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Razin S, Kahane I, Banai M, Bredt W. Adhesion of mycoplasmas to eukaryotic cells. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 80:98-118. [PMID: 6790254 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720639.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic mycoplasmas are surface parasites, adhering to the epithelial linings of the respiratory and urogenital tracts. Since mycoplasmas lack cell walls their plasma membrane comes in close contact with that of their host, allowing exchange of components between the two membranes and possibly fusion. The tight association of the parasite with its host is illustrated in scanning electron micrographs of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. gallisepticum adhering to human red blood cells. Specialized structure at the tips of the mycoplasma cells appear to function as attachment organelles. Our main aim has been to chemically define the receptors on the host cell and the binding sites on the mycoplasma cells responsible for adhesion. Glycophorin (the major sialoglycoprotein of human red blood cells) serves as the main or sole receptor for M. gallisepticum whereas M. pneumoniae binds to additional receptors on human red blood cells. Trypsin treatment of M. pneumoniae cells abolishes their ability to attach to human red cells, suggesting the protein nature of the binding sites. M. pneumoniae membranes solubilized by detergents were subjected to affinity chromatography on glycophorin-Sepharose so that membrane components with high affinity for glycophorin could be isolated. The fraction isolated consisted of several proteins (relative molecular mass 25 000 and 45 000). The binding of this fraction to red cells was relatively low but appeared to be specific, as it was inhibited by glycophorin but not by its hydrophobic moiety. The possibility is discussed that the exposure of the binding sites on the mycoplasma cell surface is influenced by the electrochemical ion gradient across the membrane.
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Jayagopala Reddy NR, Wilkie BN, Borgs P, Mallard BA. Cytokines in Mycoplasma hyorhinis-induced arthritis in pigs bred selectively for high and low immune responses. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1150-5. [PMID: 10678919 PMCID: PMC97260 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.3.1150-1155.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yorkshire pigs were bred selectively for high and low immune responses (H and L pigs, respectively) based on multiple antibody (Ab) and cell-mediated immune response traits. In a previous experiment, generation 4 (G4) pigs of each line were infected with Mycoplasma hyorhinis. High responders had a more rapid and higher Ab response and less polyserositis, but arthritis was more severe in H pigs than in L pigs. To test the hypothesis that line differences were attributable to differential expression of cytokines, M. hyorhinis infection was induced in pigs of G8. Arthritis was more severe clinically (P, </=0.05) and postmortem (P, </=0.001) when M. hyorhinis CFU were more numerous in synovial fluid (SF) of H pigs than of L pigs (P, </=0.03). In H pigs but not L pigs, CFU and lesion scores were correlated positively. In H pigs, infection increased the frequency of expression of mRNAs for interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in mononuclear cells from synovial membranes (SM). In L pigs, IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha mRNAs were increased in frequency of expression. The quantity of the cytokine message for IL-6 was increased in infected H pigs. For L pigs, infection increased the cytokine message for IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. IL-6 in SM and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in SF were produced at a higher copy number in H pigs than in L pigs after infection. For H pigs, there were no positive rank correlations between lesion or CFU scores and cytokines. For L pigs, IL-1alpha, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha in SM correlated with CFU, while IL-6, TNF-beta, and IFN-gamma in SF correlated with CFU. Lesion score in L pigs correlated with IL-1alpha in SF. While these results indicate that H and L pigs differ in the cytokine response to M. hyorhinis infection, they do not confirm a characteristic cytokine response in association with the relative susceptibility to infection and arthritis observed in H pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Jayagopala Reddy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Abstract
The extensive effort made to comprehend the complex immunopathology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has resulted in research groups focusing attention on hypotheses as disparate as the possible 'superantigen' potential of HIV and the possible requirement for a Mycoplasma 'cofactor'. Utilizing the recent observation that a Mycoplasma species possesses 'superantigen' properties, this paper attempts to reconcile these seemingly discrepant observations in a model of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which builds on the potential contribution of a 'superantigen cofactor' to the ongoing process of HIV infection. A possible role for mycoplasma-induced T-cell proliferation, T-cell dysfunction, B-cell proliferation, and hyperglobulinaemia in the exacerbation of HIV infection is discussed. The relevance of a recent observation regarding protein sequence homology between the mycoplasma adhesion protein and several human class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is also examined and incorporated into this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Bisset
