1
|
Boyan G, Ehrhardt E. From bristle to brain: embryonic development of topographic projections from basiconic sensilla in the antennal nervous system of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. Dev Genes Evol 2024; 234:33-44. [PMID: 38691194 PMCID: PMC11226553 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-024-00716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The antennal flagellum of the locust S. gregaria is an articulated structure bearing a spectrum of sensilla that responds to sensory stimuli. In this study, we focus on the basiconic-type bristles as a model for sensory system development in the antenna. At the end of embryogenesis, these bristles are found at fixed locations and then on only the most distal six articulations of the antenna. They are innervated by a dendrite from a sensory cell cluster in the underlying epithelium, with each cluster directing fused axons topographically to an antennal tract running to the brain. We employ confocal imaging and immunolabeling to (a) identify mitotically active sense organ precursors for sensory cell clusters in the most distal annuli of the early embryonic antenna; (b) observe the subsequent spatial appearance of their neuronal progeny; and (c) map the spatial and temporal organization of axon projections from such clusters into the antennal tracts. We show that early in embryogenesis, proliferative precursors are localized circumferentially within discrete epithelial domains of the flagellum. Progeny first appear distally at the antennal tip and then sequentially in a proximal direction so that sensory neuron populations are distributed in an age-dependent manner along the antenna. Autotracing reveals that axon fasciculation with a tract is also sequential and reflects the location and age of the cell cluster along the most distal annuli. Cell cluster location and bristle location are therefore represented topographically and temporally within the axon profile of the tract and its projection to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Boyan
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, Martinsried, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
| | - Erica Ehrhardt
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, Martinsried, 82152, Planegg, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, AG Ito, Universität Zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakazato Y, Otaki JM. Live Detection of Intracellular Chitin in Butterfly Wing Epithelial Cells In Vivo Using Fluorescent Brightener 28: Implications for the Development of Scales and Color Patterns. INSECTS 2023; 14:753. [PMID: 37754721 PMCID: PMC10532232 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the major component of the extracellular cuticle and plays multiple roles in insects. In butterflies, chitin builds wing scales for structural colors. Here, we show that intracellular chitin in live cells can be detected in vivo with fluorescent brightener 28 (FB28), focusing on wing epithelial cells of the small lycaenid butterfly Zizeeria maha immediately after pupation. A relatively small number of cells at the apical surface of the epithelium were strongly FB28-positive in the cytosol and seemed to have extensive ER-Golgi networks, which may be specialized chitin-secreting cells. Some cells had FB28-positive tadpole-tail-like or rod-like structures relative to the nucleus. We detected FB28-positive hexagonal intracellular objects and their associated structures extending toward the apical end of the cell, which may be developing scale bases and shafts. We also observed FB28-positive fibrous intracellular structures extending toward the basal end. Many cells were FB28-negative in the cytosol, which contained FB28-positive dots or discs. The present data are crucial to understanding the differentiation of the butterfly wing epithelium, including scale formation and color pattern determination. The use of FB28 in probing intracellular chitin in live cells may be applicable to other insect systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nardi JB, Bee CM, Wallace CL. Remodeling of the abdominal epithelial monolayer during the larva-pupa-adult transformation of Manduca. Dev Biol 2018; 438:10-22. [PMID: 29571610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During metamorphosis of insect epithelial monolayers, cells die, divide, and rearrange. In Drosophila undifferentiated diploid cells destined to form the adult cuticle of each abdominal segment segregate early in development from the surrounding polyploid larval epithelial cells of that segment as eight groups of diploid histoblast cells. The larval polyploid cells are programmed to die and be replaced by divisions and rearrangements of histoblast cells. By contrast, abdominal epithelial cells of Manduca larvae form a monolayer of cells representing different ploidy levels with no definitive segregation of diploid cells destined to form adult structures. These epithelial cells of mixed ploidy levels produce a thick smooth larval cuticle with sparsely distributed sensory bristles. Adult descendants of this larval monolayer produce a thinner cuticle with densely packed scale cells. The transition between these differentiated states of Manduca involves divisions of cells, changes in ploidy levels, and sorting of certain polyploid cells into circular rosette patches to minimize contacts of these polyploid cells with surrounding cells of equal or smaller size. Cells within the rosettes and some surrounding cells are destined to die and be replaced by remaining epithelial cells of uniform size and ploidy at pupa-adult apolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Nardi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Charles Mark Bee
- Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Catherine Lee Wallace
- Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boyan G, Ehrhardt E. Ontogeny of pioneer neurons in the antennal nervous system of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 227:11-23. [PMID: 27833997 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system of the antenna of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria consists of two nerve tracts in which sensory cells project their axons to the brain. Each tract is pioneered early in embryogenesis by a pair of identified cells located apically in the antennal lumen. The pioneers are thought to originate in the epithelium of the antenna and then delaminate into the lumen where they commence axogenesis. However, unambiguous molecular identification of these cells in the epithelium, of an identifiable precursor, and of their mode of generation has been lacking. In this study, we have used immunolabeling against neuron-specific horseradish peroxidase and against Lachesin, a marker for differentiating epithelial cells, in combination with the nuclear stain DAPI, to identify the pioneers within the epithelium of the early embryonic antenna. We then track their delamination into the lumen as differentiated neurons. The pioneers are not labeled by the mesodermal/mesectodermal marker Mes3, consistent with an epithelial (ectodermal) origin. Intracellular dye injection, as well as labeling against the mitosis marker phospho-histone 3, identifies precursor cells in the epithelium, each associated with a column of cells. Culturing with the S-phase label 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) shows that both a precursor and its column have incorporated the label, confirming a lineage relationship. Each set of pioneers can be shown to belong to a separate lineage of such epithelial cells, and the precursors remain and are proliferative after generating the pioneers. Analyses of mitotic spindle orientation then enable us to propose a model in which a precursor generates its pioneers asymmetrically via self-renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Boyan
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, Martinsried, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
| | - Erica Ehrhardt
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, Martinsried, 82152, Planegg, Germany.,Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147,, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ohno Y, Otaki JM. Live Cell Imaging of Butterfly Pupal and Larval Wings In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128332. [PMID: 26107809 PMCID: PMC4481267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Butterfly wing color patterns are determined during the late larval and early pupal stages. Characterization of wing epithelial cells at these stages is thus critical to understand how wing structures, including color patterns, are determined. Previously, we successfully recorded real-time in vivo images of developing butterfly wings over time at the tissue level. In this study, we employed similar in vivo fluorescent imaging techniques to visualize developing wing epithelial cells in the late larval and early pupal stages 1 hour post-pupation. Both larval and pupal epithelial cells were rich in mitochondria and intracellular networks of endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting high metabolic activities, likely in preparation for cellular division, polyploidization, and differentiation. Larval epithelial cells in the wing imaginal disk were relatively large horizontally and tightly packed, whereas pupal epithelial cells were smaller and relatively loosely packed. Furthermore, larval cells were flat, whereas pupal cells were vertically elongated as deep as 130 μm. In pupal cells, many endosome-like or autophagosome-like structures were present in the cellular periphery down to approximately 10 μm in depth, and extensive epidermal feet or filopodia-like processes were observed a few micrometers deep from the cellular surface. Cells were clustered or bundled from approximately 50 μm in depth to deeper levels. From 60 μm to 80 μm in depth, horizontal connections between these clusters were observed. The prospective eyespot and marginal focus areas were resistant to fluorescent dyes, likely because of their non-flat cone-like structures with a relatively thick cuticle. These in vivo images provide important information with which to understand processes of epithelial cell differentiation and color pattern determination in butterfly wings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Ohno
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903–0213, Japan
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903–0213, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nardi JB, Bee CM, Miller LA. Stem cells of the beetle midgut epithelium. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:296-303. [PMID: 19909756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
