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Q&A: Riccardo Dalla-Favera on Cancer Genetics. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:339-341. [PMID: 37655400 PMCID: PMC10487288 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-nd2023-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
The family of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) plays a number of critical roles in normal embryonic development, cellular differentiation, and response to tissue damage. Not surprisingly, as it is a multi-faceted regulatory system, numerous pathological conditions are associated with aberrant activity of the PDGFs and their receptors. As we and others have shown, human gliomas, especially glioblastoma, express all PDGF ligands and both the two cell surface receptors, PDGFR-α and -β. The cellular distribution of these proteins in tumors indicates that glial tumor cells are stimulated via PDGF/PDGFR-α autocrine and paracrine loops, while tumor vessels are stimulated via the PDGFR-β. Here we summarize the initial discoveries on the role of PDGF and PDGF receptors in gliomas and provide a brief overview of what is known in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Nazarenko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna-Maria Hede
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- (currently) Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaobing He
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hedrén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Healthcare Research Biobank (KHRBB), Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael S. Lindström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Healthcare Research Biobank (KHRBB), Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas are still highly lethal tumors. Traditional treatments that rely on nonspecific, cytotoxic approaches have a marginal impact on patient survival. However, recent advances in the molecular cancer biology underlying glioma pathogenesis have revealed that abnormalities in common cell surface receptors, including receptor tyrosine kinase and other cytokines, mediate the abnormal cellular signal pathways and aggressive biological behavior among the majority of these tumors. Some cell surface receptors have been targeted by novel agents in preclinical and clinical development. Such cancer-specific targeted agents might offer the promise of improved cancer control without substantial toxicity. Here, we review these common cell surface receptors with clinical significance for malignant glioma and discuss the molecular characteristics, pathological significance, and potential therapeutic application of these cell surface receptors. We also summarize the clinical trials of drugs targeting these cell surface receptors in malignant glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Michael Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Nakamura Y, Tanaka F, Yoshikawa Y, Mimori K, Inoue H, Yanaga K, Mori M. PDGF-BB is a novel prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:2129-36. [PMID: 18478301 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-9943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) is thought to be involved in human malignancies. Its overexpression has been reported in some human tumors. However, its expression in colorectal cancer has not been studied. We thus investigated the clinicopathological and biological significance of PDGF-BB gene expression in human colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we evaluated PDGF-BB expression status and correlated data with clinicopathological parameters in 60 patients with colorectal cancer. Additionally, we established a colorectal cancer cell line expressing PDGF-BB and investigated its effects on cell invasion and proliferation. RESULTS The incidence of vascular invasion was significantly greater in patients expressing PDGF-BB at a high level than in those at a low level (P < .05). Patients with high PDGF-BB expression had a significantly poorer survival rate than those with low PDGF-BB expression (P < .05). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that PDGF-BB expression was an independent prognostic factor. We demonstrated in vitro that cells transduced with PDGF-BB showed greater invasiveness (P < .05) and migration (P < .001) than did mock transduced cells. In a xenograft study, cells transduced with PDGF-BB had higher proliferation rates than mock transfected cells. CONCLUSION PDGF-BB expression may be a new prognostic indicator for patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumibaru, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
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5
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Fomchenko EI, Holland EC. Platelet-derived growth factor-mediated gliomagenesis and brain tumor recruitment. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2007; 18:39-58, viii. [PMID: 17244553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a growth factor family of ligands and receptors known to activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Jak family kinase, Src family kinase, and phospholipase Cgamma signal transduction pathways, some of which have been causally linked to glioma formation. Extensive involvement of PDGF in development and its implication in a variety of pathologic conditions, including gliomagenesis, are mediated not only by autocrine effects but by paracrine effects. Many researchers view brain tumors as clonal entities derived from the cancer stem cell; however, recent documentation of the importance of the tumor microenvironment for glioma initiation and progression as well as the ability of neural stem or progenitor cells to migrate toward the sites of injury or tumor formation reveals additional complexities in brain tumorigenesis. Paracrine effects of PDGF in animal models of gliomagenesis, continued adult neurogenesis capable of increasing in response to brain injury, and the growth factor-rich environment of brain tumors suggest that recruitment may play a role in gliomagenesis. In this view, glioma formation involves recruitment of cells from the adjacent brain and possibly other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Fomchenko
- Department of Cancer Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Shih AH, Holland EC. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and glial tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2005; 232:139-47. [PMID: 16139423 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has long been implicated in cancer and is known to be involved in many biological processes. In Central Nervous System (CNS) neoplasms, particularly gliomas, PDGF is often over-expressed. However, what role PDGF plays in tumor progression remains to be fully described. A wide range of work from in vitro studies to mouse models have implicated the PDGF pathway in various processes including proliferation, cellular migration, development, and angiogenesis. Being a secreted factor, PDGF not only has autocrine effects on producing cells but also has potential for paracrine effects on other tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. The development of small molecules that inhibit the PDGF receptor and various subsequent signaling components promises to introduce new approaches to the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Shih
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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7
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Mauro A, Di Sapio A, Mocellini C, Schiffer D. Control of meningioma cell growth by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). J Neurol Sci 1995; 131:135-43. [PMID: 7595638 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00106-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the possible involvement of PDGF and PDGF receptors in the growth control of five meningiomas, analyzing the biopsy specimens and the primary cultures derived from the same tumors. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated that MAbs against PDGF beta-receptors immunodecorate meningioma cells in vivo and in vitro, while those against alpha-receptors gave negative results. The effects of PDGF isoforms AA, AB, BB and of PDGF neutralizing antibodies on meningioma cultures were examined using [3H]thymidine incorporation analysis. Only with PDGF-AB and -BB a mitogenic effect was observed, while PDGF-neutralizing antibodies produced a reduction of [3H]thymidine incorporation. The production of PDGF-like growth factors by meningioma cells was tested analyzing the effects of meningioma culture-conditioned media on the growth of Swiss 3T3 cells. In all cases meningioma conditioned media stimulated the in vitro growth of 3T3 fibroblasts and this stimulatory effect was strongly reduced by PDGF-neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis demonstrated expression of c-sis/PDGF-B and PDGF beta-receptors mRNA in all meningioma biopsies and in all the derived cultures. Our results provide strong evidence that PDGF-B chain and PDGF beta-receptors are involved in growth control mechanisms of human meningiomas through autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Humans
