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Hoogstraten CA, Schirris TJJ, Russel FGM. Unlocking mitochondrial drug targets: The importance of mitochondrial transport proteins. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14150. [PMID: 38666512 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
A disturbed mitochondrial function contributes to the pathology of many common diseases. These organelles are therefore important therapeutic targets. On the contrary, many adverse effects of drugs can be explained by a mitochondrial off-target effect, in particular, due to an interaction with carrier proteins in the inner membrane. Yet this class of transport proteins remains underappreciated and understudied. The aim of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the role of mitochondrial carriers in health and disease and their significance as drug targets. We present literature-based evidence that mitochondrial carrier proteins are associated with prevalent diseases and emphasize their potential as drug (off-)target sites by summarizing known mitochondrial drug-transporter interactions. Studying these carriers will enhance our knowledge of mitochondrial drug on- and off-targets and provide opportunities to further improve the efficacy and safety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Hoogstraten
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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2
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Vodičková A, Müller-Eigner A, Okoye CN, Bischer AP, Horn J, Koren SA, Selim NA, Wojtovich AP. Mitochondrial energy state controls AMPK-mediated foraging behavior in C. elegans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm8815. [PMID: 38630817 PMCID: PMC11023558 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm8815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Organisms surveil and respond to their environment using behaviors entrained by metabolic cues that reflect food availability. Mitochondria act as metabolic hubs and at the center of mitochondrial energy production is the protonmotive force (PMF), an electrochemical gradient generated by metabolite consumption. The PMF serves as a central integrator of mitochondrial status, but its role in governing metabolic signaling is poorly understood. We used optogenetics to dissipate the PMF in Caenorhabditis elegans tissues to test its role in food-related behaviors. Our data demonstrate that PMF reduction in the intestine is sufficient to initiate locomotor responses to acute food deprivation. This behavioral adaptation requires the cellular energy regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in neurons, not in the intestine, and relies on mitochondrial dynamics and axonal trafficking. Our results highlight a role for intestinal PMF as an internal metabolic cue, and we identify a bottom-up signaling axis through which changes in the PMF trigger AMPK activity in neurons to promote foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Vodičková
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Annika Müller-Eigner
- Research Group Epigenetics, Metabolism and Longevity, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf 18196, Germany
| | - Chidozie N. Okoye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrew P. Bischer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Horn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shon A. Koren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nada Ahmed Selim
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrew P. Wojtovich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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3
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Meurant S, Mauclet L, Dieu M, Arnould T, Eyckerman S, Renard P. Endogenous TOM20 Proximity Labeling: A Swiss-Knife for the Study of Mitochondrial Proteins in Human Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119604. [PMID: 37298552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotin-based proximity labeling approaches, such as BioID, have demonstrated their use for the study of mitochondria proteomes in living cells. The use of genetically engineered BioID cell lines enables the detailed characterization of poorly characterized processes such as mitochondrial co-translational import. In this process, translation is coupled to the translocation of the mitochondrial proteins, alleviating the energy cost typically associated with the post-translational import relying on chaperone systems. However, the mechanisms are still unclear with only few actors identified but none that have been described in mammals yet. We thus profiled the TOM20 proxisome using BioID, assuming that some of the identified proteins could be molecular actors of the co-translational import in human cells. The obtained results showed a high enrichment of RNA binding proteins close to the TOM complex. However, for the few selected candidates, we could not demonstrate a role in the mitochondrial co-translational import process. Nonetheless, we were able to demonstrate additional uses of our BioID cell line. Indeed, the experimental approach used in this study is thus proposed for the identification of mitochondrial co-translational import effectors and for the monitoring of protein entry inside mitochondria with a potential application in the prediction of mitochondrial protein half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Meurant
- URBC, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Lorris Mauclet
- URBC, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- Mass Spectrometry Platform (MaSUN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- URBC, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patricia Renard
- URBC, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
- Mass Spectrometry Platform (MaSUN), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
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4
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Princilly J, Veerabhadrappa B, Rao NN, Dyavaiah M. Cellular senescence in aging: Molecular basis, implications and therapeutic interventions. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:1-33. [PMID: 37437975 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible proliferation arrest in response to cellular damage and stress. Although cellular senescence is a highly stable cell cycle arrest, it can influence many physiological, pathological, and aging processes. Cellular senescence can be triggered by various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxic stress, oncogenic activation, irradiation and chemotherapeutic agents. Senescence is associated with several molecular and phenotypic alterations, such as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), cell cycle arrest, DNA damage response (DDR), senescence-associated β-galactosidase, morphogenesis, and chromatin remodeling. Cellular senescence is a regular physiological event involved in tissue homeostasis, embryonic development, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and inhibition of tumor progression. Mitochondria are one of the organelles that undergo significant morphological and metabolic changes associated with senescence. Recent evidence unraveled that inter-organelle communication regulates cellular senescence, where mitochondria form a highly complex and dynamic network throughout the cytoplasm with other organelles, like the endoplasmic reticulum. An imbalance in organelle interactions may result in faulty cellular homeostasis, which contributes to cellular senescence and is associated with organ aging. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is a common characteristic of cellular senescence and age-related diseases, mitochondria-targeted senolytic or redox modulator senomorphic strategies help solve the complex problems with the detrimental consequences of cellular senescence. Understanding the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism would provide knowledge on effective therapeutic interventions for aging and age-related pathologies. This chapter focuses on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of senescence and targeting senescence as a potential strategy to alleviate age-related pathologies and support healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Princilly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Bhavana Veerabhadrappa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India; Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering (RVCE), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagashree N Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering (RVCE), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India.
