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Harper CM, Patel BA. Trabecular bone variation in the gorilla calcaneus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24939. [PMID: 38631677 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calcaneal external shape differs among nonhuman primates relative to locomotion. Such relationships between whole-bone calcaneal trabecular structure and locomotion, however, have yet to be studied. Here we analyze calcaneal trabecular architecture in Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei, and G. b. graueri to investigate general trends and fine-grained differences among gorilla taxa relative to locomotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Calcanei were micro-CT scanned. A three-dimensional geometric morphometric sliding semilandmark analysis was carried out and the final landmark configurations used to position 156 volumes of interest. Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp), and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were calculated using the BoneJ plugin for ImageJ and MATLAB. Non-parametric MANOVAs were run to test for significant differences among taxa in parameter raw values and z-scores. Parameter distributions were visualized using color maps and summarized using principal components analysis. RESULTS There are no significant differences in raw BV/TV or Tb.Th among gorillas, however G. b. beringei significantly differs in z-scores for both parameters (p = <0.0271). All three taxa exhibit relatively lower BV/TV and Tb.Th in the posterior half of the calcaneus. This gradation is exacerbated in G. b. beringei. G. b. graueri significantly differs from other taxa in Tb.Sp z-scores (p < 0.001) indicating a different spacing distribution. DISCUSSION Relatively higher Tb.Th and BV/TV in the anterior calcaneus among gorillas likely reflects higher forces associated with body mass (transmitted through the subtalar joint) relative to forces transferred through the posterior calcaneus. The different Tb.Sp pattern in G. b. graueri may reflect proposed differences in foot positioning during locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Harper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Biren A Patel
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Human and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Sinder SB, Sharma SV, Shirvaikar IS, Pradhyumnan H, Patel SH, Cabeda Diaz I, Perez GG, Bramlett HM, Raval AP. Impact of menopause-associated frailty on traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105741. [PMID: 38621511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Navigating menopause involves traversing a complex terrain of hormonal changes that extend far beyond reproductive consequences. Menopausal transition is characterized by a decrease in estradiol-17β (E2), and the impact of menopause resonates not only in the reproductive system but also through the central nervous system, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal domains. As women undergo menopausal transition, they become more susceptible to frailty, amplifying the risk and severity of injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Menopause triggers a cascade of changes leading to a decline in muscle mass, accompanied by diminished tone and excitability, thereby restricting the availability of irisin, a crucial hormone derived from muscles. Concurrently, bone mass undergoes reduction, culminating in the onset of osteoporosis and altering the dynamics of osteocalcin, a hormone originating from bones. The diminishing levels of E2 during menopause extend their influence on the gut microbiota, resulting in a reduction in the availability of tyrosine, tryptophan, and serotonin metabolites, affecting neurotransmitter synthesis and function. Understanding the interplay between menopause, frailty, E2 decline, and the intricate metabolisms of bone, gut, and muscle is imperative when unraveling the nuances of TBI after menopause. The current review underscores the significance of accounting for menopause-associated frailty in the incidence and consequences of TBI. The review also explores potential mechanisms to enhance gut, bone, and muscle health in menopausal women, aiming to mitigate frailty and improve TBI outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B Sinder
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sabrina V Sharma
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Isha S Shirvaikar
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hari Pradhyumnan
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shahil H Patel
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Indy Cabeda Diaz
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gina G Perez
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ami P Raval
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
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Cartwright C, Ragni A, Hublin JJ, Chirchir H. Trabecular bone volume fraction in Holocene and Late Pleistocene humans. J Hum Evol 2024; 190:103499. [PMID: 38569444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that recent modern humans have gracile skeletons in having low trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and that gracilization of the skeleton occurred in the last 10,000 years. This has been attributed to a reduction in physical activity in the Holocene. However, there has been no thorough sampling of BV/TV in Pleistocene humans due to limited access to high resolution images of fossil specimens. Therefore, our study investigates the gracilization of BV/TV in Late Pleistocene humans and recent (Holocene) modern humans to improve our understanding of the emergence of gracility. We used microcomputed tomography to measure BV/TV in the femora, humeri and metacarpals of a sample of Late Pleistocene humans from Dolní Věstonice (Czech Republic, ∼26 ka, n = 6) and Ohalo II (Israel, ∼19 ka, n = 1), and a sample of recent humans including farming groups (n = 39) and hunter-gatherers (n = 6). We predicted that 1) Late Pleistocene humans would exhibit greater femoral and humeral head BV/TV compared with recent humans and 2) among recent humans, metacarpal head BV/TV would be greater in hunter-gatherers compared with farmers. Late Pleistocene humans had higher BV/TV compared with recent humans in both the femur and humerus, supporting our first prediction, and consistent with previous findings that Late Pleistocene humans are robust as compared to recent humans. However, among recent humans, there was no significant difference in BV/TV in the metacarpals between the two subsistence groups. The results highlight the similarity in BV/TV in the hand of two human groups from different geographic locales and subsistence patterns and raise questions about assumptions of activity levels in archaeological populations and their relationships to trabecular BV/TV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cartwright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
| | - Anna Ragni
- Department of Biology, University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Paléoanthropologie, CIRB (UMR 7241 - U1050), Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin-Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Habiba Chirchir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA; Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O Box 37012, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
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Pan C, Hao X, Deng X, Lu F, Liu J, Hou W, Xu T. The roles of Hippo/YAP signaling pathway in physical therapy. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:197. [PMID: 38670949 PMCID: PMC11053014 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular behavior is regulated by mechanical signals within the cellular microenvironment. Additionally, changes of temperature, blood flow, and muscle contraction also affect cellular state and the development of diseases. In clinical practice, physical therapy techniques such as ultrasound, vibration, exercise, cold therapy, and hyperthermia are commonly employed to alleviate pain and treat diseases. However, the molecular mechanism about how these physiotherapy methods stimulate local tissues and control gene expression remains unknow. Fortunately, the discovery of YAP filled this gap, which has been reported has the ability to sense and convert a wide variety of mechanical signals into cell-specific programs for transcription, thereby offering a fresh perspective on the mechanisms by which physiotherapy treat different diseases. This review examines the involvement of Hippo/YAP signaling pathway in various diseases and its role in different physical therapy approaches on diseases. Furthermore, we explore the potential therapeutic implications of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway and address the limitations and controversies surrounding its application in physiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunran Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Hou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Koneru MC, Harper CM. Comparing lateral plantar process trabecular structure to other regions of the human calcaneus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38357839 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Investigating skeletal adaptations to bipedalism informs our understanding of form-function relationships. The calcaneus is an important skeletal element to study because it is a weight-bearing bone with a critical locomotor role. Although other calcaneal regions have been well studied, we lack a clear understanding of the functional role of the lateral plantar process (LPP). The LPP is a bony protuberance on the inferolateral portion of the calcaneus thought to aid the tuberosity in transmission of ground reaction forces during heel-strike. Here, we analyze LPP internal trabecular structure relative to other calcaneal regions to investigate its potential functional affinities. Human calcanei (n = 20) were micro-CT scanned, and weighted spherical harmonic analysis outputs were used to position 251 volumes of interest (VOI) within each bone. Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), spacing (Tb.Sp), degree of anisotropy (DA), and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were calculated for each VOI. Similarities in BV/TV and DA (p = 0.2741) between the LPP and inferior tuberosity support suggestions that the LPP is a weight-bearing structure that may transmit forces in a similar direction. The LPP significantly differs from the inferior tuberosity in Tb.Th and Tb.Sp (p < 0.05). Relatively thinner, more closely spaced trabeculae in the LPP may serve to increase internal surface area to compensate for its relatively small size compared to the tuberosity. Significant differences in all parameters between LPP and joint articular surfaces indicate that trabecular morphology is differently adapted for the transmission of forces associated with body mass through joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha C Koneru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christine M Harper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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Assif L, Chirchir H. Trabecular bone morphology in big cats reflects the complex diversity of limb use but not home range size or daily travel distance. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:208-222. [PMID: 37676091 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A relationship exists between mechanical loading and bone morphology. Although studies show a relationship between trabecular bone morphology and locomotor strategy in mammals, none of them have studied trabecular bone morphology in felid species occupying disparate and overlapping habitats. We investigate trabecular bone volume fraction (BVF) in the femoral and humeral heads, and distal tibia of four felid species (mountain lions, jaguars, cheetahs, and leopards) to identify whether there is a relationship between BVF and locomotor behavior. This study's goals are to identify whether felid species with high daily travel distance or large home range size have greater BVF compared with those with small daily travel distance or home range size, and whether BVF is correlated among the three elements of the fore and hindlimb studied. We quantified BVF in micro- and peripheral computed tomography images and found no significant differences across species in the femoral and humeral head (p > 0.05). However, in the distal tibia, results showed that leopards, mountain lions, and cheetahs have significantly greater (p < 0.05) BVF than jaguars. Despite differences in home range size and daily travel distance, the proximal elements did not reflect differences in BVF; however, the distal-most element did, suggesting decreased loading among jaguars. These findings suggest that the observed pattern of trabecular bone morphology is potentially due to the diversity in locomotor strategy of the forelimb. Additionally, these results imply that neither home range size nor daily travel distance are clear indicators of activity levels. A cautious approach is warranted in studying how loading influences trabecular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layne Assif
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Habiba Chirchir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
- Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Xu Y, Du Z, Cheng A, Lin R, Wang K, Jin Y, Dai C, Xu L. Functional force stimulation alters motor neuron discharge patterns. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1293017. [PMID: 38116068 PMCID: PMC10728294 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1293017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Beneficial effects have been observed for mechanical vibration stimulation (MVS), which are mainly attributed to tonic vibration reflex (TVR). TVR is reported to elicit synchronized motor unit activation during locally applied vibration. Similar effects are also observed in a novel vibration system referred to as functional force stimulation (FFS). However, the manifestation of TVR in FFS is doubted due to the use of global electromyography (EMG) features in previous analysis. Our study aims to investigate the effects of FFS on motor unit discharge patterns of the human biceps brachii by analyzing the motor unit spike trains decoded from the high-density surface EMG. Methods Eighteen healthy subjects volunteered in FFS training with different amplitudes and frequencies. One hundred and twenty-eight channel surface EMG was recorded from the biceps brachii and then decoded after motion-artifact removal. The discharge timings were extracted and the coherence between different motor unit spike trains was calculated to quantify synchronized activation. Results and discussion Significant synchronization within the vibration cycle and/or its integer multiples is observed for all FFS trials, which increases with increased FFS amplitude. Our results reveal the basic physiological mechanism involved in FFS, providing a theoretical foundation for analyzing and introducing FFS into clinical rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodan Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zuyu Du
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anyi Cheng
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Runwei Lin
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaichen Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibin Jin
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyun Dai
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, China
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Godley D, Csongradi J. Whole Body Vibration Therapy for Children with Disabilities: A Survey of Potential Risks and Benefits. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2023; 5:100298. [PMID: 38163033 PMCID: PMC10757164 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to remind providers of the potential risks of Whole Body Vibration Therapy (WBVT) for children with disabilities. We reviewed the current state of knowledge and learned that WBVT may have potential risk of injury for some children. To the best of our knowledge this review is the first to clarify WBVT risks. We believe WBVT may have therapeutic value but we recommend caution and offer suggestions for future research.