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Mycoplasmas are a heterogenous group of prokaryotic organisms causing a wide variety of diseases, including autoimmune disorders. Thus, it is not surprising that various mycoplasmas strains, including Mycoplasma arginini, M. arthritidis, M. neurolyticum and M. pulmonis, are able to regulate the immune response. Though some of the studies of the immunomodulatory action of mycoplasmas have been done in vivo, the majority of the investigations have been conducted in vitro. This has led to the recognition that mycoplasmas are polyclonal activators of both B and T cells from several species, acting through MHC-restricted or -unrestricted pathways. Mycoplasma activation not only induces T-cell proliferation but also leads but to the formation of cytotoxic T cells. We, as well as others, have shown that mycoplasma-mediated B-cell activation induces proliferation as well as Ig secretion, and also that mycoplasma stimulation of lymphocytes may result in the production of cytokines. We communicate here our investigations into the effects of an M. arginini strain on the growth and maturation of preactivated B cells. After an initial biological characterization of the M. arginini effects in vitro, we established the protein nature of the growth-supporting activity and proceeded further on to isolate and identify the responsible proteins. The use of lipid- and lipoglycan-free extracts has allowed us to further extend our studies on the biological activities of the proteins from M. arginini and to compare these results with the effects obtained using live organisms. Furthermore, the study was extended to include a characterization of the in vivo-induced effects of live M. arginini. Altogether, the results from these experiments allow us to conclude that M. arginini is a T-cell independent polyclonal B-cell mitogen, mediated by five identified proteins, inducing growth and Ig secretion of both resting and preactivated B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ruuth
- INSERM U 25, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
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Squadrini F, Lami G, Pellegrino F, Pinelli G, Bavieri M, Fontana A, Bisetti A. Acute hepatitis complicating Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Infect 1988; 16:201-2. [PMID: 3127476 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(88)94197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Effects of mycoplasma contamination on phenotypic expression of mitochondrial mutants in human cells. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 6965101 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HeLa cells sensitive to the mitochondrial protein synthesis inhibitors erythromycin (ERY) and chloramphenicol (CAP) and HeLa variants resistant to the effects of these drugs were purposefully infected with drug-sensitive and -resistant mycoplasma strains. Mycoplasma hyorhinis and the ERY-resistant strain of Mycoplasma orale, MO-ERYr, did not influence the growth of HeLa and ERY-resistant ERY2301 cells in the presence or absence of ERY. M. hyorhinis also did not affect the growth of HeLa and CAP-resistant Cap-2 cells in the presence or absence of CAP. However, both HeLa and Cap-2 cells infected with the CAP-resistant strain of M. hyorhinis, MH-CAPr, were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of CAP. This may be due to the glucose dependence of the cells, which was compromised by the increased utilization of glucose by MH-CAPr in these infected cell cultures. In vitro protein synthesis by isolated mitochondria was significantly altered by mycoplasma infection of the various cell lines. A substantial number of mycoplasmas copurified with the mitochondria, resulting in up to a sevenfold increase in the incorporation of [3H]leucine into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. More importantly, the apparent drug sensitivity or resistance of mitochondrial preparations from mycoplasma-infected cells reflected the drug sensitivity or resistance of the contaminating mycoplasmas. These results illustrate the hazards in interpreting mitochondrial protein synthesis data derived from mycoplasma-infected cell lines, particularly putative mitochondrially encoded mutants resistant to inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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Ruuth E, Lundgren E. Enhancement of immunoglobulin secretion by the lymphokine-like activity of a Mycoplasma arginini strain. Scand J Immunol 1986; 23:575-80. [PMID: 3486465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1986.tb01990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes, preactivated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), could be triggered to growth by a strain of Mycoplasma arginini, while the level of immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion, quantitated as the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC), was low. The PFC response could be increased by the addition of conditioned media (CM) from lectin-activated spleen cells or T cell tumour EL-4 to the culture of preactivated B cells. CM did not by itself induce a significant amount of PFC in the cultures of LPS-preactivated B cells. The maturation enhancing activity was distinct from IL-2 and B cell growth factor as judged by gel exclusion chromatography.