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Pourmadadi M, Mahdi Eshaghi M, Ostovar S, Mohammadi Z, K. Sharma R, Paiva-Santos AC, Rahmani E, Rahdar A, Pandey S. Innovative nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis, imaging, and therapy: Drug deliveryapplications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Khan T, Waseem R, Zehra Z, Aiman A, Bhardwaj P, Ansari J, Hassan MI, Islam A. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Delivery Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122657. [PMID: 36559149 PMCID: PMC9785072 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are implicated in a wide range of functions apart from ATP generation, and, therefore, constitute one of the most important organelles of cell. Since healthy mitochondria are essential for proper cellular functioning and survival, mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to various pathologies. Mitochondria are considered a novel and promising therapeutic target for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various human diseases including metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. For mitochondria-targeted therapy, there is a need to develop an effective drug delivery approach, owing to the mitochondrial special bilayer structure through which therapeutic molecules undergo multiple difficulties in reaching the core. In recent years, various nanoformulations have been designed such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles conjugate with mitochondriotropic moieties such as mitochondria-penetrating peptides (MPPs), triphenylphosphonium (TPP), dequalinium (DQA), and mitochondrial protein import machinery for overcoming barriers involved in targeting mitochondria. The current approaches used for mitochondria-targeted drug delivery have provided promising ways to overcome the challenges associated with targeted-drug delivery. Herein, we review the research from past years to the current scenario that has identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a major contributor to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advancements in mitochondria-targeted drug delivery strategies for the pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rashid Waseem
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Zainy Zehra
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ayesha Aiman
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Priyanka Bhardwaj
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Jaoud Ansari
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Correspondence:
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Broz M, Furlan V, Lešnik S, Jukič M, Bren U. The Effect of the Ala16Val Mutation on the Secondary Structure of the Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Mitochondrial Targeting Sequence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122348. [PMID: 36552556 PMCID: PMC9774195 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) represents a mitochondrial protein that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for oxidative stress. A known single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4880 on the SOD2 gene, causing a mutation from alanine to valine (Ala16Val) in the primary structure of immature MnSOD, has been associated with several types of cancer and other autoimmune diseases. However, no conclusive correlation has been established yet. This study aims to determine the effect of the alanine to valine mutation on the secondary structure of the MnSOD mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). A model for each variant of the MTS was prepared and extensively simulated with molecular dynamics simulations using the CHARMM36m force field. The results indicate that the alanine variant of the MTS preserves a uniform α-helical secondary structure favorable for the protein transport into mitochondria, whereas the valine variant quickly breaks down its α-helix. Thus, the alanine MTS represents the more active MnSOD variant, the benefits of which have yet to be determined experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Broz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Furlan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Samo Lešnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška ulica 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bren
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška ulica 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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8
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Phillip JM, Lin R, Cheetham A, Stern D, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Rini D, Cui H, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Nature-inspired delivery of mitochondria-targeted angiotensin receptor blocker. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac147. [PMID: 36082235 PMCID: PMC9437577 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical regulators of cellular function and survival. We have previously demonstrated that functional angiotensin receptors embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane modulate mitochondrial energy production and free radical generation. The expression of mitochondrial angiotensin II type-1 receptors increases during aging, with a complementary decrease in angiotensin II type-2 receptor density. To address this age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction, we have developed a mitochondria-targeted delivery system to effectively transport angiotensin type-1 receptor blocker-Losartan (mtLOS) into the inner mitochondrial membrane. We engineered mtLOS to become active within the mitochondria after cleavage by mitochondrial peptidases. Our data demonstrate effective and targeted delivery of mtLOS into the mitochondria, compared to a free Losartan, or Losartan conjugated to a scrambled mitochondrial target signal peptide, with significant shifts in mitochondrial membrane potential upon mtLOS treatment. Furthermore, engineered mitochondrial-targeting modalities could open new avenues to transport nonmitochondrial proteins into the mitochondria, such as other macromolecules and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude M Phillip
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ran Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Cheetham
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Stern
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukang Li
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Rini
- Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mehlhorn DG, Asseck LY, Grefen C. Looking for a safe haven: tail-anchored proteins and their membrane insertion pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1916-1928. [PMID: 35235667 PMCID: PMC8644595 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of membrane proteins into the lipid bilayer is a crucial step during their biosynthesis. Eukaryotic cells face many challenges in directing these proteins to their predestined target membrane. The hydrophobic signal peptide or transmembrane domain (TMD) of the nascent protein must be shielded from the aqueous cytosol and its target membrane identified followed by transport and insertion. Components that evolved to deal with each of these challenging steps range from chaperones to receptors, insertases, and sophisticated translocation complexes. One prominent translocation pathway for most proteins is the signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent pathway which mediates co-translational translocation of proteins across or into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. This textbook example of protein insertion is stretched to its limits when faced with secretory or membrane proteins that lack an amino-terminal signal sequence or TMD. Particularly, a large group of so-called tail-anchored (TA) proteins that harbor a single carboxy-terminal TMD require an alternative, post-translational insertion route into the ER membrane. In this review, we summarize the current research in TA protein insertion with a special focus on plants, address challenges, and highlight future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar G Mehlhorn
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Botany, University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Y Asseck
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Botany, University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Botany, University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Multiple variants of the human presequence translocase motor subunit Magmas govern the mitochondrial import. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101349. [PMID: 34715125 PMCID: PMC8605242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial protein translocation is an intricately regulated process that requires dedicated translocases at the outer and inner membranes. The presequence translocase complex, translocase of the inner membrane 23, facilitates most of the import of preproteins containing presequences into the mitochondria, and its primary structural organization is highly conserved. As part of the translocase motor, two J-proteins, DnaJC15 and DnaJC19, are recruited to form two independent translocation machineries (translocase A and translocase B, respectively). On the other hand, the J-like protein subunit of translocase of the inner membrane 23, Mitochondria-associated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling molecule (Magmas) (orthologous to the yeast subunit Pam16), can regulate human import-motor activity by forming a heterodimer with DnaJC19 and DnaJC15. However, the precise coordinated regulation of two human import motors by a single Magmas protein is poorly understood. Here, we report two additional Magmas variants (Magmas-1 and Magmas-2) constitutively expressed in the mammalian system. Both the Magmas variants are functional orthologs of Pam16 with an evolutionarily conserved J-like domain critical for cell survival. Moreover, the Magmas variants are peripherally associated with the inner membrane as part of the human import motor for translocation. Our results demonstrate that Magmas-1 is predominantly recruited to translocase B, whereas Magmas-2 is majorly associated with translocase A. Strikingly, both the variants exhibit differential J-protein inhibitory activity in modulating import motor, thereby regulating overall translocase function. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that additional Magmas variants are of evolutionary significance in humans to maximize protein import in familial-linked pathological conditions.
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Dimogkioka AR, Lees J, Lacko E, Tokatlidis K. Protein import in mitochondria biogenesis: guided by targeting signals and sustained by dedicated chaperones. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32476-32493. [PMID: 35495482 PMCID: PMC9041937 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have a central role in cellular metabolism; they are responsible for the biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids, iron-sulphur clusters and regulate apoptosis. About 99% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, so the biogenesis of mitochondria heavily depends on protein import pathways into the organelle. An intricate system of well-studied import machinery facilitates the import of mitochondrial proteins. In addition, folding of the newly synthesized proteins takes place in a busy environment. A system of folding helper proteins, molecular chaperones and co-chaperones, are present to maintain proper conformation and thus avoid protein aggregation and premature damage. The components of the import machinery are well characterised, but the targeting signals and how they are recognised and decoded remains in some cases unclear. Here we provide some detail on the types of targeting signals involved in the protein import process. Furthermore, we discuss the very elaborate chaperone systems of the intermembrane space that are needed to overcome the particular challenges for the folding process in this compartment. The mechanisms that sustain productive folding in the face of aggregation and damage in mitochondria are critical components of the stress response and play an important role in cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Roza Dimogkioka
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland UK
| | - Jamie Lees
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland UK
| | - Erik Lacko
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland UK
| | - Kostas Tokatlidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland UK
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12
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Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Might Mitochondrial Dysfunction Help Deciphering the Common Path? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081257. [PMID: 34439505 PMCID: PMC8389322 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of clinical and epidemiological studies support the hypothesis of a tight correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the development risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, the proposed definition of Alzheimer's disease as type 3 diabetes (T3D) underlines the key role played by deranged insulin signaling to accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the senile plaques of the brain. Metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia, peripheral hyperinsulinemia, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation associated with T2DM are responsible for an inefficient transport of insulin to the brain, producing a neuronal insulin resistance that triggers an enhanced production and deposition of Aβ and concomitantly contributes to impairment in the micro-tubule-associated protein Tau, leading to neural degeneration and cognitive decline. Furthermore, the reduced antioxidant capacity observed in T2DM patients, together with the impairment of cerebral glucose metabolism and the decreased performance of mitochondrial activity, suggests the existence of a relationship between oxidative damage, mitochondrial impairment, and cognitive dysfunction that could further reinforce the common pathophysiology of T2DM and AD. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which insulin-signaling dysregulation in T2DM can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD, deepening the analysis of complex mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under oxidative stress and their possible influence in AD and T2DM. In addition, the role of current therapies as tools for prevention or treatment of damage induced by oxidative stress in T2DM and AD will be debated.
