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Jiang T, Chen J, Wang Z, Wang X, Ma J, Zhao F, Huang C, Chen Y. miR-4796 enhances the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to ionising radiation by impairing the DNA repair pathway. Breast Cancer 2023; 30:691-702. [PMID: 37460775 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-023-01482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of DNA damage response (DDR) through post-transcriptional regulation on their target genes, which are implicated in DDR and DNA repair (DR). In this study, we investigated the functional roles and target genes of miR-4796 and miR-1287 in breast cancer cells in response to radiation. The molecular mechanism of miR-4796 in regulating the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells was also elucidated. METHODS Real-time polymerase chain reaction detected miR-4796 and miR-1287 expression; colony formation assay and irradiation therapy tumour xenograft in vivo examined radiosensitising effect; comet assay assessed DNA damage; immunofluorescence imaging determined the formation of γ-H2AX foci; targetscan and RegRNA predicted target mRNAs; luciferase reporter and mutation assays validated target genes; western blotting detected the expression of genes at the protein level; and flow cytometry quantified the activities of nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). RESULTS The expressions of miR-4796 and miR-1287 were acutely fluctuated in response to ionising radiation. In the absence of radiation, overexpression of miR-1287 dramatically promoted growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas overexpression of miR-4796 did not affect cell growth. When under the treatment with radiation, overexpression of miR-4796 suppressed DR and sensitised cancer cells to radiation both in vitro and in vivo. However, such effect was only observed in cell assays in the overexpressed miR-1287 group, and not confirmed in vivo. We therefore further explored the molecular mechanism of action of miR-4796, and found that miR-4796 targeted multiple components of DDR and DR, including ATM, BRCA1, PARP and RAD51. Moreover, overexpression of miR-4796 inhibited the expression of these DDR components at the protein level. In addition, miR-4796 inhibited HR and NHEJ repair pathways and aggravated radiation-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS The findings here suggest that miR-4796 can enhance radiation-induced cell death by directly targeting multiple DDR components, and repress NHEJ and HR DNA repair pathways. miR-4796 can act as an effective radiation sensitising agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, Oxford Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Biomedical Experimental Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanke Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Jackson LM, Moldovan GL. Mechanisms of PARP1 inhibitor resistance and their implications for cancer treatment. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac042. [PMID: 36568963 PMCID: PMC9773381 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of synthetic lethality as a result of the combined loss of PARP1 and BRCA has revolutionized the treatment of DNA repair-deficient cancers. With the development of PARP inhibitors, patients displaying germline or somatic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 were presented with a novel therapeutic strategy. However, a large subset of patients do not respond to PARP inhibitors. Furthermore, many of those who do respond eventually acquire resistance. As such, combating de novo and acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors remains an obstacle in achieving durable responses in patients. In this review, we touch on some of the key mechanisms of PARP inhibitor resistance, including restoration of homologous recombination, replication fork stabilization and suppression of single-stranded DNA gap accumulation, as well as address novel approaches for overcoming PARP inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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3
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Liu YH, Hu CM, Hsu YS, Lee WH. Interplays of glucose metabolism and KRAS mutation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:817. [PMID: 36151074 PMCID: PMC9508091 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive and deadliest cancer worldwide. The primary reasons for this are the lack of early detection methods and targeted therapy. Emerging evidence highlights the metabolic addiction of cancer cells as a potential target to combat PDAC. Oncogenic mutations of KRAS are the most common triggers that drive glucose uptake and utilization via metabolic reprogramming to support PDAC growth. Conversely, high glucose levels in the pancreatic microenvironment trigger genome instability and de novo mutations, including KRASG12D, in pancreatic cells through metabolic reprogramming. Here, we review convergent and diverse metabolic networks related to oncogenic KRAS mutations between PDAC initiation and progression, emphasizing the interplay among oncogenic mutations, glucose metabolic reprogramming, and the tumor microenvironment. Recognizing cancer-related glucose metabolism will provide a better strategy to prevent and treat the high risk PDAC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huei Liu
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Mei Hu
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Sheng Hsu
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hwa Lee
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
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4
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Mohanad M, Yousef HF, Bahnassy AA. Epigenetic inactivation of DNA repair genes as promising prognostic and predictive biomarkers in urothelial bladder carcinoma patients. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1671-1687. [PMID: 36076047 PMCID: PMC9596572 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to examine epigenetic inactivation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) as there are currently no reliable prognostic biomarkers that identify UBC patients who would benefit from chemotherapy. Genome-wide DNA methylome using the cancer genome atlas-bladder cancer (TCGA-BLCA) datasets (primary tumors = 374 and normal tissues = 37) was performed for 154 DDR genes. The most two significant differentially methylated genes, Retinoblastoma binding protein 8 (RBBP8) and MutS homologue 4 (MSH4), between primary tumors and normal tissues of TCGA–BLCA were validated by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) in UBC (n = 70) compared to normal tissues (n = 30). RBBP8 and MSH4 expression was measured using qRT-PCR. We developed a predictive model for therapeutic response based on the RBBP8- and MSH4-methylation along with patients’ clinical features. Then, we assessed the prognostic significance of RBBP8 and MSH4. RBBP8- and MSH4 methylation and corresponding gene downregulation significantly associated with muscle-invasive phenotype, prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and increased susceptibility to cisplatin chemotherapy in UBC. Promoter methylation of RBBP8 and MSH4 was positively correlated with each other and with their corresponding gene repression. The best machine-learning classification model predicted UBC patients’ response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy with an accuracy of 90.05 ± 4.5%. Epigenetic inactivation of RBBP8 and MSH4 in UBC could sensitize patients to DNA-damaging agents. A predictive machine-learning modeling approach based on the clinical features along with RBBP8- and MSH4-methylation might be a promising tool for stratification of UBC responders from nonresponders to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mohanad
- Biochemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Hend F Yousef
- Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics Unit, Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Bahnassy
- Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics Unit, Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression and Prognostic Value of LMAN2 in HER2+ Breast Cancer. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7623654. [PMID: 35707004 PMCID: PMC9192310 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7623654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin, Mannose Binding 2 (LMAN2) encodes a type I transmembrane lectin that shuttles between the plasma membrane, the Golgi apparatus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. However, its expression, prognosis, and function in invasive breast carcinoma remain unknown. Nine databases were consulted to evaluate LMAN2 expression and prognosis in breast cancer. The possible function of LMAN2 in breast cancer was investigated in the Human Cell Landscape (HCL) database, Gene Regulatory Network database (GRNdb), and CancerSEA database. Moreover, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications were analyzed using the RMBase v2.0 and M6A2Target databases. Seven databases were then used to analyze the potential action mechanisms of LMAN2. Our findings suggest that LMAN2, which is expressed at a high level in breast cancer, is linked to an unfavorable prognosis. Therefore, LMAN2 has the potential to be utilized as a treatment target in breast cancer. Furthermore, the single-cell analysis illustrated that LMAN2 expression had a positive link to breast cancer stemness, proliferation, metastasis, and differentiation. Moreover, m6A modifications were found in the LMAN2 gene. Consequently, modifications to m6A methylation may influence LMAN2 expression, which is associated with the homologous recombination (HR) in its DNA damage repair pathway .