- Meningioma/pathology
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Neutralization Tests
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/immunology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/physiology
- Thymidine
- Tritium
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mauro
- 2nd Department of Neurology, University of Turin, Italy
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8
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Kim TA, Cutry AF, Kinniburgh AJ, Wenner CE. Transforming growth factor beta 1-induced delay of cell cycle progression and its association with growth-related gene expression in mouse fibroblasts. Cancer Lett 1993; 71:125-32. [PMID: 8364887 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90107-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
TGF beta-induced cell cycle progression is relatively slower than that induced by EGF or PDGF-BB. Further, TGF beta delays EGF or PDGF-induced 5-phase entry in C3H 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts. In accordance with this delay, the induction of mRNA level of 'immediate early genes' such as c-myc, c-fos, c-jun and junB by TGF beta has slower kinetics compared with those of EGF. TGF beta induces c-sis gene, suggesting possible involvement of secondary growth stimulation by PDGF-like proteins. However, anti-PDGF-AB antibody, which was inhibitory to FDGF-BB-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation, did not block TGF beta-induced DNA synthesis. These results first demonstrate that the delay of cell cycle progression by TGF beta is closely associated with the altered regulation of growth-related gene expression in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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9
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Allam M, Martinet N, Gallati H, Martinet Y. Differential expression of PDGF A- and B-chain genes and production of AA and AB dimers by activated human blood monocytes. Biochimie 1992; 74:1097-101. [PMID: 1292618 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(92)90008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is composed of two chains (A and B) bound by disulfide bridges. Blood monocytes (BM) express the c-sis proto-oncogene, the gene coding for PDGF B-chain, and release PDGF. To evaluate PDGF release and A- and B-chain gene expression by BM, normal BM were cultured with LPS and specific transcripts for PDGF A- and B-chain genes were detected by Northern analysis and PDGF dimers by specific Elisas. Normal BM did not spontaneously express either A- or B-chain gene while, when activated, PDGF B-chain expression was precocious (maximum at 1 h) and decreased over 24 h; PDGF A-chain transcripts were present after 4 h and progressively increased over 24 h. Furthermore, activated BM released more AB dimers than AA dimers and almost no BB dimers. This observation confirms the concept of PDGF A- and B-chain separate gene regulation, and defines the specific molecular pattern of PDGF released by activated BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Allam
- Inserm U14, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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10
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Carreau M, Hunting D. Transcription-dependent and independent DNA excision repair pathways in human cells. Mutat Res 1992; 274:57-64. [PMID: 1375332 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(92)90043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Amanitin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, has little effect on either UV-induced incision or repair synthesis in cultured normal human fibroblasts but almost completely inhibits both processes in xeroderma pigmentosum group C fibroblasts. Cycloheximide, at a concentration which inhibits protein synthesis by 75-80%, has no effect on incision or repair synthesis in either cell type, which argues that the effects of alpha-amanitin on repair occur at the level of transcription. Cot analysis demonstrates that UV-induced repair synthesis occurs at similar levels in highly repetitive, middle repetitive and single copy sequence in both normal and xeroderma group C cells. We conclude that normal cells must have at least two excision repair pathways for repair of UV-induced damage, one dependent on transcription and the other independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carreau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Que., Canada
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11
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Stürzl M, Oskoui KB, Roth WK. 'Run-off' polymerization with digoxigenin labelled nucleotides creates highly sensitive and strand specific DNA hybridization probes: synthesis and application. Mol Cell Probes 1992; 6:107-14. [PMID: 1381047 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(92)90054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the in vitro synthesis and application of non-radioactively labelled strand specific DNA probes is described. The probe is labelled by incorporation of nucleotides with the hapten digoxigenin into single-stranded DNA during a 'run-off' reaction catalyzed by Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA-polymerase. The 'run-off' reaction requires a linearized plasmid template and one primer binding site at a defined distance from the restriction site. Single-stranded DNA can be synthesized during repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension. The conditions for the incorporation of digoxigenin-11-dUTP (dig-11-dUTP) during polymerization were optimized to generate strand specific DNA hybridization probes up to a length of 5000 nt. The strand specificity is demonstrated by a dot-blot, with in vitro-transcribed target RNA of c-sis. The sensitivity of the probe was tested in a Northern blot, and found to be identical to a probe radiolabelled by nick-translation (specific activity 6.5 x 10(8) cpm micrograms-1). The resolution of the signals and speed of development was even superior compared to the radiolabelled probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stürzl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Department of Virus Research, Martinsried, Germany
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12
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Mauro A, Bulfone A, Turco E, Schiffer D. Coexpression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B chain and PDGF B-type receptor in human gliomas. Childs Nerv Syst 1991; 7:432-6. [PMID: 1665101 DOI: 10.1007/bf00263184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we analyzed the expression of mRNA for PDGF-B and PDGF B-type receptor (PDGFrecB) in 42 biopsy specimens from human astrocytic gliomas and other brain tumors. All gliomas expressed PDGF-B mRNA at higher levels than found in peritumoral and normal nervous tissues. Levels of PDGF-B transcripts correlated strongly with those of mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Thus, the production of PDGF-B mRNA may be attributed mainly to tumoral glial cells. PDGFrecB transcripts were found in 24 out of 29 gliomas, in agreement with the hypothesis of an autocrine growth stimulation in these tumors. Moreover, mean levels of PDGFrecB expression were higher in glioblastomas than in astrocytomas and over 30-fold higher in meningiomas than in gliomas. This suggests that in gliomas PDGFrecB can be expressed also by vascular elements, in agreement with the hypothesized existence of a paracrine mechanism that may be responsible for the endothelial hyperplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mauro
- Second Neurological Clinic, University of Turin, Italy
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13