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Kozakiewicz P, Grzybowska-Szatkowska L, Ciesielka M, Rzymowska J. The Role of Mitochondria in Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105100. [PMID: 34065857 PMCID: PMC8151940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are essential for normal cell functioning. Changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may affect the occurrence of some chronic diseases and cancer. This process is complex and not entirely understood. The assignment to a particular mitochondrial haplogroup may be a factor that either contributes to cancer development or reduces its likelihood. Mutations in mtDNA occurring via an increase in reactive oxygen species may favour the occurrence of further changes both in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in postmitotic cells are not inherited, but may play a role both in initiation and progression of cancer. One of the first discovered polymorphisms associated with cancer was in the gene NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 (mt-ND3) and it was typical of haplogroup N. In prostate cancer, these mutations and polymorphisms involve a gene encoding subunit I of respiratory complex IV cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI). At present, a growing number of studies also address the impact of mtDNA polymorphisms on prognosis in cancer patients. Some of the mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms occur in both chronic disease and cancer, for instance polymorphism G5913A characteristic of prostate cancer and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kozakiewicz
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University in Lublin, Chodźki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (L.G.-S.); (M.C.)
- Department of Radiotherapy, St. John’s Cancer Centre, The Regional Oncology Centre of Lublin Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ludmiła Grzybowska-Szatkowska
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University in Lublin, Chodźki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (L.G.-S.); (M.C.)
- Department of Radiotherapy, St. John’s Cancer Centre, The Regional Oncology Centre of Lublin Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marzanna Ciesielka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University in Lublin, Chodźki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (L.G.-S.); (M.C.)
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Rzymowska
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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14
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Terada K, Gimenez-Dejoz J, Kurita T, Oikawa K, Uji H, Tsuchiya K, Numata K. Synthetic Mitochondria-Targeting Peptides Incorporating α-Aminoisobutyric Acid with a Stable Amphiphilic Helix Conformation in Plant Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1475-1484. [PMID: 33606492 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the genetic modification of plant cells, the mitochondrion is an important target in addition to the nucleus and plastid. However, gene delivery into the mitochondria of plant cells has yet to be established by conventional methods, such as particle bombardment, because of the small size and high mobility of mitochondria. To develop an efficient mitochondria-targeting signal (MTS) that functions in plant cells, we designed the artificial peptide (LURL)3 and its analogues, which periodically feature hydrophobic α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib, U) and cationic arginine (R), considering the consensus motif recognized by the mitochondrial import receptor Tom20. Circular dichroism measurements and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that (LURL)3 had a propensity to form a stable α-helix in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution containing 1.0 wt % sodium dodecyl sulfate. After internalization into plant cells via particle bombardment, (LURL)3 revealed highly selective accumulation in the mitochondria, whereas its analogue (LARL)3 was predominantly located in the vacuoles in addition to mitochondria. The high selectivity of (LURL)3 can be attributed to the incorporation of Aib, which promotes the hydrophobic interaction between the MTS and Tom20 by increasing the hydrophobicity and helicity of (LURL)3. The present study provided a prospective mitochondrial targeting system using the simple design of artificial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Terada
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Joan Gimenez-Dejoz
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Taichi Kurita
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Uji
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kousuke Tsuchiya
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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15
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Tamadaddi C, Sagar V, Verma AK, Afsal F, Sahi C. Expansion of the evolutionarily conserved network of J-domain proteins in the Arabidopsis mitochondrial import complex. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:385-403. [PMID: 33206359 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report that discriminate interaction between the expanded mitochondrial chaperone network and variability in their expression might determine their functional specificities and impart robustness to mitochondrial import processes in plants. Mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70), the central component of the pre-sequence associated motor (PAM) complex, is crucial for the import of proteins to the mitochondrial matrix. Activity of mtHsp70 is regulated by a heterodimeric complex of two J-domain proteins (JDPs), Pam18 and Pam16. Compared to other eukaryotes, plants harbor multiple copies of these JDPs, which posit that plants have an increasingly complex mtHsp70: JDP network in their mitochondrial matrix. Here, we show that although highly similar in sequence, some of the plant JDPs are functionally different. Protein: protein interaction studies including yeast two-hybrid and Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation revealed that while all the AtPam18s interacted with AtPam16s, the strengths of these promiscuous interactions are variable. Further, down-regulation of AtPAM16L affected seed germination, even in the presence of its seemingly identical paralog, AtPAM16. Knockdown of AtPAM16L caused reduction in mitochondrial number and deregulation of several mitochondrial genes, suggesting towards a specific role of AtPam16L in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, especially under stress conditions. Our findings suggest that variations in the spatio-temporal expression, accompanied by discriminate interactions between the JDPs, might be defining the functional specificity of the mtHsp70 co-chaperone machinery and providing resilience to mitochondrial import processes in plants, especially under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetana Tamadaddi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Room Number 117 AB3, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Vinay Sagar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Room Number 117 AB3, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit K Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Room Number 117 AB3, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Fathima Afsal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Room Number 117 AB3, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Chandan Sahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Room Number 117 AB3, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India.
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16
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Yeh CW, Huang WC, Hsu PH, Yeh KH, Wang LC, Hsu PWC, Lin HC, Chen YN, Chen SC, Yeang CH, Yen HCS. The C-degron pathway eliminates mislocalized proteins and products of deubiquitinating enzymes. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105846. [PMID: 33469951 PMCID: PMC8013793 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein termini are determinants of protein stability. Proteins bearing degradation signals, or degrons, at their amino‐ or carboxyl‐termini are eliminated by the N‐ or C‐degron pathways, respectively. We aimed to elucidate the function of C‐degron pathways and to unveil how normal proteomes are exempt from C‐degron pathway‐mediated destruction. Our data reveal that C‐degron pathways remove mislocalized cellular proteins and cleavage products of deubiquitinating enzymes. Furthermore, the C‐degron and N‐degron pathways cooperate in protein removal. Proteome analysis revealed a shortfall in normal proteins targeted by C‐degron pathways, but not of defective proteins, suggesting proteolysis‐based immunity as a constraint for protein evolution/selection. Our work highlights the importance of protein termini for protein quality surveillance, and the relationship between the functional proteome and protein degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hai Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiu-Chuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiang Yeang
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chi S Yen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Berry BJ, Baldzizhar A, Nieves TO, Wojtovich AP. Neuronal AMPK coordinates mitochondrial energy sensing and hypoxia resistance in C. elegans. FASEB J 2020; 34:16333-16347. [PMID: 33058299 PMCID: PMC7756364 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001150rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organisms adapt to their environment through coordinated changes in mitochondrial function and metabolism. The mitochondrial protonmotive force (PMF) is an electrochemical gradient that powers ATP synthesis and adjusts metabolism to energetic demands via cellular signaling. It is unknown how or where transient PMF changes are sensed and signaled due to the lack of precise spatiotemporal control in vivo. We addressed this by expressing a light-activated proton pump in mitochondria to spatiotemporally "turn off" mitochondrial function through PMF dissipation in tissues with light. We applied our construct-mitochondria-OFF (mtOFF)-to understand how metabolic status impacts hypoxia resistance, a response that relies on mitochondrial function. Activation of mtOFF induced starvation-like behavior mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We found prophylactic mtOFF activation increased survival following hypoxia, and that protection relied on neuronal AMPK. Our study links spatiotemporal control of mitochondrial PMF to cellular metabolic changes that mediate behavior and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Berry
