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Levitas VI, Dhar A, Pandey KK. Tensorial stress-plastic strain fields in α - ω Zr mixture, transformation kinetics, and friction in diamond-anvil cell. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5955. [PMID: 37741842 PMCID: PMC10517986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Various phenomena (phase transformations (PTs), chemical reactions, microstructure evolution, strength, and friction) under high pressures in diamond-anvil cell are strongly affected by fields of stress and plastic strain tensors. However, they could not be measured. Here, we suggest coupled experimental-analytical-computational approaches utilizing synchrotron X-ray diffraction, to solve an inverse problem and find fields of all components of stress and plastic strain tensors and friction rules before, during, and after α-ω PT in strongly plastically predeformed Zr. Results are in good correspondence with each other and experiments. Due to advanced characterization, the minimum pressure for the strain-induced α-ω PT is changed from 1.36 to 2.7 GPa. It is independent of the plastic strain before PT and compression-shear path. The theoretically predicted plastic strain-controlled kinetic equation is verified and quantified. Obtained results open opportunities for developing quantitative high-pressure/stress science, including mechanochemistry, synthesis of new nanostructured materials, geophysics, astrogeology, and tribology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Levitas
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Ames National Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Achyut Dhar
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - K K Pandey
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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2
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Using Multigrain Crystallography to Explore the Microstructural Evolution of the α-Olivine to γ-Ringwoodite Transformation and ε-Mg2SiO4 at High Pressure and Temperature. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of multigrain crystallography (MGC) applied in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) using synchrotron X-rays has provided a new path to investigate the microstructural evolution of materials at extreme conditions, allowing for simultaneous investigations of phase identification, strain state determination, and orientation relations across phase transitions in a single experiment. Here, we applied this method to a sample of San Carlos olivine beginning at ambient conditions and through the α-olivine → γ-ringwoodite phase transition. At ambient temperatures, by measuring the evolution of individual Bragg reflections, olivine shows profuse angular streaking consistent with the onset of yielding at a measured stress of ~1.5 GPa, considerably lower than previously reported, which may have implications for mantle evolution. Furthermore, γ-ringwoodite phase was found to nucleate as micron to sub-micron grains imbedded with small amounts of a secondary phase at 15 GPa and 1000 °C. Using MGC, we were able to extract and refine individual crystallites of the secondary unknown phase where it was found to have a structure consistent with the ε-phase previously described in chondritic meteorites.
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The role of diffusion-driven pure climb creep on the rheology of bridgmanite under lower mantle conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2053. [PMID: 30765772 PMCID: PMC6376055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscosity of Earth’s lower mantle is poorly constrained due to the lack of knowledge on some fundamental variables that affect the deformation behaviour of its main mineral phases. This study focuses on bridgmanite, the main lower mantle constituent, and assesses its rheology by developing an approach based on mineral physics. Following and revising the recent advances in this field, pure climb creep controlled by diffusion is identified as the key mechanism driving deformation in bridgmanite. The strain rates of this phase under lower mantle pressures, temperatures and stresses are thus calculated by constraining diffusion and implementing a creep theoretical model. The viscosity of MgSiO3 bridgmanite resulting from pure climb creep is consequently evaluated and compared with the viscosity profiles available from the literature. We show that the inferred variability of viscosity in these profiles can be fully accounted for with the chosen variables of our calculation, e.g., diffusion coefficients, vacancy concentrations and applied stresses. A refinement of these variables is advocated in order to further constrain viscosity and match the observables.