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Mizushima Y, Quintans J, Cohen EP. Stimulation of lymphoid cell proliferation by Mycoplasma orale, a common cell culture contaminant. Infect Immun 1985; 50:636-40. [PMID: 3877689 PMCID: PMC261125 DOI: 10.1128/iai.50.3.636-640.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma orale, maintained as a contaminant of a mouse hybrid cell line, induces an intense proliferation in short-term culture of lymphoid cells of inbred mice. Cell division induced by the contaminated cell culture fluid reaches a maximum on day four and declines rapidly thereafter. Culture fluids from hybrid cells freed of contamination do not cause proliferation. Cells from the spleen, bone marrow, and thymus of each of several strains of inbred mice, including xid CBA/N, poorly responsive to lipopolysaccharide, are stimulated by the mitogen, as are cells from BALB/c nude mice. The characteristics of the stimulatory effect are analogous in several important aspects to those of naturally occurring T cell-derived growth factors. In the absence of detectable numbers of T cells, both small and large B lymphocytes undergo mitosis in the presence of contaminated cell culture fluid, and B cells stimulated to divide by lipopolysaccharide are sustained for further rounds of replication by M. orale-containing cell culture fluid. The fluid also augments the stimulatory effect on thymocytes of suboptimum concentrations of phytohemagglutinin mimicking the effect of interleukin-1. Unlike with most naturally occurring lymphoid cell mitogens, however, the dividing cells do not go on to immunoglobulin secretion.
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Abstract
A murine monoclonal antibody raised against Mycoplasma hyorhinis specifically reacted by indirect immunofluorescence with mammalian intermediate filaments. The antibody recognized a related epitope on a 74,000-molecular-weight protein of M. hyorhinis and on components of similar size from other pathogenic mycoplasmas. This defines a shared antigenic structure of interest in autoantibody development during mycoplasmal diseases.
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Abstract
The covalent modification of membrane proteins by long-chain fatty acids was determined in two strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis of radiolabeled membranes. Of the more than 50 membrane polypeptides detected, approximately 30 were labeled with [3H]palmitate, whereas covalent binding of [3H]oleate to membrane proteins could not be demonstrated. We suggest that in these wall-less bacteria, membrane protein acylation with saturated fatty acids may serve to ensure the structural integrity of the membrane.
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Göbel UB, Stanbridge EJ. Cloned mycoplasma ribosomal RNA genes for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in tissue cultures. Science 1984; 226:1211-3. [PMID: 6505688 DOI: 10.1126/science.6505688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A cloned fragment of the mycoplasma ribosomal RNA operon was used as a molecular probe for the detection of mycoplasmas in cell cultures. According to the conditions of hybridization, the probe can detect prokaryotes in general or mycoplasmas specifically.
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Nilsson M, Ofverholm T, Ericson LE. In vivo shedding of apical plasma membrane in the thyroid follicle cells of the mouse. Cell Tissue Res 1984; 236:87-97. [PMID: 6713514 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Clusters of luminal dense bodies, limited by a triple-layered membrane, were found in all follicle lumina in thyroid glands of mice. After thyroxine treatment the number of luminal dense bodies increased, especially in the periphery of the lumen, where the intraluminal bodies often displayed a striking resemblance to microvilli. In hyperplastic goiters, obtained by feeding mice with propylthiouracil, luminal dense bodies were replaced by intraluminal vesicles. During goiter involution the vesicles were gradually replaced by luminal dense bodies; the presence of intermediate forms suggests that vesicles and dense bodies are basically the same formations. Luminal dense bodies were observed in colloid droplets indicating their removal by endocytosis. As demonstrated by electron-microscopic cytochemistry, luminal dense bodies contain a membrane-bound peroxidase, and electron-microscopic autoradiography after administration of 125I indicate that they possess an iodinating capacity. Our observations on mouse thyroid glands suggest that the luminal dense bodies, which appear as vesicles in hyperplastic glands, are formed by shedding of the apical plasma membrane of the follicle cell. The shedding process might be of importance for the turnover of plasma-membrane material.
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Butler GH, Stanbridge EJ. Infection of mouse lymphoblastoid cell lines with Mycoplasma hyorhinis: complex nature of mycoplasma-host cell interactions. Infect Immun 1983; 42:1136-43. [PMID: 6642662 PMCID: PMC264417 DOI: 10.1128/iai.42.3.1136-1143.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection of lymphoid cells is a complex process. Mycoplasmas adsorb to cell surface receptors and undergo lateral redistribution on the cell membrane. This process culminates in the formation of co-caps of mycoplasmas and specific cell surface antigens. One or more of these antigens may be a M. hyorhinis receptor(s) or may bear a receptor moiety(s). We show that the cell surface antigens Thy-1.2 and Thy-1.1, and to a lesser extent H-2 and gp70, but not T200, are co-capped with M. hyorhinis on the membranes of acutely infected mouse thymic lymphoblastoid cell lines. These antigens may represent multiple receptor(s) for M. hyorhinis since there is no correlation between the expression of any individual antigen and the susceptibility of these cell lines to infection.