At the completion of metamorphosis, adult insect cells have traditionally been assumed to halt cell divisions and terminally differentiate. While this model of differentiation holds for adult ectodermal epithelia that secrete cuticular specializations of exoskeletons, adult endodermal epithelia are populated by discrete three-dimensional aggregates of stem cells that continue to divide and differentiate after adult emergence. Aggregates of these presumptive adult stem cells are scattered throughout larval and pupal midgut monolayers. At the beginning of adult development (pupal-adult apolysis), the number of cells within each aggregate begins to increase rapidly. Dividing cells form three-dimensional, coherent populations that project as regenerative pouches of stem cells into the hemocoel surrounding the midgut. Stem cell pouches are regularly spaced throughout endodermal monolayers, having adopted a spacing pattern suggesting that each incipient pouch inhibits the formation of a similar pouch within a certain radius of itself-a process referred to as lateral inhibition. At completion of adult development (pupal-adult ecdysis), a distinct basal-luminal polarity has been established within each regenerative pouch. Dividing stem cells occupying the basal region are arranged in three-dimensional aggregates. As these are displaced toward the lumen, they transform into two-dimensional monolayers of differentiated epithelial cells whose apical surfaces are covered by microvilli. This organization of stem cell pouches in insect midguts closely parallels that of regenerative crypts in mammalian intestines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Nardi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boyan GS, Williams JLD. Evidence that the primary brain commissure is pioneered by neurons with a peripheral-like ontogeny in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2008; 37:186-198. [PMID: 18258480 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The commissures represent a major neuroarchitectural feature of the central nervous system of insects and vertebrates alike. The adult brain of the grasshopper comprises 72 such commissures, the first of which is established in the protocerebral midbrain by three sets of pioneer cells at around 30% of embryogenesis. These pioneers have been individually identified via cellular, molecular and intracellular dye injection techniques. Their ontogenies, however, remain unclear. The progenitor cells of the protocerebral midbrain are shown via Annulin immunocytochemistry to be compartmentalized, belonging either to the protocerebral hemispheres or the so-called median domain. Serial reconstructions based on bromodeoxyuridine incorporation confirm that their lineages do not intermingle. Dye injection into progenitor cells and progeny confirms this compartmentalization, and reveals that none of the pioneers are associated with a lineage of cells deriving from a protocerebral neuroblast or midline precursor. Immunocytochemical data as well as dye injection into identified pioneers over several developmental stages indicate that they differentiate directly from epithelial cells, but not from classical progenitor cells. That the commissural pioneers of the protocerebrum represent modified epithelial cells involves a different ontogeny to that described for pioneers in the ventral nerve cord, but parallels that of pioneer neurons of the peripheral nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Boyan
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boyan GS, Williams JLD. Embryonic development of a peripheral nervous system: nerve tract associated cells and pioneer neurons in the antenna of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2007; 36:336-350. [PMID: 18089112 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The grasshopper antenna is an articulated appendage associated with the deutocerebral segment of the head. In the early embryo, the meristal annuli of the antenna represent segment borders and are also the site of differentiation of pioneer cells which found the dorsal and ventral peripheral nerve tracts to the brain. We report here on another set of cells which appear earlier than the pioneers during development and are later found arrayed along these tracts at the border of epithelium and lumen. These so-called nerve tract associated cells differ morphologically from pioneers in that they are bipolar, have shorter processes, and are not segmentally organized in the antenna. Nerve tract associated cells do not express horseradish peroxidase and so are not classical neurons. They do not express antigens such as repo and annulin which are associated with glia cells in the nervous system. Nerve tract associated cells do, however, express the mesodermal/mesectodermal cell surface marker Mes-3 and putatively derive from the antennal coelom and then migrate to the epithelium/lumen border. Intracellular recordings show that such nerve tract associated cells have resting potentials similar to those of pioneer cells and can be dye coupled to the pioneers. Similar cell types are present in the maxilla, a serially homologous appendage on the head. The nerve tract associated cells are organized into a cellular scaffold which we speculate may be relevant to the navigation of pioneer and sensory axons in the early embryonic antennal nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Boyan
