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Mekala JR, Nalluri HP, Reddy PN, S B S, N S SK, G V S D SK, Dhiman R, Chamarthy S, Komaragiri RR, Manyam RR, Dirisala VR. Emerging trends and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies. Gene 2024; 925:148607. [PMID: 38797505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being used to prevent, detect, and treat a broad spectrum of malignancies and infectious and autoimmune diseases. Over the past few years, the market for mAbs has grown exponentially. They have become a significant part of many pharmaceutical product lines, and more than 250 therapeutic mAbs are undergoing clinical trials. Ever since the advent of hybridoma technology, antibody-based therapeutics were realized using murine antibodies which further progressed into humanized and fully human antibodies, reducing the risk of immunogenicity. Some of the benefits of using mAbs over conventional drugs include a drastic reduction in the chances of adverse reactions, interactions between drugs, and targeting specific proteins. While antibodies are very efficient, their higher production costs impede the process of commercialization. However, their cost factor has been improved by developing biosimilar antibodies, which are affordable versions of therapeutic antibodies. Along with biosimilars, innovations in antibody engineering have helped to design bio-better antibodies with improved efficacy than the conventional ones. These novel mAb-based therapeutics are set to revolutionize existing drug therapies targeting a wide spectrum of diseases, thereby meeting several unmet medical needs. In the future, mAbs generated by applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) are expected to become a powerful tool in clinical therapeutics. This article describes the methods of mAb production, pre-clinical and clinical development of mAbs, approved indications targeted by mAbs, and novel developments in the field of mAb research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaki Ramaiah Mekala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
| | - Hari P Nalluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Prakash Narayana Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. V.S. Krishna Government College, Visakhapatnam 530013, India
| | - Sainath S B
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore 524320, AP, India
| | - Sampath Kumar N S
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Sai Kiran G V S D
- Santhiram Medical College and General Hospital, Nandyal, Kurnool 518501, AP, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008, India
| | - Sahiti Chamarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Raghava Rao Komaragiri
- Department of CSE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522302, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Manyam
- Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati Campus, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India.
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2
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Marino SF, Daumke O. Structure-based humanization of a therapeutic antibody for multiple myeloma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:1151-1161. [PMID: 39052065 PMCID: PMC11358308 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The optimal efficacy of xenogeneically generated proteins intended for application in humans requires that their own antigenicity be minimized. This necessary adaptation of antibodies to a humanized version poses challenges since modifications even distant from the binding sites can greatly influence antigen recognition and this is the primary feature that must be maintained during all modifications. Current strategies often rely on grafting and/or randomization/selection to arrive at a humanized variant retaining the binding properties of the original molecule. However, in terms of speed and efficiency, rationally directed approaches can be superior, provided the requisite structural information is available. We present here a humanization procedure based on the high-resolution X-ray structure of a chimaeric IgG against a marker for multiple myeloma. Based on in silico modelling of humanizing amino acid substitutions identified from sequence alignments, we devised a straightforward cloning procedure to rapidly evaluate the proposed sequence changes. Careful inspection of the structure allowed the identification of a potentially problematic amino acid change that indeed disrupted antigen binding. Subsequent optimization of the antigen binding loop sequences resulted in substantial recovery of binding affinity lost in the completely humanized antibody. X-ray structures of the humanized and optimized variants demonstrate that the antigen binding mode is preserved, with surprisingly few direct contacts to antibody atoms. These results underline the importance of structural information for the efficient optimization of protein therapeutics. KEY MESSAGES: Structure-based humanization of an IgG against BCMA, a marker for Multiple Myeloma. Identification of problematic mutations and unexpected modification sites. Structures of the modified IgG-antigen complexes verified predictions. Provision of humanized high-affinity IgGs against BCMA for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Marino
- Max Delbrück Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oliver Daumke
- Max Delbrück Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Keating SM, Higgins BW. New technologies in therapeutic antibody development: The next frontier for treating infectious diseases. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105902. [PMID: 38734210 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity to viral infections requires time to neutralize and clear viruses to resolve infection. Fast growing and pathogenic viruses are quickly established, are highly transmissible and cause significant disease burden making it difficult to mount effective responses, thereby prolonging infection. Antibody-based passive immunotherapies can provide initial protection during acute infection, assist in mounting an adaptive immune response, or provide protection for those who are immune suppressed or immune deficient. Historically, plasma-derived antibodies have demonstrated some success in treating diseases caused by viral pathogens; nonetheless, limitations in access to product and antibody titer reduce success of this treatment modality. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven an effective alternative, as it is possible to manufacture highly potent and specific mAbs against viral targets on an industrial scale. As a result, innovative technologies to discover, engineer and manufacture specific and potent antibodies have become an essential part of the first line of treatment in pathogenic viral infections. However, a mAb targeting a specific epitope will allow escape variants to outgrow, causing new variant strains to become dominant and resistant to treatment with that mAb. Methods to mitigate escape have included combining mAbs into cocktails, creating bi-specific or antibody drug conjugates but these strategies have also been challenged by the potential development of escape mutations. New technologies in developing antibodies made as recombinant polyclonal drugs can integrate the strength of poly-specific antibody responses to prevent mutational escape, while also incorporating antibody engineering to prevent antibody dependent enhancement and direct adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Keating
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), 75 Shoreway Road, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA.
