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Bhakdi S, Tranum-Jensen J. Damage to mammalian cells by proteins that form transmembrane pores. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 107:147-223. [PMID: 3303271 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0027646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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2
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Pratt JP, Ravnic DJ, Huss HT, Jiang X, Orozco BS, Mentzer SJ. Melittin-induced membrane permeability: A nonosmotic mechanism of cell death. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2005; 41:349-55. [PMID: 16448225 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-005-0007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Derived from honeybees, melittin is a 26-amino acid, alpha-helical, membrane-attack protein that efficiently kills mammalian cells. To investigate the contribution of colloid-osmotic effects to the mechanism of cell death, we studied the effect of melittin on lymphocyte membrane permeability and cell volumes. Melittin concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 microM induced release of membrane permeability markers without total disruption of the cell membrane. At these melittin concentrations, electrical-impedance cytometry demonstrated melittin-induced changes in red blood cell volumes (P<0.01), but no change in lymphocyte cell volumes (P>0.05). Streaming video microscopy, obtaining images of melittin-treated lymphocytes at 80-ms intervals, demonstrated a loss of optical density (P<0.001) suggesting a flattening of the cell but no significant increase in cell perimeter (P>0.05). Real-time multiparameter flow cytometry of melittin-treated lymphocytes confirmed simultaneous loss of the cytoplasmic marker, calcein, and uptake of the DNA dye, ethidium homodimer, but demonstrated no increase in forward light scatter. Transmission-electron microscopy of melittin-treated lymphocytes showed normal cell volumes but discontinuities in the cell membrane suggesting direct membrane toxicity. We conclude that melittin causes lymphocyte death by a "leaky patch" mechanism that is independent of colloid-osmotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Pratt
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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3
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Su M, He C, West CA, Mentzer SJ. Cytolytic peptides induce biphasic permeability changes in mammalian cell membranes. J Immunol Methods 2001; 252:63-71. [PMID: 11334966 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic peptides melittin and gramicidin S are naturally occurring agents that provide a comparative model for studies of complement, immunotoxin and cell-mediated membrane permeability. Most attempts to characterize cytolytic peptides have used model membrane systems including phospholipid vesicles or erythrocytes. Membrane vesicles permit the use of self-quenching concentrations of fluorescent permeability markers, while erythrocytes release measurable hemoglobin. Attempts at measuring early membrane permeability changes in nucleated mammalian cells have been limited. To measure the kinetics of mammalian cell membrane permeability changes induced by cytolytic peptides, we developed a 96-well fluorescence cytolysis assay using the cytoplasmic fluorescent dye calcein as the membrane permeability marker. To facilitate rapid assessment of membrane permeability, trypan blue was added to the assay solution to quench (a) released fluorescence and (b) retained intracellular fluorescence. Trypan blue also provided a complementary visual assessment of cell viability. Using this assay, a detailed kinetic analysis demonstrated permeability of the cell membranes within seconds of exposure to the cytolytic peptides. The rapid permeabilization of the cell membranes was confirmed by flow cytometry using the calcium indicator dye fluo-3. The assay also demonstrated a second slower phase of marker release over the next several hours. The fluorescence cytolysis assay was able to reliably detect the biphasic permeability changes associated with the melittin and gramicidin S peptides suggesting the potential utility of this assay in the assessment of other cytolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Su
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Room G09, JFB, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Blanchard DK, Hoffman SL, Djeu JY. Inhibition of extracellular ATP-mediated lysis of human macrophages by calmodulin antagonists. J Cell Biochem 1995; 57:452-64. [PMID: 7768980 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240570311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysis of human culture-derived macrophages by extracellular ATP has recently been described, and treatment of macrophages with interferon-gamma rendered those cells significantly more sensitive to lysis. In addition, cell death occurred more rapidly in interferon (IFN)-treated cells than in untreated macrophages. In an attempt to identify the mechanism by which extracellular ATP affects macrophages, as well as to explore the