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Humayun A, Fornace AJ. GADD45 in Stress Signaling, Cell Cycle Control, and Apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:1-22. [PMID: 35505159 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GADD45 is a gene family consisting of GADD45A, GADD45B, and GADD45G that is often induced by DNA damage and other stress signals associated with growth arrest and apoptosis. Many of these roles are carried out via signaling mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The GADD45 proteins can contribute to p38 activation either by activation of upstream kinase(s) or by direct interaction, as well as suppression of p38 activity in certain cases. In vivo, there are important tissue and cell type specific differences in the roles for GADD45 in MAPK signaling. In addition to being p53-regulated, GADD45A has also been found to contribute to p53 activation via p38. Like other stress and signaling proteins, GADD45 proteins show complex regulation and numerous effectors. More recently, aberrant GADD45 expression has been found in several human cancers, but the mechanisms behind these findings largely remain to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslon Humayun
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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7
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Fujita J, Taniguchi M, Hashizume C, Ueda Y, Sakai S, Kondo T, Hashimoto-Nishimura M, Hanada K, Kosaka T, Okazaki T. Nuclear Ceramide Is Associated with Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Activation in the Neocarzinostatin-Induced Apoptosis of Lymphoblastoid Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:322-333. [PMID: 35273080 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid that mediates ionizing radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is a genotoxic anti-cancer drug that induces apoptosis in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation. However, the involvement of ceramide in NCS-evoked nuclear events such as DSB-activated ATM has not been clarified. Here, we found that nuclear ceramide increased by NCS-mediated apoptosis through the enhanced assembly of ATM and the meiotic recombination 11/double-strand break repair/Nijmengen breakage syndrome 1 (MRN) complex proteins in human lymphoblastoid L-39 cells. NCS induced an increase of ceramide production through activation of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) and suppression of sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) upstream of DSB-mediated ATM activation. In ATM-deficient lymphoblastoid AT-59 cells compared with L-39 cells, NCS treatment showed a decrease of apoptosis even though ceramide increase and DSBs were observed. Expression of wild-type ATM, but not the kinase-dead mutant ATM, in AT-59 cells increased NCS-induced apoptosis despite similar ceramide accumulation. Interestingly, NCS increased ceramide content in the nucleus through nSMase activation and SMS suppression and promoted colocalization of ceramide with phosphorylated ATM and foci of MRN complex. Inhibition of ceramide generation by the overexpression of SMS suppressed NCS-induced apoptosis through the inhibition of ATM activation and assembly of the MRN complex. In addition, inhibition of ceramide increased by the nSMase inhibitor GW4869 prevented NCS-mediated activation of the ATM. Therefore, our findings suggest the involvement of the nuclear ceramide with ATM activation in NCS-mediated apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrates that regulation of ceramide with neutral sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin synthase in the nucleus in double-strand break-mimetic agent neocarzinostatin (NCS)-induced apoptosis. This study also showed that ceramide increase in the nucleus plays a role in NCS-induced apoptosis through activation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated/meiotic recombination 11/double-strand break repair/Nijmengen breakage syndrome 1 complex in human lymphoblastoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fujita
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Chieko Hashizume
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Yoshibumi Ueda
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Shota Sakai
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Tadakazu Kondo
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Mayumi Hashimoto-Nishimura
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Medicine (J.F., C.H., T.K.) and Medical Research Institute (M.T.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan (C.H., T.O.); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. (S.S., K.H.); Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); and Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan (M.H.-N.)
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8
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Xin Y, Wang J, Wu Y, Li Q, Dong M, Liu C, He Q, Wang R, Wang D, Jiang S, Xiao W, Tian Y, Zhang W. Identification of Nanog as a novel inhibitor of Rad51. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:193. [PMID: 35220392 PMCID: PMC8882189 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo develop inhibitors targeting DNA damage repair pathways is important to improve the effectiveness of chemo- and radiotherapy for cancer patients. Rad51 mediates homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA damages. It is widely overexpressed in human cancers and overwhelms chemo- and radiotherapy-generated DNA damages through enhancing HR repair signaling, preventing damage-caused cancer cell death. Therefore, to identify inhibitors of Rad51 is important to achieve effective treatment of cancers. Transcription factor Nanog is a core regulator of embryonic stem (ES) cells for its indispensable role in stemness maintenance. In this study, we identified Nanog as a novel inhibitor of Rad51. It interacts with Rad51 and inhibits Rad51-mediated HR repair of DNA damage through its C/CD2 domain. Moreover, Rad51 inhibition can be achieved by nanoscale material- or cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-mediated direct delivery of Nanog-C/CD2 peptides into somatic cancer cells. Furthermore, we revealed that Nanog suppresses the binding of Rad51 to single-stranded DNAs to stall the HR repair signaling. This study provides explanation for the high γH2AX level in unperturbed ES cells and early embryos, and suggests Nanog-C/CD2 as a promising drug candidate applied to Rad51-related basic research and therapeutic application studies.
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9
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Sharma AB, Erasimus H, Pinto L, Caron MC, Gopaul D, Peterlini T, Neumann K, Nazarov PV, Fritah S, Klink B, Herold-Mende CC, Niclou SP, Pasero P, Calsou P, Masson JY, Britton S, Van Dyck E. XAB2 promotes Ku eviction from single-ended DNA double-strand breaks independently of the ATM kinase. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9906-9925. [PMID: 34500463 PMCID: PMC8464071 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-associated single-ended DNA double-strand breaks (seDSBs) are repaired predominantly through RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR). Removal of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) factor Ku from resected seDSB ends is crucial for HR. The coordinated actions of MRE11-CtIP nuclease activities orchestrated by ATM define one pathway for Ku eviction. Here, we identify the pre-mRNA splicing protein XAB2 as a factor required for resistance to seDSBs induced by the chemotherapeutic alkylator temozolomide. Moreover, we show that XAB2 prevents Ku retention and abortive HR at seDSBs induced by temozolomide and camptothecin, via a pathway that operates in parallel to the ATM-CtIP-MRE11 axis. Although XAB2 depletion preserved RAD51 focus formation, the resulting RAD51-ssDNA associations were unproductive, leading to increased NHEJ engagement in S/G2 and genetic instability. Overexpression of RAD51 or RAD52 rescued the XAB2 defects and XAB2 loss was synthetically lethal with RAD52 inhibition, providing potential perspectives in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bharadwaj Sharma
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hélène Erasimus
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lia Pinto
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Diyavarshini Gopaul
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibaut Peterlini
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Katrin Neumann
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Multiomics Data Science Group, LIH, Luxembourg
| | - Sabrina Fritah
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg
| | - Barbara Klink
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Functional Tumour Genetics Group, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg
| | | | - Simone P Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Calsou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2018
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2018
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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10
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Mechanisms Underlying the Suppression of Chromosome Rearrangements by Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081232. [PMID: 34440406 PMCID: PMC8392746 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome rearrangements are structural variations in chromosomes, such as inversions and translocations. Chromosome rearrangements have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a broad range of clinical and cellular phenotypes. At the cellular level, one of the most prominent features of A-T cells is chromosome rearrangement, especially that in T lymphocytes. The gene that is defective in A-T is ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The ATM protein is a serine/threonine kinase and plays a central role in the cellular response to DNA damage, particularly DNA double-strand breaks. In this review, the mechanisms by which ATM suppresses chromosome rearrangements are discussed.
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11
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Liu F, Pan R, Ding H, Gu L, Yang Y, Li C, Xu Y, Hu R, Chen H, Zhang X, Nie Y. UBQLN4 is an ATM substrate that stabilizes the anti-apoptotic proteins BCL2A1 and BCL2L10 in mesothelioma. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3738-3752. [PMID: 34245648 PMCID: PMC8637560 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM; previously known as ataxia‐telangiectasia mutated) plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability and regulates multiple downstream pathways, such as DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. As a serine/threonine kinase, ATM has an array of downstream phosphorylation substrates, including checkpoint effector checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2). ATM inhibits cell cycle progression by phosphorylating and activating CHK2, which plays an important role in the formation and development of tumors and participates in DNA repair responses after double‐stranded DNA breaks. In this study, we used a recently developed mammalian functional genetic screening system to explore a series of ATM substrates and their role in DNA damage to enhance our understanding of the DNA damage response. Ubiquilin 4 (UBQLN4), which belongs to the ubiquilin family characterized by its ubiquitin‐like (UBL) and ubiquitin‐associated (UBA) domains, was identified as a new substrate for ATM. UBQLN4 is involved in various intracellular processes, such as autophagosome maturation, p21 regulation, and motor axon morphogenesis. However, the biological function of UBQLN4 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we not only identified UBQLN4 as a substrate for ATM, but also found that UBQLN4 interacts with and stabilizes the anti‐apoptotic proteins Bcl‐2‐related protein A1 (BCL2A1) and Bcl‐2‐like protein 10 (BCL2L10) and prevents mesothelioma cell apoptosis in response to DNA damage. These findings expand our understanding of the role of UBQLN4 in mesothelioma and provide new insights into potential mesothelioma treatments targeting substrates for ATM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - RunSang Pan
- GuiYang Maternal and Child Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - HongYu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - LiLing Gu
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - ChuanYin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - YongJie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - XiangYan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - YingJie Nie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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12
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Tadros S, Kondrashov A, Namagiri S, Chowdhury A, Banasavadi-Siddegowda YK, Ray-Chaudhury A. Pathological Features of Tumors of the Nervous System in Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes: A Review. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:343-363. [PMID: 33693933 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes (HCS) become more recognizable as the knowledge about them expands, and genetic testing becomes more affordable. In this review, we discussed the known HCS that predispose to central and peripheral nervous system tumors. Different genetic phenomena were highlighted, and the important cellular biological alterations were summarized. Genetic mosaicism and germline mutations are features of HCS, and recently, they were described in normal population and as modifiers for the genetic landscape of sporadic tumors. Description of the tumors arising in these conditions was augmented by representative cases explaining the main pathological findings. Clinical spectrum of the syndromes and diagnostic criteria were tabled to outline their role in defining these disorders. Interestingly, precision medicine has found its way to help these groups of patients by offering targeted preventive measures. Understanding the signaling pathway alteration of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in tuberous sclerosis helped introducing mTOR inhibitors as a prophylactic treatment in these patients. More research to define the germline genetic alterations and resulting cellular signaling perturbations is needed for effective risk-reducing interventions beyond prophylactic surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Tadros
