1
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Sasivimolrattana T, Bhattarakosol P. Impact of actin polymerization and filopodia formation on herpes simplex virus entry in epithelial, neuronal, and T lymphocyte cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1301859. [PMID: 38076455 PMCID: PMC10704452 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1301859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been known as a common viral pathogen that can infect several parts of the body, leading to various clinical manifestations. According to this diverse manifestation, HSV-1 infection in many cell types was demonstrated. Besides the HSV-1 cell tropism, e.g., fibroblast, epithelial, mucosal cells, and neurons, HSV-1 infections can occur in human T lymphocyte cells, especially in activated T cells. In addition, several studies found that actin polymerization and filopodia formation support HSV-1 infection in diverse cell types. Hence, the goal of this review is to explore the mechanism of HSV-1 infection in various types of cells involving filopodia formation and highlight potential future directions for HSV-1 entry-related research. Moreover, this review covers several strategies for possible anti-HSV drugs focused on the entry step, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvapan Bhattarakosol
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Meng K, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. Determination of the Salmonella intracellular lifestyle by the diversified interaction of Type III secretion system effectors and host GTPases. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1587. [PMID: 36250298 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host endomembrane system to establish a stable replication niche. Small GTPases are critical players in regulating each step of membrane trafficking events, such as vesicle biogenesis, cargo transport, tethering, and fusion events. Salmonella is a widely studied facultative intracellular bacteria. Salmonella delivers several virulence proteins, termed effectors, to regulate GTPase dynamics and subvert host trafficking for their benefit. In this review, we summarize an updated and systematic understanding of the interactions between bacterial effectors and host GTPases in determining the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Roberts AD, Taraska JW. B cell receptor (BCR) endocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:159-177. [PMID: 36631191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) interacts with foreign antigens to mediate B cell activation and secretion of antibodies. B cell activation begins with initiation of signaling pathways, such as NFAT, NF-κB, and MAPK, and endocytosis of the BCR-antigen complex. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways associated with BCR activation, and this work has led to significant advances in drug therapies to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases that are linked to aberrant BCR signaling. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms of BCR endocytosis and the role endocytosis plays in B cell pathogenesis. This chapter will review key characteristics of the BCR, including a review of signaling pathways, and endocytic mechanisms associated with the activated BCR. We will also review recent studies investigating the role of BCR endocytosis disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah D Roberts
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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4
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Chouinard FC, Davis L, Gilbert C, Bourgoin SG. Functional Role of AGAP2/PIKE-A in Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010072. [PMID: 36611866 PMCID: PMC9818964 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In phagocytes, cytoskeletal and membrane remodeling is finely regulated at the phagocytic cup. Various smaFll G proteins, including those of the Arf family, control these dynamic processes. Human neutrophils express AGAP2, an Arf GTPase activating protein (ArfGAP) that regulates endosomal trafficking and focal adhesion remodeling. We first examined the impact of AGAP2 on phagocytosis in CHO cells stably expressing the FcγRIIA receptor (CHO-IIA). In unstimulated CHO-IIA cells, AGAP2 only partially co-localized with cytoskeletal elements and intracellular compartments. In CHO-IIA cells, AGAP2 transiently accumulated at actin-rich phagocytic cups and increased Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Enhanced phagocytosis was not dependent on the N-terminal GTP-binding protein-like (GLD) domain of AGAP2. AGAP2 deleted of its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain was not recruited to phagocytic cups and did not enhance the engulfment of IgG-opsonized beads. However, the GAP-deficient [R618K]AGAP2 transiently localized at the phagocytic cups and enhanced phagocytosis. In PLB-985 cells differentiated towards a neutrophil-like phenotype, silencing of AGAP2 reduced phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan. In human neutrophils, opsonized zymosan or monosodium urate crystals induced AGAP2 phosphorylation. The data indicate that particulate agonists induce AGAP2 phosphorylation in neutrophils. This study highlights the role of AGAP2 and its GAP domain but not GAP activity in FcγR-dependent uptake of opsonized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- François C. Chouinard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Lynn Davis
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D’immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain G. Bourgoin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D’immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre ARThrite de L’université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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5
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM, Askari H, Savardashtaki A, Pirro M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Statin-regulated phagocytosis and efferocytosis in physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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p27 kip1 Modulates the Morphology and Phagocytic Activity of Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810432. [PMID: 36142366 PMCID: PMC9499407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
p27kip1 is a multifunctional protein that promotes cell cycle exit by blocking the activity of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes as well as migration and motility via signaling pathways that converge on the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Despite the broad characterization of p27kip1 function in neural cells, little is known about its relevance in microglia. Here, we studied the role of p27kip1 in microglia using a combination of in vitro and in situ approaches. While the loss of p27kip1 did not affect microglial density in the cerebral cortex, it altered their morphological complexity in situ. However, despite the presence of p27kip1 in microglial processes, as shown by immunofluorescence in cultured cells, loss of p27kip1 did not change microglial process motility and extension after applying laser-induced brain damage in cortical brain slices. Primary microglia lacking p27kip1 showed increased phagocytic uptake of synaptosomes, while a cell cycle dead variant negatively affected phagocytosis. These findings indicate that p27kip1 plays specific roles in microglia.
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7
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Griffiths G, Gruenberg J, Marsh M, Wohlmann J, Jones AT, Parton RG. Nanoparticle entry into cells; the cell biology weak link. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114403. [PMID: 35777667 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) are attractive options for the therapeutic delivery of active pharmaceutical drugs, proteins and nucleic acids into cells, tissues and organs. Research into the development and application of NP most often starts with a diverse group of scientists, including chemists, bioengineers and material and pharmaceutical scientists, who design, fabricate and characterize NP in vitro (Stage 1). The next step (Stage 2) generally investigates cell toxicity as well as the processes by which NP bind, are internalized and deliver their cargo to appropriate model tissue culture cells. Subsequently, in Stage 3, selected NP are tested in animal systems, mostly mouse. Whereas the chemistry-based development and analysis in Stage 1 is increasingly sophisticated, the investigations in Stage 2 are not what could be regarded as 'state-of-the-art' for the cell biology field and the quality of research into NP interactions with cells is often sub-standard. In this review we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms by which particles gain entry into mammalian cells via endocytosis. We summarize the most important areas for concern, highlight some of the most common mis-conceptions, and identify areas where NP scientists could engage with trained cell biologists. Our survey of the different mechanisms of uptake into cells makes us suspect that claims for roles for caveolae, as well as macropinocytosis, in NP uptake into cells have been exaggerated, whereas phagocytosis has been under-appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Griffiths
- Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Mark Marsh
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jens Wohlmann
- Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cardiff, Wales CF103NB, UK
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
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8
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McShane AN, Malinova D. The Ins and Outs of Antigen Uptake in B cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892169. [PMID: 35572544 PMCID: PMC9097226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of our current knowledge of B cell antigen uptake mechanisms, the relevance of these processes to pathology, and outstanding questions in the field. Specific antigens induce B cell activation through the B cell receptor (BCR) which initiates downstream signaling and undergoes endocytosis. While extensive research has shed light on the signaling pathways in health and disease, the endocytic mechanisms remain largely uncharacterized. Given the importance of BCR-antigen internalization for antigen presentation in initiating adaptive immune responses and its role in autoimmunity and malignancy, understanding the molecular mechanisms represents critical, and largely untapped, potential therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of BCR endocytic mechanisms and the role of the actin cytoskeleton and post-translational modifications in regulating BCR uptake. We discuss dysregulated BCR endocytosis in the context of B cell malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Finally, we pose several outstanding mechanistic questions which will critically advance our understanding of the coordination between BCR endocytosis and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nathan McShane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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9