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Nagaoka I, Someya A, Iwabuchi K, Yamashita T. Comparative studies on the platelet-derived growth factor-A and -B gene expression in human monocytes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 100:313-9. [PMID: 1799974 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90381-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and -B gene expression was studied in human monocytes. 2. Resting monocytes constitutively transcribed both PDGF-A and -B genes. When monocytes were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), transcription rates of both genes were increased in a similar fashion. 3. Consistent with the transcription rates, resting monocytes constitutively expressed both PDGF-A and -B mRNAs. After LPS stimulation, the PDGF-A mRNA level increased gradually, while the PDGF-B mRNA level increased markedly and then decreased rapidly. 4. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that resting monocytes expressed only short PDGF-A mRNA species (representing exons I-V + VII), but LPS-stimulated monocytes expressed long PDGF-A mRNA species (representing exons I-VII) as well. Both resting and LPS-stimulated monocytes expressed only one PDGF-B mRNA species (representing exons I-VII). 5. Together these observations indicate that expression of PDGF-A and -B genes is differentially regulated at the levels of mRNA splicing and mRNA accumulation in monocytes, while transcription of both genes seems to be similarly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nagaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Husain Z, FitzGerald GB, Wick MM. Comparison of cellular protooncogene activation and transformation-related activity of human melanocytes and metastatic melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95:571-5. [PMID: 2121834 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12505549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two cell lines (NH and HM1), established from patients with metastatic melanomas, were evaluated for the presence of activated cellular protooncogenes. Northern blot analysis demonstrated increased expression of the c-myc gene (from 9 to 14 times) in NH and HM1 cell lines by densitometric comparison with human melanocyte cell lines. Analysis of the expression of 13 additional cellular protooncogenes revealed either no detectable levels (c-fms, c-abl, v-src, c-erb A1, c-erb B, v-mos, TGF beta, and c-myb) or unaltered expression levels (cH-ras, N-ras, c-fos, and c-sis) in normal human melanocytes and metastatic melanomas. Elevated expression of the c-myc gene was also detected in two long-term cultured melanoma cell lines (RPMI 7951 and SKMEL-30). Analysis of c-myc expression by in situ hybridization in HM1 cells showed that expression was not localized to a sub-population of cycling cells and all cells were overexpressing c-myc mRNA. Differences in relative abundance of c-myc transcripts suggests a relationship with the ability of DNA from these cell lines to efficiently transform NIH 3T3 cells and form colonies on soft agar.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Humans
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanocytes/pathology
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/pathology
- Melanoma/secondary
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogenes/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/secondary
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Husain
- Laboratory of Molecular Dermatologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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15
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Tesch H, Fürbass R, Casper J, Lyons J, Bartram CR, Schmoll HJ, Bronson DL. Cellular oncogenes in human teratocarcinoma cell lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 1990; 13:377-88. [PMID: 2283183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1990.tb01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed, by Northern blots, the expression of 14 cellular oncogenes in nine cell lines established from human teratocarcinomas. All lines expressed considerable amounts of p53, c-Ki-ras2, c-Ha-ras1, c-raf1, N-myc, and c-fos. Low level expression of c-myc was detected in some lines. Southern blot experiments revealed no amplification or rearrangement of the c-Ki-ras2, N-myc or c-fos genes. Using a rapid dot-blot screening procedure, based on a combination of in-vitro amplification of ras-specific sequences and oligonucleotide hybridization, we could detect no activation of Ha-ras or Ki-ras or any unexpressed N-ras sequences secondary to a point mutation at codons 12, 13, or 61.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tesch
- Medizinische Klinik, Universität Köln, FRG
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16
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Jücker M, Schaadt M, Diehl V, Poppema S, Jones D, Tesch H. Heterogeneous expression of proto-oncogenes in Hodgkin's disease derived cell lines. Hematol Oncol 1990; 8:191-204. [PMID: 2210688 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2900080404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of 20 proto-oncogenes was analysed by Northern blotting in four cell lines derived from patients with Hodgkin's disease (L428, L540, CO and DEV) and compared to lymphoid and myeloid leukemia cell lines and normal hematopoietic cells. Expression of the proto-oncogenes c-myc, p53, c-jun, pim-1, lck, c-syn, c-raf and N-ras were detected in Hodgkin's disease derived cell lines and in normal hematopoietic cells. Transcripts of the proto-oncogene c-met were detected in the Hodgkin's derived cell lines L428 and L540 but not in the lymphoid or myeloid leukemia cell lines or in tonsil cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and granulocytes. Expression of the proto-oncogenes N-myc and lck were observed in the Hodgkin's derived cell line CO which express T cell receptor genes and in the T cell lines JM and CEM. L428 cells and CO cells expressed aberrant transcripts of the c-fes proto-oncogene. Thus Hodgkin's disease derived cell lines are heterogeneous in their expression pattern of proto-oncogenes, expressing normal and aberrant transcripts of proto-oncogenes which are not found in untransformed hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jücker
- Genetisches Labor Med. Klinik I, Universität Köln, Cologne, FRG
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17
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Stürzl M, Roth WK. "Run-off" synthesis and application of defined single-stranded DNA hybridization probes. Anal Biochem 1990; 185:164-9. [PMID: 1693048 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90274-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for synthesizing radioactively labeled single-stranded DNA hybridization probes with Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase is described. This is done in a "run-off" polymerization with repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension. It leads to high yields of a single-stranded DNA of defined length (up to 5000 nt), which is labeled to a high specific activity (1.3 x 10(8) cpm/micrograms DNA). These hybridization probes are equally sensitive as nick-translated DNA probes, but strand specific. This was tested by slot blot hybridization with in vitro-transcribed target RNAs and by Northern blotting. The use of single-stranded DNA hybridization probes combines the benefits of DNA stability and single-strand RNA probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stürzl
- Department of Virus Research, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
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18
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Tanaka T, Takahashi K, Miyachi Y, Imamura S. Chromosomal translocation t(1;22) and sis oncogene variant with gene amplification in a case of atypical malignant lymphoma. Cancer Invest 1990; 8:613-7. [PMID: 1981333 DOI: 10.3109/07357909009018928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
sis Oncogene amplification and PstI restriction enzyme variant were found in a patient of atypical malignant lymphoma with chromosomal translocation t(1;22). A diagnosis of atypical malignant lymphoma was made because dual rearrangements of both beta chain of T-cell receptor gene and heavy and kappa chains of immunoglobulin genes were observed by DNA analysis extracted from the lymph node. Amplification of sis was estimated to be about fivefold by dot blot. BamHI and EcoRI digested DNA hybridized with sis probe from blood and lymph nodes revealed identical bands. Lymph node DNA digested with PstI showed an extra band when compared with DNA samples extracted from peripheral blood. Other oncogenes, such as myb, abl, and myc showed no variant or amplification. These findings suggest that sis is abnormally rearranged in this lymphoma. One possible role of genes on chromosome 22, including sis oncogene, in the pathogenesis of this atypical malignant lymphoma is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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19