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Geng M, Jónsson H. Density functional theory calculations and thermodynamic analysis of bridgmanite surface structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1009-1013. [PMID: 30525142 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06702c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bridgmanite, a high temperature and pressure form of MgSiO3, is believed to be Earth's most abundant mineral and responsible for the observed seismic anisotropy in the mantle. Little is known about surfaces of bridgmanite but knowledge of the most stable surface terminations is important for understanding various geochemical processes as well as likely slip planes. A density functional theory based thermodynamic approach is used here to establish the range of stability of bridgmanite as well as possible termination structures of the (001), (010), (100) and (011) surfaces as a function of the chemical potential of oxygen and magnesium. The vibrational contribution to the Gibbs free energy is found to be essential for obtaining a stability region of bridgmanite in the phase diagram. The most stable surface termination of bridgmanite varies between three different atomic structures depending on the chemical potential of oxygen and magnesium. The results presented provide a basis for further theoretical studies of the chemical processes on bridgmanite surfaces in the Earth's mantle and slip plane analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Geng
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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5
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Wang L, Ke H, Ma J, Liu J. Investigation of the ‘double cross’ splitting mechanism of single-crystal diamond under nanoindentation via molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2017; 23:299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kumamoto KM, Thom CA, Wallis D, Hansen LN, Armstrong DEJ, Warren JM, Goldsby DL, Wilkinson AJ. Size effects resolve discrepancies in 40 years of work on low-temperature plasticity in olivine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701338. [PMID: 28924611 PMCID: PMC5597306 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The strength of olivine at low temperatures and high stresses in Earth's lithospheric mantle exerts a critical control on many geodynamic processes, including lithospheric flexure and the formation of plate boundaries. Unfortunately, laboratory-derived values of the strength of olivine at lithospheric conditions are highly variable and significantly disagree with those inferred from geophysical observations. We demonstrate via nanoindentation that the strength of olivine depends on the length scale of deformation, with experiments on smaller volumes of material exhibiting larger yield stresses. This "size effect" resolves discrepancies among previous measurements of olivine strength using other techniques. It also corroborates the most recent flow law for olivine, which proposes a much weaker lithospheric mantle than previously estimated, thus bringing experimental measurements into closer alignment with geophysical constraints. Further implications include an increased difficulty of activating plasticity in cold, fine-grained shear zones and an impact on the evolution of fault surface roughness due to the size-dependent deformation of nanometer- to micrometer-sized asperities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Kumamoto
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher A. Thom
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Wallis
- Department of Earth Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars N. Hansen
- Department of Earth Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jessica M. Warren
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - David L. Goldsby
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Shen G, Mao HK. High-pressure studies with x-rays using diamond anvil cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:016101. [PMID: 27873767 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/1/016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pressure profoundly alters all states of matter. The symbiotic development of ultrahigh-pressure diamond anvil cells, to compress samples to sustainable multi-megabar pressures; and synchrotron x-ray techniques, to probe materials' properties in situ, has enabled the exploration of rich high-pressure (HP) science. In this article, we first introduce the essential concept of diamond anvil cell technology, together with recent developments and its integration with other extreme environments. We then provide an overview of the latest developments in HP synchrotron techniques, their applications, and current problems, followed by a discussion of HP scientific studies using x-rays in the key multidisciplinary fields. These HP studies include: HP x-ray emission spectroscopy, which provides information on the filled electronic states of HP samples; HP x-ray Raman spectroscopy, which probes the HP chemical bonding changes of light elements; HP electronic inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, which accesses high energy electronic phenomena, including electronic band structure, Fermi surface, excitons, plasmons, and their dispersions; HP resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, which probes shallow core excitations, multiplet structures, and spin-resolved electronic structure; HP nuclear resonant x-ray spectroscopy, which provides phonon densities of state and time-resolved Mössbauer information; HP x-ray imaging, which provides information on hierarchical structures, dynamic processes, and internal strains; HP x-ray diffraction, which determines the fundamental structures and densities of single-crystal, polycrystalline, nanocrystalline, and non-crystalline materials; and HP radial x-ray diffraction, which yields deviatoric, elastic and rheological information. Integrating these tools with hydrostatic or uniaxial pressure media, laser and resistive heating, and cryogenic cooling, has enabled investigations of the structural, vibrational, electronic, and magnetic properties of materials over a wide range of pressure-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Shen