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Gomes MT, Palasiewicz K, Gadiyar V, Lahey K, Calianese D, Birge RB, Ucker DS. Phosphatidylserine externalization by apoptotic cells is dispensable for specific recognition leading to innate apoptotic immune responses. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102034. [PMID: 35588784 PMCID: PMC9234239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface determinants newly expressed by apoptotic cells that are involved in triggering potent immunosuppressive responses, referred to as “innate apoptotic immunity (IAI)” have not been characterized fully. It is widely assumed, often implicitly, that phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid normally cloistered in the inner leaflet of cells and externalized specifically during apoptosis, is involved in triggering IAI, just as it plays an essential role in the phagocytic recognition of apoptotic cells. It is notable, however, that the triggering of IAI in responder cells is not dependent on the engulfment of apoptotic cells by those responders. Contact between the responder and the apoptotic target, on the other hand, is necessary to elicit IAI. Previously, we demonstrated that exposure of protease-sensitive determinants on the apoptotic cell surface are essential for initiating IAI responses; exposed glycolytic enzyme molecules were implicated in particular. Here, we report our analysis of the involvement of externalized phosphatidylserine in triggering IAI. To analyze the role of phosphatidylserine, we employed a panel of target cells that either externalized phosphatidylserine constitutively, independently of apoptosis, or did not, as well as their WT parental cells that externalized the phospholipid in an apoptosis-dependent manner. We found that the externalization of phosphatidylserine, which can be fully uncoupled from apoptosis, is neither sufficient nor necessary to trigger the profound immunomodulatory effects of IAI. These results reinforce the view that apoptotic immunomodulation and phagocytosis are dissociable and further underscore the significance of protein determinants localized to the cell surface during apoptosis in triggering innate apoptotic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta T Gomes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karol Palasiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Varsha Gadiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kevin Lahey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David S Ucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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10
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Wu C, Guo WB, Liu YY, Yang L, Miao AJ. Molecular mechanisms underlying the calcium-mediated uptake of hematite nanoparticles by the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117749. [PMID: 34329064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic ecosystems, the calcium (Ca) concentration varies greatly. It is well known that Ca affects the aggregation of nanoparticles (NPs) and thus their bioaccumulation. Nevertheless, Ca also plays critical roles in various biological processes, whose effects on NP accumulation in aquatic organisms remain unclear. In this study, the effects of Ca on the uptake of polyacrylate-coated hematite NPs (HemNPs) by the aquatic ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila were investigated. At all of the tested Ca concentrations, HemNPs were well dispersed in the experimental medium, excluding the possibility of Ca to influence HemNP bioaccumulation by aggregating the NPs. Instead, Ca was shown to induce the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis of HemNPs. Manipulation of the Ca speciation in the experimental medium as well as the influx and intracellular availability of Ca in T. thermophila indicated that HemNP uptake was regulated by the intracellular Ca level. The results of the proteomics analyses further showed that the binding of intracellular Ca to calmodulin altered the activity of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (calcineurin and dynamin) and phagocytosis (actin). Overall, the biologically inductive effects of Ca on NP accumulation in aquatic organisms should be considered when evaluating the environmental risks of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Wen-Bo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yue-Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
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Acute RhoA/Rho Kinase Inhibition Is Sufficient to Restore Phagocytic Capacity to Retinal Pigment Epithelium Lacking the Engulfment Receptor MerTK. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081927. [PMID: 34440696 PMCID: PMC8394172 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The diurnal phagocytosis of spent photoreceptor outer segment fragments (POS) by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is essential for visual function. POS internalization by RPE cells requires the assembly of F-actin phagocytic cups beneath surface-tethered POS and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) signaling. The activation of the Rho family GTPase Rac1 is necessary for phagocytic cup formation, and Rac1 is activated normally in MerTK-deficient RPE. We show here that mutant RPE lacking MerTK and wild-type RPE deprived of MerTK ligand both fail to form phagocytic cups regardless of Rac1 activation. However, in wild-type RPE in vivo, a decrease in RhoA activity coincides with the daily phagocytosis burst, while RhoA activity in MerTK-deficient RPE is constant. Elevating RhoA activity blocks phagocytic cup formation and phagocytosis by wild-type RPE. Conversely, inhibiting RhoA effector Rho kinases (ROCKs) rescues both F-actin assembly and POS internalization of primary RPE if MerTK or its ligand are lacking. Most strikingly, acute ROCK inhibition is sufficient to induce the formation and acidification of endogenous POS phagosomes by MerTK-deficient RPE ex vivo. Altogether, RhoA pathway inactivation is a necessary and sufficient downstream effect of MerTK phagocytic signaling such that the acute manipulation of cytosolic ROCK activity suffices to restore phagocytic capacity to MerTK-deficient RPE.
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12
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Airway Epithelial Hepcidin Coordinates Lung Macrophages and Immunity Against Bacterial Pneumonia. Shock 2021; 54:402-412. [PMID: 31743298 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is a liver-derived master regulator of iron metabolism through its molecular target ferroportin, the only known mammalian iron exporter. Accumulated evidence has shown the important roles of hepatic hepcidin in host defense and infections. Hepcidin is also expressed by airway epithelial cells. However, the function of epithelial hepcidin during bacterial pneumonia remains unknown. METHODS Pneumonia was induced in hepcidin-1-deficient and wild-type mice using the most common bacterial agents, and the effects of hepcidin on survival, bacterial burden, iron status, and macrophage phagocytosis after bacterial pneumonia were assessed. RESULTS Hepcidin levels decreased in airway epithelium during common pneumonia, while lung macrophage-derived ferroportin levels and pulmonary iron concentrations increased. Lack of hepcidin in the airway epithelium worsened the outcomes of pneumonia. Manipulation of hepcidin level in the airway epithelium in mice with macrophage-specific ferroportin deletion did not affect the progress of pneumonia. Increased pulmonary iron concentration not only facilitated bacterial growth but also led to the defective phagocytic function of lung macrophages via activation of RhoA GTPase through oxidation of RhoGDI. Furthermore, enhancing the hepcidin level in the airway epithelium rescued mice from lethal bacterial pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify an uncharacterized important role of airway epithelial hepcidin in protection against bacterial pneumonia and provide the basis for novel alternative therapeutic strategies for combatting bacterial pneumonia in future translational research.
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Almutairi O, Almutairi HA, Rushood MA. Protein-Activated Kinase 3 (PAK3)-Related Intellectual Disability Associated with Combined Immunodeficiency: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e930966. [PMID: 34014906 PMCID: PMC8147901 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.930966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked intellectual disabilities constitute a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that are divided into syndromic and nonsyndromic forms. PAK3 mutations are associated with X-linked nonsyndromic forms of intellectual disability, with the most common clinical features being cognitive deficit, large ears, oral motor hypotonia, and neurobehavioral abnormalities. These mutations have been reported to be associated with either loss of the PAK3 protein or loss of its kinase activity. We report a case with the novel PAK3 variant c.685C>T p.(Pro229Ser), which has not been previously described. CASE REPORT We report the first case of a PAK3 mutation to present with the common clinical features along with immunodeficiency resembling common variable immune deficiency. Our patient was a 10-year-old girl who had experienced septic shock with a rapidly deteriorating course when she was 5-years-old. The initial immune work-up showed lymphopenia affecting all cell lines, but preferentially the B-cell compartment. Further work-up of this patient revealed low levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, undetectable IgA, reduced IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses, and poor response to the diphtheria/tetanus vaccine. Lymphocyte function, tested as the response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin, was low and fluctuated between 9% and 22% compared with control samples. The patient experienced recurrent respiratory tract infections, and she responded well to regular intravenous Ig treatment and antibiotic prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS The current case might provide a new insight into PAK3 gene function. Although further evidence is needed, it is worth considering that immunological abnormalities may be associated with PAK3 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maysoun Al Rushood
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
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14
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Functional and Therapeutic Relevance of Rho GTPases in Innate Immune Cell Migration and Function during Inflammation: An In Silico Perspective. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6655412. [PMID: 33628114 PMCID: PMC7896857 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic regulation of leukocyte migration to the site of infection is a vital step during immunological responses. Improper migration and localization of immune cells could be associated with disease pathology as seen in systemic inflammation. Rho GTPases act as molecular switches during inflammatory cell migration by cycling between Rho-GDP (inactive) to Rho-GTP (active) forms and play an essential role in the precise regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics as well as other immunological functions of leukocytes. Available reports suggest that the dysregulation of Rho GTPase signaling is associated with various inflammatory diseases ranging from mild to life-threatening conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the step-by-step activation and inactivation of GTPases and the functioning of different Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) and GTPase-Activating Proteins (GAPs) that regulate the conversion of GDP to GTP and GTP to GDP exchange reactions, respectively. Here, we describe the molecular organization and activation of various domains of crucial elements associated with the activation of Rho GTPases using solved PDB structures. We will also present the latest evidence available on the relevance of Rho GTPases in the migration and function of innate immune cells during inflammation. This knowledge will help scientists design promising drug candidates against the Rho-GTPase-centric regulatory molecules regulating inflammatory cell migration.