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Department of Biology II, Section of Neurobiology, Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galkina SI, Molotkovsky JG, Ullrich V, Sud'ina GF. Scanning electron microscopy study of neutrophil membrane tubulovesicular extensions (cytonemes) and their role in anchoring, aggregation and phagocytosis. The effect of nitric oxide. Exp Cell Res 2005; 304:620-9. [PMID: 15748905 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that human neutrophils develop dynamic thin and very long tubulovesicular extensions (cytonemes) upon adhesion to fibronectin, if cell spreading was blocked by Na(+)-free medium or by 4-bromophenacyl bromide, N-ethylmaleimide, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and cytochalasin D (S. I. Galkina, G. F. Sud'ina and V. Ullrich, (2001). Exp. Cell Res. 266, 222-228). In the present work we found that similar in size and behavior tubulovesicular extensions were formed on the neutrophil cell bodies upon adhesion to fibronectin-coated substrata in the presence of the nitric oxide donor diethylamine NONOate. In the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, neutrophils were well spread and had no microextensions. Using scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrated that tubulovesicular extensions of neutrophils executed long-range adhesion and binding objects for phagocytosis, such as serum-opsonized zymosan particles and erythrocytes. Tubulovesicular extensions anchored neutrophils to substrata in a beta1 and beta2 integrin-independent, but L-selectin-dependent manner. BODIPY-sphingomyelin impaired development of tubulovesicular extension, and heparitinase 1 played a role in their destruction. Membrane tubulovesicular extensions are supposed to represent protrusions of an intracellular exocytotic traffic and serve as cellular sensory and adhesive organelles. Nitric oxide seems to play a role in regulation of tubulovesicular extensions formation, thus affecting neutrophil adhesive interactions and phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana I Galkina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Leninskie gory, Building A, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boyan G, Posser S, Ludwig P, Güntner M, Williams L. Ontogeny of identified cells from the median domain in the embryonic brain of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2004; 33:125-137. [PMID: 18089028 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an ontogeny for previously identified cells from the median domain in the midline of the embryonic brain of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria. The so-called lateral cells (LCs) are characteristically located laterally within the median domain at its border with the protocerebral hemispheres. The LC occurs singly and can be identified in the early embryo on the basis of their expression of the cell surface lipocalin Lazarillo. Using immunocytochemical, dye injection, electron microscopical and histological methods, we show that these LC are neurons and derive as postmitotic cells directly from the epithelium of the median domain. Further, they and the other identified cells of the median domain such as the protocerebral commissure pioneers (PCP), co-express the Mes-3 antigen, consistent with a derivation from the mesectodermal germ layer of the embryo. Subsequent to axogenesis, electron microscopy reveals that these Mes-3-expressing LC fasciculate with the co-expressing PCPs within the developing protocerebral commissure. We present a model for the origin of all these cells based on histological data and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. The model suggests a delamination of cells from the mesectoderm followed by a migration to their ultimate sites within the median domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Boyan
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Luisenstrasse 14, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Joussineau C, Soulé J, Martin M, Anguille C, Montcourrier P, Alexandre D. Delta-promoted filopodia mediate long-range lateral inhibition in Drosophila. Nature 2003; 426:555-9. [PMID: 14654840 DOI: 10.1038/nature02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila thoracic mechanosensory bristles originate from cells that are singled out from 'proneural' groups of competent epithelial cells. Neural competence is restricted to individual sensory organ precursors (SOPs) by Delta/Notch-mediated 'lateral inhibition', whereas other cells in the proneural field adopt an epidermal fate. The precursors of the large macrochaetes differentiate separately from individual proneural clusters that comprise about 20-30 cells or as heterochronic pairs from groups of more than 100 cells, whereas the precursors of the small regularly spaced microchaetes emerge from even larger proneural fields. This indicates that lateral inhibition might act over several cell diameters; it was difficult to reconcile with the fact that the inhibitory ligand Delta is membrane-bound until the observation that SOPs frequently extend thin processes offered an attractive hypothesis. Here we show that the extension of these planar filopodia--a common attribute of wing imaginal disc cells--is promoted by Delta and that their experimental suppression reduces Notch signalling in distant cells and increases bristle density in large proneural groups, showing that these membrane specializations mediate long-range lateral inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille De Joussineau
- Laboratoire Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Membranaires, CNRS UMR 5539, Université Montpellier II C.C. 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France [corrected]
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Locke M. The Wigglesworth Lecture: Insects for studying fundamental problems in biology. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 47:495-507. [PMID: 11166314 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(00)00123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Locke