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Regner AM, DeLeon M, Gibbons KD, Howard S, Nesbitt DQ, Lujan TJ, Fitzpatrick CK, Farach-Carson MC, Wu D, Uzer G. Increased deformations are dispensable for cell mechanoresponse in engineered bone analogs mimicking aging bone marrow. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.24.559187. [PMID: 37905032 PMCID: PMC10614733 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.24.559187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Aged individuals and astronauts experience bone loss despite rigorous physical activity. Bone mechanoresponse is in-part regulated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that respond to mechanical stimuli. Direct delivery of low intensity vibration (LIV) recovers MSC proliferation in senescence and simulated microgravity models, indicating that age-related reductions in mechanical signal delivery within bone marrow may contribute to declining bone mechanoresponse. To answer this question, we developed a 3D bone marrow analog that controls trabecular geometry, marrow mechanics and external stimuli. Validated finite element (FE) models were developed to quantify strain environment within hydrogels during LIV. Bone marrow analogs with gyroid-based trabeculae of bone volume fractions (BV/TV) corresponding to adult (25%) and aged (13%) mice were printed using polylactic acid (PLA). MSCs encapsulated in migration-permissive hydrogels within printed trabeculae showed robust cell populations on both PLA surface and hydrogel within a week. Following 14 days of LIV treatment (1g, 100 Hz, 1 hour/day), type-I collagen and F-actin were quantified for the cells in the hydrogel fraction. While LIV increased all measured outcomes, FE models predicted higher von Mises strains for the 13% BV/TV groups (0.2%) when compared to the 25% BV/TV group (0.1%). Despite increased strains, collagen-I and F-actin measures remained lower in the 13% BV/TV groups when compared to 25% BV/TV counterparts, indicating that cell response to LIV does not depend on hydrogel strains and that bone volume fraction (i.e. available bone surface) directly affects cell behavior in the hydrogel phase independent of the external stimuli. Overall, bone marrow analogs offer a robust and repeatable platform to study bone mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Regner
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Boise State University
| | - Maximilien DeLeon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth Houston School of Dentistry
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University
| | - Kalin D. Gibbons
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Boise State University
| | - Sean Howard
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Boise State University
| | | | - Trevor J. Lujan
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Boise State University
| | | | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth Houston School of Dentistry
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University
| | - Danielle Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth Houston School of Dentistry
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Boise State University
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Fabregat-Fernández J, Rodríguez-Pérez V, Llamas-Ramos R, López-Rodríguez AF, Seco-Calvo J, Llamas-Ramos I. Therapeutic Exercise Intervention Using Vibration Platforms for Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6518. [PMID: 37892656 PMCID: PMC10607437 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes generates a great impact on society, as well as a concern for health professionals due to its high and increasing prevalence; there are several studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of vibration platforms and their benefits at a physiological level. The aim of this study will be to analyze the decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin and glycemia levels after the use of whole-body vibration platforms and the possible inclusion of this therapeutic option within the usual treatments. This is a double-blind, randomized controlled trial with parallel group design in a 1:1 ratio. The sample will be composed of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in in the Plasencia area (Cáceres, Extremadura). Participants will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group using a randomization list and will follow the inclusion criteria: type 2 diabetics between 50 and 60 years of age and not taking diabetes medication. All participants will undergo a determination of glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, lipid profile, weight and height, and different functional tests such as Time Up and Go, 10 Meters Walk Test, and 5 Sit To Stand. The experimental group will perform a whole-body vibration intervention on an oscillating platform for 12 weeks with a weekly frequency of three nonconsecutive days and a duration of 12 min. The exercises will consist of 60 s of work and 60 s with rest. The control group will carry out their normal life insisting on the importance of glycemic controls before and after their daily physical exercise. This study has been registered at clinical.trial.org, ID: NCT05968222. Whole-body vibration platforms have demonstrated their effectiveness in different pathologies such as stroke, fibromyalgia, sclerosis multiple, or Parkinson's. For that reason, an improvement in glycemic and lipid values and body composition are expected in people with diabetes after a whole-body vibration intervention for 12 weeks' duration. In addition, whole-body vibration platforms could be postulated as an alternative to usual treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocío Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Felicitas López-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de León, 24401 León, Spain;
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Institute of Biomedicine (BIOMED), University of Leon, 24071 León, Spain;
- Physiology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Inés Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain
- University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Health Service of Castilla y Leon (SACyL), 47007 Valladolid, Spain
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Smith N, Shirazi S, Cakouros D, Gronthos S. Impact of Environmental and Epigenetic Changes on Mesenchymal Stem Cells during Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076499. [PMID: 37047469 PMCID: PMC10095074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Many crucial epigenetic changes occur during early skeletal development and throughout life due to aging, disease and are heavily influenced by an individual’s lifestyle. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression as the result of changes in the environment without any mutation in the underlying DNA sequence. The epigenetic profiles of cells are dynamic and mediated by different mechanisms, including histone modifications, non-coding RNA-associated gene silencing and DNA methylation. Given the underlining role of dysfunctional mesenchymal tissues in common age-related skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, investigations into skeletal stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their functional deregulation during aging has been of great interest and how this is mediated by an evolving epigenetic landscape. The present review describes the recent findings in epigenetic changes of MSCs that effect growth and cell fate determination in the context of aging, diet, exercise and bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smith
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Suzanna Shirazi
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Dimitrios Cakouros
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (S.G.); Tel.: +61-8-8128-4395 (S.G.)
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (S.G.); Tel.: +61-8-8128-4395 (S.G.)
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Pagnotti GM, Trivedi T, Wright LE, John SK, Murthy S, Pattyn RR, Willis MS, She Y, Suresh S, Thompson WR, Rubin CT, Mohammad KS, Guise TA. Low-Magnitude Mechanical Signals Combined with Zoledronic Acid Reduce Musculoskeletal Weakness and Adiposity in Estrogen-Deprived Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.12.531571. [PMID: 36993656 PMCID: PMC10054938 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.12.531571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Combination treatment of Low-Intensity Vibration (LIV) with zoledronic acid (ZA) was hypothesized to preserve bone mass and muscle strength while reducing adipose tissue accrual associated with complete estrogen (E 2 )-deprivation in young and skeletally mature mice. Complete E 2 -deprivation (surgical-ovariectomy (OVX) and daily injection of aromatase inhibitor (AI) letrozole) were performed on 8-week-old C57BL/6 female mice for 4 weeks following commencement of LIV administration or control (no LIV), for 28 weeks. Additionally, 16-week-old C57BL/6 female E 2 -deprived mice were administered ±LIV twice daily and supplemented with ±ZA (2.5 ng/kg/week). By week 28, lean tissue mass quantified by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was increased in younger OVX/AI+LIV(y) mice, with increased myofiber cross-sectional area of quadratus femorii. Grip strength was greater in OVX/AI+LIV(y) mice than OVX/AI(y) mice. Fat mass remained lower in OVX/AI+LIV(y) mice throughout the experiment compared with OVX/AI(y) mice. OVX/AI+LIV(y) mice exhibited increased glucose tolerance and reduced leptin and free fatty acids than OVX/AI(y) mice. Trabecular bone volume fraction and connectivity density increased in the vertebrae of OVX/AI+LIV(y) mice compared to OVX/AI(y) mice; however, this effect was attenuated in the older cohort of E 2 -deprived mice, specifically in OVX/AI+ZA mice, requiring combined LIV with ZA to increase trabecular bone volume and strength. Similar improvements in cortical bone thickness and cross-sectional area of the femoral mid-diaphysis were observed in OVX/AI+LIV+ZA mice, resulting in greater fracture resistance. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of mechanical signals in the form of LIV and anti-resorptive therapy via ZA improve vertebral trabecular bone and femoral cortical bone, increase lean mass, and reduce adiposity in mice undergoing complete E 2 -deprivation. One Sentence Summary: Low-magnitude mechanical signals with zoledronic acid suppressed bone and muscle loss and adiposity in mice undergoing complete estrogen deprivation. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors to reduce tumor progression experience deleterious effects to bone and muscle subsequently develop muscle weakness, bone fragility, and adipose tissue accrual. Bisphosphonates (i.e., zoledronic acid) prescribed to inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption are effective in preventing bone loss but may not address the non-skeletal effects of muscle weakness and fat accumulation that contribute to patient morbidity. Mechanical signals, typically delivered to the musculoskeletal system during exercise/physical activity, are integral for maintaining bone and muscle health; however, patients undergoing treatments for breast cancer often experience decreased physical activity which further accelerates musculoskeletal degeneration. Low-magnitude mechanical signals, in the form of low-intensity vibrations, generate dynamic loading forces similar to those derived from skeletal muscle contractility. As an adjuvant to existing treatment strategies, low-intensity vibrations may preserve or rescue diminished bone and muscle degraded by breast cancer treatment.