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aleksei Kondrashov
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sriya Namagiri
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashis Chowdhury
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Abhik Ray-Chaudhury
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Locke AJ, Hossain L, McCrostie G, Ronato DA, Fitieh A, Rafique T, Mashayekhi F, Motamedi M, Masson JY, Ismail I. SUMOylation mediates CtIP's functions in DNA end resection and replication fork protection. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:928-953. [PMID: 33406258 PMCID: PMC7826263 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-strand breaks and stalled replication forks are a significant threat to genomic stability that can lead to chromosomal rearrangements or cell death. The protein CtIP promotes DNA end resection, an early step in homologous recombination repair, and has been found to protect perturbed forks from excessive nucleolytic degradation. However, it remains unknown how CtIP's function in fork protection is regulated. Here, we show that CtIP recruitment to sites of DNA damage and replication stress is impaired upon global inhibition of SUMOylation. We demonstrate that CtIP is a target for modification by SUMO-2 and that this occurs constitutively during S phase. The modification is dependent on the activities of cyclin-dependent kinases and the PI-3-kinase-related kinase ATR on CtIP's carboxyl-terminal region, an interaction with the replication factor PCNA, and the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS4. We also identify residue K578 as a key residue that contributes to CtIP SUMOylation. Functionally, a CtIP mutant where K578 is substituted with a non-SUMOylatable arginine residue is defective in promoting DNA end resection, homologous recombination, and in protecting stalled replication forks from excessive nucleolytic degradation. Our results shed further light on the tightly coordinated regulation of CtIP by SUMOylation in the maintenance of genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Locke
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta; Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Lazina Hossain
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta; Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Glynnis McCrostie
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta; Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Daryl A Ronato
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Amira Fitieh
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta; Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tanzeem Ahmed Rafique
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta; Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Mashayekhi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta; Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Mobina Motamedi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta; Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ismail Hassan Ismail
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta; Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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14
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Eki R, She J, Parlak M, Benamar M, Du KP, Kumar P, Abbas T. A robust CRISPR-Cas9-based fluorescent reporter assay for the detection and quantification of DNA double-strand break repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e126. [PMID: 33068408 PMCID: PMC7708081 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly cytotoxic lesions that can lead to chromosome rearrangements, genomic instability and cell death. Consequently, cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to efficiently repair DSBs to preserve genomic integrity. We have developed a DSB repair assay system, designated CDDR (CRISPR-Cas9-based Dual-fluorescent DSB Repair), that enables the detection and quantification of DSB repair outcomes in mammalian cells with high precision. CDDR is based on the introduction and subsequent resolution of one or two DSB(s) in an intrachromosomal fluorescent reporter following the expression of Cas9 and sgRNAs targeting the reporter. CDDR can discriminate between high-fidelity (HF) and error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), as well as between proximal and distal NHEJ repair. Furthermore, CDDR can detect homology-directed repair (HDR) with high sensitivity. Using CDDR, we found HF-NHEJ to be strictly dependent on DNA Ligase IV, XRCC4 and XLF, members of the canonical branch of NHEJ pathway (c-NHEJ). Loss of these genes also stimulated HDR, and promoted error-prone distal end-joining. Deletion of the DNA repair kinase ATM, on the other hand, stimulated HF-NHEJ and suppressed HDR. These findings demonstrate the utility of CDDR in characterizing the effect of repair factors and in elucidating the balance between competing DSB repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Eki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jane She
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mahmut Parlak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mouadh Benamar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kang-Ping Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Tarek Abbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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15
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Mozaffari NL, Pagliarulo F, Sartori AA. Human CtIP: A 'double agent' in DNA repair and tumorigenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 113:47-56. [PMID: 32950401 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human CtIP was originally identified as an interactor of the retinoblastoma protein and BRCA1, two bona fide tumour suppressors frequently mutated in cancer. CtIP is renowned for its role in the resection of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during homologous recombination, a largely error-free DNA repair pathway crucial in maintaining genome integrity. However, CtIP-dependent DNA end resection is equally accountable for alternative end-joining, a mutagenic DSB repair mechanism implicated in oncogenic chromosomal translocations. In addition, CtIP contributes to transcriptional regulation of G1/S transition, DNA damage checkpoint signalling, and replication fork protection pathways. In this review, we present a perspective on the current state of knowledge regarding the tumour-suppressive and oncogenic properties of CtIP and provide an overview of their relevance for cancer development, progression, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour L Mozaffari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Pagliarulo
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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The Role of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutant and Rad3-Related DNA Damage Response in Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060506. [PMID: 32585979 PMCID: PMC7350315 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection leads to a variety of benign lesions and malignant tumors such as cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Several HPV vaccines have been developed that can help to prevent cervical carcinoma, but these vaccines are only effective in individuals with no prior HPV infection. Thus, it is still important to understand the HPV life cycle and in particular the association of HPV with human pathogenesis. HPV production requires activation of the DNA damage response (DDR), which is a complex signaling network composed of multiple sensors, mediators, transducers, and effectors that safeguard cellular DNAs to maintain the host genome integrity. In this review, we focus on the roles of the ataxia telangiectasia mutant and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA damage response in HPV DNA replication. HPV can induce ATR expression and activate the ATR pathway. Inhibition of the ATR pathway results in suppression of HPV genome maintenance and amplification. The mechanisms underlying this could be through various molecular pathways such as checkpoint signaling and transcriptional regulation. In light of these findings, other downstream mechanisms of the ATR pathway need to be further investigated for better understanding HPV pathogenesis and developing novel ATR DDR-related inhibitors against HPV infection.
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17
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Wang Y, Bernhardy AJ, Nacson J, Krais JJ, Tan YF, Nicolas E, Radke MR, Handorf E, Llop-Guevara A, Balmaña J, Swisher EM, Serra V, Peri S, Johnson N. BRCA1 intronic Alu elements drive gene rearrangements and PARP inhibitor resistance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5661. [PMID: 31827092 PMCID: PMC6906494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 mutant carcinomas are sensitive to PARP inhibitor (PARPi) therapy; however, resistance arises. BRCA1 BRCT domain mutant proteins do not fold correctly and are subject to proteasomal degradation, resulting in PARPi sensitivity. In this study, we show that cell lines and patient-derived tumors, with highly disruptive BRCT domain mutations, have readily detectable BRCA1 protein expression, and are able to proliferate in the presence of PARPi. Peptide analyses reveal that chemo-resistant cancers contain residues encoded by BRCA1 intron 15. Mechanistically, cancers with BRCT domain mutations harbor BRCA1 gene breakpoints within or adjacent to Alu elements in intron 15; producing partial gene duplications, inversions and translocations, and terminating transcription prior to the mutation-containing BRCT domain. BRCA1 BRCT domain-deficient protein isoforms avoid mutation-induced proteasomal degradation, support homology-dependent DNA repair, and promote PARPi resistance. Taken together, Alu-mediated BRCA1 gene rearrangements are responsible for generating hypomorphic proteins, and may represent a biomarker of PARPi resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Andrea J Bernhardy
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Joseph Nacson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - John J Krais
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Yin-Fei Tan
- Genomics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Nicolas
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
- Genomics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Marc R Radke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Handorf
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Alba Llop-Guevara
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Balmaña
- Hereditary Cancer Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M Swisher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Suraj Peri
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Neil Johnson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
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18
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Yu Y, Chen L, Zhao G, Li H, Guo Q, Zhu S, Li P, Min L, Zhang S. RBBP8/CtIP suppresses P21 expression by interacting with CtBP and BRCA1 in gastric cancer. Oncogene 2019; 39:1273-1289. [PMID: 31636387 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RB Binding Protein 8 (RBBP8) was previously reported being involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in cancers. However, there is no systematic study about the specific functions and related mechanisms of RBBP8 in gastric carcinogenesis. Through immunohistochemistry staining of paired gastric cancer (GC) tissues, adjacent high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIEN) tissues, and non-cancerous tissues, we found RBBP8 expression was upregulated in both HGIEN and GC tissues. Functional experiments showed the knockdown of RBBP8 inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation ability. This is mainly achieved through the role of RBBP8 in facilitating G1/S transition and promoting Cyclin D1 and CDK4 level. Then the interaction between RBBP8, BRCA1, and CtBP was revealed by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunofluorescence confocal imaging. Moreover, we found RBBP8 acted as an adapter in this complex and RBBP8 overexpression enhanced the nucleus location of BRCA1. RBBP8 overexpression could inhibit P21 expression and HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) eliminated this effect. The HDAC activity of CtBP-RBBP8-BRCA1 complex was also further verified by HDAC activity assay. Through Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we found RBBP8 could induce P21 promoter histone deacetylation and inhibit P21 transcription. In conclusion, we found RBBP8 could promote the G1/S transition of GC cells by inhibiting P21 level. Moreover, we revealed the chromatin modification role of RBBP8, which could suppress the histone acetylation level of P21 promoter by recruiting CtBP co-repressor complex to BRCA1 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Hengcun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Qingdong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China.