differences between interferon-gamma-treated and untreated macrophages, selected metabolic inhibitors were included in the lytic assays. Of the compounds tested, three antagonists of calmodulin-linked pathways (trifluoperazine, KN-62, and calmidazolium) blocked the ATP-mediated lysis of both interferon-gamma-treated and colony-stimulating factor-treated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Early signals of the ATP ligation of the P2Z purinoceptors of human macrophages included increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] and depolarization of the plasma membrane. However, the inclusion of calmodulin antagonists in these assays did not abrogate either effect. These results suggest that the mechanism which mediates the efflux of 51Cr-labeled proteins from ATP-lysed macrophages is distinct from calcium mobilization and membrane depolarization, and may involve the generation of secondary pores/channels in the plasma membrane via a calmodulin-linked pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Blanchard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, USA
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Lowin B, Krähenbühl O, Müller C, Dupuis M, Tschopp J. Perforin and its role in T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. EXPERIENTIA 1992; 48:911-20. [PMID: 1426142 DOI: 10.1007/bf01919138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The killing mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) represents an important mechanism in the immune defence against tumors and virus infections. The lytic mechanism has been proposed to consist of a polarized secretion of granule-stored molecules, occurring on effector-target cell contact. By electron microscopy, membrane deposited, pore-like lesions are detected on the target cell membrane during cytolysis by CTL. These structures resembled strikingly pores formed during complement attack. Granules of CTL isolated by nitrogen cavitation and Percoll gradient centrifugation were shown to retain cytotoxic activity. Further purification of proteins stored in these granules led to the discovery of a membranolytic protein named perforin which was capable of polymerizing into pore-like structures. In addition to this cytolytic protein, a set of serine esterases was found as well as lysosomal enzymes and proteoglycans, whose function are not yet clearly defined. The role of perforin in the cytotoxic process is currently being explored by ablating the active gene in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lowin
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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6
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Cosgrove JM, Howcroft TK, Tatum SM, Lindquist RR. Membranolytic and nucleolytic activities of cytolytic T lymphocyte clones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179:1562-7. [PMID: 1930195 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91751-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to see if the nucleolytic and membranolytic activities of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) were totally independent and could be expressed independently, we cloned CTL and determined their membranolytic and nucleolytic activities. If the two lytic mechanisms were completely independent and could be independently expressed by individual CTL, we anticipated that we would find CTL clones exhibiting only one or the other activity. Initial examination of membranolytic and nucleolytic activities in 99 newly established CTL clones revealed a poor correlation (r = 0.4) between the two activities. In addition, some clones expressed membenolytic activity without nucleolytic activity, and others, nucleolytic activity without membenolytic activity. The results suggest that CTL have 2 or more separate and independent mechanisms that lead either to the membranolytic or to the nucleolytic lesions in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cosgrove
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030
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7
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Young JDE, Liu CC, Kwon BS, Trapani JA, Young LHY. Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis Role of Granule Mediators. BLOOD CELL BIOCHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3796-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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8
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Cudd A, Arvinte T, Schulz B, Nicolau C. Dextran protection of erythrocytes from low-pH-induced hemolysis. FEBS Lett 1989; 250:293-6. [PMID: 2473916 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-pH-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes is inhibited by dextrans. The protective effect was observed with dextrans larger than 40 kDa. Electron microscopy showed dextrans of 150 kDa in a tight association with the erythrocyte membrane. These results indicate that dextrans stop the low-pH-induced hemolysis by interacting with the acid-induced defects in the erythrocyte membrane [(1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, in press].