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Choi D, Ishii T, Ishikawa M, Ootake T, Kamei H, Nagai K, Sueishi K. Vertical Vibration of Mouse Osteoblasts Promotes Cellular Differentiation and Cell Cycle Progression and Induces Aging In Vitro. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020444. [PMID: 36830981 PMCID: PMC9953217 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effect of the vibration of osteoblasts on the cell cycle, cell differentiation, and aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary maxilla osteoblasts harvested from eight-week-old mice were subjected to vibration at 3, 30, and 300 Hz once daily for 30 min; control group, 0 Hz. A cell proliferation assay and Cell-Clock Cell Cycle Assay were performed 24 h after vibration. Osteoblast differentiation assay, aging marker genes, SA-β-Gal activity, and telomere length (qPCR) were assayed two weeks post- vibration once every two days. RESULTS Cell proliferation increased significantly at 30 and 300 Hz rather than 0 Hz. Several cells were in the late G2/M stage of the cell cycle at 30 Hz. The osteoblast differentiation assay was significantly higher at 30 Hz than at 0 Hz. Runx2 mRNA was downregulated at 30 Hz compared to that at 0 Hz, while osteopontin, osteocalcin, and sclerostin mRNA were upregulated. p53/p21, p16, and c-fos were activated at 30 Hz. SA-β-Gal activity increased significantly at 30 or 300 Hz. Telomere length was significantly lower at 30 or 300 Hz. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that providing optimal vibration to osteoblasts promotes cell cycle progression and differentiation and induces cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, KandaMisaki-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Takenobu Ishii
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, KandaMisaki-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College Chiba Dental Center, 1-2-2, Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-0011, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-03-5375-1724
| | - Munetada Ishikawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, KandaMisaki-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ootake
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, KandaMisaki-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kamei
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, KandaMisaki-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kohei Nagai
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, KandaMisaki-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kenji Sueishi
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, KandaMisaki-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College Chiba Dental Center, 1-2-2, Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-0011, Japan
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Abstract
Changes in bone architecture and metabolism with aging increase the likelihood of osteoporosis and fracture. Age-onset osteoporosis is multifactorial, with contributory extrinsic and intrinsic factors including certain medical problems, specific prescription drugs, estrogen loss, secondary hyperparathyroidism, microenvironmental and cellular alterations in bone tissue, and mechanical unloading or immobilization. At the histological level, there are changes in trabecular and cortical bone as well as marrow cellularity, lineage switching of mesenchymal stem cells to an adipogenic fate, inadequate transduction of signals during skeletal loading, and predisposition toward senescent cell accumulation with production of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Cumulatively, these changes result in bone remodeling abnormalities that over time cause net bone loss typically seen in older adults. Age-related osteoporosis is a geriatric syndrome due to the multiple etiologies that converge upon the skeleton to produce the ultimate phenotypic changes that manifest as bone fragility. Bone tissue is dynamic but with tendencies toward poor osteoblastic bone formation and relative osteoclastic bone resorption with aging. Interactions with other aging physiologic systems, such as muscle, may also confer detrimental effects on the aging skeleton. Conversely, individuals who maintain their BMD experience a lower risk of fractures, disability, and mortality, suggesting that this phenotype may be a marker of successful aging. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4355-4386, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Endocrinology, and Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,The Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, and the Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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15
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Tseng SY, Lai CL, Ko CP, Chang YK, Fan HC, Wang CH. The Effectiveness of Whole-Body Vibration and Heat Therapy on the Muscle Strength, Flexibility, and Balance Abilities of Elderly Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1650. [PMID: 36674404 PMCID: PMC9861224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a novel exercise training measure that promotes the muscle strength, flexibility, and balance abilities of elderly groups. The feasibility and applicability of 20-30 min (lowering a heat pack at 73 °C by wrapping it in multiple layers of towels to 40-43 °C before it touched the skin) thermotherapy are increasingly being demonstrated by applications and clinical trials. Studies show that it increases the flexibility of macules and ligament. However, no studies have examined the interactions between the pre-exercise and post-exercise application of heat therapy (duration a training course). Therefore, this study investigates the effects of WBV and heat therapy on the muscle strength, flexibility, and balance abilities of elderly groups. Eighty middle-age and elderly participants with no regular exercise habits were enrolled in this study. They were randomly assigned to a WBV group, a WBV plus heat therapy group, a heat therapy alone group, and a control group. The WBV groups underwent 5-min, fixed-amplitude (4 mm), thrice-weekly WBV training sessions for 3 consecutive months on a WBV training machine. Participants' balance was measured using the limits of stability (LOS) test on a balance system. The pretest and posttest knee extensor and flexor strength were tested using an isokinetic lower extremity dynamometer. Pretest and posttest flexibility changes were measured using the sit-and-reach test. Significantly larger pretest and posttest differences in flexibility and muscle strength were observed in the WBV and WBV plus heat therapy groups. The addition of heat therapy to WBV resulted in the largest flexibility improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuan-Yu Tseng
- Department of Senior Services Industry Management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu 30401, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Lai
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Puzi Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Chiayi 61347, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Po Ko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Chang
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Miaoli 35664, Taiwan
| | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Nursing and Management, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Miaoli 35664, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hou Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Physical Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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16
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Tassinari R, Olivi E, Cavallini C, Taglioli V, Zannini C, Marcuzzi M, Fedchenko O, Ventura C. Mechanobiology: A landscape for reinterpreting stem cell heterogeneity and regenerative potential in diseased tissues. iScience 2022; 26:105875. [PMID: 36647385 PMCID: PMC9839966 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a fundamental role in cellular dynamics from the molecular level to the establishment of complex heterogeneity in somatic and stem cells. Here, we highlight the role of cytoskeletal mechanics and extracellular matrix in generating mechanical forces merging into oscillatory synchronized patterns. We discuss how cellular mechanosensing/-transduction can be modulated by mechanical forces to control tissue metabolism and set the basis for nonpharmacologic tissue rescue. Control of bone anabolic activity and repair, as well as obesity prevention, through a fine-tuning of the stem cell morphodynamics are highlighted. We also discuss the use of mechanical forces in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and heart failure through the fine modulation of stem cell metabolic activity and regenerative potential. We finally focus on the new landscape of delivering specific mechanical stimuli to reprogram tissue-resident stem cells and enhance our self-healing potential, without the need for stem cell or tissue transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Olivi
- ELDOR LAB, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Martina Marcuzzi
- NIBB, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Oleksandra Fedchenko
- NIBB, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Ventura
- ELDOR LAB, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy,NIBB, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy,Corresponding author
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17
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Tian S, Gao J, Gong H, Zhang X, Wang S. Effects of whole-body vibration at different periods on lumbar vertebrae in female rats. Med Eng Phys 2022; 110:103918. [PMID: 36564133 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) before and after ovariectomy on lumbar vertebrae, and to observe whether the positive effects of WBV before and after ovariectomy on lumbar vertebrae in rats could be maintained after vibration stopped. Three-month-old female rats were divided into four groups (n = 45/group): control (CON), ovariectomy (OVA), WBV before ovariectomy (WBV-BO), and WBV after ovariectomy (WBV-AO) groups. For 1-8 weeks, WBV-BO group was subjected to vertical WBV. At the 9th week, the rats in WBV-BO, WBV-AO, and OVA groups were ovariectomized. During 11-18 weeks, WBV-AO group was subjected to vibration. For 19-26 weeks, no intervention was done for rats. The lumbar vertebrae were examined by Micro-CT, compressive test, creep test, and microindentation test. At the 8th week, the displacement of the L1-L2 annulus fibrosus in WBV-BO group was 18% smaller compared with CON group (p<0.05). At the 18th week, the elastic modulus of the L5 vertebral body in WBV-BO and WBV-AO groups was 53% and 57% higher than that in CON group, respectively (p<0.05); the displacement of the L1-L2 annulus fibrosus in WBV-BO group was 25% smaller than those in the other groups (p<0.05). At the 26th week, there was no significant difference in the displacement of the L1-L2 annulus fibrosus between WBV-BO group and other groups (p>0.05); the elastic modulus of the L5 vertebral body had no significant difference between WBV-AO group and CON group (p>0.05). Our results demonstrated that WBV before ovariectomy effectively prevented disc degeneration with significant effects up to 8 weeks after ovariectomy. The vertebral mechanical properties could be significantly improved by WBV after ovariectomy, but the residual effect did not maintain after WBV stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujing Tian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130025, China
| | - Jiazi Gao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130025, China
| | - He Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130025, China.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130025, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130025, China
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18
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Rubin J, Styner M. The skeleton in a physical world. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:2213-2222. [PMID: 35983849 PMCID: PMC9899984 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221113861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms exist within a physical space and respond to physical forces as part of daily life. In higher organisms, the skeleton is critical for locomotion in the physical environment, providing a carapace upon which the animal can move to accomplish functions necessary for living. As such, the skeleton has responded evolutionarily, and does in real-time, to physical stresses placed on it to ensure that its structure supports its function in the sea, in the air, and on dry land. In this article, we consider how those cells responsible for remodeling skeletal structure respond to mechanical force including load magnitude, frequency, and cyclicity, and how force rearranges cellular structure in turn. The effects of these forces to balance the mesenchymal stem cell supply of bone-forming osteoblasts and energy storing adipocytes are addressed. That this phenotypic switching is achieved at the level of both gene transactivation and alteration of structural epigenetic controls of gene expression is considered. Finally, as clinicians, we consider this information as it applies to a prescriptive for intelligent exercise.
