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Vassetzky YS, Bakayev VV, Kalandadze AG, Razin SV. Topoisomerase I is associated with the regulatory region of transcriptionally active SV 40 minichromosomes. Mol Cell Biochem 1990; 95:95-106. [PMID: 1694956 DOI: 10.1007/bf00219967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins bound to SV 40 DNA in sarkosyl-treated nuclei have been studied. The major component is topoisomerase I, a 60-70 kDa protein which possesses a strong DNA-nicking activity in the presence of sarkosyl and camptothecin. An SV 40 DNA fraction containing sarkosyl-resistant proteins constitutes 2 to 3% of the total nuclear SV 40 DNA and is enriched in transcriptionally active DNA (as monitored by distribution of RNase-resistant in vivo pulse-labeled RNA). An SV 40 DNA fraction, which is nicked due to covalent binding of topoisomerase I upon sarkosyl treatment is also enriched in transcriptionally active DNA. Topoisomerase I cleavage sites on SV 40 DNA which arise following sarkosyl treatment of nuclei or camptothecin treatment of infected cells have been mapped. The strongest site is located at nucleotide 381 on the non-coding strand and is framed by nuclease hypersensitive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Vassetzky
- Institute of Molecular Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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Hamelin C, Cousineau L, Dion M, Yelle J. Increased DNA topoisomerase I activity in aging human cell chromatin. Biosci Rep 1984; 4:861-8. [PMID: 6097322 DOI: 10.1007/bf01138168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin-associated DNA topoisomerase I activity was measured in human diploid fibroblasts during in vitro aging. No difference was detected as a function of cell age in the nicking and the closing activities of the DNA-unwinding enzyme. The capacity of type-I topoisomerase to relax superhelical DNA molecules was, however, increased in aged cells. An age-related increase in nucleoprotein content was also observed.
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Krauss MR, Gourlie BB, Bayne ML, Benbow RM. Polyomavirus minichromosomes: associated DNA topoisomerase II and DNA ligase activities. J Virol 1984; 49:333-42. [PMID: 6319733 PMCID: PMC255470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.333-342.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyomavirus minichromosomes were isolated and fractionated as described previously (B. B. Gourlie, M. R. Krauss, A. J. Buckler-White, R. M. Benbow, and V. Pigiet, J. Virol. 38:805-814, 1981). Specific assays for DNA topoisomerase II and DNA ligase activity were carried out on each fraction. The enzymatic activity in each fraction was determined by quantitative electron microscopy and compared with the number of replicative intermediate and total polyomavirus DNA molecules in each fraction. DNA topoisomerase II activity cosedimented with polyomavirus replicative intermediate minichromosomes. DNA ligase activity cosedimented with mature polyomavirus minichromosomes.
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Liu LF. DNA topoisomerases--enzymes that catalyse the breaking and rejoining of DNA. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 15:1-24. [PMID: 6319080 DOI: 10.3109/10409238309102799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hamelin C, Alain R, Houde D, Berthiaume L. Mammalian cells contain a DNA-recombining activity that can be dissociated from topoisomerase activity. Biosci Rep 1982; 2:527-33. [PMID: 6288140 DOI: 10.1007/bf01115252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the topoisomerase enzyme in DNA recombination was investigated by extracting chromosomal deoxyribonucleoproteins from a variety of cultured mammalian cells and assaying for the formation of recombinant DNA structures. Although each of the crude deoxyribonucleoprotein preparations contained topoisomerase activity, they did not all contain DNA-recombining activity. A distinct, perhaps novel, enzyme may therefore promote DNA recombination in these cell-free systems.
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Luchnik AN, Bakayev VV, Zbarsky IB, Georgiev GP. Elastic torsional strain in DNA within a fraction of SV40 minichromosomes: relation to transcriptionally active chromatin. EMBO J 1982; 1:1353-8. [PMID: 6327265 PMCID: PMC553216 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
After treatment of SV40 minichromosomes with DNA topoisomerase I, the superhelicity in the bulk of the DNA extracted from minichromosomes is known to remain unchanged. However, we found that the DNA extracted from a small fraction of SV40 minichromosomes (2-5%), was almost completely relaxed, and covalently closed as shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. Thus, the DNA in these 2-5% of SV40 minichromosomes was probably torsionally strained (TS). The proportion of such TS minichromosomes is close to the estimated proportion of transcriptionally active minichromosomes. The distribution of the TS minichromosomes in sucrose gradient coincided with the distribution of transcriptionally active complexes. Both sedimented faster than the majority of minichromosomes. Furthermore, after treatment with topoisomerase I the relaxed minichromosomes could be quantitatively separated from the bulk of material by recentrifugation in a sucrose gradient. A major part of the endogenous RNA polymerase activity was recovered in the relaxed fraction. These data suggest that TS-minichromosomes correspond to transcriptionally active chromatin. After relaxation with topoisomerase I the TS minichromosomes lacked histones.
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Gourlie BB, Pigiet V, Breaux CB, Krauss MR, King CR, Benbow RM. Polyoma virus minichromosomes: associated enzyme activities. J Virol 1981; 38:826-32. [PMID: 6264157 PMCID: PMC171219 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.38.3.826-832.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyoma minichromosomes were isolated and fractionated on glycerol gradients as described by Gourlie et al. (J. Virol. 38:805-814, 1981). Specific assays for DNa polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma, DNA topoisomerase I, and RNase H were carried out on each fraction. The number of units of activity in each fraction was compared with the number of total polyoma and replicative intermediate DNA molecules in each fraction determined by quantitative electron microscopy (M. R. Krauss and R. M. Benbow, J. Virol. 38:815-825, 1981). DNA polymerase alpha cosedimented with polyoma replicative intermediate DNA molecules. DNA polymerase beta and DNA topoisomerase I activities sedimented with mature polyoma minichromosomes. Although the bulk of RNase H activity sedimented in the minichromosome region, the peak of activity was found one fraction behind the peak of mature minichromosomes. Virtually no DNA polymerase gamma activity cosedimented with polyoma minichromosomes.