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15
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Kloc M, Uosef A, Villagran M, Zdanowski R, Kubiak JZ, Wosik J, Ghobrial RM. RhoA- and Actin-Dependent Functions of Macrophages from the Rodent Cardiac Transplantation Model Perspective -Timing Is the Essence. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020070. [PMID: 33498417 PMCID: PMC7909416 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The functions of animal and human cells depend on the actin cytoskeleton and its regulating protein called the RhoA. The actin cytoskeleton and RhoA also regulate the response of the immune cells such as macrophages to the microbial invasion and/or the presence of a non-self, such as a transplanted organ. The immune response against transplant occurs in several steps. The early step occurring within days post-transplantation is called the acute rejection and the late step, occurring months to years post-transplantation, is called the chronic rejection. In clinical transplantation, acute rejection is easily manageable by the anti-rejection drugs. However, there is no cure for chronic rejection, which is caused by the macrophages entering the transplant and promoting blockage of its blood vessels and destruction of tissue. We discuss here how the inhibition of the RhoA and actin cytoskeleton polymerization in the macrophages, either by genetic interference or pharmacologically, prevents macrophage entry into the transplanted organ and prevents chronic rejection, and also how it affects the anti-microbial function of the macrophages. We also focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection and anti-microbial therapies. Abstract The small GTPase RhoA, and its down-stream effector ROCK kinase, and the interacting Rac1 and mTORC2 pathways, are the principal regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-related functions in all eukaryotic cells, including the immune cells. As such, they also regulate the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in the immune response and beyond. Here, we review the results of our and other’s studies on the role of the actin and RhoA pathway in shaping the macrophage functions in general and macrophage immune response during the development of chronic (long term) rejection of allografts in the rodent cardiac transplantation model. We focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martha Villagran
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.V.); (J.W.)
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine (WIM), 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
- Cell Cycle Group, CNRS, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, UMR, 6290 Rennes, France
| | - Jarek Wosik
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.V.); (J.W.)
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Zheng S, Baak JP, Li S, Xiao W, Ren H, Yang H, Gan Y, Wen C. Network pharmacology analysis of the therapeutic mechanisms of the traditional Chinese herbal formula Lian Hua Qing Wen in Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), gives fundamental support to the clinical use of LHQW. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153336. [PMID: 32949888 PMCID: PMC7474845 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herbal formula Lian Hua Qing Wen (LHQW) improves the results of COVID-19 treatment. Three very recent studies analyzed with network pharmacology some working mechanisms of LHQW. However, we used more techniques and also included Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (a SARS-CoV receptor, possibly the viral entry point in alveolar lung cells) and the immune system, as cytokine storm is essential in the late phase. PURPOSE Extensive detailed Network Pharmacology analysis of the LHQW- treatment mechanism in COVID-19. METHODS TCM-herb-meridian and protein interaction network (PIN) of LHQW, based on LHQW herbs meridian information and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) information of the LHQW-component targets. Hub and topological property analyses to obtain crucial targets and construct the crucial LHQW-PIN. Functional modules determination using MCODE, GO and KEGG pathway analysis of biological processes and pathway enrichment. Intersection calculations between the LHQW-proteins and ACE2 co-expression-proteins. RESULTS LHQW herbs have relationships to Stomach-, Heart-, Liver- and Spleen-systems, but most (10 of the 13 herbs) to the Lung system, indicating specific effects in lung diseases. The crucial LHQW PIN has the scale-free property, contains 2,480 targets, 160,266 PPIs and thirty functional modules. Six modules are enriched in leukocyte-mediated immunity, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, immune response regulating signaling pathway, interleukin 23 mediated signaling pathway and Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis (GO analysis). These 6 are also enriched in cancer, immune system-, and viral infection diseases (KEGG). LHQW shared 189 proteins with ACE2 co-expression proteins. CONCLUSIONS Detailed network analysis shows, that LHQW herbal TCM treatment modulates the inflammatory process, exerts antiviral effects and repairs lung injury. Moreover, it also relieves the "cytokine storm" and improves ACE2-expression-disorder-caused symptoms. These innovative findings give a rational pharmacological basis and support for treating COVID-19 and possibly other diseases with LHQW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Zheng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 61711137, China
| | - Jan P Baak
- Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; Dr. Med Jan Baak AS, 4056 Tananger, Norway.
| | - Shuang Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 61711137, China
| | - Wenke Xiao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 61711137, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 61711137, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 61711137, China
| | - Yanxiong Gan
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 61711137, China; China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Chuanbiao Wen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 61711137, China.
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17
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Verma DK, Peruzza L, Trusch F, Yadav MK, Ravindra, Shubin SV, Morgan KL, Mohindra V, Hauton C, van West P, Pradhan PK, Sood N. Transcriptome analysis reveals immune pathways underlying resistance in the common carp Cyprinus carpio against the oomycete Aphanomyces invadans. Genomics 2020; 113:944-956. [PMID: 33127583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Aphanomyces invadans is a serious fish disease with major global impacts. Despite affecting over 160 fish species, some of the species like the common carp Cyprinus carpio are resistant to A. invadans infection. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptomes of head kidney of common carp experimentally infected with A. invadans. In time course analysis, 5288 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DEGs), of which 731 were involved in 21 immune pathways. The analysis of immune-related DEGs suggested that efficient processing and presentation of A. invadans antigens, enhanced phagocytosis, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and increased recruitment of leukocytes to the sites of infection contribute to resistance of common carp against A. invadans. Herein, we provide a systematic understanding of the disease resistance mechanisms in common carp at molecular level as a valuable resource for developing disease management strategies for this devastating fish-pathogenic oomycete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Luca Peruzza
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Present address: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franziska Trusch
- International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom; Present address: University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences (@ James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sergei V Shubin
- College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Kenton L Morgan
- The Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vindhya Mohindra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chris Hauton
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter van West
- International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - P K Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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18
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Ito H, Yamashita Y, Tanaka T, Takaki M, Le MN, Yoshida LM, Morimoto K. Cigarette smoke induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppresses efferocytosis through the activation of RhoA. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12620. [PMID: 32724133 PMCID: PMC7387437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired efferocytosis is a key mechanism of inflammatory lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Cigarette smoking activates RhoA and impairs efferocytosis in alveolar macrophages, but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by cigarette smoking in the disruption of efferocytosis. Both tunicamycin (10 μg/ml) and thapsigargin (0.1 and 1 μM), which are ER stress inducers, suppressed efferocytosis in J774 cells, and a Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (Y27632) reversed this effect. We validated the effect of tunicamycin on efferocytosis in experiments using RAW264.7 cells. Then, we investigated the role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in efferocytosis impaired by ER stress. A PERK inhibitor (GSK2606414) restored the efferocytosis that had been impaired by TM, and an eIF2α dephosphorylation inhibitor (salubrinal) suppressed efferocytosis. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced ER stress in J774 macrophages and RhoA activation in J774 cells, and the CSE-induced ROCK activity was successfully reversed by GSK2606414 and tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Finally, we confirmed that ER stress suppresses efferocytosis in murine alveolar macrophages and that GSK2606414 could rescue this process. These data suggest that cigarette smoke-induced ER stress and the UPR play crucial roles in RhoA activation and suppression of efferocytosis in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ito
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takaki
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Minh Nhat Le
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Konosuke Morimoto
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
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19
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Sachdeva K, Goel M, Sundaramurthy V. Heterogeneity in the endocytic capacity of individual macrophage in a population determines its subsequent phagocytosis, infectivity and subcellular trafficking. Traffic 2020; 21:522-533. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Sachdeva
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Manisha Goel
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
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20
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Anaerobic metabolism of Foraminifera thriving below the seafloor. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2580-2594. [PMID: 32641728 PMCID: PMC7490399 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Foraminifera are single-celled eukaryotes (protists) of large ecological importance, as well as environmental and paleoenvironmental indicators and biostratigraphic tools. In addition, they are capable of surviving in anoxic marine environments where they represent a major component of the benthic community. However, the cellular adaptations of Foraminifera to the anoxic environment remain poorly constrained. We sampled an oxic-anoxic transition zone in marine sediments from the Namibian shelf, where the genera Bolivina and Stainforthia dominated the Foraminifera community, and use metatranscriptomics to characterize Foraminifera metabolism across the different geochemical conditions. Relative Foraminifera gene expression in anoxic sediment increased an order of magnitude, which was confirmed in a 10-day incubation experiment where the development of anoxia coincided with a 20–40-fold increase in the relative abundance of Foraminifera protein encoding transcripts, attributed primarily to those involved in protein synthesis, intracellular protein trafficking, and modification of the cytoskeleton. This indicated that many Foraminifera were not only surviving but thriving, under the anoxic conditions. The anaerobic energy metabolism of these active Foraminifera was characterized by fermentation of sugars and amino acids, fumarate reduction, and potentially dissimilatory nitrate reduction. Moreover, the gene expression data indicate that under anoxia Foraminifera use the phosphogen creatine phosphate as an ATP store, allowing reserves of high-energy phosphate pool to be maintained for sudden demands of increased energy during anaerobic metabolism. This was co-expressed alongside genes involved in phagocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Foraminifera may use CME to utilize dissolved organic matter as a carbon and energy source, in addition to ingestion of prey cells via phagocytosis. These anaerobic metabolic mechanisms help to explain the ecological success of Foraminifera documented in the fossil record since the Cambrian period more than 500 million years ago.