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19
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Nix Z, Kota D, Ratnayake I, Wang C, Smith S, Wood S. Spectral characterization of cell surface motion for mechanistic investigations of cellular mechanobiology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:3-15. [PMID: 36108781 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the specific mechanisms responsible for anabolic and catabolic responses to static or dynamic force are largely poorly understood. Because of this, most research groups studying mechanotransduction due to dynamic forces employ an empirical approach in deciding what frequencies to apply during experiments. While this has been shown to elucidate valuable information regarding how cells respond under controlled provocation, it is often difficult or impossible to determine a true optimal frequency for force application, as many intracellular complexes are involved in receiving, propagating, and responding to a given stimulus. Here we present a novel adaptation of an analytical technique from the fields of civil and mechanical engineering that may open the door to direct measurement of mechanobiological cellular frequencies which could be used to target specific cell signaling pathways leveraging synergy between outside-in and inside-out mechanotransduction approaches. This information could be useful in identifying how specific proteins are involved in the homeostatic balance, or disruption thereof, of cells and tissue, furthering the understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases across a wide variety of cell types, which may one day lead to the development of novel mechanobiological therapies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Nix
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Divya Kota
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Ishara Ratnayake
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Congzhou Wang
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Steve Smith
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Scott Wood
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA.
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20
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Matsumoto T, Mukohara A. Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis and Vascularization in Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:535-545. [PMID: 35896728 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether whole-body vibration (WBV) prevented bone loss induced by breast cancer (BC) metastasis and the involvement of bone marrow vasculature. One day after orthotopic transplantation of mammary 4T1 tumor cells, 8-week-old BALB/c mice were subjected to 0.3 g/90 Hz vertical vibration for 20 min/day for 5 days/week (BC-WBV) or sham-handled (BC-Sham) over 3 weeks. Age-matched intact mice (Intact) were also sham-handled. Both tibiae were harvested from BC-WBV (n = 7), BC-Sham (n = 9), and Intact (n = 5) mice for bone structure imaging by synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SRCT) and hematoxylin and eosin staining, whereas right tibiae were harvested from other BC-WBV and BC-Sham (n = 6 each) mice for vascular imaging by SRCT. Tumor cells were similarly widespread in the marrow in BC-WBV and BC-Sham mice. In BC-Sham mice, cortical bone volume, trabecular volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number density, and bone mineral density were smaller, and marrow volume and trabecular separation were larger than in Intact mice. However, although trabecular thickness was smaller in BC-WBV than Intact mice, the others did not differ between the two groups. Serum osteocalcin tended to be higher in BC-WBV than BC-Sham mice. Compared with BC-Sham mice, BC-WBV mice had a smaller vessel diameter, a trend of a larger vessel number density, and smaller vessel diameter heterogeneity. In conclusion, WBV mitigates bone loss in BC bone metastasis, which may be partly due to increased bone anabolism. The alteration of marrow vasculature appears to be favorable for anti-tumor drug delivery. Further studies are needed to clarify the multiple actions of WBV on bone, tumor, and marrow vasculature and how they contribute to bone protection in BC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsumoto
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Tokushima University Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, 770-8506, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Mukohara
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Tokushima University Faculty of Science and Technology, 770-8506, Tokushima, Japan
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21
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Teixeira CC, Abdullah F, Alikhani M, Alansari S, Sangsuwon C, Oliveira S, Nervina JM, Alikhani M. Dynamic loading stimulates mandibular condyle remodeling. J World Fed Orthod 2022; 11:146-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Munford MJ, Xiao D, Jeffers JRT. Lattice implants that generate homeostatic and remodeling strains in bone. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:871-877. [PMID: 34086355 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is mediated by several factors including strain. An increase in strain between 1% and 10% compared to homeostasis can trigger bone formation. We aim to create an orthopedic implant using clinically established imaging and manufacturing methods that induces this strain control in human bone. Titanium scaffolds were manufactured with multiaxial apparent modulus tailored to the mechanical properties of bone defined from computed tomography scans of cadaver human tibiae. Five bone cubes were tested with corresponding titanium scaffolds by loading under compression, which is similar to the implanted tibia loading condition. Bone strain was precisely controlled by varying the scaffold modulus, from 0% to 15% bone strain increase. This strain increase is the magnitude reported to invoke bone's positive remodeling. Axial modulus was closely matched between titanium scaffolds and bone, ranging from 48-728 and 81-800 MPa, respectively, whereby scaffold axial modulus was within 2% of nominal target values. Fine control of multiaxial moduli resulted in transverse modulus that matched bone well; ranging from 42-648 and 47-585 MPa in scaffolds and bone respectively. The scaffold manufacturing material and method are already used in the orthopedic industry. This study has significant clinical implications as it enables the design of implants which positively harness bone's natural mechanoresponse and respect bone's mechanical anisotropy and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Munford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Dannier Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R T Jeffers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
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23
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Smit TH. Finite Element Models of Osteocytes and Their Load-Induced Activation. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:127-140. [PMID: 35298773 PMCID: PMC9095560 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are the conductors of bone adaptation and remodelling. Buried inside the calcified matrix, they sense mechanical cues and signal osteoclasts in case of low activity, and osteoblasts when stresses are high. How do osteocytes detect mechanical stress? What physical signal do they perceive? Finite element analysis is a useful tool to address these questions as it allows calculating stresses, strains and fluid flow where they cannot be measured. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the capabilities and challenges of finite element models of bone, in particular the osteocytes and load-induced activation mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS High-resolution imaging and increased computational power allow ever more detailed modelling of osteocytes, either in isolation or embedded within the mineralised matrix. Over the years, homogeneous models of bone and osteocytes got replaced by heterogeneous and microstructural models, including, e.g. the lacuno-canalicular network and the cytoskeleton. The lacuno-canalicular network induces strain amplifications and the osteocyte protrusions seem to be stimulated much more than the cell body, both by strain and fluid flow. More realistic cell geometries, like minute constrictions of the canaliculi, increase this effect. Microstructural osteocyte models describe the transduction of external stimuli to the nucleus. Supracellular multiscale models (e.g. of a tunnelling osteon) allow to study differential loading of osteocytes and to distinguish between strain and fluid flow as the pivotal stimulatory cue. In the future, the finite element models may be enhanced by including chemical transport and intercellular communication between osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoor H Smit
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
This Perspectives provides a back-to-basics rationale for the ideal exercise prescription for osteoporosis. The relevance of fundamental principles of mechanical loading and bone adaptation determined from early animal studies is revisited. The application to human trials is presented, including recent advances. A model of broadscale implementation is described, and areas for further investigation are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda R Beck
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, and The Bone Clinic, Coorparoo, QLD, Australia
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25
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Chirchir H, Ruff C, Helgen KM, Potts R. Effects of reduced mobility on trabecular bone density in captive big cats. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211345. [PMID: 35360345 PMCID: PMC8965411 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone responds to elevated mechanical loading by increasing in mass and density. Therefore, wild animals should exhibit greater skeletal mass and density than captive conspecifics. This expectation is pertinent to testing bone functional adaptation theories and to comparative studies, which commonly use skeletal remains that combine zoo and wild-caught specimens. Conservationists are also interested in the effects of captivity on bone morphology as it may influence rewilding success. We compared trabecular bone volume fraction (BVF) between wild and captive mountain lions, cheetahs, leopards and jaguars. We found significantly greater BVF in wild than in captive felids. Effects of captivity were more marked in the humerus than in the femur. A ratio of humeral/femoral BVF was also lower in captive animals and showed a positive relationship to home range size in wild animals. Results are consistent with greater forelimb than hindlimb loading during terrestrial travel, and possibly reduced loading of the forelimb associated with lack of predatory behaviour in captive animals. Thus, captivity among felids has general effects on BVF in the postcranial skeleton and location-specific effects related to limb use. Caution should be exercised when identifying skeletal specimens for use in comparative studies and when rearing animals for conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiba Chirchir
- Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-0003, USA
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Ruff
- Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Richard Potts
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Little-Letsinger SE, Rubin J, Diekman B, Rubin CT, McGrath C, Pagnotti GM, Klett EL, Styner M. Exercise to Mend Aged-tissue Crosstalk in Bone Targeting Osteoporosis & Osteoarthritis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:22-35. [PMID: 34489173 PMCID: PMC8840966 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging induces alterations in bone structure and strength through a multitude of processes, exacerbating common aging- related diseases like osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Cellular hallmarks of aging are examined, as related to bone and the marrow microenvironment, and ways in which these might contribute to a variety of age-related perturbations in osteoblasts, osteocytes, marrow adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoclasts, and their respective progenitors. Cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic and intracellular communication changes are central pathways and recognized as associated and potentially causal in aging. We focus on these in musculoskeletal system and highlight knowledge gaps in the literature regarding cellular and tissue crosstalk in bone, cartilage, and the bone marrow niche. While senolytics have been utilized to target aging pathways, here we propose non-pharmacologic, exercise-based interventions as prospective "senolytics" against aging effects on the skeleton. Increased bone mass and delayed onset or progression of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are some of the recognized benefits of regular exercise across the lifespan. Further investigation is needed to delineate how cellular indicators of aging manifest in bone and the marrow niche and how altered cellular and tissue crosstalk impact disease progression, as well as consideration of exercise as a therapeutic modality, as a means to enhance discovery of bone-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- SE Little-Letsinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - J Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,North Carolina Diabetes Research Center (NCDRC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center (TARC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - B Diekman