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4
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Zheng X, Liu Q, Liang Y, Feng W, Yu H, Tong C, Song B. Advancement in the development of single chain antibodies using phage display technology. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17143. [PMID: 38618563 PMCID: PMC11015834 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage display technology has become an important research tool in biological research, fundamentally changing the traditional monoclonal antibody preparation process, and has been widely used in the establishment of antigen-antibody libraries, drug design, vaccine research, pathogen detection, gene therapy, antigenic epitope research, and cellular signal transduction research.The phage display is a powerful platform for technology development. Using phage display technology, single chain fragment variable (scFv) can be screened, replacing the disadvantage of the large size of traditional antibodies. Phage display single chain antibody libraries have significant biological implications. Here we describe the types of antibodies, including chimeric antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and scFvs. In addition, we describe the phage display system, phage display single chain antibody libraries, screening of specific antibodies by phage libraries and the application of phage libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yimin Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenzhi Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bocui Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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Gupta P, Horspool AM, Trivedi G, Moretti G, Datar A, Huang ZF, Chiecko J, Kenny CH, Marlow MS. Matrixed CDR grafting: A neoclassical framework for antibody humanization and developability. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105555. [PMID: 38072062 PMCID: PMC10805677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Discovery and optimization of a biotherapeutic monoclonal antibody requires a careful balance of target engagement and physicochemical developability properties. To take full advantage of the sequence diversity provided by different antibody discovery platforms, a rapid and reliable process for humanization of antibodies from nonhuman sources is required. Canonically, maximizing homology of the human variable region (V-region) to the original germline was believed to result in preservation of binding, often without much consideration for inherent molecular properties. We expand on this approach by grafting the complementary determining regions (CDRs) of a mouse anti-LAG3 antibody into an extensive matrix of human variable heavy chain (VH) and variable light chain (VL) framework regions with substantially broader sequence homology to assess the impact on complementary determining region-framework compatibility through progressive evaluation of expression, affinity, biophysical developability, and function. Specific VH and VL framework sequences were associated with major expression and purification phenotypes. Greater VL sequence conservation was correlated with retained or improved affinity. Analysis of grafts that bound the target demonstrated that initial developability criteria were significantly impacted by VH, but not VL. In contrast, cell binding and functional characteristics were significantly impacted by VL, but not VH. Principal component analysis of all factors identified multiple grafts that exhibited more favorable antibody properties, notably with nonoptimal sequence conservation. Overall, this study demonstrates that modern throughput systems enable a more thorough, customizable, and systematic analysis of graft-framework combinations, resulting in humanized antibodies with improved global properties that may progress through development more quickly and with a greater probability of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Alexander M Horspool
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Goral Trivedi
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gina Moretti
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Akshita Datar
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhong-Fu Huang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chiecko
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cynthia Hess Kenny
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael S Marlow
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA.
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6
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Wang S, Wang H, Drabek A, Smith WS, Liang F, Huang ZR. Unleashing the Potential: Designing Antibody-Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles for Industrial Applications with CMC Considerations and Clinical Outlook. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4-17. [PMID: 38117251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-targeted lipid nanoparticles (Ab-LNPs) are rapidly gaining traction as multifaceted platforms in precision medicine, adept at delivering a diverse array of therapeutic agents, including nucleic acids and small molecules. This review provides an incisive overview of the latest developments in the field of Ab-LNP technology, with a special emphasis on pivotal design aspects such as antibody engineering, bioconjugation strategies, and advanced formulation techniques. Furthermore, it addresses critical chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) considerations and thoroughly examines the in vivo dynamics of Ab-LNPs, underscoring their promising potential for clinical application. By seamlessly blending scientific advancements with practical industrial perspectives, this review casts a spotlight on the burgeoning role of Ab-LNPs as an innovative and potent tool in the realm of targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Wang
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Andrew Drabek
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Wenwen Sha Smith
- FUSION BioVenture, 15 Presidential Way, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Feng Liang
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Zhaohua Richard Huang
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Leone GM, Mangano K, Petralia MC, Nicoletti F, Fagone P. Past, Present and (Foreseeable) Future of Biological Anti-TNF Alpha Therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041630. [PMID: 36836166 PMCID: PMC9963154 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the key role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the pathogenesis of immunoinflammatory diseases, TNF-α inhibitors have been successfully developed and used in the clinical treatment of autoimmune disorders. Currently, five anti-TNF-α drugs have been approved: infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol and etanercept. Anti-TNF-α biosimilars are also available for clinical use. Here, we will review the historical development as well as the present and potential future applications of anti-TNF-α therapies, which have led to major improvements for patients with several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), psoriasis (PS) and chronic endogenous uveitis. Other therapeutic areas are under evaluation, including viral infections, e.g., COVID-19, as well as chronic neuropsychiatric disorders and certain forms of cancer. The search for biomarkers able to predict responsiveness to anti-TNF-α drugs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Leone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Petralia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Troisi M, Marini E, Abbiento V, Stazzoni S, Andreano E, Rappuoli R. A new dawn for monoclonal antibodies against antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1080059. [PMID: 36590399 PMCID: PMC9795047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1080059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a quickly advancing threat for human health worldwide and almost 5 million deaths are already attributable to this phenomenon every year. Since antibiotics are failing to treat AMR-bacteria, new tools are needed, and human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can fill this role. In almost 50 years since the introduction of the first technology that led to mAb discovery, enormous leaps forward have been made to identify and develop extremely potent human mAbs. While their usefulness has been extensively proved against viral pathogens, human mAbs have yet to find their space in treating and preventing infections from AMR-bacteria and fully conquer the field of infectious diseases. The novel and most innovative technologies herein reviewed can support this goal and add powerful tools in the arsenal of weapons against AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Troisi
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marini
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Abbiento
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena, Siena, Italy
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9
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Ausserwöger H, Schneider MM, Herling TW, Arosio P, Invernizzi G, Knowles TPJ, Lorenzen N. Non-specificity as the sticky problem in therapeutic antibody development. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:844-861. [PMID: 37117703 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are highly potent therapeutic scaffolds with more than a hundred different products approved on the market. Successful development of antibody-based drugs requires a trade-off between high target specificity and target binding affinity. In order to better understand this problem, we here review non-specific interactions and explore their fundamental physicochemical origins. We discuss the role of surface patches - clusters of surface-exposed amino acid residues with similar physicochemical properties - as inducers of non-specific interactions. These patches collectively drive interactions including dipole-dipole, π-stacking and hydrophobic interactions to complementary moieties. We elucidate links between these supramolecular assembly processes and macroscopic development issues, such as decreased physical stability and poor in vivo half-life. Finally, we highlight challenges and opportunities for optimizing protein binding specificity and minimizing non-specificity for future generations of therapeutics.
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Raeisi H, Azimirad M, Nabavi-Rad A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Yadegar A, Zali MR. Application of recombinant antibodies for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: Current status and future perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972930. [PMID: 36081500 PMCID: PMC9445313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), known as the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is regarded as one of the most common healthcare-associated bacterial infections worldwide. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains, development of new therapeutic methods for C. difficile infection (CDI) has become crucially important. In this context, antibodies have been introduced as valuable tools in the research and clinical environments, as far as the effectiveness of antibody therapy for CDI was reported in several clinical investigations. Hence, production of high-performance antibodies for treatment of CDI would be precious. Traditional approaches of antibody generation are based on hybridoma technology. Today, application of in vitro technologies for generating recombinant antibodies, like phage display, is considered as an appropriate alternative to hybridoma technology. These techniques can circumvent the limitations of the immune system and they can be exploited for production of antibodies against different types of biomolecules in particular active toxins. Additionally, DNA encoding antibodies is directly accessible in in vitro technologies, which enables the application of antibody engineering in order to increase their sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the application of antibodies for CDI treatment with an emphasis on recombinant fragment antibodies. Also, this review highlights the current and future prospects of the aforementioned approaches for antibody-mediated therapy of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nabavi-Rad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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How neutron scattering techniques benefit investigating structures and dynamics of monoclonal antibody. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130206. [PMID: 35872327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, great progresses have been made for the pharmaceutical industry of monoclonal antibody (mAb). More and more mAb products were approved for human therapeutics. This review describes the state of art of utilizing neutron scattering to investigate mAbs, in the aspects of structures, dynamics, physicochemical stability, functionality, etc. Firstly, brief histories of mAbs and neutron scattering, as well as some basic knowledges and principles of neutron scattering were introduced. Then specific examples were demonstrated. For the structure and structural evolution investigation of in dilute and concentrated mAbs solution, in situ small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was frequently utilized. Neutron reflectometry (NR) is powerful to probe the absorption behaviors of mAbs on various surfaces and interfaces. While for dynamic investigation, quasi-elastic scattering techniques such as neutron spin echo (NSE) demonstrate the capabilities. With this review, how to utilize and take advantages of neutron scattering on investigating structures and dynamics of mAbs were demonstrated and discussed.