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McCartney-Francis N, Mizel D, Wong H, Wahl L, Wahl S. TGF-beta regulates production of growth factors and TGF-beta by human peripheral blood monocytes. Growth Factors 1990; 4:27-35. [PMID: 1707635 DOI: 10.3109/08977199009011007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and its closely related homologue, TGF-beta 2, rapidly induce growth factor gene expression by freshly isolated human peripheral blood monocytes. Within 3 h of exposure to TGF-beta, mRNA species specific for interleukin-1 (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were observed. By 14-18 h, cytokine bioactivity and protein were detected in the culture supernatants. Furthermore, not only TGF-beta 1, but also TGF-beta 2 mRNA are expressed constitutively in unstimulated monocytes. However, in response to exogenous TGF-beta (beta 1 or beta 2), only TGF-beta 1 gene expression is upregulated, and the expression of TGF-beta 2 mRNA is unchanged. This selective autoinduction of TGF-beta 1 appears to be controlled at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. These paracrine and autocrine activities of TGF-beta suggest potential mechanisms through which an inflammatory response can be initiated and amplified. In addition, the TGF-beta enhancement of growth factor generation may promote fibrosis and angiogenesis relevant to physiological tissue repair as well as pathological fibrotic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- N McCartney-Francis
- Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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20
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Press RD, Misra A, Samols D, Goldthwait DA, Mapstone TB. Major structural alterations of the c-sis gene are not observed in a series of tumors of the human central nervous system. J Neurooncol 1989; 7:345-56. [PMID: 2585029 DOI: 10.1007/bf02147092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the c-sis oncogene, the gene encoding the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), may be related to initiation and/or progression of glial cell tumorigenesis by PDGF-mediated autocrine growth stimulation. As the mechanism for activation of expression of the c-sis gene in gliomas is not known, we searched for possible structural alterations of c-sis DNA in these tumors. Genomic Southern blots of DNA from 7 different cultured human glioblastoma cell lines and 15 different solid human brain tumors revealed no significant change in either the gross structure or the copy number of the c-sis gene in tumor cells vs. control cells. Activation of glioma c-sis gene expression is therefore not the result of a gross rearrangement or amplification of the c-sis gene. Expression of c-sis mRNA was detected in all of 12 different solid human brain tumors, 11 of which were of glial cell origin. However, in tissue adjacent to 5 different tumors, approximately the same level of c-sis mRNA was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Press
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106
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21
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Kuratsu J, Estes JE, Yokota S, Mahaley MS, Gillespie GY. Growth factors derived from a human malignant glioma cell line, U-251MG. J Neurooncol 1989; 7:225-35. [PMID: 2477509 DOI: 10.1007/bf00172915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A human malignant glioma cell line, U-251 Mg, cultured under serum free conditions, was shown to produce a growth factor for BALB/c 3T3 cells (glioma-derived growth factor-1, GDGF-1). The biological activity of GDGF-1 resided in a heat- and acid-resistant protein with a molecular weight (MW) of 25 kDa estimated by gel permeation chromatography. GDGF-1 activity was neutralized by a goat anti-human platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) antibody, indicating that the two factors were immunologically related. Furthermore, U-251 Mg cells constitutively expressed c-sis mRNA. When U-251 Mg cells were stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, 2 novel growth factors (GDGF-2 and GDGF-3) were produced in addition to the PDGF-like substance. GDGF-2 was determined to be greater than 100 kDa MW and was not neutralized by the goat anti-PDGF antiserum. The biological activity of GDGF-3 was also heat- and acid-resistant with an apparent 14 kDa MW. This factor also did not show any common antigenicity with PDGF. GDGF-2 and GDGF-3 are currently under investigation and evidence as to their natures will be published elsewhere. Our findings with this glioma cell line provide further evidence that inappropriate expression of growth factor-related genes could play important autocrine role(s) in the processes leading to malignant transformation and/or uncontrolled proliferation and may provide a paracrine stimulus for such processes as glioma neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuratsu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kumamoto School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Japan
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22
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Gradl G, Tesch H, Schwieder G, Wagner T, Fonatsch C. Translocation of c-abl oncogene and PDGFB (c-sis) gene in a case of CML with 46,XY, t(22;22). BLUT 1989; 58:279-85. [PMID: 2660925 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a case of CML with a variant Philadelphia translocation (Ph1 or Ph) t(22;22) (q11;q13) in bone marrow cells and unstimulated peripheral blood cells, no cytogenetically detectable involvement of chromosome 9 was observed. Southern blot experiments using probes specific for bcr and c-sis however revealed rearrangement of the bcr, but not of PDGFB (c-sis) gene. Northern blot analysis of bone marrow RNA showed a very weak signal with the c-sis probe, while in a lymph-node biopsy PDGFB m-RNA could not be detected. Chromosomal in situ hybridization gave evidence for translocation of c-abl from chromosome 9 to Ph and of PDGFB from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9, as the result of a threefold translocation t(9;22;22).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gradl
- Institut für Humangenetik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Federal Republic of Germany
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23
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Czaja MJ, Flanders KC, Biempica L, Klein C, Zern MA, Weiner FR. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in acute liver injury. Growth Factors 1989; 1:219-26. [PMID: 2698219 DOI: 10.3109/08977198908997998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) have a number of in vitro functions that could be important in vivo in acute liver injury and repair. Therefore, we investigated these two cytokines in acute liver damage. Northern blots of RNA isolated from rats sacrificed at various time intervals after a single oral dose of CCl4 revealed that TNF-alpha mRNA levels were elevated within 6 hr of CCl4 administration and returned to control values by 24-32 hr. In contrast, TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels started to rise significantly at 24 hr, peaked at 48 hr, and approached baseline levels by 72 hr. Identical changes in TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels were also seen with D-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis using a TGF-beta 1 antibody demonstrated increased hepatic staining in CCl4-treated rats, at times corresponding to the increases in TGF-beta 1 gene expression. Therefore, there is a differential expression of these cytokines in acute CCl4 and galactosamine hepatotoxicity with an early rise in TNF-alpha, suggesting that this cytokine may affect inflammation and cell toxicity, while TGF-beta 1 peaks later, when it may regulate hepatocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Czaja
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Liver Research Center, New York, New York 10461
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24
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Groffen J, Hermans A, Grosveld G, Heisterkamp N. Molecular analysis of chromosome breakpoints. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 36:281-300. [PMID: 2660191 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Su BC, Strand D, McDonough PG, McDonald JF. Temporal and constitutive expression of homeobox-2 gene (Hu-2), human heat shock gene (hsp-70), and oncogenes C-sis and N-myc in early human trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159:1195-9. [PMID: 2461079 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of the genetic basis of animal development indicate that homeobox genes, protooncogenes, and some heat shock genes may play a role in early embryogenesis. To investigate the possibility that these genes function in early human embryonic development, we monitored the expression of a human homeobox gene (Hu-2), two human protooncogenes (C-sis and N-myc), and a human heat shock gene (hsp-70) in human trophoblasts at 7 to 13 weeks gestational age. All these genes were found to be expressed in the tissues analyzed. The hsp-70 gene was expressed at nearly constant levels throughout the development period surveyed, whereas N-myc, C-sis, and Hu-2 showed a coordinated pattern of regulated expression. These results are consistent with a functional role of these genes in the early course of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912
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26