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, N6A 5B7, London, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ludwig P, Williams J, Lodde E, Reichert H, Boyan GS. Neurogenesis in the median domain of the embryonic brain of the grasshopperSchistocerca gregaria. J Comp Neurol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991122)414:3<379::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Stegmann UE. An exaggerated trait in insects: The prothoracic skeleton ofStictocephala bisonia (Homoptera: Membracidae). J Morphol 1998; 238:157-178. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199811)238:2<157::aid-jmor3>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
This paper presents an attempt to construct a single model that can account for pattern formation in a very broad diversity of Lepidoptera. A pattern database is developed for 330 genera and 2208 species in the family Nymphalidae. It is argued that because of the close taxonomic relation between these species, and that all have patterns that are readily derived from the homology system known as the nymphalid ground-plan, the whole diversity of patterns in the database should emerge from a single model mechanism, and that most of this diversity should emerge from simple quantitative variations of the parameters of that model. A formal list of desiderata and constraints on any model for colour pattern formation is developed and used as the basis for the present modelling effort. Based on the assumptions of simple diffusion and threshold mechanisms, a pattern of source-sink distributions is deduced that can generate the diversity of patterns in the database. The adequacy of this source-sink ‘toolbox' is tested by computer simulation; it is shown that a two-gradient model with a simple additive relation between the two gradients suffices to generate nearly the entire diversity of patterns observed. The requisite positions of the sources and sinks of the toolbox, in turn, emerge readily from Meinhardt’s lateral inhibition model for reaction diffusion. Thus a two step model, consisting first of a reaction- diffusion system that sets up a source-sink pattern and is followed by simple diffusion of a morphogen from those sources, appears to be able to generate nearly the entire diversity of colour patterns seen in the Nymphalidae.
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- J Hardin
- Department of Zoology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Eaton S, Auvinen P, Luo L, Jan YN, Simons K. CDC42 and Rac1 control different actin-dependent processes in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1995; 131:151-64. [PMID: 7559772 PMCID: PMC2120599 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.131.1.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc42 and Rac1 are members of the rho family of small guanosinetriphosphatases and are required for a diverse set of cytoskeleton-membrane interactions in different cell types. Here we show that these two proteins contribute differently to the organization of epithelial cells in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Drac1 is required to assemble actin at adherens junctions. Failure of adherens junction actin assembly in Drac1 dominant-negative mutants is associated with increased cell death. Dcdc42, on the other hand, is required for processes that involve polarized cell shape changes during both pupal and larval development. In the third larval instar, Dcdc42 is required for apico-basal epithelial elongation. Whereas normal wing disc epithelial cells increase in height more than twofold during the third instar, cells that express a dominant-negative version of Dcdc42 remain short and are abnormally shaped. Dcdc42 localizes to both apical and basal regions of the cell during these events, and mediates elongation, at least in part, by effecting a reorganization of the basal actin cytoskeleton. These observations suggest that a common cdc42-based mechanism may govern polarized cell shape changes in a wide variety of cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Eaton
- European Cell Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Programme, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cicero JM. Composite, haustellate mouthparts in netwinged beetle and firefly larvae (Coleoptera, Cantharoidea: Lycidae, Lampyridae). J Morphol 1994; 219:183-192. [PMID: 29865365 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052190207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During lycid embryogenesis, labral and mandibular anlagen develop separately. Each anterolateral corner of the labrum elongates into a stylet, while the whole of each mandible involutes into a flute that is open to the lateral aspects. The stylets and flutes interlock in such a way as to leave canals, fashioning left and right haustellate apparatuses. During lampyrid embryogenesis, only one pair of anlagen forms instead of two. The pair matures into sharp, arcuate appendages that appear to be typical mandibles, but nevertheless a canal forms internally. The canal is not formed by coadaptation of two appendages; instead, cells within the pair create the canal autonomously. Indications are that the canal is homologous between these two families. It is suggested that in lampyrids, labral and mandibular cell fields develop together in the same anlage but behave according to their own respective programs, forming the canal with morphogenetic movements that are comparable to those of lycids. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cicero