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC, USA
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Idrissi H, Bollinger C, Boioli F, Schryvers D, Cordier P. Low-temperature plasticity of olivine revisited with in situ TEM nanomechanical testing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501671. [PMID: 26998522 PMCID: PMC4795657 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rheology of the lithospheric mantle is fundamental to understanding how mantle convection couples with plate tectonics. However, olivine rheology at lithospheric conditions is still poorly understood because experiments are difficult in this temperature range where rocks and mineral become very brittle. We combine techniques of quantitative in situ tensile testing in a transmission electron microscope and numerical modeling of dislocation dynamics to constrain the low-temperature rheology of olivine. We find that the intrinsic ductility of olivine at low temperature is significantly lower than previously reported values, which were obtained under strain-hardened conditions. Using this method, we can anchor rheological laws determined at higher temperature and can provide a better constraint on intermediate temperatures relevant for the lithosphere. More generally, we demonstrate the possibility of characterizing the mechanical properties of specimens, which can be available in the form of submillimeter-sized particles only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni Idrissi
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Sainte Barbe 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bollinger
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Francesca Boioli
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations, UMR 8207 CNRS/Université Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Dominique Schryvers
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cordier
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations, UMR 8207 CNRS/Université Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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Guignard J, Crichton WA. The large volume press facility at ID06 beamline of the European synchrotron radiation facility as a High Pressure-High Temperature deformation apparatus. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:085112. [PMID: 26329238 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here the newly developed deformation setup offered by the 20MN (2000T) multi-anvil press newly installed at sector 7 of the European synchrotron radiation facility, on the ID06 beamline. The press is a Deformation-DIA (D-DIA) type apparatus, and different sets of primary anvils can be used for deformation experiments, from 6 mm to 3 mm truncations, according to the target pressure needed. Pressure and temperature calibrations and gradients show that the central zone of the assemblies is stable. Positions of differential RAMs are controlled with a sub-micron precision allowing strain rate from 10(-4) to 10(-6) s(-1). Moreover, changing differential RAM velocity is immediately visible on sample, making faster reaching of steady state. Lattice stresses are determined by the shifting of diffraction peak with azimuth angle using a linear detector covering typically a 10° solid-angle in 2θ mounted on rotation perpendicular to the beam. Acquisition of diffraction pattern, at a typical energy of 55 keV, is less than a minute to cover the whole azimuth-2θ space. Azimuth and d-spacing resolution are respectively better than 1° and 10(-3) Å making it possible to quantify lattice stresses with a precision of ±20 MPa (for silicates, which have typically high values of elastic properties), in pure or simple shear deformation measurements. These mechanical data are used to build fully constrained flow laws by varying P-T-σ-ε̇ conditions with the aim to better understanding the rheology of Earth's mantle. Finally, through texture analysis, it is also possible to determine lattice preferred orientation during deformation by quantifying diffraction peak intensity variation with azimuth angle. This press is therefore included as one of the few apparatus that can perform such experiments combining with synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Guignard
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Wilson A Crichton
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Mei S, Suzuki AM, Kohlstedt DL, Dixon NA, Durham WB. Experimental constraints on the strength of the lithospheric mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Abstract
For more than 50 years, observations of earthquakes to depths of 100 to 650 kilometers inside Earth have been enigmatic: at these depths, rocks are expected to deform by ductile flow rather than brittle fracturing or frictional sliding on fault surfaces. Laboratory experiments and detailed calculations of the pressures and temperatures in seismically active subduction zones indicate that this deep-focus seismicity could originate from dehydration and high-pressure structural instabilities occurring in the hydrated part of the lithosphere that sinks into the upper mantle. Thus, seismologists may be mapping the recirculation of water from the oceans back into the deep interior of our planet.