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Aksana Baldzizhar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Tyrone O. Nieves
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Andrew P. Wojtovich
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA
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18
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Berry BJ, Wojtovich AP. Mitochondrial light switches: optogenetic approaches to control metabolism. FEBS J 2020; 287:4544-4556. [PMID: 32459870 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing new technologies to study metabolism is increasingly important as metabolic disease prevalence increases. Mitochondria control cellular metabolism and dynamic changes in mitochondrial function are associated with metabolic abnormalities in cardiovascular disease, cancer, and obesity. However, a lack of precise and reversible methods to control mitochondrial function has prevented moving from association to causation. Recent advances in optogenetics have addressed this challenge, and mitochondrial function can now be precisely controlled in vivo using light. A class of genetically encoded, light-activated membrane channels and pumps has addressed mechanistic questions that promise to provide new insights into how cellular metabolism downstream of mitochondrial function contributes to disease. Here, we highlight emerging reagents-mitochondria-targeted light-activated cation channels or proton pumps-to decrease or increase mitochondrial activity upon light exposure, a technique we refer to as mitochondrial light switches, or mtSWITCH . The mtSWITCH technique is broadly applicable, as energy availability and metabolic signaling are conserved aspects of cellular function and health. Here, we outline the use of these tools in diverse cellular models of disease. We review the molecular details of each optogenetic tool, summarize the results obtained with each, and outline best practices for using optogenetic approaches to control mitochondrial function and downstream metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Berry
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
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19
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Zinovkin RA, Zamyatnin AA. Mitochondria-Targeted Drugs. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 12:202-214. [PMID: 30479224 PMCID: PMC6875871 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181127151059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Targeting of drugs to the subcellular compartments represents one of the modern trends in molecular pharmacology. The approach for targeting mitochondria was developed nearly 50 years ago, but only in the last decade has it started to become widely used for delivering drugs. A number of pathologies are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including cardiovascular, neurological, inflammatory and metabolic conditions. Objective: This mini-review aims to highlight the role of mitochondria in pathophysiological conditions and diseases, to classify and summarize our knowledge about targeting mitochondria and to review the most important preclinical and clinical data relating to the antioxidant lipophilic cations MitoQ and SkQ1. Methods: This is a review of available information in the PubMed and Clinical Trials databases (US National Library of Medicine) with no limiting period. Results and Conclusion: Mitochondria play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases and possibly in aging. Both MitoQ and SkQ1 have shown many beneficial features in animal models and in a few completed clinical trials. More clinical trials and research efforts are needed to understand the signaling pathways influenced by these compounds. The antioxidant lipophilic cations have great potential for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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20
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Hao Z, Wu T, Cui X, Zhu P, Tan C, Dou X, Hsu KW, Lin YT, Peng PH, Zhang LS, Gao Y, Hu L, Sun HL, Zhu A, Liu J, Wu KJ, He C. N 6-Deoxyadenosine Methylation in Mammalian Mitochondrial DNA. Mol Cell 2020; 78:382-395.e8. [PMID: 32183942 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N6-Methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA) has recently been shown to exist and play regulatory roles in eukaryotic genomic DNA (gDNA). However, the biological functions of 6mA in mammals have yet to be adequately explored, largely due to its low abundance in most mammalian genomes. Here, we report that mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is enriched for 6mA. The level of 6mA in HepG2 mtDNA is at least 1,300-fold higher than that in gDNA under normal growth conditions, corresponding to approximately four 6mA modifications on each mtDNA molecule. METTL4, a putative mammalian methyltransferase, can mediate mtDNA 6mA methylation, which contributes to attenuated mtDNA transcription and a reduced mtDNA copy number. Mechanistically, the presence of 6mA could repress DNA binding and bending by mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM). Under hypoxia, the 6mA level in mtDNA could be further elevated, suggesting regulatory roles for 6mA in mitochondrial stress response. Our study reveals DNA 6mA as a regulatory mark in mammalian mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pingping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Caiping Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyang Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kai-Wen Hsu
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Te Lin
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hua Peng
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yawei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lulu Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hui-Lung Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Allen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jianzhao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kou-Juey Wu
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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21
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Baysal C, Pérez-González A, Eseverri Á, Jiang X, Medina V, Caro E, Rubio L, Christou P, Zhu C. Recognition motifs rather than phylogenetic origin influence the ability of targeting peptides to import nuclear-encoded recombinant proteins into rice mitochondria. Transgenic Res 2020; 29:37-52. [PMID: 31598902 PMCID: PMC7000509 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfil essential functions in respiration and metabolism as well as regulating stress responses and apoptosis. Most native mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and are imported into mitochondria via one of several receptors that recognize N-terminal signal peptides. The targeting of recombinant proteins to mitochondria therefore requires the presence of an appropriate N-terminal peptide, but little is known about mitochondrial import in monocotyledonous plants such as rice (Oryza sativa). To gain insight into this phenomenon, we targeted nuclear-encoded enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) to rice mitochondria using six mitochondrial pre-sequences with diverse phylogenetic origins, and investigated their effectiveness by immunoblot analysis as well as confocal and electron microscopy. We found that the ATPA and COX4 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), SU9 (Neurospora crassa), pFA (Arabidopsis thaliana) and OsSCSb (Oryza sativa) peptides successfully directed most of the eGFP to the mitochondria, whereas the MTS2 peptide (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) showed little or no evidence of targeting ability even though it is a native plant sequence. Our data therefore indicate that the presence of particular recognition motifs may be required for mitochondrial targeting, whereas the phylogenetic origin of the pre-sequences probably does not play a key role in the success of mitochondrial targeting in dedifferentiated rice callus and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Baysal
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-González
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Eseverri
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xi Jiang
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Medina
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elena Caro
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Rubio
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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22
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Conformational ensemble of an intrinsically flexible loop in mitochondrial import protein Tim21 studied by modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129417. [PMID: 31445064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tim21, a subunit of a highly dynamic translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane (TIM23) complex, translocates proteins by interacting with subunits in the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex and Tim23 channel in the TIM23 complex. A loop segment in Tim21, which is in close proximity of the binding site of Tim23, has different conformations in X-ray, NMR and new crystal contact-free space (CCFS) structures. MD simulations can provide information on the structure and dynamics of the loop in solution. METHODS The conformational ensemble of the loop was characterized using loop modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. RESULTS MD simulations confirmed mobility of the loop. Multidimensional scaling and clustering were used to characterize the dynamic conformational ensemble of the loop. Free energy landscape showed that the CCFS crystal structure occupied a low energy region as compared to the conventional X-ray crystal structure. Analysis of crystal packing indicates that the CCFS provides larger conformational space for the motions of the loop. CONCLUSIONS Our work reported the conformational ensemble of the loop in solution, which is in agreement with the structure obtained from CCFS approach. The combination of the experimental techniques and computational methods is beneficial for studying highly flexible regions of proteins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Computational methods, such as loop modeling and MD simulations, have proved to be useful for studying conformational flexibility of proteins. These methods in integration with experimental techniques such as CCFS has the potential to transform the studies on flexible regions of proteins.