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center (TARC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,Joint Departments of Biomedical Engineering NC State & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - CT Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook
| | - C McGrath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - GM Pagnotti
- Dept of Endocrine, Neoplasia, and Hormonal Disorders, University Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - EL Klett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - M Styner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,North Carolina Diabetes Research Center (NCDRC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center (TARC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Cho H, Park HJ, Seo YK. Induction of PLXNA4 Gene during Neural Differentiation in Human Umbilical-Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Low-Intensity Sub-Sonic Vibration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031522. [PMID: 35163445 PMCID: PMC8835879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical-cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSC) are a type of mesenchymal stem cells and are more primitive than other MSCs. In this study, we identify novel genes and signal-activating proteins involved in the neural differentiation of hUC-MSCs induced by Low-Intensity Sub-Sonic Vibration (LISSV). RNA sequencing was used to find genes involved in the differentiation process by LISSV. The changes in hUC-MSCs caused by LISSV were confirmed by PLXNA4 overexpression and gene knockdown through small interfering RNA experiments. The six genes were increased among genes related to neurons and the nervous system. One of them, the PLXNA4 gene, is known to play a role as a guide for axons in the development of the nervous system. When the PLXNA4 recombinant protein was added, neuron-related genes were increased. In the PLXNA4 gene knockdown experiment, the expression of neuron-related genes was not changed by LISSV exposure. The PLXNA4 gene is activated by sema family ligands. The expression of SEMA3A was increased by LISSV, and its downstream signaling molecule, FYN, was also activated. We suggest that the PLXNA4 gene plays an important role in hUC-MSC neuronal differentiation through exposure to LISSV. The differentiation process depends on SEMA3A-PLXNA4-dependent FYN activation in hUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Cho
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Korea;
| | - Hee-Jung Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology (BK21 Plus Team), Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Korea;
| | - Young-Kwon Seo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology (BK21 Plus Team), Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Beck B, Rubin C, Harding A, Paul S, Forwood M. The effect of low-intensity whole-body vibration with or without high-intensity resistance and impact training on risk factors for proximal femur fragility fracture in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: study protocol for the VIBMOR randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:15. [PMID: 34991684 PMCID: PMC8734256 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevailing medical opinion is that medication is the primary (some might argue, only) effective intervention for osteoporosis. It is nevertheless recognized that osteoporosis medications are not universally effective, tolerated, or acceptable to patients. Mechanical loading, such as vibration and exercise, can also be osteogenic but the degree, relative efficacy, and combined effect is unknown. The purpose of the VIBMOR trial is to determine the efficacy of low-intensity whole-body vibration (LIV), bone-targeted, high-intensity resistance and impact training (HiRIT), or the combination of LIV and HiRIT on risk factors for hip fracture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis. METHODS Postmenopausal women with low areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the proximal femur and/or lumbar spine, with or without a history of fragility fracture, and either on or off osteoporosis medications will be recruited. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to one of four trial arms for 9 months: LIV, HiRIT, LIV + HiRIT, or control (low-intensity, home-based exercise). Allocation will be block-randomized, stratified by use of osteoporosis medications. Testing will be performed at three time points: baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1; 9 months), and 1 year thereafter (T2; 21 months) to examine detraining effects. The primary outcome measure will be total hip aBMD determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Secondary outcomes will include aBMD at other regions, anthropometrics, and other indices of bone strength, body composition, physical function, kyphosis, muscle strength and power, balance, falls, and intervention compliance. Exploratory outcomes include bone turnover markers, pelvic floor health, quality of life, physical activity enjoyment, adverse events, and fracture. An economic evaluation will also be conducted. DISCUSSION No previous studies have compared the effect of LIV alone or in combination with bone-targeted HiRIT (with or without osteoporosis medications) on risk factors for hip fracture in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Should either, both, or combined mechanical interventions be safe and efficacious, alternative therapeutic avenues will be available to individuals at elevated risk of fragility fracture who are unresponsive to or unwilling or unable to take osteoporosis medications. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (www. anzctr.org.au ) (Trial number ANZCTR12615000848505, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id = 368962 ); date of registration 14/08/2015 (prospectively registered). Universal Trial Number: U1111-1172-3652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Beck
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
| | - Clinton Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, NY USA
| | - Amy Harding
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
| | - Sanjoy Paul
- Melbourne EpiCentre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Mark Forwood
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
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DadeMatthews OO, Agostinelli PJ, Neal FK, Oladipupo SO, Hirschhorn RM, Wilson AE, Sefton JM. Systematic Review and Meta-analyses on the Effects of Whole-body Vibration on Bone Health. Complement Ther Med 2022; 65:102811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Mancuso ME, Wilzman AR, Murdock KE, Troy KL. Effect of External Mechanical Stimuli on Human Bone: a narrative review. PROGRESS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 4:012006. [PMID: 36310606 PMCID: PMC9616042 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac41bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a living composite material that has the capacity to adapt and respond to both internal and external stimuli. This capacity allows bone to adapt its structure to habitual loads and repair microdamage. Although human bone evolved to adapt to normal physiologic loading (for example from gravitational and muscle forces), these same biological pathways can potentially be activated through other types of external stimuli such as pulsed electromagnetic fields, mechanical vibration, and others. This review summarizes what is currently known about how human bone adapts to various types of external stimuli. We highlight how studies on sports-specific athletes and other exercise interventions have clarified the role of mechanical loading on bone structure. We also discuss clinical scenarios, such as spinal cord injury, where mechanical loading is drastically reduced, leading to rapid bone loss and permanent alterations to bone structure. Finally, we highlight areas of emerging research and unmet clinical need.
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Song M, Kwon S. Enhanced Cellular Permeation Efficiency Through Mechanical Vibration-induced Actin Cytoskeleton Changes in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Li J, Ahmed A, Degrande T, De Baerdemaeker J, Al-Rasheed A, van den Beucken JJ, Jansen JA, Alghamdi HS, Walboomers XF. Histological evaluation of titanium fiber mesh-coated implants in a rabbit femoral condyle model. Dent Mater 2021; 38:613-621. [PMID: 34955235 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to comparatively evaluate new bone formation into the pores of a flexible titanium fiber mesh (TFM) applied on the surface of implant. METHODS Twenty-eight custom made cylindrical titanium implants (4 ×10 mm) with and without a layer of two different types of TFM (fiber diameter of 22 µm and 50 µm, volumetric porosity ~70%) were manufactured and installed bilaterally in the femoral condyles of 14 rabbits. The elastic modulus for these two TFM types was ~20 GPa and ~5 GPa respectively, whereas the solid titanium was ~110 GPa. The implants (Control, TFM-22, TFM-50) were retrieved after 14 weeks of healing and prepared for histological assessment. The percentage of the bone area (BA%), the bone-to-implant contact (BIC%) and amount were determined. RESULTS Newly formed bone into mesh porosity was observed for all three types of implants. Histomorphometric analyses revealed significantly higher (~2.5 fold) BA% values for TFM-22 implants (30.9 ± 9.5%) compared to Control implants (12.7 ± 6.0%), whereas BA% for TMF-50 did not significantly differ compared with Control implants. Furthermore, both TFM-22 and TFM-50 implants showed significantly higher BIC% values (64.9 ± 14.0%, ~2.5 fold; 47.1 ± 14.1%, ~2 fold) compared to Control (23.6 ± 17.4%). Finally, TFM-22 implants showed more and thicker trabeculae in the peri-implant region. SIGNIFICANCE This in vivo study demonstrated that implants with a flexible coating of TFM improve bone formation within the inter-fiber space and the peri-implant region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Li
- Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abeer Ahmed
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Abdulaziz Al-Rasheed
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - John A Jansen
- Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdan S Alghamdi
- Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the impacts of mechanical stimuli on metastatic tumor-induced bone disease (TIBD). Further, we focus on the role of the osteocyte, the skeleton's primary mechanosensory cell, which is central to the skeleton's mechanoresponse, sensing and integrating local mechanical stimuli, and then controlling the downstream remodeling balance as appropriate. RECENT FINDINGS Exercise and controlled mechanical loading have anabolic effects on bone tissue in models of bone metastasis. They also have anti-tumorigenic properties, in part due to offsetting the vicious cycle of osteolytic bone loss as well as regulating inflammatory signals. The impacts of metastatic cancer on the mechanosensory function of osteocytes remains unclear. Increased mechanical stimuli are a potential method for mitigating TIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blayne A Sarazin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Claire L Ihle
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Philip Owens
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research Service, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Maureen E Lynch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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34
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Fu Z, Huang X, Zhou P, Wu B, Cheng L, Wang X, Zhu D. Protective effects of low-magnitude high-frequency vibration on high glucose-induced osteoblast dysfunction and bone loss in diabetic rats. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:650. [PMID: 34717702 PMCID: PMC8557505 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) has been reported to be capable of promoting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Reduced osteoblast activity and impaired bone formation were related to diabetic bone loss. We investigated the potential protective effects of LMHFV on high-glucose (HG)-induced osteoblasts in this study. In addition, the assessment of LMHFV treatment for bone loss attributed to diabetes was also performed in vivo.