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Shin DM, Ince C, Shtalrid M, Lee JS, Ro JS, Donner L, Ferrell RE, Hong WK, Wildrick D, Blick M. Reduction to homozygosity at the SIS/PDGF-2 locus in human mesenchymal tumors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 155:692-9. [PMID: 2901834 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced expression of the human SIS/PDGF-2 gene has been reported in a number of human cell lines, sarcomas, and glioblastomas. We have analyzed the SIS/PDGF-2 gene for structural alterations in fresh human tumors. DNA samples from 79 patients with solid tumors (63 mesenchymal tumors, 12 lung carcinomas, 4 breast carcinomas) were examined and compared with DNA samples from 50 leukemia patients and 14 unrelated individuals without malignant neoplasms. When DNA samples were digested with a HindIII restriction endonuclease, Southern blot analysis demonstrated two distinct bands (21kb and 18kb) after hybridization to the SIS/PDGF-2 gene probe. A pedigree analysis of a 43-member family indicated that these allelic variants segregated in a Mendelian fashion. There was, however, tumor specific allele loss in 18% of the mesenchymal tumors analyzed, which may indicate a common etiology for this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Shin
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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27
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Hellman L, Steen ML, Sundvall M, Pettersson U. A rapidly evolving region in the immunoglobulin heavy chain loci of rat and mouse: postulated role of (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n sequences. Gene 1988; 68:93-100. [PMID: 3146527 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the introns that are located between the C4 exon and the first membrane exon of mouse and rat immunoglobulin epsilon-chain genes have been determined. The rat intron sequence was found to contain four separate clusters of repetitive sequences all of which consisted of (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n dinucleotide repeats. A comparison between this chromosomal region in mouse and rat revealed four deletions or duplications, three of which have occurred inside or at the borders of the CA clusters. Rearrangements have occurred inside or at the borders of all four repeats after the evolutionary separation of mouse and rat. The sequence comparison reveals in addition a duplication, connected to the CA repeats, which has occurred early in evolution, before the evolutionary divergence of mouse and rat. These findings suggest that (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n sequences are potential targets for recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hellman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Abstract
A DNA region on chromosome 22, designated M-BCR, contains the chromosomal breakpoint of the Philadelphia (Ph) translocation in all Ph positive CML patients studied to date. M-BCR is part of a gene, BCR, oriented with its 5' end towards the centromere of chromosome 22. All of the CML DNAs analysed have a breakpoint within introns of the BCR gene. As a consequence of the Ph translocation the 3' end of the BCR gene has been translocated to chromosome 9, while the 5' part remains on the Ph chromosome. The remaining BCR sequences act as an acceptor for a chromosome 9 gene, the ABL oncogene: the ABL oncogene is fused in a head-to-tail fashion to the chromosome 22 sequences. This genomic configuration results in the transcription of a novel chimeric mRNA consisting of 5' BCR sequences and 3' ABL oncogene sequences. In K562, a cell line derived from a CML patient, and in five CML patients such chimeric BCR/ABL transcripts have been demonstrated. An abnormally sized ABL protein has been detected in the cell line K562 and in leukaemic cells from patients. This protein represents the translational product of the chimeric mRNA. The role of the BCR part of the fusion protein is unknown; it is possible that the BCR moiety could alter the structure of the ABL protein and unmask its tyrosine kinase activity. By analogy with the gag/v-abl polyprotein, the CML-specific BCR/ABL protein might have transforming activity and could play an essential role in the generation and/or maintenance of CML.
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29
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Gallagher PM, D'Amore MA, Lund SD, Elliott RW, Pazik J, Hohman C, Korfhagen TR, Ganschow RE. DNA sequence variation within the beta-glucuronidase gene complex among inbred strains of mice. Genomics 1987; 1:145-52. [PMID: 2891607 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(87)90006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tightly linked to the gene that encodes murine beta-glucuronidase (GUS) are three GUS-specific regulatory elements. Together, these elements define the GUS gene complex. Specific alleles of each regulatory element are associated with a specific GUS structural allele. These associations define the three common forms (haplotypes) of the GUS gene complex, designated A, B, and H. As an initial step in defining the DNA determinants of each regulatory element and to develop DNA markers for the common haplotypes, we have identified several DNA variants by blot hybridization analysis of restricted genomic DNA using GUS-specific cDNA probes. Of 30 tested restriction endonucleases, 24 reveal DNA polymorphisms that distinguish B- and H-haplotype DNA from that of the A haplotype. Of these 24, 18 uncover a restriction fragment length polymorphism in which the polymorphic fragment of A-haplotype DNA is 200-300 bp larger than the corresponding fragment of B- or H-haplotype DNA. DNA sequence analysis of this polymorphic region reveals the presence of a short, interspersed repetitive element of the B2 family within A-haplotype DNA which is absent in DNAs of B- or H-haplotype mice. None of the DNA variations revealed by these analyses can be associated at this time with variation in the regulatory or structural properties of GUS among the common haplotypes. Nevertheless, they do provide useful haplotype-specific markers within the GUS gene complex which are of critical importance for DNA transfer experiments in transgenic mice and in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Gallagher
- Division of Basic Science Research, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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30
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Fraizer GE, Bowen-Pope DF, Vogel AM. Production of platelet-derived growth factor by cultured Wilms' tumor cells and fetal kidney cells. J Cell Physiol 1987; 133:169-74. [PMID: 2444606 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041330122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have cultured human Wilms' tumors (nephroblastomas) in vitro and examined their growth properties, tumorigenicity in nude mice, karyotypes, and production of a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-like activity (PDGFc). The cultured Wilms' tumor cells do not exhibit transformed growth properties, senesce after 15-25 passages, and are not tumorigenic in nude mice. Two of the three Wilms' tumors examined had karyotypic abnormalities but none contained a deleted 11p region. The Wilms' tumor cells and control human fetal kidney cells produce significant amounts of PDGFc and express few PDGF receptors on the cell surface. Analysis of Wilms' tumor cell RNA using probes specific for PDGF A-chain and B-chain (c-sis) detects A-chain but not B-chain transcripts in the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Fraizer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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31
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Donelli A, Narni F, Tabilio A, Emilia G, Selleri L, Colo A, Zucchini P, Montagnani G, Torelli G, Torelli U. Establishment and characterization of a human IgA-kappa-secreting plasma cell line (MT3). Int J Cancer 1987; 40:383-8. [PMID: 3114153 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910400317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have established a new human plasma cell line from the peripheral blood of a patient with an IgA-kappa plasma-cell leukemia. Morphological, immunological, cytogenetic and molecular studies confirm that the cultured cells are derived from the same clone of leukemic plasma cell in vivo. The established cell line (MT3) grows in suspension, secretes high amounts of IgA kappa and exhibits morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of plasma cells. Surface marker analysis shows that both primary and cultured cells express the plasma-cell-associated antigens PCA-1 and T10, while specific B- and T-cell determinants and EBV nuclear antigen are undetectable. In the established cell line a few cells express Ia-like and CALLA antigens. Cytogenetic analysis of MT3 cells reveals a prevalent hypertriploid karyotype with constant chromosomal aberrations consisting of 14q+, 22q- and marker chromosomes.