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Wise KS, Watson RK. Mycoplasma hyorhinis GDL surface protein antigen p120 defined by monoclonal antibody. Infect Immun 1983; 41:1332-9. [PMID: 6604027 PMCID: PMC264643 DOI: 10.1128/iai.41.3.1332-1339.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Four antigens of Mycoplasma hyorhinis GDL were defined by murine monoclonal antibodies. Components of broth-grown mycoplasmas were separated under reducing conditions by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and subsequent protein blots were stained with individual antibodies. Each antibody reacted with a distinct component with relative molecular weights of 120,000, 73,000, 51,000, and 38,000, respectively (termed p120, p73, p51, and p38). Trypsin treatment of protein blots specifically abrogated binding of antibodies, suggesting that the epitopes recognized were associated with proteins. By using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoferritin techniques, mycoplasmas colonizing the surface of chronically infected BW5147 murine T-lymphoblastoid cells were selectively stained with antibody to p120, indicating the localization of the corresponding epitope at the mycoplasma surface. Protein blots of mycoplasmas derived from BW5147 cell cultures were stained with antibody to p120, revealing a component identical to that observed with broth-grown organisms. These results establish the identity of a surface protein antigen of M. hyorhinis GDL expressed at the surface of organisms during their colonization of host cells.
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Bredt W, Feldner J, Klaus B. Adherence of mycoplasmas: phenomena and possible role in the pathogenesis of disease. Infection 1982; 10:199-202. [PMID: 6809638 DOI: 10.1007/bf01640779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae attaches to a variety of surfaces. Adherence to inert surfaces such as glass requires an intact energy metabolism. Interaction with sheep erythrocytes occurs via a binding protein on the mycoplasma surface. The protein reacts with a receptor containing sialic acid. Adherence to other erythrocytes may involve different mechanisms. Different results have been reported on interaction with tissue cells. The various mechanisms probably cooperate and thereby facilitate the colonization of the human respiratory tract.
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Pozzan T, Corps AN, Hesketh TR, Metcalfe JC. Mitogenic stimulation and the redistribution of concanavalin A receptors on lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 1981; 134:399-408. [PMID: 7274339 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Doersen CJ, Stanbridge EJ. Effects of mycoplasma contamination on phenotypic expression of mitochondrial mutants in human cells. Mol Cell Biol 1981; 1:321-9. [PMID: 6965101 PMCID: PMC369680 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.4.321-329.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HeLa cells sensitive to the mitochondrial protein synthesis inhibitors erythromycin (ERY) and chloramphenicol (CAP) and HeLa variants resistant to the effects of these drugs were purposefully infected with drug-sensitive and -resistant mycoplasma strains. Mycoplasma hyorhinis and the ERY-resistant strain of Mycoplasma orale, MO-ERYr, did not influence the growth of HeLa and ERY-resistant ERY2301 cells in the presence or absence of ERY. M. hyorhinis also did not affect the growth of HeLa and CAP-resistant Cap-2 cells in the presence or absence of CAP. However, both HeLa and Cap-2 cells infected with the CAP-resistant strain of M. hyorhinis, MH-CAPr, were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of CAP. This may be due to the glucose dependence of the cells, which was compromised by the increased utilization of glucose by MH-CAPr in these infected cell cultures. In vitro protein synthesis by isolated mitochondria was significantly altered by mycoplasma infection of the various cell lines. A substantial number of mycoplasmas copurified with the mitochondria, resulting in up to a sevenfold increase in the incorporation of [3H]leucine into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. More importantly, the apparent drug sensitivity or resistance of mitochondrial preparations from mycoplasma-infected cells reflected the drug sensitivity or resistance of the contaminating mycoplasmas. These results illustrate the hazards in interpreting mitochondrial protein synthesis data derived from mycoplasma-infected cell lines, particularly putative mitochondrially encoded mutants resistant to inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Doersen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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Bretherton L, Toh BH, Jack I. IgM autoantibody to intermediate filaments in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1981; 18:425-30. [PMID: 7018769 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(81)90135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Archer DB. The structure and functions of the mycoplasma membrane. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981; 69:1-44. [PMID: 7012066 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
The binding of several glycoproteins to freshly grown and harvested cells of Mycoplasma gallisepticum was examined. Only human glycophorin, the major sialoglycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane, bound tightly as judged by direct binding assays with 125I-labeled glycoproteins. Neuraminidase-treated glycophorin did not bind, suggesting that binding is mediated through sialic acid groups. Although other sialoglycoproteins did not appear to bind M. gallisepticum by direct binding assays, some inhibited the binding of glycophorin. The best inhibitors had a mucin-like structure, with high molecular weights and high sialic acid contents. N-acetylneuraminic acid appeared to be the favored sialic acid structure for binding, but there was no strict specificity for its anomeric linkage. Neuraminidase activity could not be detected on the surface of M. gallisepticum, suggesting that this enzyme is not involved in the mechanism of adherence of sialoglycoproteins. Binding of sialoglycoproteins was time dependent, however, and markedly diminished with increasing ionic strength, but was largely unaffected between pH 4 and 9.