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, 100050, Beijing, China.
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19
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Han N, Yuan F, Xian P, Liu N, Liu J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Yao K, Yuan G. GADD45a Mediated Cell Cycle Inhibition Is Regulated By P53 In Bladder Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7591-7599. [PMID: 31571910 PMCID: PMC6754676 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s222223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies of the genitourinary system, yet the underlying mechanism of BC progression still remains unclear. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 alpha (GADD45a) is a repressive gene implicated in cell cycle regulation, as well as in human cancers development. However, its role in BC remains to be determined. Methods First, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot assays were used to detect GADD45a expression in BC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues, as well as in bladder cancer cell lines, respectively. Then, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, colony formation assays, and flow cytometry assays were used to measure the ability of cell growth, proliferation and cell cycle distribution. Lentiviral infection technology was used to increase gene expression, while siRNA interfering technology was used to knockdown gene expression. Finally, nude mice were used to construct tumor-burdened models in vivo by injecting tumor cells subcutaneously. Results PCR results showed that the level of GADD45a mRNA and protein levels were lower in BC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. After increasing GADD45a expression, both the ability of growth and proliferation of BC cells were seriously impaired. Additionally, the upregulation of GADD45a expression resulted in BC cell cycle in G2/M and S phases in a p53-regulated pathway. Conclusion GADD45a-mediated cell cycle inhibition is regulated by p53 in bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Han
- Health Examination and Oncology Screening Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital of Deyang, Deyang 618000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Health Examination and Oncology Screening Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayong Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangjun Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
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20
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Jimeno S, Prados-Carvajal R, Huertas P. The role of RNA and RNA-related proteins in the regulation of DNA double strand break repair pathway choice. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 81:102662. [PMID: 31303544 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA end resection is a critical step in the repair of DNA double strand breaks. It controls the way the lesion is going to be repaired, thus its regulation has a great importance in maintaining genomic stability. In this review, we focus in recent discoveries in the field that point to a modulation of resection by RNA molecules and RNA-related proteins. Moreover, we aim to reconcile contradictory reports on the positive or negative effect of DNA:RNA hybrids in the resection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jimeno
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41080, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Rosario Prados-Carvajal
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41080, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Pablo Huertas
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41080, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, 41092, Spain.
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21
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Guo X, Lin W, Bai M, Li H, Wen W, Zeng C, Chen Z, He J, Chen J, Cai Q, Long J, Jia WH, Shu XO, Zheng W. Discovery of a Pathogenic Variant rs139379666 (p. P2974L) in ATM for Breast Cancer Risk in Chinese Populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:1308-1315. [PMID: 31160347 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in susceptibility genes lead to increased breast cancer risk. METHODS To identify coding variants associated with breast cancer risk, we conducted whole-exome sequencing in genomic DNA samples from 831 breast cancer cases and 839 controls of Chinese women. We also genotyped samples, including 4,580 breast cancer cases and 6,695 controls, using whole exome-chip arrays. We further performed a replication study using a Multi-Ethnic Global Array in samples from 1,793 breast cases and 2,059 controls. A single marker analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS We identified a missense variant (rs139379666, P2974L; AF = 0.09% for breast cancer cases, but none for controls) in the ATM gene for breast cancer risk using combing data from 7,204 breast cancer cases and 9,593 controls (P = 1.7 × 10-5). To investigate the functionality of the variant, we first silenced ATM and then transfected the overexpression vectors of ATM containing the risk alleles (TT) or reference alleles (CC) of the variant in U2OS and breast cancer SK-BR3 cells, respectively. Our results showed that compared with the reference allele, the risk allele significantly disrupts the activity of homologous recombination-mediated double-strand breaks repair efficiency. Our results further showed that the risk allele may play a defected regulation role in the activity of the ATM structure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified a novel mutation that disrupts ATM function, conferring to breast cancer risk. IMPACT Functional investigation of genetic association findings is necessary to discover a pathogenic variant for breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Guo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqiu Bai
- The Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhishan Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jing He
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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22
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Jimeno S, Mejías-Navarro F, Prados-Carvajal R, Huertas P. Controlling the balance between chromosome break repair pathways. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 115:95-134. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Chen H, Shan J, Chen D, Wang R, Qi W, Wang H, Ke Y, Liu W, Zeng X. CtIP promotes G2/M arrest in etoposide-treated HCT116 cells in a p53-independent manner. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11871-11881. [PMID: 30478995 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to cytotoxic antineoplastic agents is a major clinical challenge in tumor therapy; however, the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. In this study, we show that knockdown of CtIP, a corepressor of CtBP, promotes cell proliferation and alleviates G2/M phase arrest in etoposide (Eto)-treated HCT116 cells. Although the expression of p21 and growth arrest and DNA damage inducible α (GADD45a), which are important targets of p53, was downregulated in CtIP-deficient HCT116 cells, p53 deletion did not affect G2/M arrest after Eto treatment. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of Ser317 and Ser345 in Chk1 and of Ser216 in CDC25C were lower in CtIP-deficient HCT116 cells than in control cells after Eto treatment. Our results indicate that CtIP may enhance cell sensitivity to Eto by promoting G2/M phase arrest, mainly through the ATR-Chk1-CDC25C pathway rather than the p53-p21/GADD45a pathway. The expression of CtIP may be a useful biomarker for predicting the drug sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Shan
- Laboratory of Noncoding RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- College of Life Science and Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueshuang Ke
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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24
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Cornforth MN, Anur P, Wang N, Robinson E, Ray FA, Bedford JS, Loucas BD, Williams ES, Peto M, Spellman P, Kollipara R, Kittler R, Gray JW, Bailey SM. Molecular Cytogenetics Guides Massively Parallel Sequencing of a Radiation-Induced Chromosome Translocation in Human Cells. Radiat Res 2018; 190:88-97. [PMID: 29749794 PMCID: PMC6055522 DOI: 10.1667/rr15053.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome rearrangements are large-scale structural variants that are recognized drivers of oncogenic events in cancers of all types. Cytogenetics allows for their rapid, genome-wide detection, but does not provide gene-level resolution. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) promises DNA sequence-level characterization of the specific breakpoints involved, but is strongly influenced by bioinformatics filters that affect detection efficiency. We sought to characterize the breakpoint junctions of chromosomal translocations and inversions in the clonal derivatives of human cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Here, we describe the first successful use of DNA paired-end analysis to locate and sequence across the breakpoint junctions of a radiation-induced reciprocal translocation. The analyses employed, with varying degrees of success, several well-known bioinformatics algorithms, a task made difficult by the involvement of repetitive DNA sequences. As for underlying mechanisms, the results of Sanger sequencing suggested that the translocation in question was likely formed via microhomology-mediated non-homologous end joining (mmNHEJ). To our knowledge, this represents the first use of MPS to characterize the breakpoint junctions of a radiation-induced chromosomal translocation in human cells. Curiously, these same approaches were unsuccessful when applied to the analysis of inversions previously identified by directional genomic hybridization (dGH). We conclude that molecular cytogenetics continues to provide critical guidance for structural variant discovery, validation and in "tuning" analysis filters to enable robust breakpoint identification at the base pair level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Cornforth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
- KromaTiD Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Pavana Anur
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Nicholas Wang
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | | | - F. Andrew Ray
- KromaTiD Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Joel S. Bedford
- KromaTiD Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Bradford D. Loucas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Eli S. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Myron Peto
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Paul Spellman
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Rahul Kollipara
- McDermott Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Ralf Kittler
- McDermott Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Joe W. Gray
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Susan M. Bailey
- KromaTiD Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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25
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Bakr A, Köcher S, Volquardsen J, Petersen C, Borgmann K, Dikomey E, Rothkamm K, Mansour WY. Impaired 53BP1/RIF1 DSB mediated end-protection stimulates CtIP-dependent end resection and switches the repair to PARP1-dependent end joining in G1. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57679-57693. [PMID: 27494840 PMCID: PMC5295381 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