Method MC3T3-E1 cells induced by HG only or treated with LMHFV were treated in vitro. The experiments performed in this study included the detection of cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, as well as protein expression. Diabetic bone loss induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in rats was established. Combined with bone morphometric, microstructure, biomechanical properties and matrix composition tests, the potential of LMHFV in treating diabetes bone loss was explored. Results After the application of LMHFV, the inhibiting effects of HG on the proliferation, migration and differentiation of osteoblasts were alleviated. The GSK3β/β-catenin pathway was involved in the protective effect of LMHFV. Impaired microstructure and biomechanical properties attributed to diabetes were ameliorated by LMHFV treatment. The improvement of femur biomechanical properties might be associated with the alteration of the matrix composition by the LMHFV. Conclusion LMHFV exhibited a protective effect on osteoblasts against HG by regulating the proliferation, migration and differentiation of osteoblasts. The function of promoting bone formation and reinforcing bone strength made it possible for LMHFV to alleviate diabetic bone loss. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13018-021-02803-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Birks S, Uzer G. At the nuclear envelope of bone mechanobiology. Bone 2021; 151:116023. [PMID: 34051417 PMCID: PMC8600447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope and nucleoskeleton are emerging as signaling centers that regulate how physical information from the extracellular matrix is biochemically transduced into the nucleus, affecting chromatin and controlling cell function. Bone is a mechanically driven tissue that relies on physical information to maintain its physiological function and structure. Disorder that present with musculoskeletal and cardiac symptoms, such as Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophies and progeria, correlate with mutations in nuclear envelope proteins including Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, Lamin A/C, and emerin. However, the role of nuclear envelope mechanobiology on bone function remains underexplored. The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) model is perhaps the most studied relationship between bone regulation and nuclear envelope function. MSCs maintain the musculoskeletal system by differentiating into multiple cell types including osteocytes and adipocytes, thus supporting the bone's ability to respond to mechanical challenge. In this review, we will focus on how MSC function is regulated by mechanical challenges both in vitro and in vivo within the context of bone function specifically focusing on integrin, β-catenin and YAP/TAZ signaling. The importance of the nuclear envelope will be explored within the context of musculoskeletal diseases related to nuclear envelope protein mutations and nuclear envelope regulation of signaling pathways relevant to bone mechanobiology in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Birks
- Boise State University, Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, United States of America
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Boise State University, Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, United States of America.
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Pagnotti GM, Thompson WR, Guise TA, Rubin CT. Suppression of cancer-associated bone loss through dynamic mechanical loading. Bone 2021; 150:115998. [PMID: 33971314 PMCID: PMC10044486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients afflicted with or being treated for cancer constitute a distinct and alarming subpopulation who exhibit elevated fracture risk and heightened susceptibility to developing secondary osteoporosis. Cancer cells uncouple the regulatory processes central for the adequate regulation of musculoskeletal tissue. Systemically taxing treatments to target tumors or disrupt the molecular elements driving tumor growth place considerable strain on recovery efforts. Skeletal tissue is inherently sensitive to mechanical forces, therefore attention to exercise and mechanical loading as non-pharmacological means to preserve bone during treatment and in post-treatment rehabilitative efforts have been topics of recent focus. This review discusses the dysregulation that cancers and the ensuing metabolic dysfunction that confer adverse effects on musculoskeletal tissues. Additionally, we describe foundational mechanotransduction pathways and the mechanisms by which they influence both musculoskeletal and cancerous cells. Functional and biological implications of mechanical loading at the tissue and cellular levels will be discussed, highlighting the current understanding in the field. Herein, in vitro, translational, and clinical data are summarized to consider the positive impact of exercise and low magnitude mechanical loading on tumor-bearing skeletal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Pagnotti
- University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Endocrine, Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - W R Thompson
- Indiana University, Department of Physical Therapy, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - T A Guise
- University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Endocrine, Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C T Rubin
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Valente F, Scarano A, Murmura G, Varvara G, Sinjari B, Mandelli F, Piattelli M, Caputi S, Traini T. Collagen Fibres Orientation in the Bone Matrix around Dental Implants: Does the Implant's Thread Design Play a Role? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157860. [PMID: 34360630 PMCID: PMC8346163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of different thread shapes of titanium dental implant on the bone collagen fibre orientation (BCFO) around loaded implants. Twenty titanium dental implants, divided for thread shapes in six groups (A–F) were analysed in the present study. All implants were immediately loaded and left in function for 6 months before retrieval. The parameters evaluated under scanning electron microscope were the thread width, thread depth, top radius of curvature, flank angle, and the inter-thread straight section. Two undecalcified histological sections were prepared from each implant. Birefringence analysis using circularly polarized light microscopy was used to quantitively measure BCFO. For groups A–F, respectively, transverse BCFO was 32.7%, 24.1%, 22.3%, 18.2%, 32.4%, and 21.2%, longitudinal BCFO was 28.2%, 14.5%, 44.9%, 33.1%, 37.7%, and 40.2%. The percentage differences between transverse and longitudinal orientation were 4.50% (A), 9.60% (B), −22.60% (C), −14.90% (D), −5.30% (E), and −19.00% (F). Following loading, the amount of transverse and longitudinal BCFO were significantly influenced by the thread shape. The greater flank angles and narrower inter-thread sections of the “V” shaped and “concave” shaped implant threads of groups A and B, respectively, promoted the predominance of transverse BCFO, compared to groups C-F (p < 0.05). A narrow inter-thread straight section promotes transverse BCFO, as do “V” shaped and “concave” shaped threads, which can thus be considered desirable design for implant threads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Valente
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (A.S.); (G.M.); (G.V.); (B.S.); (M.P.); (S.C.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (A.S.); (G.M.); (G.V.); (B.S.); (M.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Giovanna Murmura
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (A.S.); (G.M.); (G.V.); (B.S.); (M.P.); (S.C.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Varvara
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (A.S.); (G.M.); (G.V.); (B.S.); (M.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Bruna Sinjari
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (A.S.); (G.M.); (G.V.); (B.S.); (M.P.); (S.C.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Piattelli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (A.S.); (G.M.); (G.V.); (B.S.); (M.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Sergio Caputi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (A.S.); (G.M.); (G.V.); (B.S.); (M.P.); (S.C.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Tonino Traini
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (A.S.); (G.M.); (G.V.); (B.S.); (M.P.); (S.C.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08713554143
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Three-dimensional imaging and molecular analysis of the effects of photobiomodulation and mechanical vibration on orthodontic retention treatment in rats : Effects of photobiomodulation and mechanical vibration on orthodontic retention treatment. J Orofac Orthop 2021; 83:24-41. [PMID: 34009424 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-021-00296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate and compare effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) and low-magnitude high-frequency mechanical vibration (HFMV) on orthodontic retention. METHODS Sixty-four female Wistar albino rats were divided into 9 groups (2 negative and positive controls each, 3 PBM and 2 HFMV groups) and studied for 25 days. In the experimental groups, closed nickel-titanium closed coil springs with a 50 cN force were placed for 10 days between the maxillary incisor and molar. PBM and HFMV were applied daily over long- (15 days) and short-term (7 days) retention periods. The PBM groups received PBM with a single wavelength (650 nm) or higher wavelengths (532, 650, 940 nm) for 9 min per day. HFMV groups received HFMV of 10, 20, and 30 Hz for 10 min per day. Right and left maxilla were assessed using micro-computed tomography imaging and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The amount of tooth movement during the retention period, expression levels of cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX-2), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) mRNA gene expression levels, OPG/RANKL ratios, alveolar bone trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and structure model index were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for multiple comparisons of the nonparametric distributed data and binary comparisons, respectively. RESULTS When using the long-term retention protocol, PBM and HFMV treatment increased Tb.N (p < 0.05) and decreased COX‑2 mRNA gene expression levels (p < 0.05) and Tb.Th (p < 0.05) compared to controls. For short-term retention, PBM and HFMV decreased the amount of relapse tooth movement compared to controls. In addition, Tb.Th (p < 0.05) and the mRNA gene expression levels of COX‑2 and RANKL (p < 0.05) were decreased. CONCLUSION PBM and HFMV might be able to support retention after orthodontic tooth movement by reducing bone resorption and increasing bone quality.