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Razin S, Banai M, Gamliel H, Polliack A, Bredt W, Kahane I. Scanning electron microscopy of mycoplasmas adhering to erythrocytes. Infect Immun 1980; 30:538-46. [PMID: 6777306 PMCID: PMC551345 DOI: 10.1128/iai.30.2.538-546.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum with human erythrocytes (RBC) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The tight nature of the attachment of the microorganisms to the RBC was indicated by the indentation of the RBC surface at the site of attachment of M. gallisepticum cells and by traction and resulting distortion in the shape of the RBC at the point of its attachment to M. pneumoniae filaments growing on glass or plastic. In many cases attachment took place via the tip of the filaments, the membrane of the parasite appearing to be fused with that of the RBC. The morphology of the mycoplasmas growing on cover slips conformed in general with previous descriptions obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Growth of M. pneumoniae on glass or plastic consisted of branching filaments spread on the inert surface and microcolonies made up of intertwining filaments projecting into the medium. The filaments had a bulbous swelling adjacent to a tapered tip end. A few filaments were shown to have a ropelike helical twist. M. gallisepticum grown on the cover slips of Leighton tubes had a peculiar fusiform or teardrop shape with blebs at one or both poles of the cells. Elongated filamentous forms and chains of coccobacillary bodies were observed as well.
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McGarrity GJ, Phillips DM, Vaidya AB. Mycoplasmal infection of lymphocyte cell cultures: infection with M. salivarium. IN VITRO 1980; 16:346-56. [PMID: 7399547 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many conclusions concerning cell culture mycoplasmas are based on data from studies in fibroblast cultures. Some conclusions may not be valid in other types of differentiated cell cultures. M. salivarium was isolated from 35 human lymphocyte cultures (HLC), 34 from the same laboratory. The organism grew to more than 10(8) colony forming units (CFU) per ml of lymphocyte suspensions and was readily detectable by microbiological culture, uridine phosphorylase, and uridine/uracil assays. Direct mycoplasmal assays on HLC by DNA fluorochrome staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) yielded artifacts that interfered with diagnosis. For DNA and SEM of HLC, inoculation into indicator cell cultures is recommended. M. salivarium infection of HLC did not produce any immediate difference in growth rates; however, infected cultures eventually died 14 to 29 passages after infection in contrast to uninfected controls. The same organism in 3T6 fibroblasts effected a 60% decrease in growth rate. Although M. salivarium is a frequent isolate from the oral cavity, it is a rare cell culture isolate. M. salivarium was able to initiate growth over a wide pH range, grew as well in cell cultures as in cell-free media, and was resistant to 50 microgram per ml of gentamycin, tylocine, kanamycin, and erythromycin. By Cot1/2 analysis, M. salivarium had a genomic molecular weight of 4.2 X 10(6) daltons. M. salivarium did not increase chromosome aberrations in one HLC. Some of these results have application to infection of HLC by other mycoplasmal species.
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Wise KS, Asa PB, Acton RT. Interaction of murine T-cell surface antigens with Mycoplasma hyorhinis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1980; 121B:65-80. [PMID: 232624 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8914-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cole BC, Cassell GH. Mycoplasma infections as models of chronic joint inflammation. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1979; 22:1375-81. [PMID: 518719 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780221209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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