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Steiner C, Keil TA. Morphogenesis of the antenna of the male silkmoth, Antheraea polyphemus. IV. Segmentation and branch formation. Tissue Cell 1993; 25:447-64. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(93)90085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1993] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Freeman JA, Cheshire LB, MacRae TH. Epithelial morphogenesis in developing Artemia: the role of cell replication, cell shape change, and the cytoskeleton. Dev Biol 1992; 152:279-92. [PMID: 1379558 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The roles of cell replication and shape change as morphogenetic forces in epithelial invagination were examined in instar II Artemia. The epidermal cells underwent a fixed pattern of cell division during the first 5 hr of instar II. Greater cell replication in the thoracopod bud (ThB) than in the arthrodial membrane (AM) region resulted in a higher density of epidermal cells in the ThB region (differential cell density). The ratio of cell density (AM/ThB) declined from 1.0 to less than 0.80 by Hour 2 of instar II. Invagination of the AM occurred during Hour 4 when the AM/ThB reached 0.75. A 2-hr pulse with 5'-fluorodeoxyuridine (FudR) during instar I delayed completion of the cell replication pattern and development of transverse cell files in the ThB region for a period equal to the length of the exposure. The delay in the cell division program resulted in a cell density ratio of 0.93 at Hour 4, a value normally observed in Hour 2 larvae, and evagination of the epidermis did not occur at apolysis (Hour 4). The FudR treatment did not perturb the cytoskeleton or the initial steps in cell shape change and the larvae formed small segments during instar III. Cell shape change within the AM began during Hour 4 as this region became significantly thinner than the neighboring ThB region (thickness ratio, AM/ThB = 0.77). Before apolysis the AM cells became wedge shaped, a change which occurred when the basal region of the cell enlarged. The microtubules and microfilaments were reorganized from the apical cytoplasm to the lateral border of apposing AM cells. Following apolysis (Late Hour 4) shape change was completed as the cells attained a thin spindle form, with microtubule- and microfilament-rich filopodial extensions which overlapped adjacent AM cells. As contact with ThB cells shifted from lateral to apicolateral, the AM cells formed the innermost edge of the invagination. Microtubules in the differentiating AM cells contained tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated alpha-tubulin isoforms. Treatment with nocodazole, colchicine, taxol, or cytochalasin B blocked AM cell shape change and inhibited segmentation, but did not affect the mitotic pattern or differential cell density. We conclude that the specific pattern of cell division led to differential cell density which, along with AM cell shape change, established the conditions necessary to achieve epidermal evagination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36688
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nardi JB. Dynamic expression of a cell surface protein during rearrangement of epithelial cells in the Manduca wing monolayer. Dev Biol 1992; 152:161-71. [PMID: 1628754 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90166-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cell surface protein 2F5 changes dynamically in space and time during morphogenesis of the Manduca wing pattern. Two cell types (generalized epithelial cells and scale precursors) rearrange within each of the two epithelial monolayers of the wing to form periodic rows of scale cells. These two monolayers also interact with each other during a brief period of adult development. Each cell type shows a different pattern of protein 2F5 expression during cell rearrangement and during interaction of the two wing monolayers. Before and after these morphogenetic movements of epithelial cells, the protein is expressed on only a small population of wing cells. In abdominal epithelia where scale cells are also present but are not arranged in periodic rows, the expression pattern of the surface protein is temporally and spatially very different. An earlier study (Nardi and Magee-Adams, Dev. Biol., 116, 278-290, 1986) had shown that basal processes only extend from epithelial cells during their period of rearrangement within a monolayer and during the transient apposition of the wing's upper and lower monolayers. The differential distribution of protein 2F5 on lateral surfaces and basal processes of scale precursor cells and generalized epithelial cells may account in part for their orderly segregation into alternating rows as well as for the transient interaction of the two wing monolayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Nardi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hooper JE, Scott MP. The molecular genetic basis of positional information in insect segments. Results Probl Cell Differ 1992; 18:1-48. [PMID: 1475532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-47191-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Hooper
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ouellette Y, Caveney S. Dose- and time-dependent synthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone modulated polypeptides in the epidermis of Tenebrio molitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(90)90019-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
25
|
Delhanty P, Locke M. The development of epidermal feet in preparation for metamorphosis in an insect. Tissue Cell 1989; 21:891-909. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/1989] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- D Fristrom