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Yélamos J. Current innovative engineered antibodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 369:1-43. [PMID: 35777861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibody engineering has developed very intensively since the invention of the hybridoma technology in 1975, and it now can generate therapeutic agents with high specificity and reduced adverse effects. Indeed, antibodies have become one of the most innovative therapeutic agents in recent years, with some landing in the top 10 bestselling pharmaceutical drugs. New antibodies are being approved every year, in different formats and for treating various illnesses, including cancer, autoimmune inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases and infectious diseases. In this review, I summarize current progress in innovative engineered antibodies. Overall, this progress has led to the approval by regulatory authorities of more than 100 antibody-based molecules, with many others at various stages of clinical development, indicating the high growth potential of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Yélamos
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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Marino M, Holt MG. AAV Vector-Mediated Antibody Delivery (A-MAD) in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870799. [PMID: 35493843 PMCID: PMC9039256 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades, monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives have emerged as a powerful class of therapeutics, largely due to their exquisite targeting specificity. Several clinical areas, most notably oncology and autoimmune disorders, have seen the successful introduction of monoclonal-based therapeutics. However, their adoption for treatment of Central Nervous System diseases has been comparatively slow, largely due to issues of efficient delivery resulting from limited permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier. Nevertheless, CNS diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent as societies age, accounting for ~6.5 million fatalities worldwide per year. Therefore, harnessing the full therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives) in this clinical area has become a priority. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors (AAVs) are a potential solution to this problem. Preclinical studies have shown that AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery provides protection against a broad range of peripheral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza and malaria. The parallel identification and optimization of AAV vector platforms which cross the Blood Brain Barrier with high efficiency, widely transducing the Central Nervous System and allowing high levels of local transgene production, has now opened a number of interesting scenarios for the development of AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery strategies to target Central Nervous System proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Marino
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Synapse Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Matthew G. Holt
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14
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Szkodny AC, Lee KH. Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:141-165. [PMID: 35300518 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-125832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review describes key milestones related to the production of biopharmaceuticals-therapies manufactured using recombinant DNA technology. The market for biopharmaceuticals has grown significantly since the first biopharmaceutical approval in 1982, and the scientific maturity of the technologies used in their manufacturing processes has grown concomitantly. Early processes relied on established unit operations, with research focused on process scale-up and improved culture productivity. In the early 2000s, changes in regulatory frameworks and the introduction of Quality by Design emphasized the importance of developing manufacturing processes to deliver a desired product quality profile. As a result, companies adopted platform processes and focused on understanding the dynamic interplay between product quality and processing conditions. The consistent and reproducible manufacturing processes of today's biopharmaceutical industry have set high standards for product efficacy, quality, and safety, and as the industry continues to evolve in the coming decade, intensified processing capabilities for an expanded range of therapeutic modalities will likely become routine. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Szkodny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA; ;
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA; ;
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15
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Immunosuppressive Drugs. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8987166 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressant is a class of medicines that inhibit or decrease the intensity of the immune response in the body. Most of these medications are used to allow the body less likely to resist a transplanted organ. In solid organ transplantation, immunosuppressive agents are needed for the activation of early-stage immunosuppression, the management of late-stage immunosuppression or for the maintenance of organ rejection. The emergence of novel agents and improvements in immunosuppression regimens after transplantation are significant factors leading to this progress. However, these drugs also increase the risk of infection, cancers and specific adverse side effects specific to each agent in patients particularly in pregnant women and fertility issues. Corona virus disease being hot topic of debate is has given positive outcome to immunosuppressive drugs however need more attention in future. Transplant centers across the world utilize multiple immunosuppression protocols; nevertheless, each patient can require an individually formulated immunosuppression regimen to manage the advantages and possible damage of treatment thus eliminating the likelihood of their primary disease recurrence.
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16
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Mitra S, Tomar PC. Hybridoma technology; advancements, clinical significance, and future aspects. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:159. [PMID: 34661773 PMCID: PMC8521504 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybridoma technology is one of the most common methods used to produce monoclonal antibodies. In this process, antibody-producing B lymphocytes are isolated from mice after immunizing the mice with specific antigen and are fused with immortal myeloma cell lines to form hybrid cells, called hybridoma cell lines. These hybridoma cells are cultured in a lab to produce monoclonal antibodies, against a specific antigen. This can be achieved by an in vivo or an in vitro method. It is preferred above all the available methods to produce monoclonal antibodies because antibodies thus produced are of high purity and are highly sensitive and specific. Monoclonal antibodies are useful in diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic purposes and have a very high clinical significance. Once hybridoma cells become stable, these cell lines offer limitless production of homogenized antibodies. This method is also cost-effective. The antibodies produced by this method are highly sensitive and specific to the targeted antigen. It is an important tool used in various fields of research such as in toxicology, animal biotechnology, medicine, pharmacology, cell, and molecular biology. Monoclonal antibodies are used extensively in the diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies are used as probes to detect tumor antigens in the living system; also radioisotope coupled antibodies are used for therapeutic target specific action on oncogenic cells. SHORT CONCLUSION Presently, the monoclonal antibodies used are either raised in mice or rats; this poses a risk of disease transfer from mice to humans. There is no guarantee that antibodies thus created are entirely virus-free, despite the purification process. Also, there are some immunogenic responses observed against the antibodies of mice origin. Technologically advanced techniques such as genetic engineering helped in reducing some of these limitations. Advanced methods are under development to make lab-produced monoclonal antibodies as human as possible. This review discusses the advantages and challenges associated with monoclonal antibody production, also enlightens the advancement, clinical significance, and future aspects of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Pushpa Chaudhary Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India.