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Beard P, Kaneko M, Cerutti P. N-Acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene reacts preferentially with a control region of intracellular SV40 chromosome. Nature 1981; 291:84-5. [PMID: 6262649 DOI: 10.1038/291084a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical carcinogens or their metabolites react with DNA; thus it is of interest to determine what effect chromosomal structure has on these reactions. The chromosome of simian virus 40 (SV40) is well suited for such studies; like chromatin of eukaryotic cells, it is organized into nucleosomes. The nucleotide sequence of SV40 is known, together with much about the pattern of viral gene expression and DNA replication, and the structure of the viral chromosome. We have investigated the binding of the ultimate carcinogen, N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene (AAAF), to specific regions of the SV40 chromosome in situ in the intact infected cell. The results, reported here, indicate that a region containing regulatory functions on the intracellular SV40 chromosome has unique structural properties which render it more susceptible to attack by AAAF than the rest of the SV40 genome. The preferential binding of AAAF to regulatory regions of chromatin may have implications for the mechanism of action of this and similar carcinogens.
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Hamelin C, Yaniv M. Coprecipitation of topoisomerase activity with simian virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes by divalent cations. Biochimie 1980; 62:261-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(80)80400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Kowalski D. A procedure for the quantitation of relaxed closed circular DNA in the presence of superhelical DNA: an improved fluorometric assay for nicking-closing enzyme. Anal Biochem 1979; 93:346-54. [PMID: 223466 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(79)80161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Garber EA, Seidman MM, Levine AJ. The detection and characterization of multiple forms of SV40 nucleoprotein complexes. Virology 1978; 90:305-16. [PMID: 214950 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Consigli RA, Center MS. Recent advances in polyoma virus research. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1978; 6:263-99. [PMID: 215382 DOI: 10.3109/10408417809090624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tan KB, Howe CC. Studies on viral DNA protein complexes isolated at different times after infection of monkey kidney cells with simian virus 40. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 478:99-108. [PMID: 196648 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The major protein components of the DNA complex, isolated from SV40-infected monkey cells, are the major viral structural polypeptide VP1 and cellular histones. At early times (24 h) after infection, VP1 is present in large amounts relative to histones, whereas at late times (48 h), the complex contains mostly histones. The amount of VP1 in the complex can be correlated to the amount of "free" VP1 present in the cells, i.e. VP1 not yet incorporated into virus particles. At early times about 40% of VP1 is "free" VP1; at late times, most of the VP1 is incorporated into virus particles. In contrast, viral DNA is produced in huge excess and only about 13% is incorporated into virions. In agreement with the above result, we find that only about 16% of the DNA in the DNA complex can be chased into virions. There is, apparently, no turnover of newly synthesized VP1 that is associated with the DNA complex at late times after infection.
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Qureshi AA, Bourgaux P. Distinct nonstructural polypeptides in polyoma and simian virus 40 DNA-protein complexes. Virology 1977; 77:418-20. [PMID: 190788 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sierakowska H, Shugar D. Mammalian nucleolytic enzymes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1977; 20:59-130. [PMID: 198848 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Qureshi AA, Bourgaux P. Polypeptides of a viral DNA-protein complex form polyoma virus-infected cells. Virology 1976; 74:377-85. [PMID: 185797 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Levine AJ, van der Vliet PC, Sussenbach JS. The replication of papovavirus and adenovirus DNA. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1976; 73:67-124. [PMID: 178481 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66306-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vosberg HP, Grossman LI, Vinograd J. Isolation and partial characterisation of the relaxation protein from nuclei of cultured mouse and human cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 55:79-93. [PMID: 1100383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A protein, called relaxation protein because of its ability to remove superhelical turns in closed-circular DNA, has been isolated and partially characterized from the nuclei of LA9 mouse and HeLa cells. The purification was facilitated by an assay method, with PM2 DNA, which used the fluorescence enhancement of the intercalating dye ethidium bromide upon binding to the closed-circular DNA. The amount of dye bound depends upon the degree of the superhelix density of the DNA. The relaxation products were analysed by the buoyant separation method in CsCl containing ethidium bromide and were shown to be completely relaxed. The purification resulted in a single band in a dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 37000. The pH optimum is 7.0 and the optimal salt concentration is 0.2 M NaCl. The relaxation protein removes negative as well as positive supercoils, the latter generated by the interaction of ethidium bromide with closed-circular DNA. Relaxation of positive supercoils results, after removal of the dye, in the formation of molecules with superhelix densities exceeding that of native PM2 DNA (0.054). The highest negative superhelix density observed was -0.098 +/- 0.001. The corresponding positive superhelix density has been calculated to be + 0.023. A nicking--swivelling--closing mechanism is postulated, but nicked intermediates have so far not been demonstrated. The relaxation protein is not inhibited by known mammalian endonuclease I inhibitors, except for denatured DNA, and does not possess a conventional polynucleotide ligase activity. The relaxation activity was found to be predominantly in the nuclei, with only small amounts present in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. The biological function of transient swivels induced by the relaxation protein is not known. However, transient swivels are considered necessary or useful in the replication of closed-circular DNA or long linear DNA, respectively. Relaxation protein could replace the combined action of an endonuclease and a ligase ahead of the replication fork. Alternatively, transient swivels could be involved in the transcription process.
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