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21
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Nelsen E, Hobson CM, Kern ME, Hsiao JP, O'Brien Iii ET, Watanabe T, Condon BM, Boyce M, Grinstein S, Hahn KM, Falvo MR, Superfine R. Combined Atomic Force Microscope and Volumetric Light Sheet System for Correlative Force and Fluorescence Mechanobiology Studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8133. [PMID: 32424215 PMCID: PMC7234992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central goals of mechanobiology are to understand how cells generate force and how they respond to environmental mechanical stimuli. A full picture of these processes requires high-resolution, volumetric imaging with time-correlated force measurements. Here we present an instrument that combines an open-top, single-objective light sheet fluorescence microscope with an atomic force microscope (AFM), providing simultaneous volumetric imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution and high dynamic range force capability (10 pN - 100 nN). With this system we have captured lysosome trafficking, vimentin nuclear caging, and actin dynamics on the order of one second per single-cell volume. To showcase the unique advantages of combining Line Bessel light sheet imaging with AFM, we measured the forces exerted by a macrophage during FcɣR-mediated phagocytosis while performing both sequential two-color, fixed plane and volumetric imaging of F-actin. This unique instrument allows for a myriad of novel studies investigating the coupling of cellular dynamics and mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nelsen
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - C M Hobson
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - M E Kern
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - J P Hsiao
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - E T O'Brien Iii
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - T Watanabe
- Deptartment of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - B M Condon
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
| | - M Boyce
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
| | - S Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - K M Hahn
- Deptartment of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - M R Falvo
- Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - R Superfine
- Deptartment of Applied and Materials Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Nguyen T, Nguyen H, Pham H, Nguyen A, Phan T, Hara T, Takatsuka Y, Nguyen A. Cooperative improvement in growth rate, red‐colour score and astaxanthin level of white‐leg shrimp by
Bacillus
strains originating from shrimp gut. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:51-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.T. Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology VNU University of Science Vietnam National University, Hanoi Hanoi Vietnam
| | - H.T. Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology VNU University of Science Vietnam National University, Hanoi Hanoi Vietnam
| | - H.T.T. Pham
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology VNU University of Science Vietnam National University, Hanoi Hanoi Vietnam
| | - A.H. Nguyen
- ANABIO Research & Development JSC Hanoi Vietnam
| | - T.N. Phan
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology VNU University of Science Vietnam National University, Hanoi Hanoi Vietnam
| | - T. Hara
- Environmental Microbiology Research section Laboratory for Complex Energy Processes Institute of Advanced Energy Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Y. Takatsuka
- Environmental Microbiology Research section Laboratory for Complex Energy Processes Institute of Advanced Energy Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - A.T.V. Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology VNU University of Science Vietnam National University, Hanoi Hanoi Vietnam
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24
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Lung Macrophage Functional Properties in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030853. [PMID: 32013028 PMCID: PMC7037150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by the chronic exposure of the lungs to toxic particles and gases. These exposures initiate a persistent innate and adaptive immune inflammatory response in the airways and lung tissues. Lung macrophages (LMs) are key innate immune effector cells that identify, engulf, and destroy pathogens and process inhaled particles, including cigarette smoke and particulate matter (PM), the main environmental triggers for COPD. The number of LMs in lung tissues and airspaces is increased in COPD, suggesting a potential key role for LMs in initiating and perpetuating the chronic inflammatory response that underpins the progressive nature of COPD. The purpose of this brief review is to discuss the origins of LMs, their functional properties (chemotaxis, recruitment, mediator production, phagocytosis and apoptosis) and changes in these properties due to exposure to cigarette smoke, ambient particulate and pathogens, as well as their persistent altered functional properties in subjects with established COPD. We also explore the potential to therapeutically modulate and restore LMs functional properties, to improve impaired immune system, prevent the progression of lung tissue destruction, and improve both morbidity and mortality related to COPD.
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25
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Xin C, Kim J, Quan H, Yin M, Jeong S, Choi JI, Jang EA, Lee CH, Kim DH, Bae HB. Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105945. [PMID: 31644962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 is a steroidal saponin abundant in Korean red ginseng that has high anti-inflammatory activity. Rg3 exerts an immunomodulatory effect in acute inflammatory conditions such as bacterial infections. In this study, we determined the effect of Rg3 on bacterial uptake by macrophages and the related intracellular signaling pathways. Rg3 increased macrophage phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized Escherichia coli and IgG-opsonized beads (IgGbeads), but not of non-opsonized beads. Rg3 also enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), but not that of Akt. The inclusion of IgGbeads in macrophage cultures also increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, but co-culture of macrophages with non-opsonized beads did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38. The Rg3-induced promotion of phagocytosis was inhibited by PD98059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, and SB203580, a p38 inhibitor. PD98059 inhibited Rg3-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, but SB203580 did not suppress ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Culture of macrophages with Rg3 increased actin polymerization, and this effect was inhibited by SB203580 and PD98059. The Rg3-induced increase in phagocytosis was also inhibited by NSC23766, a Rac1 inhibitor and CASIN, a Cdc42 inhibitor. Intraperitoneal injection of Rg3 increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 as well as the phagocytosis of bacteria by lung cells. These results demonstrate that ginsenoside Rg3 enhances macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria by activating the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Joungmin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hui Quan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mei Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seongtae Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun-A Jang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hong-Beom Bae
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea.
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26
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Modular Diversity of the BLUF Proteins and Their Potential for the Development of Diverse Optogenetic Tools. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9183924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organisms can respond to varying light conditions using a wide range of sensory photoreceptors. These photoreceptors can be standalone proteins or represent a module in multidomain proteins, where one or more modules sense light as an input signal which is converted into an output response via structural rearrangements in these receptors. The output signals are utilized downstream by effector proteins or multiprotein clusters to modulate their activity, which could further affect specific interactions, gene regulation or enzymatic catalysis. The blue-light using flavin (BLUF) photosensory module is an autonomous unit that is naturally distributed among functionally distinct proteins. In this study, we identified 34 BLUF photoreceptors of prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin from available bioinformatics sequence databases. Interestingly, our analysis shows diverse BLUF-effector arrangements with a functional association that was previously unknown or thought to be rare among the BLUF class of sensory proteins, such as endonucleases, tet repressor family (tetR), regulators of G-protein signaling, GAL4 transcription family and several other previously unidentified effectors, such as RhoGEF, Phosphatidyl-Ethanolamine Binding protein (PBP), ankyrin and leucine-rich repeats. Interaction studies and the indexing of BLUF domains further show the diversity of BLUF-effector combinations. These diverse modular architectures highlight how the organism’s behaviour, cellular processes, and distinct cellular outputs are regulated by integrating BLUF sensing modules in combination with a plethora of diverse signatures. Our analysis highlights the modular diversity of BLUF containing proteins and opens the possibility of creating a rational design of novel functional chimeras using a BLUF architecture with relevant cellular effectors. Thus, the BLUF domain could be a potential candidate for the development of powerful novel optogenetic tools for its application in modulating diverse cell signaling.