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23
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Mutant huntingtin disrupts mitochondrial proteostasis by interacting with TIM23. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16593-16602. [PMID: 31346086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant huntingtin (mHTT), the causative protein in Huntington's disease (HD), associates with the translocase of mitochondrial inner membrane 23 (TIM23) complex, resulting in inhibition of synaptic mitochondrial protein import first detected in presymptomatic HD mice. The early timing of this event suggests that it is a relevant and direct pathophysiologic consequence of mHTT expression. We show that, of the 4 TIM23 complex proteins, mHTT specifically binds to the TIM23 subunit and that full-length wild-type huntingtin (wtHTT) and mHTT reside in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. We investigated differences in mitochondrial proteome between wtHTT and mHTT cells and found numerous proteomic disparities between mHTT and wtHTT mitochondria. We validated these data by quantitative immunoblotting in striatal cell lines and human HD brain tissue. The level of soluble matrix mitochondrial proteins imported through the TIM23 complex is lower in mHTT-expressing cell lines and brain tissues of HD patients compared with controls. In mHTT-expressing cell lines, membrane-bound TIM23-imported proteins have lower intramitochondrial levels, whereas inner membrane multispan proteins that are imported via the TIM22 pathway and proteins integrated into the outer membrane generally remain unchanged. In summary, we show that, in mitochondria, huntingtin is located in the intermembrane space, that mHTT binds with high-affinity to TIM23, and that mitochondria from mHTT-expressing cells and brain tissues of HD patients have reduced levels of nuclearly encoded proteins imported through TIM23. These data demonstrate the mechanism and biological significance of mHTT-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial protein import, a mechanism likely broadly relevant to other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Cellular Senescence. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070686. [PMID: 31284597 PMCID: PMC6678662 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence refers to a stress response aiming to preserve cellular and, therefore, organismal homeostasis. Importantly, deregulation of mitochondrial homeostatic mechanisms, manifested as impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism and dynamics, has emerged as a hallmark of cellular senescence. On the other hand, impaired mitostasis has been suggested to induce cellular senescence. This review aims to provide an overview of homeostatic mechanisms operating within mitochondria and a comprehensive insight into the interplay between cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Elfawy HA, Das B. Crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and age related neurodegenerative disease: Etiologies and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci 2018; 218:165-184. [PMID: 30578866 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is vital for normal cellular processes. Mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress have been greatly implicated in the progression of aging, along with the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although antioxidant therapy has been proposed for the prevention and treatment of age-related NDs, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to significant progress in the development of effective treatments against such diseases. Aging is associated with the generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are the major contributors to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is caused because of the imbalance between the production of ROS and their oxidation, which can affect the mitochondrial respiratory chain function, thereby altering the membrane permeability and calcium homeostasis, along with increasing the heteroplasmic mtDNA and weakening the mitochondrial defense systems. Mitochondrial dysfunction mainly affects mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics that are prominent in several age-related NDs. Mitochondrial dysfunction has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of age-related NDs. Several mitochondria targeted strategies, such as enhancing the antioxidant bioavailability via novel delivery systems, identifying unique mitochondrial proteins as specific drug targets, investigating the signaling pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, and identifying effective natural products are potentially effective to counteract mitochondrial dysfunction-related NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnaa A Elfawy
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Biswadeep Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT deemed to be University, Campus XI, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
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Nyakundi DO, Bentley SJ, Boshoff A. Hsp70 Escort Protein: More Than a Regulator of Mitochondrial Hsp70. CURR PROTEOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164615666180713104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hsp70 members occupy a central role in proteostasis and are found in different eukaryotic
cellular compartments. The mitochondrial Hsp70/J-protein machinery performs multiple functions vital
for the proper functioning of the mitochondria, including forming part of the import motor that
transports proteins from the cytosol into the matrix and inner membrane, and subsequently folds these
proteins in the mitochondria. However, unlike other Hsp70s, mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70) has the
propensity to self-aggregate, accumulating as insoluble aggregates. The self-aggregation of mtHsp70 is
caused by both interdomain and intramolecular communication within the ATPase and linker domains.
Since mtHsp70 is unable to fold itself into an active conformation, it requires an Hsp70 escort protein
(Hep) to both inhibit self-aggregation and promote the correct folding. Hep1 orthologues are present in
the mitochondria of many eukaryotic cells but are absent in prokaryotes. Hep1 proteins are relatively
small and contain a highly conserved zinc-finger domain with one tetracysteine motif that is essential
for binding zinc ions and maintaining the function and solubility of the protein. The zinc-finger domain
lies towards the C-terminus of Hep1 proteins, with very little conservation outside of this domain.
Other than maintaining mtHsp70 in a functional state, Hep1 proteins play a variety of other roles in the
cell and have been proposed to function as both chaperones and co-chaperones. The cellular
localisation and some of the functions are often speculative and are not common to all Hep1 proteins
analysed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Nyakundi
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Stephen J. Bentley
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Feng R, Cai M, Wang X, Zhang J, Tian Z. Early Aerobic Exercise Combined with Hydrogen-Rich Saline as Preconditioning Protects Myocardial Injury Induced by Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:663-676. [PMID: 30033489 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) water reduces oxidative stress, and early aerobic exercise (eAE) acts an efficient exercise preconditioning (EP) against cardiac I/R injury. However, whether early aerobic exercise combined with hydrogen-rich saline (eAE-HRS) water can more effectively protect myocardial damage induced by acute myocardial infarction (MI) is still unknown. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of eAE-HRS in preventing MI-induced myocardial damage and explore the possible underlying mechanisms. After Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given a intragastric administration of HRS (1.6 ppm) at a dosage of 10 mL/kg weight daily for 3 weeks and/or the SD rats were performed a eAE program with 3 weeks running training, the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to induce MI. We assessed the effects of eAE-HRS on myocardial injury and oxidative damage in the MI model of rats and detected the effects of eAE-HRS on the expressions of cardiac OGG1 and Tom40, Tom20, and Tim23. The eAE-HRS increased significantly left ventricular systolic pressure, reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and potentiated + dp/dtmax, -dp/dtmax, heart coefficient and pH after MI injury. The eAE-HRS reduced MI-induced CK-MB level, c-Tnl level, h-FABP level, infarct size. The eAE-HRS enhanced MI-induced levels of the superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity, attenuated MI-induced levels of malondialdehyde and catalase. The eAE-HRS increased expressions of OGG1, Tom20 and Tim23 proteins after MI injury, but not Tom40. The eAE-HRS has the potential to be a novel precautionary measure to protect myocardial injury after MI via partially regulating expressions of antioxidant-related proteins and mitochondrial-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxin Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Decoding the Divergent Subcellular Location of Two Highly Similar Paralogous LEA Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061620. [PMID: 29857468 PMCID: PMC6032150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol with an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) which is cleaved off upon import. Although much is known about import mechanisms and MTS structural features, the variability of MTS still hampers robust sub-cellular software predictions. Here, we took advantage of two paralogous late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEA) from Arabidopsis with different subcellular locations to investigate structural determinants of mitochondrial import and gain insight into the evolution of the LEA genes. LEA38 and LEA2 are short proteins of the LEA_3 family, which are very similar along their whole sequence, but LEA38 is targeted to mitochondria while LEA2 is cytosolic. Differences in the N-terminal protein sequences were used to generate a series of mutated LEA2 which were expressed as GFP-fusion proteins in leaf protoplasts. By combining three types of mutation (substitution, charge inversion, and segment replacement), we were able to redirect the mutated LEA2 to mitochondria. Analysis of the effect of the mutations and determination of the LEA38 MTS cleavage site highlighted important structural features within and beyond the MTS. Overall, these results provide an explanation for the likely loss of mitochondrial location after duplication of the ancestral gene.