End processing at DNA double strand breaks (DSB) is a decisive step in repair pathway selection. Here, we investigated the role of 53BP1/RIF1 in limiting BRCA1/CtIP-mediated end resection to control DSB repair pathway choice. ATM orchestrates this process through 53BP1 phosphorylation to promote RIF1 recruitment. As cells enter S/G2-phase, end resection is activated, which displaces pATM from DSB sites and diminishes 53BP1 phosphorylation and RIF1 recruitment. Consistently, the kinetics of ATM and 53BP1 phosphorylation in S/G2-phase concur. We show that defective 53BP1/RIF1-mediated DSB end-protection in G1-phase stimulates CtIP/MRE11-dependent end-resection, which requires Polo-like kinase 3. This end resection activity in G1 was shown to produce only short tracks of ssDNA overhangs, as evidenced by the findings that in 53BP1 depleted cells, (i) RPA focus intensity was significantly lower in G1 compared to that in S/G2 phase, and (ii) EXO1 knockdown did not alter either number or intensity of RPA foci in G1 but significantly decreased the RPA focus intensity in S/G2 phase. Importantly, we report that the observed DSB end resection in G1 phase inhibits DNA-PK-dependent nonhomologous end joining but is not sufficient to stimulate HR. Instead, it switches the repair to the alternative PARP1-dependent end joining pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bakr
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Köcher
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Volquardsen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Dikomey
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wael Y Mansour
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Tumor Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
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26
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Lu Y, Zhou X, Zeng Q, Liu D, Yue C. Differential expression profile analysis of DNA damage repair genes in CD133 +/CD133 - colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2359-2368. [PMID: 28789452 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined differential expression levels of DNA damage repair genes in COLO 205 colorectal cancer cells, with the aim of identifying novel biomarkers for the molecular diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. COLO 205-derived cell spheres were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with cell factors, and CD133+/CD133- cells were subsequently sorted using an indirect CD133 microbead kit. In vitro differentiation and tumorigenicity assays in BABA/c nude mice were performed to determine whether the CD133+ cells also possessed stem cell characteristics, in addition to the COLO 205 and CD133- cells. RNA sequencing was employed for the analysis of differential gene expression levels at the mRNA level, which was determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA expression levels of 43 genes varied in all three types of colon cancer cells (false discovery rate ≤0.05; fold change ≥2). Of these 43 genes, 30 were differentially expressed (8 upregulated and 22 downregulated) in the COLO 205 cells, as compared with the CD133- cells, and 6 genes (all downregulated) were differentially expressed in the COLO 205 cells, as compared with CD133+ cells. A total of 18 genes (10 upregulated and 8 downregulated) were differentially expressed in the CD133- cells, as compared with the CD133+ cells. By contrast, 6 genes were downregulated and none were upregulated in the CD133+ cells compared with the COLO 205 cells. These findings suggest that CD133+ cells may possess the same DNA repair capacity as COLO 205 cells. Heterogeneity in the expression profile of DNA damage repair genes was observed in COLO 205 cells, and COLO 205-derived CD133- cells and CD133+ cells may therefore provide a reference for molecular diagnosis, therapeutic target selection and determination of the treatment and prognosis for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Lu
- College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Deparment of Gastroenterological Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Qingliang Zeng
- Deparment of Gastroenterological Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Daishun Liu
- Zunyi Key Laboratory of Genetic Diagnosis and Targeted Drug Therapy, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Changwu Yue
- Zunyi Key Laboratory of Genetic Diagnosis and Targeted Drug Therapy, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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27
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Colosio A, Frattini C, Pellicanò G, Villa-Hernández S, Bermejo R. Nucleolytic processing of aberrant replication intermediates by an Exo1-Dna2-Sae2 axis counteracts fork collapse-driven chromosome instability. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:10676-10690. [PMID: 27672038 PMCID: PMC5159547 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems during DNA replication underlie genomic instability and drive malignant transformation. The DNA damage checkpoint stabilizes stalled replication forks thus counteracting aberrant fork transitions, DNA breaks and chromosomal rearrangements. We analyzed fork processing in checkpoint deficient cells by coupling psoralen crosslinking with replication intermediate two-dimensional gel analysis. This revealed a novel role for Exo1 nuclease in resecting reversed replication fork structures and counteracting the accumulation of aberrant intermediates resembling fork cleavage products. Genetic analyses demonstrated a functional interplay of Exo1 with Mus81, Dna2 and Sae2 nucleases in promoting cell survival following replication stress, suggestive of concerted nucleolytic processing of stalled forks. While Mus81 and other Structure Specific Endonucleases do not contribute to obvious collapsed fork transitions, Dna2 promotes reversed fork resection likely by facilitating Exo1 access to nascent strands. Instead, Sae2 cooperates with Exo1 in counteracting putative fork cleavage events linked to double strand breaks formation and increased gross chromosomal rearrangement rates. Our data indicate that in checkpoint deficient cells diverse nuclease activities interface to eliminate aberrant replication intermediates and prevent chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Colosio
- The F.I.R.C. Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM) Foundation, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Frattini
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG-CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Grazia Pellicanò
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Villa-Hernández
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG-CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Bermejo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG-CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain .,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Chanut P, Britton S, Coates J, Jackson SP, Calsou P. Coordinated nuclease activities counteract Ku at single-ended DNA double-strand breaks. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12889. [PMID: 27641979 PMCID: PMC5031800 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of single-ended DNA double-strand breaks (seDSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) requires the generation of a 3' single-strand DNA overhang by exonuclease activities in a process called DNA resection. However, it is anticipated that the highly abundant DNA end-binding protein Ku sequesters seDSBs and shields them from exonuclease activities. Despite pioneering works in yeast, it is unclear how mammalian cells counteract Ku at seDSBs to allow HR to proceed. Here we show that in human cells, ATM-dependent phosphorylation of CtIP and the epistatic and coordinated actions of MRE11 and CtIP nuclease activities are required to limit the stable loading of Ku on seDSBs. We also provide evidence for a hitherto unsuspected additional mechanism that contributes to prevent Ku accumulation at seDSBs, acting downstream of MRE11 endonuclease activity and in parallel with MRE11 exonuclease activity. Finally, we show that Ku persistence at seDSBs compromises Rad51 focus assembly but not DNA resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Chanut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Julia Coates
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Stephen P. Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Patrick Calsou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
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29
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Yajima H, Xue L. DNA Repair Processes and Checkpoint Pathways in Human Cells Exposed to Heavy Ion Beams. Int J Part Ther 2016; 2:439-446. [PMID: 31772954 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-15-00020.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most deleterious of the ionizing radiation-induced DNA damages. Two major repair pathways for DSBs have been well studied, nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination. It is known that high linear energy transfer radiation, such as heavy ion beams, induces complex DSBs with clustered damages at the end and that, as a result, the efficiency of nonhomologous end-joining in repairing these DSBs is diminished. We have shown that more than 80% of complex DSBs in S/G2 human cells are subjected to DNA end resection, an early step in homologous recombination to generate single-strand DNA. Furthermore, recent work, including ours, revealed that a subpopulation of human G1 cells exhibit resection activity following ionizing radiation, which is dependent on CtIP, as in other cell cycle phases, and also dependent on the complexity of the DSB. Collectively, this recent progress indicates that the complexity of the DSB structure drastically enhances end resection, with CtIP being a significant factor required for complex DSB repair throughout the cell cycle. We further revealed that the ATR pathway, which is activated by end resection, plays a pivotal role in regulating early G2/M arrest in ATM-deficient cells exposed to high linear energy transfer ion beams. This suggests that the complexity of the DSB also influences the choice of the signaling pathway via the enhanced resection. Additionally, we discuss a possibility that CtIP has an additional function (or functions) after the initiation of resection. In conclusion, new findings and insight are pivotal to allow innovative progress in heavy ion-particle therapy by shedding light on the whole response at the molecular level in cells exposed to heavy ion beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Yajima
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Lian Xue
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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K.M. Ip C, Yin J, K.S. Ng P, Lin SY, B. Mills G. Genomic-Glycosylation Aberrations in Tumor Initiation, Progression and Management. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2016.4.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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How cancer cells hijack DNA double-strand break repair pathways to gain genomic instability. Biochem J 2015; 471:1-11. [PMID: 26392571 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA DSBs (double-strand breaks) are a significant threat to the viability of a normal cell, since they can result in loss of genetic material if mitosis or replication is attempted in their presence. Consequently, evolutionary pressure has resulted in multiple pathways and responses to enable DSBs to be repaired efficiently and faithfully. Cancer cells, which are under pressure to gain genomic instability, have a striking ability to avoid the elegant mechanisms by which normal cells maintain genomic stability. Current models suggest that, in normal cells, DSB repair occurs in a hierarchical manner that promotes rapid and efficient rejoining first, with the utilization of additional steps or pathways of diminished accuracy if rejoining is unsuccessful or delayed. In the present review, we evaluate the fidelity of DSB repair pathways and discuss how cancer cells promote the utilization of less accurate processes. Homologous recombination serves to promote accuracy and stability during replication, providing a battlefield for cancer to gain instability. Non-homologous end-joining, a major DSB repair pathway in mammalian cells, usually operates with high fidelity and only switches to less faithful modes if timely repair fails. The transition step is finely tuned and provides another point of attack during tumour progression. In addition to DSB repair, a DSB signalling response activates processes such as cell cycle checkpoint arrest, which enhance the possibility of accurate DSB repair. We consider the ways by which cancers modify and hijack these processes to gain genomic instability.