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17
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González-Hernández A, Marichal-Cancino BA, Villalón CM. The impact of CGRPergic monoclonal antibodies on prophylactic antimigraine therapy and potential adverse events. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1223-1235. [PMID: 34535065 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1982892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a prevalent medical condition and the second most disabling neurological disorder. Regarding its pathophysiology, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role, and, consequently, specific antimigraine pharmacotherapy has been designed to target this system. Hence, apart from the gepants, the recently developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a novel approach to treat this disorder. In this review we consider the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action, specificity, safety, and efficacy of the above mAbs as prophylactic antimigraine agents, and examine the possible adverse events that these agents may trigger. Antimigraine mAbs act as direct scavengers of CGRP (galcanezumab, fremanezumab, and eptinezumab) or against the CGRP receptor (erenumab). Due to their long half-lives, these molecules have revolutionized the prophylactic treatment of this neurovascular disorder. Moreover, because of their physicochemical properties, these agents are hepato-friendly and do not cross the blood-brain barrier (highlighting the relevance of peripheral mechanisms in migraine). Nevertheless, apart from potential cardiovascular side effects, the interaction with AMY1 receptors and immunogenicity induced by autoantibodies against mAbs could be a concern for the safety of long-term treatment with these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimael González-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav‑Coapa, Ciudad de México, México
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18
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Packer D. The history of the antibody as a tool. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151710. [PMID: 33721607 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are essential tools in modern science and medicine, however the history leading to the use of antibodies as tools has not been well-described. The objective of this paper is to analyze the history of immunology from smallpox inoculation to the production of monoclonal antibodies, and to identify turning points in immunological theory leading to the emergence of antibody-tools. In the early 1700's, Western medicine adopted smallpox inoculation from Turkey, along with the idea of acquired immunity. The Germ Theory of disease had to replace spontaneous generation and miasma theory in the 1880's, however, before inoculation could successfully be applied to other diseases. Inquiry into acquired immunity led to the idea of the "antibody" in the 1890's, and the use of antiserum to identify bacteria. Immunostaining was invented in 1942 by repurposing antibody-dye conjugates originally intended as antibiotics. Monoclonal antibody-producing hybridomas were similarly invented in 1975 by repurposing techniques from virology and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Packer
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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19
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Jyothilekshmi I, Jayaprakash NS. Trends in Monoclonal Antibody Production Using Various Bioreactor Syst. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:349-357. [PMID: 32238761 PMCID: PMC9705917 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are widely used as diagnostic reagents and for therapeutic purposes, and their demand is increasing extensively. To produce these proteins in sufficient quantities for commercial use, it is necessary to raise the output by scaling up the production processes. This review describes recent trends in high-density cell culture systems established for monoclonal antibody production that are excellent methods to scale up from the lab-scale cell culture. Among the reactors, hollow fiber bioreactors contribute to a major part of high-density cell culture as they can provide a tremendous amount of surface area in a small volume for cell growth. As an alternative to hollow fiber reactors, a novel disposable bioreactor has been developed, which consists of a polymer-based supermacroporous material, cryogel, as a matrix for cell growth. Packed bed systems and disposable wave bioreactors have also been introduced for high cell density culture. These developments in high-density cell culture systems have led to the monoclonal antibody production in an economically favourable manner and made monoclonal antibodies one of the dominant therapeutic and diagnostic proteins in biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Jyothilekshmi
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N. S. Jayaprakash
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India,Corresponding author Phone: +91-4162202377 E-mail: ;
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20
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21
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Gklinos P, Papadopoulou M, Stanulovic V, Mitsikostas DD, Papadopoulos D. Monoclonal Antibodies as Neurological Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020092. [PMID: 33530460 PMCID: PMC7912592 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 30 years the role of monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics has increased enormously, revolutionizing treatment in most medical specialties, including neurology. Monoclonal antibodies are key therapeutic agents for several neurological conditions with diverse pathophysiological mechanisms, including multiple sclerosis, migraines and neuromuscular disease. In addition, a great number of monoclonal antibodies against several targets are being investigated for many more neurological diseases, which reflects our advances in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. Untangling the molecular mechanisms of disease allows monoclonal antibodies to block disease pathways accurately and efficiently with exceptional target specificity, minimizing non-specific effects. On the other hand, accumulating experience shows that monoclonal antibodies may carry class-specific and target-associated risks. This article provides an overview of different types of monoclonal antibodies and their characteristics and reviews monoclonal antibodies currently in use or under development for neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Gklinos
- Department of Neurology, KAT General Hospital of Attica, 14561 Athens, Greece;
| | - Miranta Papadopoulou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vid Stanulovic
- Global Pharmacovigilance, R&D Sanofi, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, France;
| | - Dimos D. Mitsikostas
- 1st Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 129 Vasilissis Sophias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Salpetriere Neuropsychiatric Clinic, 149 Papandreou Street, Metamorphosi, 14452 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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22
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Transgenic Animals for the Generation of Human Antibodies. LEARNING MATERIALS IN BIOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54630-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Sirbu CA, Ghinescu MC, Axelerad AD, Sirbu AM, Ionita-Radu F. A new era for monoclonal antibodies with applications in neurology (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:86. [PMID: 33363597 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical research continues to focus on developing specific treatment strategies, including biological products that are effective and have a good safety profile. Due to their novelty, an updated overall view is offered on some neurological diseases which benefit from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), for better treatment in clinical decisions. An extensive literature review was performed using PubMed with the following search terms: 'monoclonal antibodies' and 'history of monoclonal antibodies' and 'monoclonal antibodies in neurology'. The following information was collected: the era before the discoveries of mAbs, the stage of implementation of biotechnologies for mAbs, and the clinical trials submitted at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ with patients suffering from neurological diseases treated with mAbs. Since 2004, mAbs have been used to treat several neurological diseases, yielding new therapeutic perspectives: natalizumab, alemtuzumab and ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis, eculizumab for myasthenia gravis, erenumab and frenazumab for migraine, galcanezumab for migraine and cluster headache, eculizumab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. As in other cases, drug repurposing is applied to monoclonal antibodies, saving time and money. These innovative therapies are more effective and can treat previously untreatable diseases. As better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of neurological diseases is gained, additional mAbs are expected to be developed at a lower cost and with better safety profile compared with current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Adella Sirbu
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Prophylactic Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, 'Titu Maiorescu' University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Ovidius' University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Minerva Claudia Ghinescu
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Prophylactic Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, 'Titu Maiorescu' University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Any Docu Axelerad
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Ovidius' University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania.,Department of Neurology, 'St. Apostol Andrei' Clinical Emergency Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Anca Maria Sirbu
- Department of Endocrinology, 'C.I. Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Ionita-Radu
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Prophylactic Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, 'Titu Maiorescu' University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Gastroenterology, 'Carol Davila' Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
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24