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29
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Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis Induction via Viral Protein ORF4 of Porcine Circovirus 2 Binding to Mitochondrial Adenine Nucleotide Translocase 3. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00238-18. [PMID: 29491154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00238-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential strategy of host defense responses and is used by viruses to maintain their life cycles. However, the apoptotic signals involved in virus replication are poorly known. In the present study, we report the molecular mechanism of apoptotic induction by the viral protein ORF4, a newly identified viral protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Apoptosis detection revealed not only that the activity of caspase-3 and -9 is increased in PCV2-infected and ORF4-transfected cells but also that cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol is upregulated. Subsequently, ORF4 protein colocalization with adenine nucleotide translocase 3 (ANT3) was observed using structured illumination microscopy. Moreover, coimmunoprecipitation and pulldown analyses confirmed that the ORF4 protein interacts directly with mitochondrial ANT3 (mtANT3). Binding domain analysis further confirmed that N-terminal residues 1 to 30 of the ORF4 protein, comprising a mitochondrial targeting signal, are essential for the interaction with ANT3. Knockdown of ANT3 markedly inhibited the apoptotic induction of both ORF4 protein and PCV2, indicating that ANT3 plays an important role in ORF4 protein-induced apoptosis during PCV2 infection. Taken together, these data indicate that the ORF4 protein is a mitochondrial targeting protein that induces apoptosis by interacting with ANT3 through the mitochondrial pathway.IMPORTANCE The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) protein ORF4 is a newly identified viral protein; however, little is known about its functions. Apoptosis is an essential strategy of the host defense response and is used by viruses to maintain their life cycles. In the present study, we report the molecular mechanism of the apoptosis induced by the ORF4 protein. The ORF4 protein contains a mitochondrial targeting signal and is an unstable protein that is degraded by the proteasome-dependent pathway. Viral protein ORF4 triggers caspase-3- and -9-dependent cellular apoptosis in mitochondria by directly binding to ANT3. We conclude that the ORF4 protein is a mitochondrial targeting protein and reveal a mechanism whereby circovirus recruits ANT3 to induce apoptosis.
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30
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Go YM, Fernandes J, Hu X, Uppal K, Jones DP. Mitochondrial network responses in oxidative physiology and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:31-40. [PMID: 29317273 PMCID: PMC5833979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial activities are linked directly or indirectly to all cellular functions in aerobic eukaryotes. Omics methods enable new approaches to study functional organization of mitochondria and their adaptive and maladaptive network responses to bioenergetic fuels, physiologic demands, environmental challenges and aging. In this review, we consider mitochondria collectively within a multicellular organism as a macroscale "mitochondriome", functioning to organize bioenergetics and metabolism as an organism utilizes environmental resources and protects against environmental threats. We address complexities of knowledgebase-driven functional mapping of mitochondrial systems and then consider data-driven network mapping using omics methods. Transcriptome-metabolome-wide association study (TMWAS) shows connectivity and organization of nuclear transcription with mitochondrial transport systems in cellular responses to mitochondria-mediated toxicity. Integration of redox and respiratory measures with TMWAS shows central redox hubs separating systems linked to oxygen consumption rate and H2O2 production. Combined redox proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics further shows that physiologic network structures can be visualized separately from toxicologic networks. These data-driven integrated omics methods create new opportunities for mitochondrial systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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31
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Hou XS, Wang HS, Mugaka BP, Yang GJ, Ding Y. Mitochondria: promising organelle targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:2786-2797. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00673c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-mediated tumor monitoring provides a new perspective on mitochondria-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Huai-Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Benson Peter Mugaka
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Gong-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ya Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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32
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Wrutniak-Cabello C, Casas F, Cabello G. Thyroid Hormone Action: The p43 Mitochondrial Pathway. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1801:163-181. [PMID: 29892824 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7902-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that several pathways are involved in the multiplicity of thyroid hormone physiological influences led to searches for the occurrence of T3 extra nuclear receptors. The existence of a direct T3 mitochondrial pathway is now well established. The demonstration that TRα1 mRNA encodes not only a nuclear thyroid hormone receptor but also two proteins imported into mitochondria with molecular masses of 43 and 28 kDa has provided new clues to understand the pleiotropic influence of iodinated hormones.The use of a T3 photo affinity label derivative (T3-PAL) allowed detecting two mitochondrial T3 binding proteins. In association with western blots using antibodies raised against the T3 nuclear receptor TRα1, mitochondrial T3 receptors were identified as truncated TRα1 forms. Import and in organello transcription experiments performed in isolated mitochondria led to the conclusion that p43 is a transcription factor of the mitochondrial genome, inducing changes in the mitochondrial/nuclear crosstalk. In vitro experiments indicated that this T3 mitochondrial pathway affects cell differentiation, apoptosis, and transformation. Generation of transgenic mice demonstrated the involvement of this mitochondrial pathway in the determination of muscle phenotype, glucose metabolism, and thermogenesis.
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33
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Wrutniak-Cabello C, Casas F, Cabello G. Mitochondrial T3 receptor and targets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:112-120. [PMID: 28167126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The demonstration that TRα1 mRNA encodes a nuclear thyroid hormone receptor and two proteins imported into mitochondria with molecular masses of 43 and 28 kDa has brought new clues to better understand the pleiotropic influence of iodinated hormones. If p28 activity remains unknown, p43 binds to T3 responsive elements occurring in the organelle genome, and, in the T3 presence, stimulates mitochondrial transcription and the subsequent synthesis of mitochondrial encoded proteins. This influence increases mitochondrial activity and through changes in the mitochondrial/nuclear cross talk affects important nuclear target genes regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, oncogenesis, or apoptosis. In addition, this pathway influences muscle metabolic and contractile phenotype, as well as glycaemia regulation. Interestingly, according to the process considered, p43 exerts opposite or cooperative effects with the well-known T3 pathway, thus allowing a fine tuning of the physiological influence of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Wrutniak-Cabello
- INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - François Casas
- INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Cabello
- INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, 34060 Montpellier, France
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34
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Srivastava S, Savanur MA, Sinha D, Birje A, R V, Saha PP, D'Silva P. Regulation of mitochondrial protein import by the nucleotide exchange factors GrpEL1 and GrpEL2 in human cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18075-18090. [PMID: 28848044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles indispensable for maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis. Most mitochondrial proteins are nuclearly encoded and are imported into the matrix compartment where they are properly folded. This process is facilitated by the mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (mtHsp70), a chaperone contributing to mitochondrial protein quality control. The affinity of mtHsp70 for its protein clients and its chaperone function are regulated by binding of ATP/ADP to mtHsp70's nucleotide-binding domain. Nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs) play a crucial role in exchanging ADP for ATP at mtHsp70's nucleotide-binding domain, thereby modulating mtHsp70's chaperone activity. A single NEF, Mge1, regulates mtHsp70's chaperone activity in lower eukaryotes, but the mammalian orthologs are unknown. Here, we report that two putative NEF orthologs, GrpE-like 1 (GrpEL1) and GrpEL2, modulate mtHsp70's function in human cells. We found that both GrpEL1 and GrpEL2 associate with mtHsp70 as a hetero-oligomeric subcomplex and regulate mtHsp70 function. The formation of this subcomplex was critical for conferring stability to the NEFs, helped fine-tune mitochondrial protein quality control, and regulated crucial mtHsp70 functions, such as import of preproteins and biogenesis of Fe-S clusters. Our results also suggested that GrpEL2 has evolved as a possible stress resistance protein in higher vertebrates to maintain chaperone activity under stress conditions. In conclusion, our findings support the idea that GrpEL1 has a role as a stress modulator in mammalian cells and highlight that multiple NEFs are involved in controlling protein quality in mammalian mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhi Srivastava
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Devanjan Sinha
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Abhijit Birje
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vigneshwaran R
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Prasenjit Prasad Saha
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Patrick D'Silva
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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35
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Rampello AJ, Glynn SE. Identification of a Degradation Signal Sequence within Substrates of the Mitochondrial i-AAA Protease. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:873-885. [PMID: 28214511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The i-AAA protease is a component of the mitochondrial quality control machinery that regulates respiration, mitochondrial dynamics, and protein import. The protease is required to select specific substrates for degradation from among the diverse complement of proteins present in mitochondria, yet the rules that govern this selection are unclear. Here, we reconstruct the yeast i-AAA protease, Yme1p, to examine the in vitro degradation of two intermembrane space chaperone subunits, Tim9 and Tim10. Yme1p degrades Tim10 more rapidly than Tim9 despite high sequence and structural similarity, and loss of Tim10 is accelerated by the disruption of conserved disulfide bonds within the substrate. An unstructured N-terminal region of Tim10 is necessary and sufficient to target the substrate to the protease through recognition of a short phenylalanine-rich motif, and the presence of similar motifs in other small Tim proteins predicts robust degradation by the protease. Together, these results identify the first specific degron sequence within a native i-AAA protease substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Rampello
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, USA
| | - Steven E Glynn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, USA.