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Ceccaldi R, Rondinelli B, D'Andrea AD. Repair Pathway Choices and Consequences at the Double-Strand Break. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:52-64. [PMID: 26437586 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are cytotoxic lesions that threaten genomic integrity. Failure to repair a DSB has deleterious consequences, including genomic instability and cell death. Indeed, misrepair of DSBs can lead to inappropriate end-joining events, which commonly underlie oncogenic transformation due to chromosomal translocations. Typically, cells employ two main mechanisms to repair DSBs: homologous recombination (HR) and classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ). In addition, alternative error-prone DSB repair pathways, namely alternative end joining (alt-EJ) and single-strand annealing (SSA), have been recently shown to operate in many different conditions and to contribute to genome rearrangements and oncogenic transformation. Here, we review the mechanisms regulating DSB repair pathway choice, together with the potential interconnections between HR and the annealing-dependent error-prone DSB repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ceccaldi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Beatrice Rondinelli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
The mammalian CtIP protein and its orthologs in other eukaryotes promote the resection of DNA double-strand breaks and are essential for meiotic recombination. Here we review the current literature supporting the role of CtIP in DNA end processing and the importance of CtIP endonuclease activity in DNA repair. We also examine the regulation of CtIP function by post-translational modifications, and its involvement in transcription- and replication-dependent functions through association with other protein complexes. The tumor suppressor function of CtIP likely is dependent on a combination of these roles in many aspects of DNA metabolism.
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Jevons SJ, Green A, Lunter G, Kartsonaki C, Buck D, Piazza P, Kiltie AE. High-throughput DNA Sequencing Identifies Novel CtIP (RBBP8) Variants in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Patients. Bladder Cancer 2015; 1:31-44. [PMID: 30561437 PMCID: PMC6218178 DOI: 10.3233/blc-150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations in DNA damage signalling and repair genes predispose individuals to cancer. Rare germline variants may also increase cancer risk and be predictive of outcomes following cancer treatments, but require high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for detection in large cohorts. OBJECTIVE To use a dual indexing system on a HTS platform to detect novel variants in CtIP (RBBP8) which may be associated with clinical outcomes following radiotherapy treatment for bladder cancer. METHODS All exons and flanking introns of CtIP were amplified from germline DNA from bladder cancer patients using seven primer pairs by automated long-range PCR. Amplicons were pooled, fragmented and ligated to adaptor sequences. One of 96 tag sequences was introduced at each end by PCR. Sequencing was performed on a single flow cell of an Illumina MiSeq. Reads were mapped by Stampy and variants called by Platypus. For phasing experiments, target regions were amplified and cloned for Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Of 201 samples, 160 were successfully amplified. Eleven CtIP variants were called, within the exons and 15 bp adjacent intronic DNA, including eight known variants from the 1000 Genomes project, plus three previously unreported variants now confirmed by Sanger sequencing. In two individuals, phasing experiments showed two variants of interest to be on separate alleles, likely to result in stronger impairment of gene function. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated proof of principle for dual indexing on 160 samples on one MiSeq flow cell sequencing surface, and show that for the CtIP gene multiplexing of up to 720 samples would provide sufficient coverage to achieve >98% detection power for rare germline variation, reducing HTS costs substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Jevons
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Green
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerton Lunter
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Buck
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paolo Piazza
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne E. Kiltie
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Krajewska M, Fehrmann RSN, de Vries EGE, van Vugt MATM. Regulators of homologous recombination repair as novel targets for cancer treatment. Front Genet 2015; 6:96. [PMID: 25852742 PMCID: PMC4367534 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with DNA damage, cells possess a complex signaling network called the ‘DNA damage response’, which coordinates cell cycle control with DNA repair. The importance of this network is underscored by the cancer predisposition that frequently goes along with hereditary mutations in DNA repair genes. One especially important DNA repair pathway in this respect is homologous recombination (HR) repair. Defects in HR repair are observed in various cancers, including hereditary breast, and ovarian cancer. Intriguingly, tumor cells with defective HR repair show increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic reagents, including platinum-containing agents. These observations suggest that HR-proficient tumor cells might be sensitized to chemotherapeutics if HR repair could be therapeutically inactivated. HR repair is an extensively regulated process, which depends strongly on the activity of various other pathways, including cell cycle pathways, protein-control pathways, and growth factor-activated receptor signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss how the mechanistic wiring of HR is controlled by cell-intrinsic or extracellular pathways. Furthermore, we have performed a meta-analysis on available genome-wide RNA interference studies to identify additional pathways that control HR repair. Finally, we discuss how these HR-regulatory pathways may provide therapeutic targets in the context of radio/chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Krajewska
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf S N Fehrmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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FBH1 Catalyzes Regression of Stalled Replication Forks. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1749-1757. [PMID: 25772361 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication fork perturbation is a major challenge to the maintenance of genome integrity. It has been suggested that processing of stalled forks might involve fork regression, in which the fork reverses and the two nascent DNA strands anneal. Here, we show that FBH1 catalyzes regression of a model replication fork in vitro and promotes fork regression in vivo in response to replication perturbation. Cells respond to fork stalling by activating checkpoint responses requiring signaling through stress-activated protein kinases. Importantly, we show that FBH1, through its helicase activity, is required for early phosphorylation of ATM substrates such as CHK2 and CtIP as well as hyperphosphorylation of RPA. These phosphorylations occur prior to apparent DNA double-strand break formation. Furthermore, FBH1-dependent signaling promotes checkpoint control and preserves genome integrity. We propose a model whereby FBH1 promotes early checkpoint signaling by remodeling of stalled DNA replication forks.