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cudd
- Biophor Corporation, Texas A & M University Research Park, College Station 77840
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9
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Young JD, Liu CC, Persechini PM, Cohn ZA. Perforin-dependent and -independent pathways of cytotoxicity mediated by lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 1988; 103:161-202. [PMID: 3292393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1988.tb00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is little doubt at the present time that both perforin-dependent and -independent pathways are important in mediating the cytotoxicity associated with lymphocytes. The cell distribution of perforin, initially thought to include both CTL and NK cells, now must be viewed with caution because all previous biochemical studies on CTL have been conducted with cell lines propagated in long-term cultures in the presence of T cell growth factors (IL-2 and perhaps some still undefined factors). Under these conditions, CTL are known to assume a broader, NK-like specificity in target cell killing and may thus differ significantly from primary CTL generated in the body. Accordingly, perforin does not seem to be present in primary CTL activated directly through mixed lymphocyte reactions. It remains to be shown how primary CTL lyse target cells in vivo. Initial studies conducted in several laboratories have already provided some clues. It now seems that even in cultured, perforin-containing CTL, the perforin pathway is not an obligatory mechanism required for target cell killing. Other pathways, possibly involving TNF/lymphotoxin-like molecules, may play a direct role in this type of cytotoxicity. Other still unidentified factors now also need to be sought, including membrane polypeptides that may develop cytotoxicity directly upon cell contact and binding. Although from the studies reviewed here it is clear now that perforin has a more limited role in cell killing than originally proposed, it is still intriguing that it should share structural and functional homologies with complement proteins, drawing paradoxical analogies between two systems (the cellular and the humoral immune systems) which have evolved to become specialized to carry out separate immunological tasks. The cloning of the genes for perforin and for all the C proteins that comprise the MAC should reveal important information on how these genes originated and then diverged during evolution. The cellular distribution of other granule products, such as serine esterases, also must be viewed with caution. A serine esterase activity was initially thought to be CTL-specific. This information stimulated an intensive research activity in many laboratories that resulted in both the purification of a serine esterase family and the cloning of several serine esterase transcripts. It is becoming clear from recent evidence that this group of enzymes is not truly CTL-specific and therefore would not be expected to develop any function rendered absolutely necessary for cytolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Young
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y. 10021
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10
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Young JD, Liu CC. Reply. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1988; 9:294-295. [PMID: 25290825 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(88)91319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Young
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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11
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Young JD, Cohn ZA. Cellular and humoral mechanisms of cytotoxicity: structural and functional analogies. Adv Immunol 1987; 41:269-332. [PMID: 2891261 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD3 Complex
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/physiology
- Colloids
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Cytoplasmic Granules/physiology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Cytotoxins/metabolism
- Entamoeba histolytica/physiology
- Enzymes/physiology
- Exocytosis
- Graft Rejection
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Ion Channels
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Osmotic Pressure
- Peptides/physiology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Protozoan Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Young
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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12
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Tirosh R, Berke G. Immune cytolysis viewed as a stimulatory process of the target. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1985; 184:473-92. [PMID: 3898757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8326-0_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular mechanisms of immune cytolysis, as effected by antibody and complement (Ab + C') or by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL), have traditionally been considered the end result of early but terminal membrane damage, in turn causing colloid-osmotic lysis of the target cell. A comprehensive theory explaining and relating known prelytic cellular events to subsequent membrane damage is lacking, nor is there a specific picture as to the role and mode of action of Ca2+, which appears to be involved in both complement- and cell-mediated cytolysis (C'MC and CMC, respectively). Recent studies are in support of the view that both Ab + C' and CTL induce a comparable series of prelytic events, in the TC, initiated by membrane depolarization, which in turn bring about voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx or its intracellular release. Persistent elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ can induce massive stimulation of cellular ATPases (actomyosin, Ca2+) and cause exhaustive depletion of ATP. Consequently, Na+-pumping is slowed down and colloid-osmotic lysis ensues. Hence, in our view, membrane damage in immune cytolysis is the result rather than the cause of intracellular events culminating in lysis.
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13
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Rifkin MR. Trypanosoma brucei: biochemical and morphological studies of cytotoxicity caused by normal human serum. Exp Parasitol 1984; 58:81-93. [PMID: 6745390 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(84)90023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical and morphological events which accompany lysis of Trypanosoma brucei by normal human serum have been described. The prelytic events include loss of infectivity and rapid cation shifts across the cell membrane. This is followed by cell swelling, fraying of the surface coat of the cell, loss of intracellular organelles, and eventually cell lysis. The data presented are consistent with a colloid osmotic mechanism of lysis induced by irreversible acute damage to the normal permeability properties of the trypanosome plasma membrane.