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Jing Q, Bi Y, Wu Q, Jing F, Wang Z, Xu J, Jiang S. Yield strength of molybdenum at high pressures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:073906. [PMID: 17672772 DOI: 10.1063/1.2758549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In the diamond anvil cell technology, the pressure gradient approach is one of the three major methods in determining the yield strength for various materials at high pressures. In the present work, by in situ measuring the thickness of the sample foil, we have improved the traditional technique in this method. Based on this modification, the yield strength of molybdenum at pressures has been measured. Our main experimental conclusions are as follows: (1) The measured yield strength data for three samples with different initial thickness (100, 250, and 500 microm) are in good agreement above a peak pressure of 10 GPa. (2) The measured yield strength can be fitted into a linear formula Y=0.48(+/-0.19)+0.14(+/-0.01)P (Y and P denote the yield strength and local pressure, respectively, both of them are in gigapascals) in the local pressure range of 8-21 GPa. This result is in good agreement with both Y=0.46+0.13P determined in the pressure range of 5-24 GPa measured by the radial x-ray diffraction technique and the previous shock wave data below 10 GPa. (3) The zero-pressure yield strength of Mo is 0.5 GPa when we extrapolate our experimental data into the ambient pressure. It is close to the tensile strength of 0.7 GPa determined by Bridgman [Phys. Rev. 48, 825 (1934)] previously. The modified method described in this article therefore provides the confidence in determination of the yield strength at high pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumin Jing
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Southwest Institute of Fluid Physics, P.O. Box 919-102, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
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Allègre CJ. The evolution of mantle mixing. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2002; 360:2411-2431. [PMID: 12460474 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a geochemical overview of the canonic model that suggests a two-layer mantle for most of the Earth's history. A change in the Rayleigh number may have modified the convection and now allows the subduction of oceanic plates into the lower mantle, which was not the case in the past. The measurement of stirring time in the source of mid-ocean-ridge basalt, together with Xe- and Pb-isotopic ratios in the mid-ocean-ridge-basalt source, suggests that the upper mantle is separated into two domains, one above the 400 km discontinuity (asthenosphere) with rapid mixing and short residence time, and another between the 400 and 670 km discontinuities with sluggish mixing and a residence time of ca. 1.5 x 10(9) yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude J Allègre
- Laboratoire de Géochimie and Cosmochimie, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Boite 89, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Chen J, Weidner DJ, Vaughan MT. The strength of Mg(0.9)Fe(0.1)SiO3 perovskite at high pressure and temperature. Nature 2002; 419:824-6. [PMID: 12397354 DOI: 10.1038/nature01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2002] [Accepted: 09/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Earth's lower mantle consists mainly of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite, with the perovskite taking up at least 70 per cent of the total volume. Although the rheology of olivine, the dominant upper-mantle mineral, has been extensively studied, knowledge about the rheological behaviour of perovskite is limited. Seismological studies indicate that slabs of subducting oceanic lithosphere are often deflected horizontally at the perovskite-forming depth, and changes in the Earth's shape and gravity field during glacial rebound indicate that viscosity increases in the lower part of the mantle. The rheological properties of the perovskite may be important in governing these phenomena. But (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite is not stable at high temperatures under ambient pressure, and therefore mechanical tests on (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite are difficult. Most rheological studies of perovskite have been performed on analogous materials, and the experimental data on (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite are limited to strength measurements at room temperature in a diamond-anvil cell and microhardness tests at ambient conditions. Here we report results of strength and stress relaxation measurements of (Mg(0.9)Fe(0.1))SiO3 perovskite at high pressure and temperature. Compared with the transition-zone mineral ringwoodite at the same pressure and temperature, we found that perovskite is weaker at room temperature, which is consistent with a previous diamond-anvil-cell experiment, but that perovskite is stronger than ringwoodite at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuhua Chen
- Mineral Physics Institute and Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2100, USA.
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Liu M, Kerschhofer L, Mosenfelder JL, Rubie DC. The effect of strain energy on growth rates during the olivine-spinel transformation and implications for olivine metastability in subducting slabs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Yield strength, slip systems and deformation induced phase transition of San Carlos olivine up to the transition zone pressure at room temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm101p0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Rheology measurements at high pressure and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm101p0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Tackley PJ. Effects of strongly variable viscosity on three-dimensional compressible convection in planetary mantles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb03211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ita J, King SD. Sensitivity of convection with an endothermic phase change to the form of governing equations, initial conditions, boundary conditions, and equation of state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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