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van der Kant R, Bauer J, Karow-Zwick AR, Kube S, Garidel P, Blech M, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J. Adaption of human antibody λ and κ light chain architectures to CDR repertoires. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 32:109-127. [PMID: 31535139 PMCID: PMC6908821 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies bind with high specificity to a wide range of diverse antigens, primarily mediated by their hypervariable complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The defined antigen binding loops are supported by the structurally conserved β-sandwich framework of the light chain (LC) and heavy chain (HC) variable regions. The LC genes are encoded by two separate loci, subdividing the entity of antibodies into kappa (LCκ) and lambda (LCλ) isotypes that exhibit distinct sequence and conformational preferences. In this work, a diverse set of techniques were employed including machine learning, force field analysis, statistical coupling analysis and mutual information analysis of a non-redundant antibody structure collection. Thereby, it was revealed how subtle changes between the structures of LCκ and LCλ isotypes increase the diversity of antibodies, extending the predetermined restrictions of the general antibody fold and expanding the diversity of antigen binding. Interestingly, it was found that the characteristic framework scaffolds of κ and λ are stabilized by diverse amino acid clusters that determine the interplay between the respective fold and the embedded CDR loops. In conclusion, this work reveals how antibodies use the remarkable plasticity of the beta-sandwich Ig fold to incorporate a large diversity of CDR loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob van der Kant
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joschka Bauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Kube
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Spector JM, Harrison RS, Fishman MC. Fundamental science behind today's important medicines. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/438/eaaq1787. [PMID: 29695453 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Today's most transformative medicines exist because of fundamental discoveries that were made without regard to practical outcome and with their relevance to therapeutics only appearing decades later.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark C Fishman
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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26
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Winter G. Harnessing Evolution to Make Medicines (Nobel Lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14438-14445. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Winter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge and Trinity College Cambridge UK
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Winter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge and Trinity College Cambridge UK
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28
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Melsheimer R, Geldhof A, Apaolaza I, Schaible T. Remicade ® (infliximab): 20 years of contributions to science and medicine. Biologics 2019; 13:139-178. [PMID: 31440029 PMCID: PMC6679695 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s207246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
On August 24, 1998, Remicade® (infliximab), the first tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) inhibitor, received its initial marketing approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Subsequently, Remicade was approved in another five adult and two pediatric indications both in the USA and across the globe. In the 20 years since this first approval, Remicade has made several important contributions to the advancement of science and medicine: 1) clinical trials with Remicade established the proof of concept that targeted therapy can be effective in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases; 2) as the first monoclonal antibody approved for use in a chronic condition, Remicade helped in identifying methods of administering large, foreign proteins repeatedly while limiting the body’s immune response to them; 3) the need to establish Remicade’s safety profile required developing new methods and setting new standards for postmarketing safety studies, specifically in the real-world setting, in terms of approach, size, and duration of follow-up; 4) the study of Remicade has improved our understanding of TNF’s role in the immune system, as well as our understanding of the pathophysiology of a range of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation; and 5) Remicade and other TNF inhibitors have transformed treatment practices in these chronic inflammatory diseases: remission has become a realistic goal of therapy and long-term disability resulting from structural damage can be prevented. This paper reviews how, over the course of its development and 20 years of use in clinical practice, Remicade was able to make these contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Geldhof
- Medical Affairs, Janssen Biologics BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Apaolaza
- Medical Affairs, Janssen Biologics BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
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29
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Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Janke R, Bermúdez-Méndez E, Ledsgaard L, Barbosa JE, Laustsen AH. History of Envenoming Therapy and Current Perspectives. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1598. [PMID: 31354735 PMCID: PMC6635583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, millions of humans fall victim to animal envenomings, which may either be deadly or cause permanent disability to the effected individuals. The Nobel Prize-winning discovery of serum therapy for the treatment of bacterial infections (tetanus and diphtheria) paved the way for the introduction of antivenom therapies for envenomings caused by venomous animals. These antivenoms are based on polyclonal antibodies derived from the plasma of hyperimmunized animals and remain the only specific treatment against animal envenomings. Following the initial development of serum therapy for snakebite envenoming by French scientists in 1894, other countries with high incidences of animal envenomings, including Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Costa Rica, and Mexico, started taking up antivenom production against local venomous animals over the course of the twentieth century. These undertakings revolutionized envenoming therapy and have saved innumerous patients worldwide during the last 100 years. This review describes in detail the above-mentioned historical events surrounding the discovery and the application of serum therapy for envenomings, as well as it provides an overview of important developments and scientific breakthroughs that were of importance for antibody-based therapies in general. This begins with discoveries concerning the characterization of antibodies, including the events leading up to the elucidation of the antibody structure. These discoveries further paved the way for other milestones in antibody-based therapies, such as the introduction of hybridoma technology in 1975. Hybridoma technology enabled the expression and isolation of monoclonal antibodies, which in turn formed the basis for the development of phage display technology and transgenic mice, which can be harnessed to directly obtain fully human monoclonal antibodies. These developments were driven by the ultimate goal of producing potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies with optimal pharmacokinetic properties and low immunogenicity. This review then provides an outline of the most recent achievements in antivenom research, which include the application of new biotechnologies, the development of the first human monoclonal antibodies that can neutralize animal toxins, and efforts toward creating fully recombinant antivenoms. Lastly, future perspectives in the field of envenoming therapies are discussed, including rational engineering of antibody cross-reactivity and the use of oligoclonal antibody mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela B. Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Felipe A. Cerni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rahel Janke
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Line Ledsgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - José E. Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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30
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Kuramochi T, Igawa T, Tsunoda H, Hattori K. Humanization and Simultaneous Optimization of Monoclonal Antibody. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:213-230. [PMID: 30539472 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Antibody humanization is an essential technology for reducing the potential risk of immunogenicity associated with animal-derived antibodies and has been applied to a majority of the therapeutic antibodies on the market. For developing an antibody molecule as a pharmaceutical at the current biotechnology level, however, other properties also have to be considered in parallel with humanization in antibody generation and optimization. This section describes the critical properties of therapeutic antibodies that should be sufficiently qualified, including immunogenicity, binding affinity, physicochemical stability, expression in host cells and pharmacokinetics, and the basic methodologies of antibody engineering involved. By simultaneously optimizing the antibody molecule in light of these properties, it should prove possible to shorten the research and development period necessary to identify a highly qualified clinical candidate and consequently accelerate the start of the clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki Tsunoda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can mediate antitumor activity by multiple mechanisms. They can bind directly to tumor receptors resulting in tumor cell death, or can bind to soluble growth factors, angiogenic factors, or their cognate receptors blocking signals required for tumor cell growth or survival. Monoclonal antibodies, upon binding to tumor cell, can also engage the host's immune system to mediate immune-mediated destruction of the tumor. The Fc portion of the antibody is essential in engaging the host immune system by fixing complement resulting in complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC) of the tumor, or by engaging Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR) expressed by leukocytes leading to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) of tumor cells. Antibodies whose Fc portion preferentially engage activating FcγRs have shown greater inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. Monoclonal antibodies can also stimulate the immune system by binding to targets expressed on immune cells. These antibodies may stimulate antitumor immunity by antagonizing a negative regulatory signal, agonizing a costimulatory signal, or depleting immune cells that are inhibitory. The importance of Fc:FcγR interactions in antitumor therapy for each of these mechanisms have been demonstrated in both mouse models and clinical trials and will be the focus of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Graziano
- Oncology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - John J Engelhardt
- Oncology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, Redwood City, CA, USA.