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Bae DJ, Seo J, Kim SY, Park SY, Do Yoo J, Pyo JH, Cho W, Cho JY, Kim S, Kim IS. ArhGAP12 plays dual roles in Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis: Regulates Rac1 basal activity and spatiotemporally turns off the Rac1 to orchestrate phagosome maturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1595-1607. [PMID: 31301364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and precise clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) involves a series of phagocytic processes through which apoptotic cells are recognized, engulfed, and degraded within phagocytes. The Rho-family GTPases critically rearrange the cytoskeleton for these phagocytic processes, but we know little about the mechanisms by which regulatory proteins control the spatiotemporal activities of the Rho-family GTPases. Here, we identify ArhGAP12 as a functional GTPase-activating protein (GAP) of Rac1 during Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis. ArhGAP12 constitutively forms a complex with the phosphatidylserine receptor, Stabilin-2, via direct interaction with the downstream protein, GULP, but is released from the complex when Stabilin-2 interacts with apoptotic cells. When the phagocytic cup is closed and the apoptotic cell is surrounded by the phagosomal membrane, ArhGAP12 localizes to the phagocytic cup via a specific interaction with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, which is transiently biosynthesized in the phagocytic cup. Down-regulation of ArhGAP12 results in sustained Rac1 activity, arrangement of F-actin, and delayed phagosome-lysosome fusion. Our results collectively suggest that ArhGAP12 carries dual roles in Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis: it binds to GULP/Stabilin-2 and switches off Rac1 basal activity and switches on the Rac1 by releasing itself from the complex. In addition, the spatiotemporal membrane targeting of ArhGAP12 inactivates Rac1 in a time-specific and spatially coordinated manner to orchestrate phagosome maturation. This may shed light on how other RhoGAPs spatiotemporally inactivate Rac or Cdc42 during phagocytosis by various cells, in different circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea; ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Seo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea; ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Do Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Pyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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Naik U, Nguyen QPH, Harrison RE. Binding and uptake of single and dual-opsonized targets by macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:183-199. [PMID: 31172552 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of phagocytosis is largely derived from studies of individual receptor-ligand interactions and their downstream signaling pathways. Because phagocytes are exposed to a variety of ligands on heterogeneous target particles in vivo, it is important to observe the engagement of multiple receptors simultaneously and the triggered involvement of downstream signaling pathways. Potential crosstalk between the two well-characterized opsonic receptors, FcγR and CR3, was briefly explored in the early 1970s, where macrophages were challenged with dual-opsonized targets. However, subsequent studies on receptor crosstalk were primarily restricted to using single opsonins on different targets, typically at saturating opsonin conditions. Beyond validating these initial explorations on receptor crosstalk, we identify the early signaling mechanisms that underlie the binding and phagocytosis during the simultaneous activation of both opsonic receptors, through the presence of a dual-opsonized target (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and C3bi), compared with single receptor activation. For this purpose, we used signaling protein inhibitor studies as well as live cell brightfield and fluorescent imaging to fully understand the role of tyrosine kinases, F-actin dynamics and internalization kinetics for FcγR and CR3. Importantly, opsonic receptors were studied together and in isolation, in the context of sparsely opsonized targets. We observed enhanced particle binding and a synergistic effect on particle internalization during the simultaneous activation of FcγR and CR3 engaged with sparsely opsonized targets. Inhibition of early signaling and cytoskeletal molecules revealed a differential involvement of Src kinase for FcγR- vs CR3- and dual receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Src activity recruits Syk kinase and we observed intermediate levels of Syk phosphorylation in dual-opsonized particles compared with those opsonized with IgG or C3bi alone. These results likely explain the intermediate levels of F-actin that is recruited to sites of dual-opsonized particle uptake and the notoriously delayed internalization of C3bi-opsonized targets by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urja Naik
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quynh Phuong Hai Nguyen
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rene E Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nam GH, Hong Y, Choi Y, Kim GB, Kim YK, Yang Y, Kim IS. An optimized protocol to determine the engulfment of cancer cells by phagocytes using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. J Immunol Methods 2019; 470:27-32. [PMID: 31034881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The engulfment of cancer cells by macrophages is an important cellular process in innate cancer immunity. Antitumor immunotherapy that utilizes the enhanced engulfment of cancer cells by phagocytic cells has attracted much attention. Therefore, there is a growing demand for methods of measuring cancer cell phagocytosis. Quantifying the various stages of phagocytosis is invaluable for elucidating cancer-immune responses during this process. Here, we describe two phagocytosis assays, a flow cytometric assay and a fluorescent microscopic assay; the flow cytometric method utilizing CellTracker dye provides a simple, measurable, and highly reproducible functional assay to measure the phagocytosis efficiency of cancer cells by bone marrow-derived macrophages. As an alternative method of evaluating various states of cancer cell phagocytosis, a fluorescent microscopic method that employs a pH-sensitive dye (pHrodo-SE dye) is also described in this paper. Image-based analysis using this labeling approach enables researchers to measure phagocytic indices that indicate the number of cancer cells engulfed by each macrophage. We have highlighted that these assays can be applied to multiple tumor types and used as selection tools for a variety of phagocytosis agonist types. The results of this study may facilitate a better understanding of the interactions between tumor cells and phagocytes, which could lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Hoon Nam
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsun Hong
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyoung Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoosoo Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Horsthemke M, Wilden J, Bachg AC, Hanley PJ. Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394377 DOI: 10.3791/57566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton to capture, envelop and engulf large particles. Although phagocytic receptors, downstream signaling pathways, and effectors, such as Rho GTPases, have been identified, the dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling of specific receptor-mediated phagocytic events remain unclear. Four decades ago, two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis, exemplified by Fcγ receptor (FcγR)- and complement receptor (CR)-mediated phagocytosis, were identified using scanning electron microscopy. Binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized particles to FcγRs triggers the protrusion of thin membrane extensions, which initially form a so-called phagocytic cup around the particle before it becomes completely enclosed and retracted into the cell. In contrast, complement opsonized particles appear to sink into the phagocyte following binding to complement receptors. These two modes of phagocytosis, phagocytic cup formation and sinking in, have become well established in the literature. However, the distinctions between the two modes have become blurred by reports that complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis may induce various membrane protrusions. With the availability of high resolution imaging techniques, phagocytosis assays are required that allow real-time 3D (three dimensional) visualization of how specific phagocytic receptors mediate the uptake of individual particles. More commonly used approaches for the study of phagocytosis, such as end-point assays, miss the opportunity to understand what is happening at the interface of particles and phagocytes. Here we describe phagocytic assays, using time-lapse spinning disk confocal microscopy, that allow 3D imaging of single phagocytic events. In addition, we describe assays to unambiguously image Fcγ receptor- or complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis.