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Cao S, Wang Z, Li C, Wang Q. The effect of whole-body vibration exercise on postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25606. [PMID: 33950937 PMCID: PMC8104211 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis (OP) is an age-related disease characterized by reduced bone mass and increased bone fragility. It is more common in older people and postmenopausal women. As a new type of exercise training for OP, whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise has been proved to have a good effect on postmenopausal women with OP. It can increase bone density and improve strength and balance in postmenopausal population, which has certain clinical value, but lacks evidence-based medicine evidence. This study aims to systematically study the effectiveness of WBV exercise on postmenopausal women with OP. METHODS The English databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library) and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Network, Wanfang, Weipu, China Biomedical Database) were searched by computer. From the establishment of the database to February 2021, the randomized controlled clinical studies on WBV exercise on postmenopausal women with OP were conducted. The quality of the included studies was independently extracted by 2 researchers and literature quality was evaluated. Meta-analysis of the included studies was performed using RevMan5.3 software. RESULTS In this study, the efficacy and safety of WBV exercise on postmenopausal women with OP were evaluated by lumbar spine bone density, femoral neck bone density, pain, incidence of falls, incidence of fractures, and quality of life scale score, etc. CONCLUSION This study will provide reliable evidences for the clinical application of WBV exercise on postmenopausal women with OP. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Private information from individuals will not be published. This systematic review also does not involve endangering participant rights. Ethical approval will not be required. The results may be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated at relevant conferences. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/WPYT9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqin Cao
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan
| | | | - Chongyang Li
- Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan
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Ye X, Gu Y, Bai Y, Xia S, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Zhu Y, Dai Y, Tsoi JKH, Wang S. Does Low-Magnitude High-Frequency Vibration (LMHFV) Worth for Clinical Trial on Dental Implant? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Animal Studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:626892. [PMID: 33987172 PMCID: PMC8111077 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.626892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Being as a non-pharmacological medical intervention, low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) has shown a positive effect on bone induction and remodeling for various muscle diseases in animal studies, among which dental implants osteointegration were reported to be improved as well. However, whether LMHFV can be clinically used in dental implant is still unknown. In this study, efficacy, parameters and side effects of LMHFV were analyzed via data before 15th July 2020, collecting from MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane Library databases. In the screened 1,742 abstracts and 45 articles, 15 animal studies involving 972 implants were included. SYRCLE's tool was performed to assess the possible risk of bias for each study. The GRADE approach was applied to evaluate the quality of evidence. Random effects meta-analysis detected statistically significant in total BIC (P < 0.0001) and BV/TV (P = 0.001) upon loading LMHFV on implants. To conclude, LMHFV played an active role on BIC and BV/TV data according to the GRADE analysis results (medium and low quality of evidence). This might illustrate LMHFV to be a worthy way in improving osseointegration clinically, especially for osteoporosis. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier: NCT02612389
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Ye
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yijing Bai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Xia
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Lou
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchi Zhu
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Dai
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - James Kit-Hon Tsoi
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shuhua Wang
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Rajapakse CS, Johncola AJ, Batzdorf AS, Jones BC, Al Mukaddam M, Sexton K, Shults J, Leonard MB, Snyder PJ, Wehrli FW. Effect of Low-Intensity Vibration on Bone Strength, Microstructure, and Adiposity in Pre-Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:673-684. [PMID: 33314313 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There has been evidence that cyclical mechanical stimulation may be osteogenic, thus providing opportunities for nonpharmacological treatment of degenerative bone disease. Here, we applied this technology to a cohort of postmenopausal women with varying bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores at the total hip (-0.524 ± 0.843) and spine (-0.795 ± 1.03) to examine the response to intervention after 1 year of daily treatment with 10 minutes of vibration therapy in a randomized double-blinded trial. The device operates either in an active mode (30 Hz and 0.3 g) or placebo. Primary endpoints were changes in bone stiffness at the distal tibia and marrow adiposity of the vertebrae, based on 3 Tesla high-resolution MRI and spectroscopic imaging, respectively. Secondary outcome variables included distal tibial trabecular microstructural parameters and vertebral deformity determined by MRI, volumetric and areal bone densities derived using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) of the tibia, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based BMD of the hip and spine. Device adherence was 83% in the active group (n = 42) and 86% in the placebo group (n = 38) and did not differ between groups (p = .7). The mean 12-month changes in tibial stiffness in the treatment group and placebo group were +1.31 ± 6.05% and -2.55 ± 3.90%, respectively (group difference 3.86%, p = .0096). In the active group, marrow fat fraction significantly decreased after 12 months of intervention (p = .0003), whereas no significant change was observed in the placebo group (p = .7; group difference -1.59%, p = .029). Mean differences of the changes in trabecular bone volume fraction (p = .048) and erosion index (p = .044) were also significant, as was pQCT-derived trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD; p = .016) at the tibia. The data are commensurate with the hypothesis that vibration therapy is protective against loss in mechanical strength and, further, that the intervention minimizes the shift from the osteoblastic to the adipocytic lineage of mesenchymal stem cells. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamith S Rajapakse
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa J Johncola
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Brandon C Jones
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mona Al Mukaddam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Sexton
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justine Shults
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary B Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Snyder
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Shobara K, Ogawa T, Shibamoto A, Miyashita M, Ito A, Sitalaksmi RM. Osteogenic effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and whole-body vibration on peri-implant bone. An experimental in vivo study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2021; 32:641-650. [PMID: 33711168 DOI: 10.1111/clr.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were (i) to compare the osteogenic impact of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and low-magnitude high-frequency (LMHF) loading achieved with whole-body vibration (WBV) on peri-implant bone healing and implant osseointegration in rat tibiae, and (ii) to examine their combined effect on these processes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Titanium implants were inserted in the bilateral tibiae of 28 Wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: LIPUS + WBV, LIPUS, WBV, and control. LIPUS was applied to the implant placement site for 20 min/day on 5 days/week (1.5 MHz and 30 mW/cm2 ). WBV was applied for 15 min/day on 5 days/week (50 Hz and 0.5 g). In the LIPUS + WBV group, both stimuli were applied under the same stimulation conditions as in the LIPUS and WBV groups. After 4 weeks of treatment, peri-implant bone healing and implant osseointegration were assessed using removal torque (RT) tests, micro-CT analyses of relative gray (RG) value, and histomorphometrical analyses of bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and peri-implant bone formation (BV/TV). RESULTS The LIPUS + WBV group had significantly greater BIC than the WBV and control groups. Although there were no significant intergroup differences in RT, RG value, and BV/TV, these variables tended to be greater in the LIPUS + WBV group than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS The combination of LIPUS and LMHF loading may promote osteogenic activity around the implant. However, further study of the stimulation conditions of LIPUS and LMHF loading is necessary to better understand the osteogenic effects and the relationship between the two stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Shobara
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Ogawa
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aya Shibamoto
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makiko Miyashita
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiyo Ito
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ratri M Sitalaksmi
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Lad SE, Anderson RJ, Cortese SA, Alvarez CE, Danison AD, Morris HM, Ravosa MJ. Bone remodeling and cyclical loading in maxillae of New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1927-1936. [PMID: 33586861 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian feeding behaviors are altered when mechanically challenging (e.g., tough, stiff) foods require large bite forces or prolonged mastication. Bony responses to high bite forces are well-documented for the mammalian skull, but osteogenesis due to cyclical loading, caused by repetitive chewing, is more poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrate that cyclical loading results in greater bone formation in the rabbit masticatory apparatus and in substantial Haversian remodeling in primate postcrania. Here we assess the relationship between cyclical loading and remodeling in the rabbit maxilla. Twenty male New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were raised on either an overuse or control diet (10 per group) for 48 weeks, beginning at weaning onset. The control group was raised on a diet of rabbit pellets (E = 29 MPa, R = 1031 J/m2 ), whereas the overuse group ate rabbit pellets and hay, which has high stiffness (E = 3336 MPa) and toughness (R = 2760 J/m2 ) properties. Hay requires greater chewing investment (475 chews/g) and longer chewing durations (568 s/g) than pellets (161 chews/g and 173 s/g), therefore causing cyclical loading of the jaws. Remodeling was measured as osteon population density (OPD), percent Haversian bone (%HAV), and osteon cross-sectional area (On.Ar). The only significant difference found was greater On.Ar in the alveolar region of the maxilla (p < 0.001) in the overuse group. The hypothesis that cyclical loading engenders Haversian remodeling in the developing maxilla is not supported. The continuation of modeling throughout the experimental duration may negate the need for remodeling as newly laid bone tends to be more compliant and resistant to crack propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Lad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca J Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen A Cortese
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Carmen E Alvarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew D Danison
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Hannah M Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Dal Lin C, Radu CM, Vitiello G, Romano P, Polcari A, Iliceto S, Simioni P, Tona F. Sounds Stimulation on In Vitro HL1 Cells: A Pilot Study and a Theoretical Physical Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010156. [PMID: 33375749 PMCID: PMC7796405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical vibrations seem to affect the behaviour of different cell types and the functions of different organs. Pressure waves, including acoustic waves (sounds), could affect cytoskeletal molecules via coherent changes in their spatial organization and mechano-transduction signalling. We analyzed the sounds spectra and their fractal features. Cardiac muscle HL1 cells were exposed to different sounds, were stained for cytoskeletal markers (phalloidin, beta-actin, alpha-tubulin, alpha-actinin-1), and studied with multifractal analysis (using FracLac for ImageJ). A single cell was live-imaged and its dynamic contractility changes in response to each different sound were analysed (using Musclemotion for ImageJ). Different sound stimuli seem to influence the contractility and the spatial organization of HL1 cells, resulting in a different localization and fluorescence emission of cytoskeletal proteins. Since the cellular behaviour seems to correlate with the fractal structure of the sound used, we speculate that it can influence the cells by virtue of the different sound waves’ geometric properties that we have photographed and filmed. A theoretical physical model is proposed to explain our results, based on the coherent molecular dynamics. We stress the role of the systemic view in the understanding of the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Dal Lin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy; (S.I.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8218642; Fax: +39-049-8211802
| | - Claudia Maria Radu
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Medicine, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- Department of Physics “E.R. Caianiello”, Salerno University, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Paola Romano
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, Sannio University, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, Baronissi, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Sabino Iliceto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy; (S.I.); (F.T.)
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy;
| | - Francesco Tona
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy; (S.I.); (F.T.)