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14
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Aroskar VS, Godbole CS, Chaubal KA. Cytotoxicity of Subpopulations of Splenic Cells from Normal and Fibrosarcoma - Bearing Mice towards Syngeneic Tumour Cells. TUMORI JOURNAL 1983; 69:489-96. [PMID: 6607561 DOI: 10.1177/030089168306900601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The nonadherent splenic cells from normal and tumour-bearing (mouse fibrosarcoma-MFS) Swiss mice were divided into 6 subpopulations on Percoll step density gradient and characterised. For the determination of their cytotoxicity towards syngeneic MFS cells and their electrophoretic mobility (EPM), the splenic cell populations were pooled to form 2 broad groups: a lower-density group (density of saline to just < 1.069 g/ml) and a higher-density group (1.069 to just < 1.087 gm/ml). In general, the splenic cells from mice bearing 10- to 11-day-old MFS tumours differed in certain characteristics from those of normal mice in that they showed an increase in the following: proliferation, heterogeneity, with appearance of large cells (>70 μ2); cells with a lower density (< 1.069 g/ml); cells with a lower (< 0.85 μ/sec/Volt/cm) anodi cEPM. The cytotoxicity studies revealed that: a) the lower-density splenic cells of both normal and tumour-bearing mice were more cytotoxic than the higher-density splenic cells; b) the lower- and higher-density splenic cells of tumour-bearing mice were more cytotoxic than the corresponding cells of normal mice. These findings indicate that the splenic cells of mice with a lower EPM and a lower density are the main contributors of cell-mediated cytolysis of a subpopulation of MFS cells.
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Mayer MM. Membrane attack by complement (with comments on cell-mediated cytotoxicity). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 146:193-225. [PMID: 7048868 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8959-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Holland RI. Binding of(51)Cr to human erythrocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 1979; 1:149-56. [PMID: 24277069 DOI: 10.1007/bf02821710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1979] [Accepted: 02/13/1979] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Radioactive chromium accumulated in human erythrocytes exists in two forms: one bound to macromolecules, e.g., hemoglobin, and one in a low molecular weight form. Both forms are released from cells either spontaneously or as a result of toxic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Holland
- Department of Microbiology, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway
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20
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Lustig S, Handel Y, Pluznik DH. The mechanism of wheat germ agglutinin mediated cytolysis of murine mastocytoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 498:154-66. [PMID: 406935 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Romano TJ, Shore SL. Lysis of virus-infected target cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. I. General requirements of the reaction and temporal relationship between lethal hits and cytolysis. Cell Immunol 1977; 30:66-81. [PMID: 193647 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Allison AC, Ferluga J. Cell membranes in cytotoxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 84:231-46. [PMID: 197829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3279-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silica particles are cytotoxic for macrophages because they damage the membranes around secondary lysosomes in which the particles are engulfed. Hydroxyl groups of silicic acid on the surface of the particles form hydrogen bonds with phosphate ester groups of phospholipids and disrupt a variety of natural and artificial membranes. Asbestos fibers induce secretion of hydrolytic enzymes from cultured macrophages. Magnesium hydroxide groups of chrysotile asbestos interact ionically with ionized sialic acid residues of membrane glycoproteins, increase passive cation flux and produce osmotic lysis. The terminal components of complement (C5b-C9) when inserted into the bilayer structure also increase passive cation flux and produce osmotic lysis. The small complement cleavage product C3a is lytic for several cell types, especially malignant cells. The mechanism by which specifically sensitized thymus-derived (T)-lymphocytes kill tumour cells is discussed. Plasma membranes from effector lymphocytes possess considerable cytolytic potential, which is dependent on the activity of a membrane-associated proteinase.