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Boyd M, Xiang J. Cloning and Expression of Functional cDNA Genes of a Mouse/Human Chimeric Antibody rcM4. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 80:473-9. [PMID: 7900239 DOI: 10.1177/030089169408000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study was to clone and express cDNA genes of heavy and light chains of the mouse/human chimeric antibody rcM4, which recognize the sialosyl-Tn epitope of the TAG72 antigen. Methods The cDNA genes of chimeric heavy-chain M4H2 and light-chain M4K4 were cloned from the cDNA library of the ccM4 transfectoma. The M4H2 and M4K4 genes were modified in polymerase chain reaction and ligated into mpSV2neo-EP-PA and mpSV2gpt-EP-PA to form the heavy- and the light-chain expression vectors mpSV2neo-EP-M4H2-PA and mpSV2gpt-EP-M4K4-PA, respectively. These two expression vectors were then co-transfected into the myeloma cell line SP2/0Ag14. Transfectants were selected in media containing G418 and mycophenolic acid. The rcM4 antibody was purified from transfectant culture supernates by protein A affinity chromatography. Results The yield of the recombinant chimeric antibody rcM4 from its culture supernates was 6 μg/ml. We demonstrated that the rcM4 antibody retained its binding reactivity for sialosyl-Tn and that it was able to mediate effective antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to the human ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR 3 in a manner comparable to the original ccM4 antibody. Conclusion The cDNA genes of chimeric heavy-chains (M4H2) and light-chains (M4K4) could be functionally expressed in the SP2/0Ag14 myeloma cell line. They thus have potential utility in the construction of some novel hybrid proteins such as those containing both antitumor immunoglobulins and cytokine molecules for use in cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Myeloma
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boyd
- Saskatoon Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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Viola M, Sequeira J, Seiça R, Veiga F, Serra J, Santos AC, Ribeiro AJ. Subcutaneous delivery of monoclonal antibodies: How do we get there? J Control Release 2018; 286:301-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Shimmon G, Kotecha A, Ren J, Asfor AS, Newman J, Berryman S, Cottam EM, Gold S, Tuthill TJ, King DP, Brocchi E, King AMQ, Owens R, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Burman A, Jackson T. Generation and characterisation of recombinant FMDV antibodies: Applications for advancing diagnostic and laboratory assays. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201853. [PMID: 30114227 PMCID: PMC6095514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects economically important livestock and is one of the most contagious viral diseases. The most commonly used FMD diagnostic assay is a sandwich ELISA. However, the main disadvantage of this ELISA is that it requires anti-FMD virus (FMDV) serotype-specific antibodies raised in small animals. This problem can be, in part, overcome by using anti-FMDV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) as detecting reagents. However, the long-term use of MAbs may be problematic and they may need to be replaced. Here we have constructed chimeric antibodies (mouse/rabbit D9) and Fabs (fragment antigen-binding) (mouse/cattle D9) using the Fv (fragment variable) regions of a mouse MAb, D9 (MAb D9), which recognises type O FMDV. The mouse/rabbit D9 chimeric antibody retained the FMDV serotype-specificity of MAb D9 and performed well in a FMDV detection ELISA as well as in routine laboratory assays. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis confirmed engagement with antigenic site 1 and peptide competition studies identified the aspartic acid at residue VP1 147 as a novel component of the D9 epitope. This chimeric expression approach is a simple but effective way to preserve valuable FMDV antibodies, and has the potential for unlimited generation of antibodies and antibody fragments in recombinant systems with the concomitant positive impacts on the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Shimmon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amin S. Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Newman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sarah Gold
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Ray Owens
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Burman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Pierpont TM, Limper CB, Richards KL. Past, Present, and Future of Rituximab-The World's First Oncology Monoclonal Antibody Therapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:163. [PMID: 29915719 PMCID: PMC5994406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy with binding specificity to CD20. It was the first therapeutic antibody approved for oncology patients and was the top-selling oncology drug for nearly a decade with sales reaching $8.58 billion in 2016. Since its initial approval in 1997, it has improved outcomes in all B-cell malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Despite widespread use, most mechanistic data have been gathered from in vitro studies while the roles of the various response mechanisms in humans are still largely undetermined. Polymorphisms in Fc gamma receptor and complement protein genes have been implicated as potential predictors of differential response to rituximab, but have not yet shown sufficient influence to impact clinical decisions. Unlike most targeted therapies developed today, no known biomarkers to indicate target engagement/tumor response have been identified, aside from reduced tumor burden. The lack of companion biomarkers beyond CD20 itself has made it difficult to predict which patients will respond to any given anti-CD20 antibody. In the past decade, two new anti-CD20 antibodies have been approved: ofatumumab, which binds a distinct epitope of CD20, and obinutuzumab, a mAb derived from rituximab with modifications to the Fc portion and to its glycosylation. Both are fully humanized and have biological activity that is distinct from that of rituximab. In addition to these new anti-CD20 antibodies, another imminent change in targeted lymphoma treatment is the multitude of biosimilars that are becoming available as rituximab's patent expires. While the widespread use of rituximab itself will likely continue, its biosimilars will increase global access to the therapy. This review discusses current research into mechanisms and potential biomarkers of rituximab response, as well as its biosimilars and the newer CD20 binding mAb therapies. Increased ability to assess the effectiveness of rituximab in an individual patient, along with the availability of alternative anti-CD20 antibodies will likely lead to dramatic changes in how we use CD20 antibodies going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Pierpont
- Richards Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Candice B. Limper
- Richards Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kristy L. Richards
- Richards Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Sofia MA, Rubin DT. The Impact of Therapeutic Antibodies on the Management of Digestive Diseases: History, Current Practice, and Future Directions. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:833-842. [PMID: 28197743 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic antibodies represents a revolutionary change in medical therapy for digestive diseases. Beginning with the initial studies that confirmed the pathogenicity of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease, the development and application of therapeutic antibodies brought challenges and insights into their potential and optimal use. Infliximab was the first biological drug approved for use in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The lessons learned from infliximab include the importance of immunogenicity and the influence of pharmacokinetics on disease response and outcomes. Building on this foundation, other therapeutic antibodies achieved approval for inflammatory bowel disease and many more are in development for several digestive diseases. In this review, we reflect on the history of therapeutic antibodies and discuss current practice and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anthony Sofia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - David T Rubin
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Rodgers KR, Chou RC. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and derivatives: Historical perspectives and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1149-1158. [PMID: 27460206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biologics, both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins, have revolutionized the practice of medicine. This year marks the 30th anniversary of the Food and Drug Administration approval of the first mAb for human use. In this review, we examine the biotechnological breakthroughs that spurred the explosive development of the biopharmaceutical mAb industry, as well as how critical lessons learned about human immunology informed the development of improved biologics. We also discuss the most common mechanisms of action of currently approved biologics and the indications for which they have been approved to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla R Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Richard C Chou
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Section of Rheumatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States.