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36
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Chakraborty J, Nath I, Verpoort F. Snapshots of encapsulated porphyrins and heme enzymes in metal-organic materials: A prevailing paradigm of heme mimicry. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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37
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Ogunbileje JO, Porter C, Herndon DN, Chao T, Abdelrahman DR, Papadimitriou A, Chondronikola M, Zimmers TA, Reidy PT, Rasmussen BB, Sidossis LS. Hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism of skeletal muscle accompany mitochondrial stress following severe burn trauma. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E436-48. [PMID: 27382037 PMCID: PMC5005969 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00535.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Burn trauma results in prolonged hypermetabolism and skeletal muscle wasting. How hypermetabolism contributes to muscle wasting in burn patients remains unknown. We hypothesized that oxidative stress, cytosolic protein degradation, and mitochondrial stress as a result of hypermetabolism contribute to muscle cachexia postburn. Patients (n = 14) with burns covering >30% of their total body surface area were studied. Controls (n = 13) were young healthy adults. We found that burn patients were profoundly hypermetabolic at both the skeletal muscle and systemic levels, indicating increased oxygen consumption by mitochondria. In skeletal muscle of burn patients, concurrent activation of mTORC1 signaling and elevation in the fractional synthetic rate paralleled increased levels of proteasomes and elevated fractional breakdown rate. Burn patients had greater levels of oxidative stress markers as well as higher expression of mtUPR-related genes and proteins, suggesting that burns increased mitochondrial stress and protein damage. Indeed, upregulation of cytoprotective genes suggests hypermetabolism-induced oxidative stress postburn. In parallel to mtUPR activation postburn, mitochondrial-specific proteases (LONP1 and CLPP) and mitochondrial translocases (TIM23, TIM17B, and TOM40) were upregulated, suggesting increased mitochondrial protein degradation and transport of preprotein, respectively. Our data demonstrate that proteolysis occurs in both the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of skeletal muscle in severely burned patients. Increased mitochondrial protein turnover may be associated with increased protein damage due to hypermetabolism-induced oxidative stress and activation of mtUPR. Our results suggest a novel role for the mitochondria in burn-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Ogunbileje
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
| | - Craig Porter
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - David N Herndon
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Tony Chao
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Anastasia Papadimitriou
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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38
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Maphosa MN, Steenkamp ET, Wingfield BD. Genome-Based Selection and Characterization of Fusarium circinatum-Specific Sequences. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:631-9. [PMID: 26888868 PMCID: PMC4777126 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.025817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium circinatum is an important pathogen of pine trees and its management in the commercial forestry environment relies largely on early detection, particularly in seedling nurseries. The fact that the entire genome of this pathogen is available opens new avenues for the development of diagnostic tools for this fungus. In this study we identified open reading frames (ORFs) unique to F. circinatum and determined that they were specific to the pathogen. The ORF identification process involved bioinformatics-based screening of all the putative F. circinatum ORFs against public databases. This was followed by functional characterization of ORFs found to be unique to F. circinatum. We used PCR- and hybridization-based approaches to confirm the presence of selected unique genes in different strains of F. circinatum and their absence from other Fusarium species for which genome sequence data are not yet available. These included species that are closely related to F. circinatum as well as those that are commonly encountered in the forestry environment. Thirty-six ORFs were identified as potentially unique to F. circinatum. Nineteen of these encode proteins with known domains while the other 17 encode proteins of unknown function. The results of our PCR analyses and hybridization assays showed that three of the selected genes were present in all of the strains of F. circinatum tested and absent from the other Fusarium species screened. These data thus indicate that the selected genes are common and unique to F. circinatum. These genes thus could be good candidates for use in rapid, in-the-field diagnostic assays specific to F. circinatum. Our study further demonstrates how genome sequence information can be mined for the identification of new diagnostic markers for the detection of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mkhululi N Maphosa
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 0028 South Africa
| | - Emma T Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 0028 South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 0028 South Africa
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Lu P, Bruno BJ, Rabenau M, Lim CS. Delivery of drugs and macromolecules to the mitochondria for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2015; 240:38-51. [PMID: 26482081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that have pivotal functions in producing the energy necessary for life and executing the cell death pathway. Targeting drugs and macromolecules to the mitochondria may provide an effective means of inducing cell death for cancer therapy, and has been actively pursued in the last decade. This review will provide a brief overview of mitochondrial structure and function, how it relates to cancer, and importantly, will discuss different strategies of mitochondrial delivery including delivery using small molecules, peptides, genes encoding proteins and MTSs, and targeting polymers/nanoparticles with payloads to the mitochondria. The advantages and disadvantages for each strategy will be discussed. Specific examples using the latest strategies for mitochondrial targeting will be evaluated, as well as potential opportunities for specific mitochondrial compartment localization, which may lead to improvements in mitochondrial therapeutics. Future perspectives in mitochondrial targeting of drugs and macromolecules will be discussed. Currently this is an under-explored area that is prime for new discoveries in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 30 S. 2000 E., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bruno
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 30 S. 2000 E., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Malena Rabenau
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Phillips-Universität, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Carol S Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 30 S. 2000 E., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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The Design and Structure of Outer Membrane Receptors from Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts. Structure 2015; 23:1783-1800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Jhaveri A, Torchilin V. Intracellular delivery of nanocarriers and targeting to subcellular organelles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:49-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1086745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Miller DM, Gulbis JM. Engineering protocells: prospects for self-assembly and nanoscale production-lines. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:1019-53. [PMID: 25815781 PMCID: PMC4500129 DOI: 10.3390/life5021019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing ease of producing nucleic acids and proteins to specification offers potential for design and fabrication of artificial synthetic "organisms" with a myriad of possible capabilities. The prospects for these synthetic organisms are significant, with potential applications in diverse fields including synthesis of pharmaceuticals, sources of renewable fuel and environmental cleanup. Until now, artificial cell technology has been largely restricted to the modification and metabolic engineering of living unicellular organisms. This review discusses emerging possibilities for developing synthetic protocell "machines" assembled entirely from individual biological components. We describe a host of recent technological advances that could potentially be harnessed in design and construction of synthetic protocells, some of which have already been utilized toward these ends. More elaborate designs include options for building self-assembling machines by incorporating cellular transport and assembly machinery. We also discuss production in miniature, using microfluidic production lines. While there are still many unknowns in the design, engineering and optimization of protocells, current technologies are now tantalizingly close to the capabilities required to build the first prototype protocells with potential real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Miller
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline M Gulbis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