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23
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Golstein P, Smith ET. Mechanism of T-cell-mediated cytolysis: the lethal hit stage. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1977; 7:273-300. [PMID: 328223 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3054-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Henney CS. T-Cell-mediated cytolysis: an overview of some current issues. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1977; 7:245-72. [PMID: 195769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3054-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Martz E. Mechanism of specific tumor-cell lysis by alloimmune T lymphocytes: resolution and characterization of discrete steps in the cellular interaction. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1977; 7:301-61. [PMID: 407049 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3054-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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27
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Arnung KM, Ebbesen P, Baark J, Bjerrum OJ. DEAE-dextran and polybrene cation inhibition of antibody/complement mediated in vitro immune haemolysis. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 1976; 16:271-8. [PMID: 819989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1976.tb01150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preincubation of unsensitized sheep erythrocytes with 25 mug/ml of the polycations DEAE-dextran or polybrene prevented immune haemolysis. This inhibition could be reversed by polyanion. When already sensitized cells were incubated in polycation or when polycation was added to complement, less effect was found on haemolysis. Cell electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis showed that polycation does not prevent attachment of antibody to the cells.
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28
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Martz E, Benacerraf B. T-lymphocyte mediated cytolysis: temperature dependence of killer cell dependent and independent phases and lack of recovery from the lethal hit at low temperatures. Cell Immunol 1975; 20:81-91. [PMID: 812608 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(75)90086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Lauf PK. Immunological and physiological characteristics of the rapid immune hemolysis of neuraminidase-treated sheep red cells produced by fresh guinea pig serum. J Exp Med 1975; 142:974-88. [PMID: 1185109 PMCID: PMC2189934 DOI: 10.1084/jem.142.4.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid hemolysis by fresh guinea pig serum known to occur with neuraminidase-treated sheep red cells has been investigated with respect to the immunological and physiological properties of the lytic process. The following observations were made: (a) The susceptibility to hemolysis is directly proportional to the amounts of neuraminic acid enzymatically released from the cell surface. Complement lysis is mediated through binding of an IgM antibody protein to membranes of neuraminidase-treated cells. (b) Hemolysis is relatively temperature-independent above about 28 degrees C but below which a decrease in the hemolysis rate occurs. Arrhenius activation energies above and below the transition temperature were therefore found to be different. (c) Colloid osmotic swelling of neuraminidase-treated high potassium sheep red cells with a chloride ion concentration ratio near unity suspended in high potassium medium could not be prevented by sucrose. Hence, colloid osmotic swelling before lysis must be due to the entrance of sucrose and water since sucrose was the only external solute not at equilibrium. (d) From the rate of swelling and the apparent flux of sucrose under nonsteady state conditions an experimental permeability coefficient (P) for sucrose of 3-10(-8) cm-s-1 was computed. Comparison with a theoretical P of 4-10(-6) cm-s-1 for sucrose freely permeating through a single, hypothetical membrane lesion per cell of 60 A effective diameter indicates a membrane lesion which permits the passage of solutes larger than cations, but clearly constrains the free diffusion of sucrose.
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30
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Henkart P, Blumenthal R. Interaction of lymphocytes with lipid bilayer membranes: a model for lymphocyte-mediated lysis of target cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:2789-93. [PMID: 1058494 PMCID: PMC432857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.7.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal lipid bilayer membranes were used as a model system to study lymphocyte-mediated killing of target cells. Dinitrophenylated lipid bilayers can physically support dozens of lymphocytes for periods of over one hour without breakage or increasing the electrical conductance of the membrane. However, in the presence of antibody against Dnp, human lymphocytes rapidly induced increases in membrane conductance of several orders of magnitude without membrane breakage. Such ionic permeability increases occurred only when the membrane voluage was positive on the lymphocyte side, as would be the case with a target cell membrane. The lymphocyte and antibody dependence of this conductance increase parallels that observed for lymphocyte killing of antibody-coated target cells. The results are interpreted as evidence that the primary event in lymphocyte killing of antibody-coated target cells is the creation of ion-conducting channels in the target membrane.
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31
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Henney CS. The cytolytic action of thymus-derived lymphocytes with reference to the destruction of connective tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 256:141-9. [PMID: 1080652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb36043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Burakoff SJ, Martz E, Benacerraf B. Is the primary complement lesion insufficient for lysis? Failure of cells damaged under osmotic protection to lyse in EDTA or at low temperature after removal of osmotic protection. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1975; 4:108-26. [PMID: 805009 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(75)90045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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