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45
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Li YH, Zhu D, Yang T, Cheng L, Sun J, Tan L. Crosstalk between the COX2-PGE2-EP4 signaling pathway and primary cilia in osteoblasts after mechanical stimulation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4764-4777. [PMID: 33275302 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia have been found to function as mechanosensors in low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV)-induced osteogenesis. The PGE2 also regulates bone homeostasis and mechanical osteogenesis through its receptor EP4 signaling, but its involvement in LMHFV-induced or in primary cilia-induced osteogenesis has not been investigated. We hypothesized that LMHFV stimulates osteoblast (OB) differentiation by activating the COX2-PGE2-EP pathway in a manner dependent on primary cilia and that primary cilia are also affected by the PGE2 pathway. In this study, through western blot analysis, RNA interference, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and cytochemical staining, we observed that COX2, mPGES-1, and PGE2 levels were markedly elevated in cells treated with LMHFV and were greatly decreased in LMHFV-treated cells following IFT88 silencing. EP4 expression was significantly increased in OBs following LMHFV treatment, but IFT88 silencing significantly blocked this increase. EP4 localized to the bases of primary cilia. LMHFV reduced the length and abundance of primary cilia, but the cells could self-repair their primary cilia after mechanical damage. EP4 antagonism significantly blocked the LMHFV-induced increase in IFT88 expression and blocked the recovery of primary cilia length and the proportion of cells with primary cilia. In addition, COX2 or EP4 antagonism disrupted LMHFV-induced osteogenesis. These results demonstrate the integration of and crosstalk between primary cilia and the COX2-PGE2-EP4 signaling pathway under mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology and Echocardiography, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianye Yang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Thompson M, Woods K, Newberg J, Oxford JT, Uzer G. Low-intensity vibration restores nuclear YAP levels and acute YAP nuclear shuttling in mesenchymal stem cells subjected to simulated microgravity. NPJ Microgravity 2020; 6:35. [PMID: 33298964 PMCID: PMC7708987 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the musculoskeletal deterioration that astronauts experience in microgravity requires countermeasures that can improve the effectiveness of otherwise rigorous and time-expensive exercise regimens in space. The ability of low-intensity vibrations (LIV) to activate force-responsive signaling pathways in cells suggests LIV as a potential countermeasure to improve cell responsiveness to subsequent mechanical challenge. Mechanoresponse of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which maintain bone-making osteoblasts, is in part controlled by the "mechanotransducer" protein YAP (Yes-associated protein), which is shuttled into the nucleus in response to cyto-mechanical forces. Here, using YAP nuclear shuttling as a measurement outcome, we tested the effect of 72 h of clinostat-induced simulated microgravity (SMG) and daily LIV application (LIVDT) on the YAP nuclear entry driven by either acute LIV (LIVAT) or Lysophosphohaditic acid (LPA), applied after the 72 h period. We hypothesized that SMG-induced impairment of acute YAP nuclear entry would be alleviated by the daily application of LIVDT. Results showed that while both acute LIVAT and LPA treatments increased nuclear YAP entry by 50 and 87% over the basal levels in SMG-treated MSCs, nuclear YAP levels of all SMG groups were significantly lower than non-SMG controls. LIVDT, applied in parallel to SMG, restored the SMG-driven decrease in basal nuclear YAP to control levels as well as increased the LPA-induced but not LIVAT-induced YAP nuclear entry over SMG only, counterparts. These cell-level observations suggest that daily LIV treatments are a feasible countermeasure for restoring basal nuclear YAP levels and increasing the YAP nuclear shuttling in MSCs under SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Thompson
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Kali Woods
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Joshua Newberg
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA.
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Little-Letsinger SE, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Styner M. Exercise and Diet: Uncovering Prospective Mediators of Skeletal Fragility in Bone and Marrow Adipose Tissue. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:774-789. [PMID: 33068251 PMCID: PMC7736569 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent basic, translational, and clinical works demonstrating exercise and diet regulation of marrow adipose tissue (MAT) and bone and how this informs current understanding of the relationship between marrow adiposity and musculoskeletal health. RECENT FINDINGS Marrow adipocytes accumulate in the bone in the setting of not only hypercaloric intake (calorie excess; e.g., diet-induced obesity) but also with hypocaloric intake (calorie restriction; e.g., anorexia), despite the fact that these states affect bone differently. With hypercaloric intake, bone quantity is largely unaffected, whereas with hypocaloric intake, bone quantity and quality are greatly diminished. Voluntary running exercise in rodents was found to lower MAT and promote bone in eucaloric and hypercaloric states, while degrading bone in hypocaloric states, suggesting differential modulation of MAT and bone, dependent upon whole-body energy status. Energy status alters bone metabolism and bioenergetics via substrate availability or excess, which plays a key role in the response of bone and MAT to mechanical stimuli. Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a fat depot with a potential role in-as well as responsivity to-whole-body energy metabolism. Understanding the localized function of this depot in bone cell bioenergetics and substrate storage, principally in the exercised state, will aid to uncover putative therapeutic targets for skeletal fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Little-Letsinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Gabriel M Pagnotti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cody McGrath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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48
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Saers JPP, DeMars LJ, Stephens NB, Jashashvili T, Carlson KJ, Gordon AD, Shaw CN, Ryan TM, Stock JT. Combinations of trabecular and cortical bone properties distinguish various loading modalities between athletes and controls. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:434-450. [PMID: 33244746 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Variation in trabecular and cortical bone properties is often used to infer habitual behavior in the past. However, the structures of both types of bone are rarely considered together and may even contradict each other in functional interpretations. We examine trabecular and cortical bone properties in various athletes and sedentary controls to clarify the associations between combinations of cortical and trabecular bone properties and various loading modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compare trabecular and cortical bone properties using peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans of the tibia between groups of 83 male athletes (running, hockey, swimming, cricket) and sedentary controls using Bayesian multilevel models. We quantify midshaft cortical bone rigidity and area (J, CA), midshaft shape index (Imax/Imin), and mean trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) in the distal tibia. RESULTS All groups show unique combinations of biomechanical properties. Cortical bone rigidity is high in sports that involve impact loading (cricket, running, hockey) and low in nonimpact loaded swimmers and controls. Runners have more anteroposteriorly elliptical midshafts compared to other groups. Interestingly, all athletes have greater trabecular BMD compared to controls, but do not differ credibly among each other. DISCUSSION Results suggest that cortical midshaft hypertrophy is associated with impact loading while trabecular BMD is positively associated with both impact and nonimpact loading. Midshaft shape is associated with directionality of loading. Individuals from the different categories overlap substantially, but group means differ credibly, suggesting that nuanced group-level inferences of habitual behavior are possible when combinations of trabecular and cortical bone are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap P P Saers
- Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lily J DeMars
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tea Jashashvili
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Geology and Paleontology, Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adam D Gordon
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jay T Stock
- Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Department of Anthropology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Mechanical suppression of breast cancer cell invasion and paracrine signaling to osteoclasts requires nucleo-cytoskeletal connectivity. Bone Res 2020; 8:40. [PMID: 33298883 PMCID: PMC7673025 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise benefits the musculoskeletal system and reduces the effects of cancer. The effects of exercise are multifactorial, where metabolic changes and tissue adaptation influence outcomes. Mechanical signals, a principal component of exercise, are anabolic to the musculoskeletal system and restrict cancer progression. We examined the mechanisms through which cancer cells sense and respond to low-magnitude mechanical signals introduced in the form of vibration. Low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration was applied to human breast cancer cells in the form of low-intensity vibration (LIV). LIV decreased matrix invasion and impaired secretion of osteolytic factors PTHLH, IL-11, and RANKL. Furthermore, paracrine signals from mechanically stimulated cancer cells, reduced osteoclast differentiation and resorptive capacity. Disconnecting the nucleus by knockdown of SUN1 and SUN2 impaired LIV-mediated suppression of invasion and osteolytic factor secretion. LIV increased cell stiffness; an effect dependent on the LINC complex. These data show that mechanical vibration reduces the metastatic potential of human breast cancer cells, where the nucleus serves as a mechanosensory apparatus to alter cell structure and intercellular signaling.
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Maher K, Spooner H, Hoffman R, Haffner J. The influence of whole-body vibration on heart rate, stride length, and bone mineral content in the mature exercising horse. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Research in humans suggests whole-body vibration (WBV) aids in maintaining bone mineral content (BMC) yet results in the horse are less favourable. Anecdotally, WBV is reported to reduce pain and improve performance. This study was designed to test the effect of WBV on exercising horses, hypothesising that WBV would lower heart rate (HR) during treatment, increase BMC, modify markers of bone metabolism, and increase stride length. Eleven horses were randomly assigned into control (CON, n=5) or WBV (VIB, n=6) groups for a 28-day treatment period. Both groups exercised for 1 h, 6 d/wk on a mechanical exerciser. VIB horses received 50 Hz WBV for 45 min, 5 days/wk. Third metacarpal radiographs were taken at 0 and 28 days, and BMC determined via radiographic bone aluminium equivalence (RBAE). Blood samples taken at day 0 and 28 were analysed for serum pyridinoline cross-links (PYD) and osteocalcin (OC). Heart rate was analysed on day 23 for 4 horses per group. Stride length was determined while trotting in hand on day 0 and 28. No influence of WBV on RBAE of any bone cortices, PYD or OC was observed (P>0.10); stride length was also unaffected (P=0.88). A period effect was observed for a decrease in RBAE of the lateral cortex (P=0.01), and a trend towards a decrease was noted in total density (P=0.05), likely an effect of stalling. Compared to baseline, ΔHR declined during treatment (P=0.06) in VIB (-4.8±2.8 bpm) compared to control CON (3.0±2.8 bpm). The results suggest, in normal exercising horses, WBV does not increase BMC, influence markers of bone metabolism, or increase stride length.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Maher
- Middle Tennessee State University, 314 E Thompson Lane, Murfreesboro, TN 37129, USA
| | - H. Spooner
- Middle Tennessee State University, 314 E Thompson Lane, Murfreesboro, TN 37129, USA
| | - R. Hoffman
- Middle Tennessee State University, 314 E Thompson Lane, Murfreesboro, TN 37129, USA
| | - J. Haffner
- Middle Tennessee State University, 314 E Thompson Lane, Murfreesboro, TN 37129, USA
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