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Liang J, Suhandynata RT, Zhou H. Phosphorylation of Sae2 Mediates Forkhead-associated (FHA) Domain-specific Interaction and Regulates Its DNA Repair Function. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10751-63. [PMID: 25762720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.625293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sae2 and its ortholog CtIP in higher eukaryotes have a conserved role in the initial processing of DNA lesions and influencing their subsequent repair pathways. Sae2 is phosphorylated by the ATR/ATM family kinases Mec1 and Tel1 in response to DNA damage. Among the Mec1/Tel1 consensus phosphorylation sites of Sae2, we found that mutations of Thr-90 and Thr-279 of Sae2 into alanine caused a persistent Rad53 activation in response to a transient DNA damage, similar to the loss of Sae2. To gain insight into the function of this phosphorylation of Sae2, we performed a quantitative proteomics analysis to identify its associated proteins. We found that phosphorylation of Thr-90 of Sae2 mediates its interaction with Rad53, Dun1, Xrs2, Dma1, and Dma2, whereas Rad53 and Dun1 additionally interact with phosphorylated Thr-279 of Sae2. Mutations of the ligand-binding residues of Forkhead-associated (FHA) domains of Rad53, Dun1, Xrs2, Dma1, and Dma2 abolished their interactions with Sae2, revealing the involvement of FHA-specific interactions. Mutations of Thr-90 and Thr-279 of Sae2 caused a synergistic defect when combined with sgs1Δ and exo1Δ and elevated gross chromosomal rearrangements. Likewise, mutations of RAD53 and DUN1 caused a synthetic growth defect with sgs1Δ and elevated gross chromosomal rearrangements. These findings suggest that threonine-specific phosphorylation of Sae2 by Mec1 and Tel1 contributes to DNA repair and genome maintenance via its interactions with Rad53 and Dun1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | | | - Huilin Zhou
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Davies OR, Forment JV, Sun M, Belotserkovskaya R, Coates J, Galanty Y, Demir M, Morton CR, Rzechorzek NJ, Jackson SP, Pellegrini L. CtIP tetramer assembly is required for DNA-end resection and repair. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:150-157. [PMID: 25558984 PMCID: PMC4564947 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian CtIP protein has major roles in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Although it is well established that CtIP promotes DNA-end resection in preparation for homology-dependent DSB repair, the molecular basis for this function has remained unknown. Here we show by biophysical and X-ray crystallographic analyses that the N-terminal domain of human CtIP exists as a stable homotetramer. Tetramerization results from interlocking interactions between the N-terminal extensions of CtIP's coiled-coil region, which lead to a 'dimer-of-dimers' architecture. Through interrogation of the CtIP structure, we identify a point mutation that abolishes tetramerization of the N-terminal domain while preserving dimerization in vitro. Notably, we establish that this mutation abrogates CtIP oligomer assembly in cells, thus leading to strong defects in DNA-end resection and gene conversion. These findings indicate that the CtIP tetramer architecture described here is essential for effective DSB repair by homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen R. Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josep V. Forment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Meidai Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rimma Belotserkovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Coates
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yaron Galanty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mukerrem Demir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Luca Pellegrini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Mangone FR, Miracca EC, Feilotter HE, Mulligan LM, Nagai MA. ATM gene mutations in sporadic breast cancer patients from Brazil. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:23. [PMID: 25625042 PMCID: PMC4298590 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene encodes a multifunctional kinase, which is linked to important cellular functions. Women heterozygous for ATM mutations have an estimated relative risk of developing breast cancer of 3.8. However, the pattern of ATM mutations and their role in breast cancer etiology has been controversial and remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the frequency and spectrum of ATM mutations in a series of sporadic breast cancers and controls from the Brazilian population. Methods Using PCR-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct DNA sequencing, we screened a panel of 100 consecutive, unselected sporadic breast tumors and 100 matched controls for all 62 coding exons and flanking introns of the ATM gene. Results Several polymorphisms were detected in 12 of the 62 coding exons of the ATM gene. These polymorphisms were observed in both breast cancer patients and the control population. In addition, evidence of potential ATM mutations was observed in 7 of the 100 breast cancer cases analyzed. These potential mutations included six missense variants found in exon 13 (p.L546V), exon 14 (p.P604S), exon 20 (p.T935R), exon 42 (p.G2023R), exon 49 (p.L2307F), and exon 50 (p.L2332P) and one nonsense mutation in exon 39 (p.R1882X), which was predicted to generate a truncated protein. Conclusions Our results corroborate the hypothesis that sporadic breast tumors may occur in carriers of low penetrance ATM mutant alleles and these mutations confer different levels of breast cancer risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0787-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Rotea Mangone
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabete C Miracca
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harriet E Feilotter
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Richardson Laboratory, Queen's University, 88 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, 10 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Maria Aparecida Nagai
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil ; Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo, 455, 4th Floor, CEP 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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40
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Fujisawa H, Fujimori A, Okayasu R, Uesaka M, Yajima H. Novel characteristics of CtIP at damage-induced foci following the initiation of DNA end resection. Mutat Res 2014; 771:36-44. [PMID: 25771978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a major repair pathway for DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and end resection, which generates a 3'-single strand DNA tail at the DSB, is an early step in the process. Resection is initiated by the Mre11 nuclease together with CtIP. Here, we describe novel characteristics of CtIP at DSBs. At early times following exposure of human cells to ionizing radiation, CtIP localized to the DSB, became hyperphosphorylated and formed foci in an ATM-dependent manner. At later times, when the initiation of resection had occurred, CtIP foci persist but CtIP is maintained in a hypophosphorylated state, which is dependent on ATM and ATR. Exposure to cycloheximide revealed that CtIP turns over at DSB sites downstream of resection. Our findings provide strong evidence that CtIP is continuously recruited to DSBs downstream of both the initiation and extension step of resection, strongly suggesting that CtIP has functions in addition to promoting the initiation of resection during HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujisawa
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; International Open Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- International Open Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Uesaka
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Yajima
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; International Open Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Barton O, Naumann SC, Diemer-Biehs R, Künzel J, Steinlage M, Conrad S, Makharashvili N, Wang J, Feng L, Lopez BS, Paull TT, Chen J, Jeggo PA, Löbrich M. Polo-like kinase 3 regulates CtIP during DNA double-strand break repair in G1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:877-94. [PMID: 25267294 PMCID: PMC4178966 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201401146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plk3 phosphorylates CtIP in G1 in a damage-inducible manner and is required with CtIP for the repair of complex double-strand breaks and regulation of resection-mediated end-joining pathways. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The C terminal binding protein–interacting protein (CtIP) is phosphorylated in G2 by cyclin-dependent kinases to initiate resection and promote HR. CtIP also exerts functions during NHEJ, although the mechanism phosphorylating CtIP in G1 is unknown. In this paper, we identify Plk3 (Polo-like kinase 3) as a novel DSB response factor that phosphorylates CtIP in G1 in a damage-inducible manner and impacts on various cellular processes in G1. First, Plk3 and CtIP enhance the formation of ionizing radiation-induced translocations; second, they promote large-scale genomic deletions from restriction enzyme-induced DSBs; third, they are required for resection and repair of complex DSBs; and finally, they regulate alternative NHEJ processes in Ku−/− mutants. We show that mutating CtIP at S327 or T847 to nonphosphorylatable alanine phenocopies Plk3 or CtIP loss. Plk3 binds to CtIP phosphorylated at S327 via its Polo box domains, which is necessary for robust damage-induced CtIP phosphorylation at S327 and subsequent CtIP phosphorylation at T847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Barton
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen C Naumann
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ronja Diemer-Biehs
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Künzel
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Monika Steinlage
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sandro Conrad
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nodar Makharashvili
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lin Feng
- Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Tanya T Paull
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Junjie Chen
- Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, England, UK
| | - Markus Löbrich
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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42
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Xue L, Furusawa Y, Okayasu R, Miura M, Cui X, Liu C, Hirayama R, Matsumoto Y, Yajima H, Yu D. The complexity of DNA double strand break is a crucial factor for activating ATR signaling pathway for G2/M checkpoint regulation regardless of ATM function. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 25:72-83. [PMID: 25497328 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathway choice following ionizing radiation (IR) is currently an appealing research topic, which is still largely unclear. Our recent paper indicated that the complexity of DSBs is a critical factor that enhances DNA end resection. It has been well accepted that the RPA-coated single strand DNA produced by resection is a signaling structure for ATR activation. Therefore, taking advantage of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation to effectively produce complex DSBs, we investigated how the complexity of DSB influences the function of ATR pathway on the G2/M checkpoint regulation. Human skin fibroblast cells with or without ATM were irradiated with X rays or heavy ion particles, and dual-parameter flow cytometry was used to quantitatively assess the mitotic entry at early period post radiation by detecting the cells positive for phosphor histone H3. In ATM-deficient cells, ATR pathway played a pivotal role and functioned in a dose- and LET-dependent way to regulate the early G2/M arrest even as low as 0.2Gy for heavy ion radiation, which indicated that ATR pathway could be rapidly activated and functioned in an ATM-independent, but DSB complexity-dependent manner following exposure to IR. Furthermore, ATR pathway also functioned more efficiently in ATM-proficient cells to block G2 to M transition at early period of particle radiation exposure. Accordingly, in contrast to ATM inhibitor, ATR inhibitor had a more effective radiosensitizing effect on survival fraction following heavy ion beams as compared with X ray radiation. Taken together, our results reveal that the complexity of DSBs is a crucial factor for the activation of ATR pathway for G2/M checkpoint regulation, and ATM-dependent end resection is not essential for the activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xue
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- International Open Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Miura
- Oral Radiation Oncology, Department of Oral Restitution, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xing Cui
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Cuihua Liu
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Yajima
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Dong Yu
- School of Radiological Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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43
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Coster G, Goldberg M. The cellular response to DNA damage: A focus on MDC1 and its interacting proteins. Nucleus 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/nucl.11176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Catalytic and noncatalytic roles of the CtIP endonuclease in double-strand break end resection. Mol Cell 2014; 54:1022-1033. [PMID: 24837676 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The carboxy-terminal binding protein (CtBP)-interacting protein (CtIP) is known to function in 5' strand resection during homologous recombination, similar to the budding yeast Sae2 protein, but its role in this process is unclear. Here, we characterize recombinant human CtIP and find that it exhibits 5' flap endonuclease activity on branched DNA structures, independent of the MRN complex. Phosphorylation of CtIP at known damage-dependent sites and other sites is essential for its catalytic activity, although the S327 and T847 phosphorylation sites are dispensable. A catalytic mutant of CtIP that is deficient in endonuclease activity exhibits wild-type levels of homologous recombination at restriction enzyme-generated breaks but is deficient in processing topoisomerase adducts and radiation-induced breaks in human cells, suggesting that the nuclease activity of CtIP is specifically required for the removal of DNA adducts at sites of DNA breaks.