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Jayasekera PS, Parslew RA, Al-Sharqi A. Recapturing adequate control of psoriasis by additional immunosuppressive agents alongside ustekinumab. JAAD Case Rep 2016; 2:310-4. [PMID: 27547809 PMCID: PMC4982921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prativa S. Jayasekera
- Correspondence to: Prativa S. Jayasekera, BM Medicine, MRCP DERM, Dermatology Department, Kent Lodge, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Thomas Drive, L14 3LB.Dermatology Department, Kent LodgeRoyal Liverpool HospitalThomas Drive, L14 3LBLiverpool
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40
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Targeting Alpha Toxin and ClfA with a Multimechanistic Monoclonal-Antibody-Based Approach for Prophylaxis of Serious Staphylococcus aureus Disease. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00528-16. [PMID: 27353753 PMCID: PMC4937210 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00528-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces numerous virulence factors, each contributing different mechanisms to bacterial pathogenesis in a spectrum of diseases. Alpha toxin (AT), a cytolytic pore-forming toxin, plays a key role in skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia, and a human anti-AT monoclonal antibody (MAb), MEDI4893*, has been shown to reduce disease severity in dermonecrosis and pneumonia infection models. However, interstrain diversity and the complex pathogenesis of S. aureus bloodstream infections suggests that MEDI4893* alone may not provide adequate protection against S. aureus sepsis. Clumping factor A (ClfA), a fibrinogen binding protein, is an important virulence factor facilitating S. aureus bloodstream infections. Herein, we report on the identification of a high-affinity anti-ClfA MAb, 11H10, that inhibits ClfA binding to fibrinogen, prevents bacterial agglutination in human plasma, and promotes opsonophagocytic bacterial killing (OPK). 11H10 prophylaxis reduced disease severity in a mouse bacteremia model and was dependent on Fc effector function and OPK. Additionally, prophylaxis with 11H10 in combination with MEDI4893* provided enhanced strain coverage in this model and increased survival compared to that obtained with the individual MAbs. The MAb combination also reduced disease severity in murine dermonecrosis and pneumonia models, with activity similar to that of MEDI4893* alone. These results indicate that an MAb combination targeting multiple virulence factors provides benefit over a single MAb neutralizing one virulence mechanism by providing improved efficacy, broader strain coverage, and protection against multiple infection pathologies. Alternative strategies to broad-spectrum antibiotics are required to combat the antibiotic resistance epidemic. Previous attempts at active or passive immunization against Staphylococcus aureus targeting single antigens have failed in clinical trials despite positive preclinical data. To provide broad disease and isolate coverage, an effective immunization strategy likely must target multiple virulence mechanisms of the pathogen. Herein, we tested a multimechanistic MAb combination targeting alpha toxin (AT) and clumping factor A (ClfA) that neutralizes AT-mediated cytotoxicity, blocks fibrinogen binding by ClfA, prevents bacterial agglutination, targets the bacteria for opsonophagocytic killing, and provides broad isolate coverage in a lethal-bacteremia model. Although each MAb alone was effective in bacteremia against some individual isolates, the MAb combination provided improved protection against other isolates. These results illustrate the importance of targeting multiple virulence mechanisms and highlight the potential for an MAb combination targeting AT and ClfA to effectively prevent S. aureus disease.
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41
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The Cloning and Expression of Human Monoclonal Antibodies: Implications for Allergen Immunotherapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:15. [PMID: 26780523 PMCID: PMC4715835 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-015-0588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic responses are dependent on the highly specific effector functions of IgE antibodies. Conversely, antibodies that block the activity of IgE can mediate tolerance to allergen. Technologies that harness the unparalleled specificity of antibody responses have revolutionized the way that we diagnose and treat human disease. This area of research continues to advance at a rapid pace and has had a significant impact on our understanding of allergic disease. This review will present an overview of humoral responses and provide an up-to-date summary of technologies used in the generation of human monoclonal antibodies. The impact that monoclonal antibodies have on allergic disease will be discussed, with a particular focus on allergen immunotherapy, which remains the only form of treatment that can modulate the underlying immune mechanisms and induce long-term clinical tolerance.
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Griswold KE, Bailey-Kellogg C. Design and engineering of deimmunized biotherapeutics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 39:79-88. [PMID: 27322891 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are powerful next-generation drugs able to effectively treat diverse and devastating diseases, but the development and use of biotherapeutics entails unique challenges and risks. In particular, protein drugs are subject to immune surveillance in the human body, and ensuing antidrug immune responses can cause a wide range of problems including altered pharmacokinetics, loss of efficacy, and even life-threating complications. Here we review recent progress in technologies for engineering deimmunized biotherapeutics, placing particular emphasis on deletion of immunogenic antibody and T cell epitopes via experimentally or computationally guided mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Griswold
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States; Stealth Biologics LLC, Lyme, NH, United States.
| | - Chris Bailey-Kellogg
- Stealth Biologics LLC, Lyme, NH, United States; Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.