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Agrawal U, Sharma R, Vyas SP. Targeted Drug Delivery to the Mitochondria. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Regev-Rudzki N, Gabriel K, Bursać D. The evolution and function of co-chaperones in mitochondria. Subcell Biochem 2015; 78:201-217. [PMID: 25487023 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11731-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial chaperones mediate and affect critical organellar processes, essential for cellular function. These chaperone systems have both prokaryotic and eukaryotic features. While some of the mitochondrial co-chaperones have clear homologues in prokaryotes, some are unique to eukaryotes and have no homologues in the chaperone machinery of other cellular compartments. The mitochondrial co-chaperones are required for protein import into the organelle and in enforcing the structure of the main chaperones. In addition to novel types of interaction with their senior partners, unexpected and essential interactions between the co-chaperones themselves have recently been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovolt, Israel,
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Bajaj R, Munari F, Becker S, Zweckstetter M. Interaction of the intermembrane space domain of Tim23 protein with mitochondrial membranes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34620-6. [PMID: 25349212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.595702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tim23 mediates protein translocation into mitochondria. Although inserted into the inner membrane, the dynamic association of its intermembrane space (IMS) domain with the outer membrane promotes protein import. However, little is known about the molecular basis of this interaction. Here, we demonstrate that the IMS domain of Tim23 tightly associates with both inner and outer mitochondrial membrane-like membranes through a hydrophobic anchor at its N terminus. The structure of membrane-bound Tim23(IMS) is highly dynamic, allowing recognition of both the incoming presequence and other translocase components at the translocation contact. Cardiolipin enhances Tim23 membrane attachment, suggesting that cardiolipin can influence preprotein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Bajaj
- From the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and
| | - Francesca Munari
- From the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37077 Göttingen and
| | - Stefan Becker
- From the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- From the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37077 Göttingen and the Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medicine Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Molecular basis of the dynamic structure of the TIM23 complex in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Structure 2014; 22:1501-11. [PMID: 25263020 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presequence translocase TIM23 is a highly dynamic complex in which its subunits can adopt multiple conformations and undergo association-dissociation to facilitate import of proteins into mitochondria. Despite the importance of protein-protein interactions in TIM23, little is known about the molecular details of these processes. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we characterized the dynamic interaction network of the intermembrane space domains of Tim23, Tim21, Tim50, and Tom22 at single-residue level. We show that Tim23(IMS) contains multiple sites to efficiently interact with the intermembrane space domain of Tim21 and to bind to Tim21, Tim50, and Tom22. In addition, we reveal the atomic details of the dynamic Tim23(IMS)-Tim21(IMS) complex. The combined data support a central role of the intermembrane space domain of Tim23 in the formation and regulation of the presequence translocase.
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Su CC, Chan CM, Chen HM, Wu CC, Hsiao CY, Lee PL, Lin VCH, Hung CF. Lutein inhibits the migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells via cytosolic and mitochondrial Akt pathways (lutein inhibits RPE cells migration). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13755-67. [PMID: 25110866 PMCID: PMC4159823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells will de-differentiate, proliferate, and migrate onto the surfaces of the sensory retina. Several studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) can induce migration of RPE cells via an Akt-related pathway. In this study, the effect of lutein on PDGF-BB-induced RPE cells migration was examined using transwell migration assays and Western blot analyses. We found that both phosphorylation of Akt and mitochondrial translocation of Akt in RPE cells induced by PDGF-BB stimulation were suppressed by lutein. Furthermore, the increased migration observed in RPE cells with overexpressed mitochondrial Akt could also be suppressed by lutein. Our results demonstrate that lutein can inhibit PDGF-BB induced RPE cells migration through the inhibition of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chieh Su
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University,New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Ming Chan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Min Chen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University,New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chun Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chang Guang University of Science and Technology,Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Lan Lee
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Victor Chia-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University,New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
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Samaddar M, Goswami AV, Purushotham J, Hegde P, D'Silva P. Role of the loop L4,5 in allosteric regulation in mtHsp70s: in vivo significance of domain communication and its implications in protein translocation. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2129-42. [PMID: 24829379 PMCID: PMC4091826 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-03-0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The SBD loop L4,5 in mtHsp70s functions synergistically with the linker region to maintain the interdomain interface governing protein translocation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Intragenic suppressors of a communication-impaired L4,5 mutant reveal molecular insights into the allosteric regulation of mtHsp70s at the in vivo level. Mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70) is essential for a vast repertoire of functions, including protein import, and requires effective interdomain communication for efficient partner-protein interactions. However, the in vivo functional significance of allosteric regulation in eukaryotes is poorly defined. Using integrated biochemical and yeast genetic approaches, we provide compelling evidence that a conserved substrate-binding domain (SBD) loop, L4,5, plays a critical role in allosteric communication governing mtHsp70 chaperone functions across species. In yeast, a temperature-sensitive L4,5 mutation (E467A) disrupts bidirectional domain communication, leading to compromised protein import and mitochondrial function. Loop L4,5 functions synergistically with the linker in modulating the allosteric interface and conformational transitions between SBD and the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD), thus regulating interdomain communication. Second-site intragenic suppressors of E467A isolated within the SBD suppress domain communication defects by conformationally altering the allosteric interface, thereby restoring import and growth phenotypes. Strikingly, the suppressor mutations highlight that restoration of communication from NBD to SBD alone is the minimum essential requirement for effective in vivo function when primed at higher basal ATPase activity, mimicking the J-protein–bound state. Together these findings provide the first mechanistic insights into critical regions within the SBD of mtHsp70s regulating interdomain communication, thus highlighting its importance in protein translocation and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuja Samaddar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Jaya Purushotham
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pushpa Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Patrick D'Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 hypomorphism in mice leads to defects in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Cell Rep 2014; 7:2042-2053. [PMID: 24910426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrier-facilitated pyruvate transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane plays an essential role in anabolic and catabolic intermediary metabolism. Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (Mpc2) is believed to be a component of the complex that facilitates mitochondrial pyruvate import. Complete MPC2 deficiency resulted in embryonic lethality in mice. However, a second mouse line expressing an N-terminal truncated MPC2 protein (Mpc2(Δ16)) was viable but exhibited a reduced capacity for mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation. Metabolic studies demonstrated exaggerated blood lactate concentrations after pyruvate, glucose, or insulin challenge in Mpc2(Δ16) mice. Additionally, compared with wild-type controls, Mpc2(Δ16) mice exhibited normal insulin sensitivity but elevated blood glucose after bolus pyruvate or glucose injection. This was attributable to reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and was corrected by sulfonylurea KATP channel inhibitor administration. Collectively, these data are consistent with a role for MPC2 in mitochondrial pyruvate import and suggest that Mpc2 deficiency results in defective pancreatic β cell glucose sensing.
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