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Xu JD, Diao MQ, Niu GJ, Wang XW, Zhao XF, Wang JX. A Small GTPase, RhoA, Inhibits Bacterial Infection Through Integrin Mediated Phagocytosis in Invertebrates. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1928. [PMID: 30233567 PMCID: PMC6127615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras GTPase superfamily, including more than 100 members, plays a vital role in a number of cellular processes, such as cytoskeleton recombination, gene expression, and signaling pathway regulation. Some members of the superfamily participate in innate immunity in animals. However, there have been few studies of RhoA on this aspect. In the present study, we identified a RhoA GTPase in the shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus and named it MjRhoA. Expression of MjRhoA was significantly upregulated in hemocytes and heart of shrimp challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. Overexpression of MjRhoA in shrimp caused the total bacterial number to decrease significantly and knockdown of MjRhoA increased the bacterial number obviously, with a consequent decline in shrimp survival. These results confirmed the antibacterial function of MjRhoA in shrimp. Further study showed that rate of phagocytosis of hemocytes was decreased in MjRhoA-knockdown shrimp. Interestingly, we observed that MjRhoA was translocated onto the hemocyte membrane at 1 h post V. anguillarum challenge. The expression levels of the β-integrin-mediated phagocytosis markers ROCK2 and Arp2/3 declined significantly after knockdown of MjRhoA. These results suggested that the antibacterial function of MjRhoA was related to β-integrin-mediated phagocytosis in shrimp. Our previous study identified that a C-type lectin, hFcLec4, initiated β-integrin mediated phagocytosis after bacterial infection. Thus, knockdown of hFcLec4 and β-integrin was performed. The results showed that the translocation of MjRhoA from the cytoplasm to membrane was inhibited and the expression level of MjRhoA was decreased, suggesting that MjRhoA participated in hFcLec4-integrin mediated phagocytosis. Therefore, our study identified a new hFcLec4-integrin-RhoA dependent phagocytosis against bacterial infection in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng-Qi Diao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Kurynina AV, Erokhina MV, Makarevich OA, Sysoeva VY, Lepekha LN, Kuznetsov SA, Onishchenko GE. Plasticity of Human THP-1 Cell Phagocytic Activity during Macrophagic Differentiation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:200-214. [PMID: 29625541 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the role of macrophages in phagocytosis are of great theoretical and practical importance for understanding how these cells are involved in the organism's defense response and in the development of various pathologies. Here we investigated phagocytic plasticity of THP-1 (acute monocytic human leukemia) cells at different stages (days 1, 3, and 7) of phorbol ester (PMA)-induced macrophage differentiation. Analysis of cytokine profiles showed that PMA at a concentration of 100 nM induced development of the proinflammatory macrophage population. The functional activity of macrophages was assessed on days 3 and 7 of differentiation using unlabeled latex beads and latex beads conjugated with ligands (gelatin, mannan, and IgG Fc fragment) that bind to the corresponding specific receptors. The general phagocytic activity increased significantly (1.5-2.0-fold) in the course of differentiation; phagocytosis occurred mostly through the Fc receptors, as shown previously for M1 macrophages. On day 7, the levels of phagocytosis of gelatin- and Fc-covered beads were high; however, the intensity of ingestion of mannan-conjugated beads via mannose receptors increased 2.5-3.0-fold as well, which indicated formation of cells with an alternative phenotype similar to that of M2 macrophages. Thus, the type and the plasticity of phagocytic activity at certain stages of macrophage differentiation can be associated with the formation of functionally mature morphological phenotype. This allows macrophages to exhibit their phagocytic potential in response to specific ligands. These data are of fundamental importance and can be used to develop therapeutic methods for correcting the M1/M2 macrophage ratio in an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kurynina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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C. elegans Blastomeres Clear the Corpse of the Second Polar Body by LC3-Associated Phagocytosis. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2070-2082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Ismail OZ, Sriranganathan S, Zhang X, Bonventre JV, Zervos AS, Gunaratnam L. Tctex-1, a novel interaction partner of Kidney Injury Molecule-1, is required for efferocytosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6877-6895. [PMID: 29693725 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a phosphatidylserine receptor that is specifically upregulated on proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) during acute kidney injury and mitigates tissue damage by mediating efferocytosis (the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells). The signaling molecules that regulate efferocytosis in TECs are not well understood. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the dynein light chain protein, Tctex-1, as a novel KIM-1-interacting protein. Immunoprecipitation and confocal imaging studies suggested that Tctex-1 associates with KIM-1 in cells at baseline, but, dissociates from KIM-1 within 90 min of initiation of efferocytosis. Interfering with actin or microtubule polymerization interestingly prevented the dissociation of KIM-1 from Tctex-1. Moreover, the subcellular localization of Tctex-1 changed from being microtubule-associated to mainly cytosolic upon expression of KIM-1. Short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of endogenous Tctex-1 in cells significantly inhibited efferocytosis to levels comparable to that of knock down of KIM-1 in the same cells. Importantly, Tctex-1 was not involved in the delivery of KIM-1 to the cell-surface. On the other hand, KIM-1 expression significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Tctex-1 at threonine 94 (T94), a post-translational modification which is known to disrupt the binding of Tctex-1 to dynein on microtubules. In keeping with this, we found that KIM-1 bound less efficiently to the phosphomimic (T94E) mutant of Tctex-1 compared to wild type Tctex-1. Surprisingly, expression of Tctex-1 T94E did not influence KIM-1-mediated efferocytosis. Our studies uncover a previously unknown role for Tctex-1 in KIM-1-dependent efferocytosis in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Z Ismail
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saranga Sriranganathan
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xizhong Zhang
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonis S Zervos
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Western University, Ontario, Canada
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Toepfner N, Herold C, Otto O, Rosendahl P, Jacobi A, Kräter M, Stächele J, Menschner L, Herbig M, Ciuffreda L, Ranford-Cartwright L, Grzybek M, Coskun Ü, Reithuber E, Garriss G, Mellroth P, Henriques-Normark B, Tregay N, Suttorp M, Bornhäuser M, Chilvers ER, Berner R, Guck J. Detection of human disease conditions by single-cell morpho-rheological phenotyping of blood. eLife 2018; 7:e29213. [PMID: 29331015 PMCID: PMC5790376 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood is arguably the most important bodily fluid and its analysis provides crucial health status information. A first routine measure to narrow down diagnosis in clinical practice is the differential blood count, determining the frequency of all major blood cells. What is lacking to advance initial blood diagnostics is an unbiased and quick functional assessment of blood that can narrow down the diagnosis and generate specific hypotheses. To address this need, we introduce the continuous, cell-by-cell morpho-rheological (MORE) analysis of diluted whole blood, without labeling, enrichment or separation, at rates of 1000 cells/sec. In a drop of blood we can identify all major blood cells and characterize their pathological changes in several disease conditions in vitro and in patient samples. This approach takes previous results of mechanical studies on specifically isolated blood cells to the level of application directly in blood and adds a functional dimension to conventional blood analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Toepfner
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Christoph Herold
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Zellmechanik Dresden GmbHDresdenGermany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Zellmechanik Dresden GmbHDresdenGermany
- ZIK HIKE, Universität GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Philipp Rosendahl
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Zellmechanik Dresden GmbHDresdenGermany
| | - Angela Jacobi
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Martin Kräter
- Department of Hematology and OncologyUniversity Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Julia Stächele
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Leonhard Menschner
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Maik Herbig
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Laura Ciuffreda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michal Grzybek
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Centre MunichUniversity Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- German Center for Diabetes ResearchNeuherbergGermany
| | - Ünal Coskun
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Centre MunichUniversity Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- German Center for Diabetes ResearchNeuherbergGermany
| | - Elisabeth Reithuber
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Geneviève Garriss
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Peter Mellroth
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Nicola Tregay
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Meinolf Suttorp
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Department of Hematology and OncologyUniversity Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Reinhard Berner
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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Bao M, Xie J, Piruska A, Huck WTS. 3D microniches reveal the importance of cell size and shape. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1962. [PMID: 29213086 PMCID: PMC5719012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Geometrical cues have been shown to alter gene expression and differentiation on 2D substrates. However, little is known about how geometrical cues affect cell function in 3D. One major reason for this lack of understanding is rooted in the difficulties of controlling cell geometry in a complex 3D setting and for long periods of culture. Here, we present a robust method to control cell volume and shape of individual human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) inside 3D microniches with a range of different geometries (e.g., cylinder, triangular prism, cubic, and cuboid). We find that the actin filaments, focal adhesions, nuclear shape, YAP/TAZ localization, cell contractility, nuclear accumulation of histone deacetylase 3, and lineage selection are all sensitive to cell volume. Our 3D microniches enable fundamental studies on the impact of biophysical cues on cell fate, and have potential applications in investigating how multicellular architectures organize within geometrically well-defined 3D spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aigars Piruska