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45
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Oleson BJ, Broniowska KA, Schreiber KH, Tarakanova VL, Corbett JA. Nitric oxide induces ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein-dependent γH2AX protein formation in pancreatic β cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11454-11464. [PMID: 24610783 PMCID: PMC4036281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.531228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of cytokines on the activation of the DNA double strand break repair factors histone H2AX (H2AX) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) were examined in pancreatic β cells. We show that cytokines stimulate H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX formation) in rat islets and insulinoma cells in a nitric oxide- and ATM-dependent manner. In contrast to the well documented role of ATM in DNA repair, ATM does not appear to participate in the repair of nitric oxide-induced DNA damage. Instead, nitric oxide-induced γH2AX formation correlates temporally with the onset of irreversible DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibition of ATM attenuates cytokine-induced caspase activation. These findings show that the formation of DNA double strand breaks correlates with ATM activation, irreversible DNA damage, and ATM-dependent induction of apoptosis in cytokine-treated β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryndon J Oleson
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | | | - Katherine H Schreiber
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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46
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Yi YW, Kang HJ, Bae I. BRCA1 and Oxidative Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:771-95. [PMID: 24704793 PMCID: PMC4074803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) has been well established as a tumor suppressor and functions primarily by maintaining genome integrity. Genome stability is compromised when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that BRCA1 regulates oxidative stress and this may be another mechanism in preventing carcinogenesis in normal cells. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is implicated in carcinogenesis and is used strategically to treat human cancer. Thus, it is essential to understand the function of BRCA1 in oxidative stress regulation. In this review, we briefly summarize BRCA1's many binding partners and mechanisms, and discuss data supporting the function of BRCA1 in oxidative stress regulation. Finally, we consider its significance in prevention and/or treatment of BRCA1-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Insoo Bae
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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47
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Salvador JM, Brown-Clay JD, Fornace AJ. Gadd45 in stress signaling, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 793:1-19. [PMID: 24104470 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8289-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The first identified Gadd45 gene, Gadd45a, encodes a ubiquitously expressed protein that is often induced by DNA damage and other stress signals associated with growth arrest and apoptosis. This protein and the other two members of this small gene family, Gadd45b and Gadd45g, have been implicated in a variety of the responses to cell injury including cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, and DNA repair. In vivo, many of the prominent roles for the Gadd45 proteins are associated with signaling mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Gadd45 proteins can contribute to p38 activation either by activation of upstream kinase(s) or by direct interaction. In vivo, there are important tissue and cell-type-specific differences in the roles for Gadd45 in MAPK signaling. In addition to being p53-regulated, Gadd45a has been found to contribute to p53 activation via p38. Like other stress and signaling proteins, Gadd45 proteins show complex regulation and numerous effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Salvador
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, (CNB-CSIC) Lab 417, c/Darwin n 3, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Averbeck NB, Ringel O, Herrlitz M, Jakob B, Durante M, Taucher-Scholz G. DNA end resection is needed for the repair of complex lesions in G1-phase human cells. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2509-16. [PMID: 25486192 PMCID: PMC4615131 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.941743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is influenced by the chemical complexity of the lesion. Clustered lesions (complex DSBs) are generally considered more difficult to repair and responsible for early and late cellular effects after exposure to genotoxic agents. Resection is commonly used by the cells as part of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway in S- and G2-phase. In contrast, DNA resection in G1-phase may lead to an error-prone microhomology-mediated end joining. We induced DNA lesions with a wide range of complexity by irradiation of mammalian cells with X-rays or accelerated ions of different velocity and mass. We found replication protein A (RPA) foci indicating DSB resection both in S/G2- and G1-cells, and the fraction of resection-positive cells correlates with the severity of lesion complexity throughout the cell cycle. Besides RPA, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) was recruited to complex DSBs both in S/G2- and G1-cells. Resection of complex DSBs is driven by meiotic recombination 11 homolog A (MRE11), CTBP-interacting protein (CtIP), and exonuclease 1 (EXO1) but seems not controlled by the Ku heterodimer or by phosphorylation of H2AX. Reduced resection capacity by CtIP depletion increased cell killing and the fraction of unrepaired DSBs after exposure to densely ionizing heavy ions, but not to X-rays. We conclude that in mammalian cells resection is essential for repair of complex DSBs in all phases of the cell-cycle and targeting this process sensitizes mammalian cells to cytotoxic agents inducing clustered breaks, such as in heavy-ion cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- ATM, Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related
- BLM, Bloom syndrome protein
- BRCA1, breast cancer 1, early onset
- CENP-F, centromere protein F
- CtIP
- CtIP, CTBP-interacting protein
- DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DSB, double strand break
- EXO1
- EXO1, exonuclease 1
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HR, homologous recombination
- IR, ionizing radiation
- LET, linear energy transfer
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MMEJ, microhomology-mediated end joining
- MRE11
- MRE11, meiotic recombination 11 homolog A
- NHEJ, none homologous end joining
- PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- RAD51, DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1
- RPA, replication protein A
- WRN, Werner syndrome
- complex DNA damage
- double-strand break repair
- kd, knockdown
- resection in G1-phase
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- ssDNA, single stranded DNA
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Averbeck
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Ringel
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maren Herrlitz
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gisela Taucher-Scholz
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Biology; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt, Germany
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Zhou Y, Paull TT. DNA-dependent protein kinase regulates DNA end resection in concert with Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37112-25. [PMID: 24220101 PMCID: PMC3873567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.514398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The resection of DNA double strand breaks initiates homologous recombination (HR) and is critical for genomic stability. Using direct measurement of resection in human cells and reconstituted assays of resection with purified proteins in vitro, we show that DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a classic nonhomologous end joining factor, antagonizes double strand break resection by blocking the recruitment of resection enzymes such as exonuclease 1 (Exo1). Autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs promotes DNA-PKcs dissociation and consequently Exo1 binding. Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase activity can compensate for DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation and promote resection under conditions where DNA-PKcs catalytic activity is inhibited. The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex further stimulates resection in the presence of Ku and DNA-PKcs by recruiting Exo1 and enhancing DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation, and it also inhibits DNA ligase IV/XRCC4-mediated end rejoining. This work suggests that, in addition to its key role in nonhomologous end joining, DNA-PKcs also acts in concert with MRN and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated to regulate resection and thus DNA repair pathway choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Tanya T. Paull
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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50
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The complexity of DNA double strand breaks is a critical factor enhancing end-resection. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:936-46. [PMID: 24041488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation (IR) are deleterious damages. Two major pathways repair DSBs in human cells, DNA non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). It has been suggested that the balance between the two repair pathways varies depending on the chromatin structure surrounding the damage site and/or the complexity of damage at the DNA break ends. Heavy ion radiation is known to induce complex-type DSBs, and the efficiency of NHEJ in repairing these DSBs was shown to be diminished. Taking advantage of the ability of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation to produce complex DSBs effectively, we investigated how the complexity of DSB end structure influences DNA damage responses. An early step in HR is the generation of 3'-single strand DNA (SSD) via a process of DNA end resection that requires CtIP. To assess this process, we analyzed the level of phosphorylated CtIP, as well as RPA phosphorylation and focus formation, which occur on the exposed SSD. We show that complex DSBs efficiently activate DNA end resection. After heavy ion beam irradiation, resection signals appear both in the vicinity of heterochromatic areas, which is also observed after X-irradiation, and additionally in euchromatic areas. Consequently, ~85% of complex DSBs are subjected to resection in heavy ion particle tracks. Furthermore, around 20-40% of G1 cells exhibit resection signals. Taken together, our observations reveal that the complexity of DSB ends is a critical factor regulating the choice of DSB repair pathway and drastically alters the balance toward resection-mediated rejoining. As demonstrated here, studies on DNA damage responses induced by heavy ion radiation provide an important tool to shed light on mechanisms regulating DNA end resection.
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