocrithidia culicis, Crithidia deanei, Crithidia fasciculata, Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, Leptomonas seymouri and Leishmania tarentolae grown in cultures were compared by electrophoretic mobility for isoenzymes in 6 enzymes. All species were found distinct in these characteristics. Endosymbiotic C. deanei, which was identical to the aposymbiotic C. deanei in 5 enzymes, had an extra band in aspartate aminotransferase. No differences in isoenzymes were found between members of one species maintained in 2 different culture media.
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Romanha AJ, da Silva Pereira AA, Chiari E, Kilgour V. Isoenzyme patterns of cultured Trypanosoma cruzi: changes after prolonged subculture. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 62:139-42. [PMID: 162589 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The isoenzyme patterns of four soluble enzymes in seven stocks of T. cruzi were determined by electrophoresis. According to their patterns they could be classified into four sets. 2. The isoenzyme patterns of two stocks were influenced by the number of subcultures. 3. Five stocks from man are distinct from those derived from a silvatic reservoir. 4. Since the isoenzyme patterns of a stock isolated from a patient with acute disease were similar to those of a silvatic reservoir, its recent introduction into the domiciliary cycle is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Romanha
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou (FIOCRUZ), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerasis, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Robertson A. Nineteenth seminar on trypanosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(79)90194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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33
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Sargeaunt PG, Williams JE. Electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae of man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979; 73:225-7. [PMID: 473310 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(79)90219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured stocks of Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlli and Dientamoeba fragilis were compared with the four Entamoeba histolytical groups already described (SARGEAUNT et al., 1978), by the electrophoretic patterns of three enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and L-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating) (ME). All the species were easily distinguished by their characteristic patterns.
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Tait A. Species identification in protozoa: glucosephosphate isomerase variation in the Paramecium aurelia group. Biochem Genet 1978; 16:945-55. [PMID: 743196 DOI: 10.1007/bf00483746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Results are presented for intra- and interspecies variation in electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase in the Paramecium aurelia species complex. Three new observations have been made: (1) the hitherto indistinguishable species 1 and 5 can be distinguished on the basis of GPI electrophoretic mobility, (2) the degree of intraspecies variation is much higher for GPI than for the previously studied mitochondrial dehydrogenases and esterases, and (3) several of the enzymatic variants observed in one species are apparently indistinguishable from some found in other species. The intraspecies variants found have been shown to be allelic, and, on the basis of the enzyme patterns of the heterozygotes, it is proposed that GPI is a dimeric enzyme determined by two loci. In view of the use of enzyme variation as a means of species identification in protozoa, these results suggest that the use of such methods can lead to underestimating the number of species and possibly to misclassification. The implications of these findings together with the results obtained with Tetrahymena are discussed.
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Hannon RH, Parr CW. The phosphoglucose isomerases of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma vivax. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 60:177-81. [PMID: 318331 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The phosphoglucose isomerases (PGI's) of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei and T. vivax have been purified some 150-fold, using cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and isoelectric focussing. 2. The two trypanosome enzymes showed many similarities in kinetic properties, but differed from each other somewhat in thermal stability and in isoelectric point. 3. Both trypanosome enzymes differ from PGI's from other sources in having a higher Ki for the competitive inhibitor 6-phosphogluconate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Hannon
- Department of Biochemistry, London Hospital Medical College, England
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Al-Taqi M, Evans DA. Characterization of Leishmania spp. from Kuwait by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978; 72:56-65. [PMID: 635978 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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37
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Sargeaunt PG, Williams JE. Electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978; 72:164-6. [PMID: 206991 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultures of 14 stocks of Entamoeba histolytica and one only of Entamoeba coli were compared by electrophoretic patterns of three enzymes: glucose-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and L-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating). Easily distinguished patterns divided E. histolytica into three groups, whilst a distinctly different pattern for E. coli was also seen.
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Gibson WC, Parr CW, Swindlehurst CA, Welch SG. A comparison of the isoenzymes, soluble proteins, polypeptides and free amino acids from ten isolates of Trypanosoma evansi. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 60:137-42. [PMID: 318325 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Soluble extracts from different strains of Trypanosoma evansi were compared by several analytical procedures. 2. No isoenzymic differences were detected. 3. Some clear intraspecies differences in protein isoelectric points, in polypeptide sizes and in free amino acid contents were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Gibson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England
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Le Riche PD, Sewell MM. Differentiation of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium by enzyme electrophoresis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1977; 71:327-8. [PMID: 595082 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(77)90111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-four Taenia saginata and seven T. solium specimens were collected in Nigeria. Extracts of these worms and of their metacestodes were compared by enzyme electrophoresis. The mobility of glucose phosphate isomerase was consistently faster with T. saginata than with T. solium. Extracts of the strobilate and cysticercus forms of the same species gave identical results. It was thus possible to distinguish clearly between material of either species.
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Miles MA, Toye PJ, Oswald SC, Godfrey DG. The identification by isoenzyme patterns of two distinct strain-groups of Trypanosoma cruzi, circulating independently in a rural area of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1977; 71:217-25. [PMID: 407674 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(77)90012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture forms of 17 Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, primarily isolated from a rural area of endemic Chagas disease at São Felipe, Bahia, Brazil, were compared by the electrophoretic patterns of six enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (decarb-oxylating) (NADP+), glucosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase. Two markedly distinct combinations of isoenzyme patterns were seen, justifying the arrangement of the 17 stocks into two strain-groups, each of which was enzymically homogeneous. One combination was characteristic of the 11 domestic stocks of T. cruzi derived from both human infections and domiciliated animals; the second was characteristic of the six sylvatic stocks derived from opossums and a sylvatic triatomine species. The enzyme patterns were independent of the original host and the type of culture medium used. Distinction of the two strain-groups accords with epidemiological evidence that the domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles in São Felipe do not overlap. It is suggested that the diverse enzyme characters of the two strain-groups circulating in São Felipe reflect diverse origins; the domestic form of T. cruzi probably invaded the area from the south of Brazil with the domestic triatomine vector, Panstrongylus megistus.
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Godfrey DG, Kilgour V. Enzyme electrophoresis in characterizing the causative organism of Gambian trypanosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1976; 70:219-24. [PMID: 982516 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(76)90043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei includes three morphologically identical subspecies which are poorly defined by clinical behaviour; T. b. brucei does not infect man, whereas T. b. rhodesiense causes an acute, and T. b gambiense a chronic, disease. Thirty-three isolates of the complex, each of which had previously been identified on clinical or other criteria, were compared by the electrophoretic patterns of two trypanosomal enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT). One particular ALAT pattern clearly segregated a group of human pathogens of which all except one were labelled T. b. gambiense. The exception was labelled T. b. rhodesiense, and in addition three putative T. b. gambiense isolates did not have this pattern; it is suggested that only one presents a serious anomaly. The T. b. gambiense group could also be subdivided by three ASAT patterns which coincided with known groupings based on serological criteria.
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Kilgour V, Godfrey DG, Na'isa BK. Isoenzymes of two aminotransferases among Trypanosoma vivax in Nigerian cattle. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1975; 69:329-35. [PMID: 1155995 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1975.11687016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During a period of three months, thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis was used to examine the isoenzymes of alanine and asparate aminotransferases from samples of T. vivax collected from naturally infected Nigerian cattle. Experimentally infected cattle sheep and goats were also studied. Three patterns, termed Sets 1,2 and 3, differed in both enzymes. The stability of the enzyme patterns was generally confirmed in experimental animals. The results are discussed in relation to subspeciation in T. vivax.
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