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32
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Martinet Y, Rom WN, Grotendorst GR, Martin GR, Crystal RG. Exaggerated spontaneous release of platelet-derived growth factor by alveolar macrophages from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:202-9. [PMID: 3600711 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198707233170404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fibrotic lung disease characterized by an increased number of mesenchymal cells in the alveolar walls. Alveolar macrophages constitutively express low levels of c-sis, the protooncogene coding for the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor, a protein with chemotactic and mitogenic activity toward mesenchymal cells. We therefore hypothesized that alveolar macrophages in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may release increased amounts of platelet-derived growth factor, which might help to explain the accumulation of mesenchymal cells and the fibrosis of the lower respiratory tract in the disease. Evaluation of alveolar macrophages recovered from the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis demonstrated that these cells spontaneously released four times more platelet-derived growth factor than did alveolar macrophages recovered from normal persons (P less than 0.01). That the platelet-derived growth factor molecules were potentially active was shown by their chemotactic activity for smooth-muscle cells and their ability to act as a "competence" factor for fibroblast growth. These observations suggest the possibility that the accumulation of mesenchymal cells within the alveolar walls in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may result partly from the exaggerated release of the potent mitogen platelet-derived growth factor by mononuclear phagocytes in the lower respiratory tract.
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33
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Papayannopoulou T, Raines E, Collins S, Nakamoto B, Tweeddale M, Ross R. Constitutive and inducible secretion of platelet-derived growth factor analogs by human leukemic cell lines coexpressing erythroid and megakaryocytic markers. J Clin Invest 1987; 79:859-66. [PMID: 3469217 PMCID: PMC424221 DOI: 10.1172/jci112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the constitutive and inducible secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-like proteins in a variety of human hemopoietic cell lines. The highest levels of secreted protein were noted in four human erythroleukemia lines which, in addition to erythroid lineage markers, express one or more megakaryocytic lineage markers. Induction of these lines by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate enhanced the expression of megakaryocytic markers and increased secretion of PDGF-like proteins several fold. In concert with these changes, there was significant induction of c-sis/PDGF-B messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in all lines, whereas one line showed significant concurrent induction of PDGF-A mRNA expression. Whether PDGF-like secretion is part of the stem cell-like phenotype displayed by these lines or is secondary to their leukemic transformation remains to be determined. Nevertheless, these lines provide new cellular models for studying the expression and function of PDGF analogs in hemopoietic cells.
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34
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Duncan AM, Partington MW, Soudek D. Neurofibromatosis in a man with a ring 22: in situ hybridization studies. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1987; 25:169-74. [PMID: 3100017 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(87)90173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization with a c-sis probe was performed on peripheral lymphocytes of a man with neurofibromatosis and a ring 22 chromosome. Hybridization was observed on both the normal #22 and the ring 22, indicating that the patient is not constitutionally hemizygous for c-sis. The implications of a ring 22 constitution and the neurofibromatosis phenotype are discussed.
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35
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Abstract
The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced megakaryoblastic differentiation and c-sis expression in the human hematopoietic stem cell line K-562. This induction occurred at the transcriptional level, as determined by a nuclear runoff transcriptional assay, and was not a generalized effect of TPA, since the treatment of other hematopoietic cell lines and normal peripheral blood lymphocytes with TPA did not result in the appearance of c-sis mRNA.
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36
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Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone homologous to the v-sis oncogene from human endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 1987. [PMID: 3023958 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.8.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A clone containing the 3' end of the mRNA for the human c-sis gene (homologous to the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor) was isolated from a cDNA library derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells and then sequenced. The analysis of possible translation products in all three reading frames indicated that the A chain of platelet-derived growth factor was not coded for within the 3' end of the c-sis mRNA. The 3' end of the mRNA for c-sis is contained in or adjacent to exon 6.
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37
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Zerial M, Salinas J, Filipski J, Bernardi G. Gene distribution and nucleotide sequence organization in the human genome. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 160:479-85. [PMID: 3780716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human DNA was fractionated by centrifugation in Cs2SO4 density gradients containing 3,6-bis(acetatomercurimethyl)dioxane (BAMD). Fractions were investigated in their analytical CsCl profiles and a number of specific sequences were localized in them. The results so obtained led to an improved understanding of the organization of nucleotide sequences in the human genome, as well as to the discovery that a class of DNA having a very high G + C content and not represented in the mouse genome, is particularly rich in genes and interspersed repetitive sequences.
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38
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Abstract
The assumption is made that movable genetic elements related to cancer are replicons and/or replicative origins. Some evidence is provided that certain mobile Alu-origins may represent candidates for precursors of chromosomal insertions. They could incorporate and interact with "fixed" chromosomal origins converting them to "procaryotic" ones. In other words, cancer is considered the result of a short and compact "re-evolution" from eucaryotic to "procaryotic" replication units.
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39
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Pantazis P, Lanfrancone L, Pelicci PG, Dalla-Favera R, Antoniades HN. Human leukemia cells synthesize and secrete proteins related to platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:5526-30. [PMID: 3526332 PMCID: PMC386320 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.15.5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukemia cells in culture (HL-60) synthesize and secrete proteins that are recognized by antiserum to human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The molecular mass of the intracellular proteins immunoprecipitated by PDGF antiserum ranged from 34 kDa to 240 kDa. PDGF-related proteins were also identified in the conditioned medium of the cells. Several of these immunoprecipitated proteins were glycosylated. A single protein of 46 kDa was immunoprecipitated from the cell-free translation products of mRNA obtained from the leukemia cells. Antiserum to the C but not to the N terminus of the predicted amino acid sequence of the transforming protein p28sis/PDGF-2 also immunoprecipitated proteins secreted by the HL-60 cells. These findings provide a direct demonstration for the synthesis and secretion of PDGF-like proteins by leukemia cells in culture. These proteins do not appear to be coded by the known c-sis/PDGF-2 locus since no sis mRNA was detectable in the HL-60 cells.
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40
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Tong BD, Levine SE, Jaye M, Ricca G, Drohan W, Maciag T, Deuel TF. Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone homologous to the v-sis oncogene from human endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:3018-22. [PMID: 3023958 PMCID: PMC367876 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.8.3018-3022.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A clone containing the 3' end of the mRNA for the human c-sis gene (homologous to the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor) was isolated from a cDNA library derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells and then sequenced. The analysis of possible translation products in all three reading frames indicated that the A chain of platelet-derived growth factor was not coded for within the 3' end of the c-sis mRNA. The 3' end of the mRNA for c-sis is contained in or adjacent to exon 6.