- Department of Genetics, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Locke M. The very rapid induction of filopodia in insect cells. Tissue Cell 1987; 19:301-18. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(87)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Nardi JB, Hardt TA, Magee-Adams SM, Osterbur DL. Morphogenesis in wing imaginal discs: its relationship to changes in the extracellular matrix. Tissue Cell 1985; 17:473-90. [PMID: 2413586 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(85)90026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular matrix (ECM) lies between the upper and lower epithelial layers of the wing imaginal discs of moths. Organization and composition of this extracellular matrix, as revealed by staining with ruthenium red, tannic acid, and alcian blue, changes in concert with levels of hormones in the haemolymph. The ECM of the wing imaginal disc is an environment for cellular movements. Reorganization of the matrix and increase in ecdysteroid level is coupled with the proximal----distal migration of tracheal cells as well as the distal----proximal outgrowth of sensory neurons.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Tracheole migration in an insect wing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 194:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/1984] [Accepted: 05/17/1984] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
Treatment of several Drosophila cell lines with the molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) resulted in biochemical and cellular changes including the morphogenetic process of cell aggregation. Radiolabeling of the cell surface proteins revealed 34 polypeptides that are modulated by the hormone's action. This modulation included both expression of "new" proteins and disappearance of preexisting polypeptides. Whereas most of the hormone-induced proteins were lentil lectin-binding glycoproteins, only one group of disappearing proteins appears to bind lentil lectin. Labeling of the cell surface prior to hormone addition revealed no specific modification of preexisting surface proteins which could account for the protein changes observed with one possible exception. The potential relationship between the modulation in surface proteins and the increase in cell-cell adhesion that occurs during hormone exposure is discussed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The watery vacuoles first described from larval insect fat body (Chironomus, Voinov, 1927; Aedes, Wigglesworth, 1942; Rhodnius, Wigglesworth, 1967) have been studied in 4th and 5th stage Calpodes larvae. The vacuoles arise at the beginning (E + 6-24 hr) of the 4th stadium from plasma membrane infolds that separate from the cell surface as provacuoles less than 1 micron in diameter. These provacuoles grow and fuse with one another through the intermolt until about half the volume of each fat body cell is occupied by a single, large vacuole. The vacuoles begin to disappear at molting. Their membrane is either incorporated into the plasma membrane by exocytosis or fragmented into vesicles that fuse to become lamellar bodies where the membranes are presumably digested. All the vacuoles have gone by a few hours after ecdysis. The tyrosine content of the fat body increases and decreases in proportion to the size of the vacuoles. As the vacuoles decrease at molting the titre of tyrosine in the hemolymph is transiently elevated at the time when there is most demand for phenolics for cuticle stabilization. Crystals having the form of tyrosine crystallize out from vacuoles separated from the fat body. In fat body extracts separated by thin layer chromatography, similar crystals occur only in the eluates from spots corresponding to tyrosine. The vacuoles are therefore presumed to be tyrosine stores used in cuticle stabilization at molting. They correspond to a type of aqueous storage compartment that is well known in plants but hitherto little recognized in animal cells.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Epidermal cells in insect integumental epithelia develop branched cytoskeletal extensions or feet at their base that are similar in appearance to the processes put out by cells in tissue culture. We have developed a procedure to show the feet that gives an effect as if thousands of cells randomly arranged in the epithelium had each been injected with lead salt visualized as black lead sulphide. The procedure depends upon the fact that after brief glutaraldehyde fixation, tannic acid only penetrates some cells where it mordants lead ions and binds osmium. Individual cells visualized in this manner show their outlines as if they are separate in a tissue culture although they are part of a closely packed epithelium. The feet are metamorphic structures formed after pupal commitment and are necessary for metamorphic changes in segment shape. In Calpodes larvae the feet are orientated axially in the direction of the segmentally repeating gradient and may extend for several cell diameters. They extend under the influence of low titres of 20-hydroxyecdysone such as those occurring in the intermoult. When stimulated by high titres like those in pre-pupae, the feet contract at the same time as the segments shorten to pupal proportions. We believe that cell processes like the epidermal feet are ubiquitous but that they have often been overlooked because of the difficulty of demonstrating the outlines of single cells that are united in epithelia.
Collapse
|