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Qiu H, Sun S, Xiao H, Feng J, Guo Y, Tai W, Wang Y, Du L, Zhao G, Zhou Y. Single-dose treatment with a humanized neutralizing antibody affords full protection of a human transgenic mouse model from lethal Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-coronavirus infection. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:141-8. [PMID: 27312105 PMCID: PMC5109928 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is continuously spreading and causing severe and fatal acute respiratory disease in humans. Prophylactic and therapeutic strategies are therefore urgently needed to control MERS-CoV infection. Here, we generated a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated hMS-1, which targeted the MERS-CoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) with high affinity. hMS-1 significantly blocked MERS-CoV RBD binding to its viral receptor, human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4), potently neutralized infection by a prototype MERS-CoV, and effectively cross-neutralized evolved MERS-CoV isolates through recognizing highly conserved RBD epitopes. Notably, single-dose treatment with hMS-1 completely protected hDPP4 transgenic (hDPP4-Tg) mice from lethal infection with MERS-CoV. Taken together, our data suggest that hMS-1 might be developed as an effective immunotherapeutic agent to treat patients infected with MERS-CoV, particularly in emergent cases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/mortality
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/drug effects
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wanbo Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
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Margreitter C, Mayrhofer P, Kunert R, Oostenbrink C. Antibody humanization by molecular dynamics simulations-in-silico guided selection of critical backmutations. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:266-75. [PMID: 26748949 PMCID: PMC4948679 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies represent the fastest growing class of biotherapeutic proteins. However, as they are often initially derived from rodent organisms, there is a severe risk of immunogenic reactions, hampering their applicability. The humanization of these antibodies remains a challenging task in the context of rational drug design. "Superhumanization" describes the direct transfer of the complementarity determining regions to a human germline framework, but this humanization approach often results in loss of binding affinity. In this study, we present a new approach for predicting promising backmutation sites using molecular dynamics simulations of the model antibody Ab2/3H6. The simulation method was developed in close conjunction with novel specificity experiments. Binding properties of mAb variants were evaluated directly from crude supernatants and confirmed using established binding affinity assays for purified antibodies. Our approach provides access to the dynamical features of the actual binding sites of an antibody, based solely on the antibody sequence. Thus we do not need structural data on the antibody-antigen complex and circumvent cumbersome methods to assess binding affinities. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Molecular Recognition Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Margreitter
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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Osaki T, Wang CX, Tachibana T, Azuma M, Kitamura M, Nakanishi T. Generation and Characterization of Rat Monoclonal Antibodies Against Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 34:418-22. [PMID: 26683181 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2015.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and dysregulation of EGFR signaling are observed in various cancer cells, and EGFR is a validated target for cancer therapy. In the present study, we report on the generation of two rat anti-EGFR antibodies (clones 2C2D3 and 4H7F4) by using the rat lymph node method. Flow cytometric analysis and immunofluorescence showed that both antibodies specifically bound to EGFR on the surface of cancer cells. Competitive analysis demonstrated that the epitope of each antibody had no overlap with that of the therapeutic anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab. These results suggest that 2C2D3 and 4H7F4 are potentially useful in EGFR-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Osaki
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cai-Xia Wang
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan .,2 Cell Engineering Corporation, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Kitamura
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- 1 Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Gao P, Pinkston KL, Wilganowski N, Robinson H, Azhdarinia A, Zhu B, Sevick-Muraca EM, Harvey BR. Deglycosylation of mAb by EndoS for improved molecular imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:195-203. [PMID: 25135058 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been shown preclinically as reliable targeting moieties for antigen imaging using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular imaging. However, crystallizable fragment-gamma receptor (FcγRs) expressed on immune cells also bind mAbs through defined epitopes on the constant fragment (Fc) of IgG. Herein, we evaluate the potential impact Fc interactions have on mAb agent imaging specificity. PROCEDURE Through the removal of conserved glycans within the Fc domain, shown to have Fc/FcγR interactions, we evaluate their impact on non-specific binding/accumulation of a NIRF-labeled mAb-based imaging agent in lymph nodes (LNs) in inflamed animals and in an orthotopic prostate cancer animal model of LN metastasis. RESULTS Deglycosylation of a murine mAb against the human epithelial cell adhesion marker using endoglycosidase EndoS significantly reduced non-specific binding in the LNs of inflamed animals and in cancer-negative LNs of tumor-bearing animals. Sensitivity remained unchanged while improvement in imaging specificity increased imaging accuracy. CONCLUSION The reduction of non-specific binding through deglycosylation of a mAb-based imaging agent shows that reducing Fc/FcγR interactions can improve imaging accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Volz C, Pauly D. Antibody therapies and their challenges in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:158-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Efficient expression of full-length antibodies in the cytoplasm of engineered bacteria. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8072. [PMID: 26311203 PMCID: PMC4560801 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methods for producing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in engineered cells often require refolding steps or secretion across one or more biological membranes. Here, we describe a robust expression platform for biosynthesis of full-length IgG antibodies in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Synthetic heavy and light chains, both lacking canonical export signals, are expressed in specially engineered E. coli strains that permit formation of stable disulfide bonds within the cytoplasm. IgGs with clinically relevant antigen- and effector-binding activities are readily produced in the E. coli cytoplasm by grafting antigen-specific variable heavy and light domains into a cytoplasmically stable framework and remodelling the fragment crystallizable domain with amino-acid substitutions that promote binding to Fcγ receptors. The resulting cytoplasmic IgGs—named ‘cyclonals'—effectively bypass the potentially rate-limiting steps of membrane translocation and glycosylation. Current methods for production of monoclonal antibodies often require refolding steps or secretion across biological membranes. Here, Robinson et al. describe engineered E. coli strains for efficient production of functional immunoglobulin G antibodies in the bacterial cytoplasm.
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Abstract
Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD52 (cluster of differentiation 52) and is approved for the therapy of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The application of alemtuzumab leads to a rapid, but long-lasting depletion predominantly of CD52-bearing B and T cells with reprogramming effects on immune cell composition resulting in the restoration of tolerogenic networks. Alemtuzumab has proven high efficacy in clinical phase II and III trials, where interferon β-1a was used as active comparator. However, alemtuzumab is associated with frequent and considerable risks. Most importantly secondary autoimmune disease affects 30%-40% of patients, predominantly impairing thyroid function. Extensive monitoring and early intervention allow for an appropriate risk management. However, new and reliable biomarkers for individual risk stratification and treatment response to improve patient selection and therapy guidance are a significant unmet need. Only a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action (MOA) will reveal such markers, maximizing the best potential risk-benefit ratio for the individual patient. This review provides and analyses the current knowledge on the MOA of alemtuzumab. Most recent data on efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab are presented and future research opportunities are discussed.
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