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41
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Siciliano MJ, Carrano AV, Thompson LH. Assignment of a human DNA-repair gene associated with sister-chromatid exchange to chromosome 19. Mutat Res 1986; 174:303-8. [PMID: 3736579 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(86)90051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutant, EM9, is defective in rejoining strand breaks, hypersensitive to chlorodeoxyuridine (CldUrd), and has a high frequency of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE). Somatic cell hybrids constructed from fusion of EM9 cells with normal human lymphocytes and fibroblasts, and selected in CldUrd, extensively segregate human chromosomes but preferentially retain markers of human chromosome 19. The SCE frequency in the hybrid clones is low as in normal CHO cells, but in CldUrd-sensitive subclones, which lose the human chromosome 19 markers, SCE frequencies return to mutant levels. We therefore assign a human gene designated repair complementing defective repair in Chinese-hamster (RCC) to chromosome 19. Since this is the second (of two) human genes complementing repair-deficiency mutations in CHO cells assigned to the 19, the assignment and organization of DNA-repair genes is discussed in the light of hemizygosity in CHO cells and the evolutionary conservation of mammalian linkage groups.
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Fry DG, Milam LD, Maher VM, McCormick JJ. Transformation of diploid human fibroblasts by DNA transfection with the v-sis oncogene. J Cell Physiol 1986; 128:313-21. [PMID: 3015989 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041280225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The simian sarcoma virus (SSV) oncogene (v-sis) has a high degree of homology to the cellular gene coding for the B peptide of human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent fibroblast mitogen. The cellular homolog of v-sis is activated in some mesenchymal human tumors and cell lines derived from them. To determine the phenotype produced by v-sis in diploid human fibroblasts, we constructed plasmids containing the SSV provirus and drug-resistance markers and transfected them into early-passage human cells. Fibroblasts that had integrated the plasmid were selected for drug resistance and shown to contain and express the v-sis oncogene by DNA and RNA hybridization. The v-sis-expressing cells grew to higher saturation densities than control cells transfected with the vector plasmid alone and formed large, well defined foci. This allowed selection of transfectants directly for focus formation. The v-sis transformed cells continued to grow well in the absence of serum, whereas age-matched, vector-transfected control cells ceased replicating under these conditions so that the final difference in density between the two populations was tenfold. Incorporation of thymidine in serum-free medium by the v-sis-transformed cells was independent of exogenous PDGF. In contrast, PDGF increased thymidine incorporation in such medium by the control cells to the level found in the v-sis-transformed cells with or without added PDGF. These results suggest that expression of the v-sis oncogene in diploid human fibroblasts causes sufficient endogenous synthesis of the B chain of PDGF to allow transformants to grow to abnormally high cell densities. When individual v-sis-transformed cells were grown on a background of normal cells, this higher cell density at confluence could be visualized as a focus.
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Graves DT, Owen AJ, Williams SR, Antoniades HN. Identification of processing events in the synthesis of platelet-derived growth factor-like proteins by human osteosarcoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:4636-40. [PMID: 3460062 PMCID: PMC323796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.13.4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human osteosarcoma-derived cell line U-2 OS expresses c-sis mRNA and synthesizes platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-like proteins. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that proteins of 23 kDa and 180 kDa are synthesized first. The 23-kDa protein undergoes dimerization and proteolysis, giving rise to the 30-kDa dimeric protein secreted by the cells. The 180-kDa protein is proteolytically cleaved in a complex series of steps that give rise to several intracellular species. It is also the likely precursor of high molecular mass PDGF-like or PDGF-associated proteins secreted by these cells. The processing and secretion of the 180-kDa protein is slower than that of the 23-kDa protein. Subcellular fractionation and studies with the antibiotic monensin indicate that the processing events occur in the Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum compartment of U-2 OS cells.
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Bregman MD, Sipes NJ. Transformation-related growth factors and their receptors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CELL CLONING 1986; 4:224-36. [PMID: 3018097 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular transformation may be accomplished in vitro and in vivo through the concerted action of growth factors and oncogenes. This association has demonstrated that malignant growth results from aberrations in growth factor-signal transduction pathways that normally operate to control proliferation. Activation of genes that code for growth factors and/or their receptors provides tumor cells with potential mechanisms to maintain their proliferative state. Tumor cells have been shown to produce endogenous substances that augment their growth (autocrine stimulation), as well as responding to exogenous substances (paracrine stimulation). With solid tumor cells these responses have been shown to involve aberrant expression of growth factor and/or receptor genes. The study of the interrelationship of these various growth regulatory molecules is important not only in the identification of gene products essential to cellular proliferation, but also in providing clues as to what forces are driving tumor cell growth.
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Mornex JF, Martinet Y, Yamauchi K, Bitterman PB, Grotendorst GR, Chytil-Weir A, Martin GR, Crystal RG. Spontaneous expression of the c-sis gene and release of a platelet-derived growth factorlike molecule by human alveolar macrophages. J Clin Invest 1986; 78:61-6. [PMID: 3722386 PMCID: PMC329531 DOI: 10.1172/jci112574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages from normal individuals and patients with interstitial lung diseases spontaneously expressed a 4.2-kilobase mRNA complementary to the c-sis gene, a proto-oncogene coding for one of the chains of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Concomitantly, these cells released a mediator with the properties of PDGF, including: chemotactic factor for smooth muscle cells whose activity was resistant to heat and acid, but sensitive to reduction; mitogenic (competence) activity for fibroblasts; ability to compete with PDGF for its receptor; and precipitated by an anti-PDGF antibody. While blood monocytes did not contain c-sis mRNA transcripts, monocytes matured in vitro expressed c-sis, consistent with the concept that expression of c-sis occurs during the differentiation of monocytes into alveolar macrophages. Together with the known actions of PDGF, these observations suggest that the c-sis proto-oncogene and its PDGF product are part of the armamentarium available to the alveolar macrophages for normal lung defense and participation in lung inflammation.