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ishihara T, Maruyama Y, Furukawa S. Gene expression and molecular characterization of a novel C-type lectin, encapsulation promoting lectin (EPL), in the rice armyworm, Mythimna separata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:51-57. [PMID: 28870445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Insect cellular immune reactions differ depending on the target species. Phagocytosis is activated to scavenge microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. On the other hand, larger invaders such as parasitoid wasps are eliminated by activation of encapsulation. In this study, we hypothesized that novel determinants regulate cellular immunities independent of surface molecular pattern recognition involving pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Immune-related genes differentially expressed depending on the treated material size were screened in larval hemocytes of the rice armyworm, Mythimna separata. Consequently, we identified a novel C-type lectin gene up-regulated by injection of large beads but not small beads of identical material. Examination of in vitro effect of the recombinant protein on the immune reactions clarified that the protein activated encapsulation reaction, while it suppressed phagocytosis. These results suggest that this novel C-type lectin designated "encapsulation promoting lectin (EPL)" regulates cellular immunity by a novel immune target size-recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhito Ishihara
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yuki Maruyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Seiichi Furukawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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Martin WF, Tielens AGM, Mentel M, Garg SG, Gould SB. The Physiology of Phagocytosis in the Context of Mitochondrial Origin. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:e00008-17. [PMID: 28615286 PMCID: PMC5584316 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00008-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How mitochondria came to reside within the cytosol of their host has been debated for 50 years. Though current data indicate that the last eukaryote common ancestor possessed mitochondria and was a complex cell, whether mitochondria or complexity came first in eukaryotic evolution is still discussed. In autogenous models (complexity first), the origin of phagocytosis poses the limiting step at eukaryote origin, with mitochondria coming late as an undigested growth substrate. In symbiosis-based models (mitochondria first), the host was an archaeon, and the origin of mitochondria was the limiting step at eukaryote origin, with mitochondria providing bacterial genes, ATP synthesis on internalized bioenergetic membranes, and mitochondrion-derived vesicles as the seed of the eukaryote endomembrane system. Metagenomic studies are uncovering new host-related archaeal lineages that are reported as complex or phagocytosing, although images of such cells are lacking. Here we review the physiology and components of phagocytosis in eukaryotes, critically inspecting the concept of a phagotrophic host. From ATP supply and demand, a mitochondrion-lacking phagotrophic archaeal fermenter would have to ingest about 34 times its body weight in prokaryotic prey to obtain enough ATP to support one cell division. It would lack chemiosmotic ATP synthesis at the plasma membrane, because phagocytosis and chemiosmosis in the same membrane are incompatible. It would have lived from amino acid fermentations, because prokaryotes are mainly protein. Its ATP yield would have been impaired relative to typical archaeal amino acid fermentations, which involve chemiosmosis. In contrast, phagocytosis would have had great physiological benefit for a mitochondrion-bearing cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Martin
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aloysius G M Tielens
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Mentel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sriram G Garg
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Gallage S, Katagiri T, Endo M, Maita M. Comprehensive evaluation of immunomodulation by moderate hypoxia in S. agalactiae vaccinated Nile tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:445-454. [PMID: 28526572 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a major bacterial pathogen in tilapia aquaculture. Vaccines are known to provide protection but S. agalactiae clearance in tilapia can be reduced by marginal environmental conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine S. agalactiae clearance in vaccinated Nile tilapia under moderate hypoxic (55± 5% DO) and normoxic (85 ± 5%DO) conditions. Fish were acclimatized to either moderate hypoxia or normoxia and immunized with formalin-inactivated S. agalactiae. Fish were experimentally challenged with S. agalactiae at 30 days post-vaccination. Serum antibody titer was significantly higher in vaccinated fish kept under normoxic condition compared to the moderate hypoxic condition at fifteen and thirty days post-vaccination. The cumulative mortality following challenge was significantly reduced in vaccinated fish kept under normoxic condition compared to those in moderate hypoxic condition reflecting that pre-challenge antibody titer may correlate with survival of fish. Blood and tissue pathogen burden detection of S. agalactiae studies revealed that culturable S. agalactiae cells could not be detected in the blood of normoxic vaccinated fish at all the sampling points. In contrast, fish vaccinated in moderate hypoxic condition had considerable number of culturable S. agalactiae cells in their blood up to 5 days following challenge. Phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were lowered by moderate hypoxia in vitro. Furthermore, presence of specific antibodies and higher specific antibody level in the serum increased phagocytosis, ROS production and lowered intracellular survival of S. agalactiae in head kidney leukocytes. Overall this study has highlighted that S. agalactiae clearance in vaccinated Nile tilapia is modulated by moderate hypoxia. One of the possible explanations for this might be less efficient phagocytic activities due to low oxygen availability and lower specific antibody production in vaccinated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchala Gallage
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Katagiri
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Masato Endo
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Masashi Maita
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Ding L, Zhang L, Kim M, Byzova T, Podrez E. Akt3 kinase suppresses pinocytosis of low-density lipoprotein by macrophages via a novel WNK/SGK1/Cdc42 protein pathway. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9283-9293. [PMID: 28389565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid-phase pinocytosis of LDL by macrophages is regarded as a novel promising target to reduce macrophage cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions. The mechanisms of regulation of fluid-phase pinocytosis in macrophages and, specifically, the role of Akt kinases are poorly understood. We have found previously that increased lipoprotein uptake via the receptor-independent process in Akt3 kinase-deficient macrophages contributes to increased atherosclerosis in Akt3-/- mice. The mechanism by which Akt3 deficiency promotes lipoprotein uptake in macrophages is unknown. We now report that Akt3 constitutively suppresses macropinocytosis in macrophages through a novel WNK1/SGK1/Cdc42 pathway. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that the lack of Akt3 expression in murine and human macrophages results in increased expression of with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1), which, in turn, leads to increased activity of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). SGK1 promotes expression of the Rho family GTPase Cdc42, a positive regulator of actin assembly, cell polarization, and pinocytosis. Individual suppression of WNK1 expression, SGK1, or Cdc42 activity in Akt3-deficient macrophages rescued the phenotype. These results demonstrate that Akt3 is a specific negative regulator of macropinocytosis in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ding
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Lifang Zhang
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Michael Kim
- the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Tatiana Byzova
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Eugene Podrez
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
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Roser AE, Tönges L, Lingor P. Modulation of Microglial Activity by Rho-Kinase (ROCK) Inhibition as Therapeutic Strategy in Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:94. [PMID: 28420986 PMCID: PMC5378706 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS), resulting in a reduced innervation of target structures and a loss of function. A shared characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases is the infiltration of microglial cells into affected brain regions. During early disease stages microglial cells often display a rather neuroprotective phenotype, but switch to a more pro-inflammatory neurotoxic phenotype in later stages of the disease, contributing to the neurodegeneration. Activation of the Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway appears to be instrumental for the modulation of the microglial phenotype: increased ROCK activity in microglia mediates mechanisms of the inflammatory response and is associated with improved motility, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release of inflammatory cytokines. Recently, several studies suggested inhibition of ROCK signaling as a promising treatment option for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review article, we discuss the contribution of microglial activity and phenotype switch to the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), two devastating neurodegenerative diseases without disease-modifying treatment options. Furthermore, we describe how ROCK inhibition can influence the microglial phenotype in disease models and explore ROCK inhibition as a future treatment option for PD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Elisa Roser
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine GöttingenGöttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medicine GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-Universität BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine GöttingenGöttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medicine GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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42
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Kim SY, Kim S, Bae DJ, Park SY, Lee GY, Park GM, Kim IS. Coordinated balance of Rac1 and RhoA plays key roles in determining phagocytic appetite. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174603. [PMID: 28376111 PMCID: PMC5380344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of unwanted or damaged cells by phagocytes is achieved via a finely regulated cleaning process called efferocytosis. To characterize the mechanisms through which phagocytes control the intake of apoptotic cells, we investigated how the phagocyte’s appetite for engulfed cells may be coordinated by RhoA and Rac1 in the phagocytic cup. We used FRET biosensors to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of Rho-family GTPases, and found that RhoA, which is known to be downregulated during phagocytosis, was transiently upregulated at the phagocytic cup immediately prior to ingestion. Conversely, Rac1 was upregulated during the engulfment process and then downregulated prior to phagosomal maturation. Moreover, disturbance of the dynamic activities of RhoA led to uncontrolled engulfment, such as fast and undiscerning eating. Our results reveal that the temporal activity of RhoA GTPase alters the Rac1/RhoA balance at the phagocytic cup prior to ingestion, and that this plays a distinct role in orchestrating efferocytosis, with RhoA modulating the rate of engulfment to ensure that the phagocyte engulfs an appropriate amount of the correct material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (ISK)
| | - Dong-Jun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Min Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (ISK)
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Tan S, Yao J, Zhou T, Liu S, Yuan Z, Tian C, Li Q, Liu Z. Identification, annotation and expression analysis of 29 Rho GTPase genes from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after bacterial infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:445-451. [PMID: 27765605 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Rho family GTPases are a group of small monomeric G proteins, which are molecular switches in signaling pathways. They have been known to regulate a diverse range of cellular processes including actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and microtubule dynamics. In particular, their participations in immune responses are also significant. However, little information of the Rho GTPases is available in teleost including channel catfish, an economically important species and one of the best teleost models forimmunological research. In this study, Rho GTPase genes were identified from channel catfish and well annotated by phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. Their expression profiles were determined in channel catfish healthy tissues and infected tissues. Altogether seven Rho GTPase genes were significantly regulated after bacterial infection, with six genes in the gill after Flavobacterium columnare challenge and two genes in the intestine in response to Edwardsiella ictaluri. All the differentially expressed genes were up-regulated soon after bacterial infection. Different expression patterns between the two experiments were observed, which may be attributed to tissue-specific regulation or pathogen-specific regulation. These results suggested that Rho GTPases play important roles in immune responses to bacterial pathogens, setting a foundation for future investigation on Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxu Tan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zihao Yuan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Changxu Tian
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Qi Li
- The Shellfish Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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44
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Ikeda Y, Kawai K, Ikawa A, Kawamoto K, Egami Y, Araki N. Rac1 switching at the right time and location is essential for Fcγ receptor-mediated phagosome formation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2530-2540. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia are sheet-like cell protrusions driven by actin polymerization mainly through Rac1, a GTPase molecular switch. In Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes (IgG-Es), Rac1 activation is required for lamellipodial extension along the surface of IgG-Es. However, the significance of Rac1 deactivation in phagosome formation is poorly understood. Our live-cell imaging and electron microscopy revealed that RAW264 macrophages expressing a constitutively active Rac1 mutant showed defects in phagocytic cup formation, while lamellipodia were formed around IgG-Es. Because the activated Rac1 reduced the phosphorylation levels of myosin light chain, failure of the cup formation were probably due to inhibition of actin/myosin II contractility. Reversible photo-manipulation of the Rac1 switch in macrophages fed with IgG-Es could phenocopy two lamellipodial motilities: outward-extension and cup-constriction by Rac1 ON and OFF, respectively. In conjunction with FRET imaging of Rac1 activity, we provide a novel mechanistic model of phagosome formation spatiotemporally controlled by Rac1 switching within a phagocytic cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Akira Ikawa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kawamoto
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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46
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Dasari T, Kondagari B, Dulapalli R, Abdelmonsef AH, Mukkera T, Padmarao LS, Malkhed V, Vuruputuri U. Design of novel lead molecules against RhoG protein as cancer target - a computational study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:3119-3139. [PMID: 27691842 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1244492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Every year more than 2 million people are affected by the disease. Rho family proteins are actively involved in cytoskeleton regulation. Over-expression of Rho family proteins show oncogenic activity and promote cancer progression. In the present work RhoG protein is considered as novel target of cancer. It is a member of Rho family and Rac subfamily protein, which plays pivotal role in regulation of microtubule formation, cell migration and contributes in cancer progression. In order to understand the binding interaction between RhoG protein and the DH domain of Ephexin-4 protein, the 3D structure of RhoG was evaluated and Molecular Dynamic Simulations was performed to stabilize the structure. The 3D structure of RhoG protein was validated and active site identified using standard computational protocols. Protein-protein docking of RhoG with Ephexin-4 was done to understand binding interactions and the active site structure. Virtual screening was carried out with ligand databases against the active site of RhoG protein. The efficiency of virtual screening is analysed with enrichment factor and area under curve values. The binding free energy of docked complexes was calculated using prime MM-GBSA module. The SASA, FOSA, FISA, PISA and PSA values of ligands were carried out. New ligands with high docking score, glide energy and acceptable ADME properties were prioritized as potential inhibitors of RhoG protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirupathi Dasari
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - Bhargavi Kondagari
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - Ramasree Dulapalli
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - Aboubakr Haredi Abdelmonsef
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - Thirupathi Mukkera
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - Lavanya Souda Padmarao
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 , Telangana , India
| | - Vasavi Malkhed
- b Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Saifabad, Hyderabad 500004 , Telangana , India
| | - Uma Vuruputuri
- a Department of Chemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 , Telangana , India
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Bhattacharya S, McElhanon KE, Gushchina LV, Weisleder N. Role of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase signaling in vesicular trafficking. Life Sci 2016; 167:39-45. [PMID: 27760304 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are regulatory enzymes involved in the generation of lipid species that modulate cellular signaling pathways through downstream effectors to influence a variety of cellular functions. Years of intensive study of PI3Ks have produced a significant body of literature in many areas, including that PI3K can mediate intracellular vesicular trafficking and through these actions contribute to a number of important physiological functions. This review focuses on the crucial roles that PI3K and AKT, a major downstream partner of PI3K, play in the regulation of vesicle trafficking during various forms of vesicular endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Bhattacharya
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1252, United States
| | - Kevin E McElhanon
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1252, United States
| | - Liubov V Gushchina
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1252, United States
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1252, United States.
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Quan H, Hur YH, Xin C, Kim JM, Choi JI, Kim MY, Bae HB. Stearoyl lysophosphatidylcholine enhances the phagocytic ability of macrophages through the AMP-activated protein kinase/p38 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:328-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Regulation of Microglial Phagocytosis by RhoA/ROCK-Inhibiting Drugs. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:461-473. [PMID: 27178562 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) is a major component of many neurodegenerative diseases. The underlying mechanisms of neuronal loss are not fully understood, but the activation of CNS resident phagocytic microglia seems to be a significant element contributing to neurodegeneration. At the onset of inflammation, high levels of microglial phagocytosis may serve as an essential prerequisite for creating a favorable environment for neuronal regeneration. However, the excessive and long-lasting activation of microglia and the augmented engulfment of neurons have been suggested to eventually govern widespread neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated in a functional assay of acute inflammation how the small GTPase RhoA and its main target the Rho kinase (ROCK) influence microglial phagocytosis of neuronal debris. Using BV-2 microglia and human NT2 model neurons, we demonstrate that the pain reliever Ibuprofen decreases RhoA activation and microglial phagocytosis of neuronal cell fragments. Inhibition of the downstream effector ROCK with the small-molecule agents Y-27632 and Fasudil reduces the engulfment of neuronal debris and attenuates the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide during stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Our results support a therapeutic potential for RhoA/ROCK-inhibiting agents as an effective treatment of excessive inflammation and the resulting progression of microglia-mediated neurodegeneration in the CNS.
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50
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Gliotoxin Suppresses Macrophage Immune Function by Subverting Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate Homeostasis. mBio 2016; 7:e02242. [PMID: 27048806 PMCID: PMC4817266 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02242-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, spreads in the environment by releasing numerous conidia that are capable of reaching the small alveolar airways of mammalian hosts. In otherwise healthy individuals, macrophages are responsible for rapidly phagocytosing and eliminating these conidia, effectively curbing their germination and consequent invasion of pulmonary tissue. However, under some circumstances, the fungus evades phagocyte-mediated immunity and persists in the respiratory tree. Here, we report that A. fumigatus escapes macrophage recognition by strategically targeting phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] metabolism through gliotoxin, a potent immunosuppressive mycotoxin. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that, in response to the toxin, macrophages cease to ruffle, undergo abrupt membrane retraction, and fail to phagocytose large targets effectively. Gliotoxin was found to prevent integrin activation and interfere with actin dynamics, both of which are instrumental for phagocytosis; similar effects were noted in immortalized and primary phagocytes. Detailed studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms of toxicity revealed that inhibition of phagocytosis is attributable to impaired accumulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and the associated dysregulation of downstream effectors, including Rac and/or Cdc42. Strikingly, in response to the diacylglycerol mimetic phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, gliotoxin-treated macrophages reactivate beta integrins, reestablish actin dynamics, and regain phagocytic capacity, despite the overt absence of plasmalemmal PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Together, our findings identify phosphoinositide metabolism as a critical upstream target of gliotoxin and also indicate that increased diacylglycerol levels can bypass the requirement for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling during membrane ruffling and phagocytosis. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most frequent cause of human infections in the Aspergillus genus. In immunocompromised populations, invasive aspergillosis (IA) is associated with a mortality rate of up to 90%, and current antifungal therapies have failed to prevent or reverse the infection. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the interactions between A. fumigatus and its host is required. In healthy humans, alveolar macrophages can ingest and eliminate fungal spores, thus limiting their germination into mycotoxin-producing hyphae. Our studies reveal that gliotoxin—the most abundant Aspergillus mycotoxin—undermines the ability of phagocytes to carry out their protective functions. By targeting PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling and downregulating phagocytic immune defenses, the toxin could also exacerbate polymicrobial infections. Notably, we were able to reverse gliotoxin toxicity by addition of diacylglycerol analogues, which may provide the basis for therapeutic interventions.
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