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Mavilio F, Sposi NM, Petrini M, Bottero L, Marinucci M, De Rossi G, Amadori S, Mandelli F, Peschle C. Expression of cellular oncogenes in primary cells from human acute leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:4394-8. [PMID: 3520570 PMCID: PMC323739 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.12.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and the expression of 11 cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) were analyzed in primary cells from 20 acute lymphocytic (ALL) and 31 acute myelogenous (AML) leukemia patients. Neoplastic cells, obtained prior to initiation of therapy, were purified and classified, on the basis of both surface antigen pattern and morphology, into pre-B, B, and T ALL and M1-M5 AML. RNA was extracted and analyzed for expression of cellular oncogenes coding for nuclear proteins (c-myc, c-myb, c-fos), the beta-chain of platelet-derived growth factor (c-sis), growth factor receptors or related proteins (c-src, c-abl, c-fes, c-erbB), or putative intermediate transducers of mitogenic signals (c-Ha-ras, c-Ki-ras, c-N-ras). Quantitative analysis of total RNA was carried out by dot blot hybridization to specific cDNA or genomic probes. Number and size of transcripts were evaluated by blot hybridization of electrophoretically fractionated poly(A)+ RNA. Expression of c-myc and c-myb was detected in all leukemic cells at variable levels and was characterized by well-defined patterns within ALL subtypes. Conversely, significant levels of c-fos transcripts were detected only in myelomonocytic (M4) and monocytic (M5) leukemias. Among the "src-family," c-fes was expressed more in AML than ALL, and c-abl was expressed at variable but not elevated levels in all leukemia types. c-Ha-ras was uniformly expressed at low levels, as in non-neoplastic cells. c-Ki-ras transcription was detected only in T ALL; N-ras expression was barely demonstrable. The structure of these protooncogenes was not grossly modified, as evaluated by Southern analysis, except for c-myc rearrangement in B ALL. These studies indicate that cellular oncogene expression in specific subtypes of leukemic cells may relate to either the proliferative activity (c-myc, c-myb) or the differentiation state (c-fos) of the cells, or possibly to expression of receptors for putative hemopoiesis-related growth factors (c-fes, c-abl). Our data provide a basis for in-depth analysis of protooncogene expression in normal and neoplastic hemopoiesis.
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Colamonici OR, Trepel JB, Vidal CA, Neckers LM. Phorbol ester induces c-sis gene transcription in stem cell line K-562. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:1847-50. [PMID: 3466024 PMCID: PMC367717 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.5.1847-1850.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced megakaryoblastic differentiation and c-sis expression in the human hematopoietic stem cell line K-562. This induction occurred at the transcriptional level, as determined by a nuclear runoff transcriptional assay, and was not a generalized effect of TPA, since the treatment of other hematopoietic cell lines and normal peripheral blood lymphocytes with TPA did not result in the appearance of c-sis mRNA.
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Sankaranarayanan K. Transposable genetic elements, spontaneous mutations and the doubling-dose method of radiation genetic risk evaluation in man. Mutat Res 1986; 160:73-86. [PMID: 3005851 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(86)90031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The principal aspects of the 'doubling-dose method' currently used by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, for the evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man are briefly reviewed. With this method, which is primarily applicable to autosomal dominant and X-linked disorders, the expected increase in risk from radiation is expressed as a fraction of the current prevalence of these disorders, and thus in relation to an understandable frame of reference. Since the doubling dose is estimated as a ratio of spontaneous to induction rates of mutations, its magnitude is susceptible to changes in either the numerator (spontaneous rate) or the denominator (induction rate). Studies during the past 20 years or so with a number of experimental systems have demonstrated the existence of mobile DNA sequences in the genome and their causal role in the origin of spontaneous mutations, although the proportion of the latter among all spontaneous mutations is not known for any species. If a major proportion of spontaneous mutations in man is mediated by these mobile DNA sequences, and if their mobility is unaltered by radiation exposures, the calculation of the doubling dose in the manner mentioned above, and its use in risk evaluations becomes questionable. However, considerations based on the organization of the human genome would suggest that it is unlikely that a major fraction of spontaneous mutations that lead to disease states in man is due to mobile genetic elements. Consequently, the use of the doubling-dose method for the evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man would appear to be valid at the present time.
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Gol-Winkler R. Paracrine action of transforming growth factors. CLINICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1986; 15:99-115. [PMID: 3006950 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-595x(86)80044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptide growth factors form a class of regulatory molecules which exert their effects by binding to specific receptors present on the cell surface. Most of the time the exact role of these factors in the healthy body is unknown. Some, like PDGF and TGF beta, seem to be involved in wound healing. Others, like EGF, promote epithelial cell growth and differentiation. The site of synthesis of most polypeptide growth factors is unknown. Their target can be identified by detecting the cells which present the specific receptors at their surface. It is though that polypeptide growth factors have a paracrine mode of action. Many different cancerous cells produce polypeptide growth factors and the appropriate receptors. Thus, they are able to stimulate their own growth in an autocrine fashion. Recently, some polypeptide growth factors and receptor genes or cDNAs have been molecularly cloned. Growth factor genes and messengers are much more complex than would be expected from the size of the polypeptide. Some cDNAs have been introduced into bacterial expression vectors and large amounts of the factors have been produced by bacteria. New tools, such as molecular probes and specific antibodies, are thus now available to investigate the production of the growth factors and their receptors. The same tools will facilitate the identification and understanding of the molecular mechanism whereby cancerous cells produce the growth factors and the appropriate receptors simultaneously. The importance of growth factors and receptors in cancer is stressed by the finding that three oncogenes are in fact the genes coding for one growth factor and two receptors. Finally, the molecular probes and the specific antibodies raised against these molecules can be used to identify precisely the growth factor(s) and receptor(s) produced abnormally in cancers. Antibodies that inhibit specifically the interaction of this very growth factor with its receptor could then be developed, thus allowing human tumour cell growth to be controlled.
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Van den Ouweland AM, Roebroek AJ, Schalken JA, Claesen CA, Bloemers HP, Van de Ven WJ. Structure and nucleotide sequence of the 5' region of the human and feline c-sis proto-oncogenes. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:765-78. [PMID: 3003695 PMCID: PMC339463 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.2.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative analysis of cosmid clones containing the human and feline c-sis genetic regions revealed the similar structural organization of these areas in the two species. The areas shared seven different genetic regions in and around the c-sis locus and of these was related to v-sis. Another region, 1.9 kbp in size and located about 8 kbp upstream of the v-sis homologous region in the human genome, also hybridized to the main c-sis transcriptional product of 3.5 kb. Comparison with a recently described c-sis cDNA clone (Collins et al., Nature 316, 748-750 (1985)) revealed that the 1.9 kbp DNA region contained a large 5' c-sis exon of at least 1050 bp. In this exon, the presumed initiation site of the predicted PDGF-2 containing precursor protein was located and appeared to be preceded by a large untranslated region. In the region immediately upstream of this exon, a TATA box and a consensus sequence for a potential Sp1 binding site were found at similar positions in both species. This region also exhibited promoter activity when tested in an assay in which coding sequences of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT; acetyl-CoA: chloramphenicol 3-O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.28) were placed under its control. The five other DNA regions were found upstream and downstream of the human c-sis transcription unit and also in an intron. Four of them contained repetitive sequences. Hybridization analysis of human and feline c-sis containing cosmid clones with a mixed synthetic nucleotide probe, which corresponded to sequences encoding amino acid residues 2-7 of chain 1 of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-1), suggested that the c-sis cosmid clones did not include PDGF-1-specific genetic sequences.
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