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Massahud E, Ahmed H, Babarao R, Ehrnst Y, Alijani H, Darmanin C, Murdoch BJ, Rezk AR, Yeo LY. Acoustomicrofluidic Defect Engineering and Ligand Exchange in ZIF-8 Metal-Organic Frameworks. Small Methods 2023; 7:e2201170. [PMID: 36855216 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A way through which the properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be tuned is by engineering defects into the crystal structure. Given its intrinsic stability and rigidity, however, it is difficult to introduce defects into zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs)-and ZIF-8, in particular-without compromising crystal integrity. In this work, it is shown that the acoustic radiation pressure as well as the hydrodynamic stresses arising from the oscillatory flow generated by coupling high frequency (MHz-order) hybrid surface and bulk acoustic waves into a suspension of ZIF-8 crystals in a liquid pressure transmitting medium is capable of driving permanent structural changes in their crystal lattice structure. Over time, the enhancement in the diffusive transport of guest molecules into the material's pores as a consequence is shown to lead to expansion of the pore framework, and subsequently, the creation of dangling-linker and missing-linker defects, therefore offering the possibility of tuning the type and extent of defects engineered into the MOF through the acoustic exposure time. Additionally, the practical utility of the technology is demonstrated for one-pot, simultaneous solvent-assisted ligand exchange under ambient conditions, for sub-micron-dimension ZIF-8 crystals and relatively large ligands-more specifically 2-aminobenzimidazole-without compromising the framework porosity or overall crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Massahud
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Heba Ahmed
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Ravichandar Babarao
- Manufacturing Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Yemima Ehrnst
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Hossein Alijani
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Connie Darmanin
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Billy J Murdoch
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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Ciborowska P, Michalczuk M, Bień D. The Effect of Music on Livestock: Cattle, Poultry and Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123572. [PMID: 34944347 PMCID: PMC8698046 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In times of intensified livestock production, the search for methods that reduce stress, which has an adverse impact on the health and welfare of their animals, has become a challenge for breeders and producers. Therefore, the possibility of using various musical genres to alleviate stress in chickens, cattle or pigs was considered. It has turned out that choosing a musical item is extremely important, as it can positively affect the health and production performance of animals by increasing the feeling of relaxation. The time of exposure to sounds and their intensity are important as well, and some authors propose to also pay attention to the frequency of sound waves. Music therapy, which was previously more widely deployed among humans, is increasingly used for farm animals as an element of enriching their living environment. Current research shows the importance of sound waves’ influence in animal production. Proper selection of the music genre, music intensity and tempo can reduce the adverse effects of noise and, thus, reduce the level of stress. It should be remembered, however, that silence is equally important and necessary for the welfare of animals. The paper presents literature findings regarding the influence of music on cattle, poultry and pigs. Abstract The welfare of animals, especially those kept in intensive production systems, is a priority for modern agriculture. This stems from the desire to keep animals healthy, to obtain a good-quality final product, and to meet the demands of today’s consumers, who have been increasingly persuaded to buy organic products. As a result, new sound-based methods have been pursued to reduce external stress in livestock. Music therapy has been known for thousands of years, and sounds were believed to improve both body and spirit. Today, they are mostly used to distract patients from their pain, as well as to treat depression and cardiovascular disorders. However, recent studies have suggested that appropriately selected music can confer some health benefits, e.g., by increasing the level and activity of natural killer cells. For use in livestock, the choice of genre, the loudness of the music and the tempo are all important factors. Some music tracks promote relaxation (thus improving yields), while others have the opposite effect. However, there is no doubt that enriching the animals’ environment with music improves their welfare and may also convince consumers to buy products from intensively farmed animals. The present paper explores the effects of music on livestock (cattle, poultry and pigs) on the basis of the available literature.
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Kang S, Yu JD, Hong WT, Lee JS. Estimation of Cavities beneath Plate Structures Using a Microphone: Laboratory Model Tests. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21092941. [PMID: 33922178 PMCID: PMC8122737 DOI: 10.3390/s21092941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to detect a cavity and estimate its size using sound waves in a laboratory model chamber filled with dry sand. One side of the chamber is covered with an acrylic plate, and a cavity is placed between the plate and sand. Sound waves are generated by impacting the plate with an instrumented hammer, and are measured using a microphone. The measured sound waves are analyzed with four comprehensive analyses including the measured area under the rectified signal envelope (MARSE) energy, flexibility, peak magnitude of wavelet transform, and frequency corresponding to the peak magnitude. The test results show that the accuracy of cavity detection using the MARSE energy is higher for thicker plates, whereas that using flexibility is higher for thinner plates. The accuracies of cavity detection using the peak magnitude of wavelet transform, and frequency corresponding to the peak magnitude are consistently high regardless of the plate thickness. Moreover, the cavity size may be under- or overestimated depending on the plate thickness and the selected analysis method. The average of the cavity sizes estimated by these methods, however, is slightly larger than the actual cavity size regardless of the plate thickness. This study demonstrates that microphones may be effectively used for the identification of a cavity and the estimation of its size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kang
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (J.-D.Y.)
| | - Jung-Doung Yu
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (J.-D.Y.)
| | - Won-Taek Hong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Jong-Sub Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (J.-D.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Dal Lin C, Radu CM, Vitiello G, Romano P, Polcari A, Iliceto S, Simioni P, Tona F. Sounds Stimulation on In Vitro HL1 Cells: A Pilot Study and a Theoretical Physical Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010156. [PMID: 33375749 PMCID: PMC7796405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical vibrations seem to affect the behaviour of different cell types and the functions of different organs. Pressure waves, including acoustic waves (sounds), could affect cytoskeletal molecules via coherent changes in their spatial organization and mechano-transduction signalling. We analyzed the sounds spectra and their fractal features. Cardiac muscle HL1 cells were exposed to different sounds, were stained for cytoskeletal markers (phalloidin, beta-actin, alpha-tubulin, alpha-actinin-1), and studied with multifractal analysis (using FracLac for ImageJ). A single cell was live-imaged and its dynamic contractility changes in response to each different sound were analysed (using Musclemotion for ImageJ). Different sound stimuli seem to influence the contractility and the spatial organization of HL1 cells, resulting in a different localization and fluorescence emission of cytoskeletal proteins. Since the cellular behaviour seems to correlate with the fractal structure of the sound used, we speculate that it can influence the cells by virtue of the different sound waves’ geometric properties that we have photographed and filmed. A theoretical physical model is proposed to explain our results, based on the coherent molecular dynamics. We stress the role of the systemic view in the understanding of the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Dal Lin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy; (S.I.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8218642; Fax: +39-049-8211802
| | - Claudia Maria Radu
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Medicine, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- Department of Physics “E.R. Caianiello”, Salerno University, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Paola Romano
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, Sannio University, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
- CNR-SPIN Salerno, Baronissi, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Sabino Iliceto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy; (S.I.); (F.T.)
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine, Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Veneto Region Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, University of Padua Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy;
| | - Francesco Tona
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University Medical School, 35100 Padua, Italy; (S.I.); (F.T.)
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Marner F, Scholle M, Herrmann D, Gaskell PH. Competing Lagrangians for incompressible and compressible viscous flow. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:181595. [PMID: 30800393 PMCID: PMC6366193 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A recently proposed variational principle with a discontinuous Lagrangian for viscous flow is reinterpreted against the background of stochastic variational descriptions of dissipative systems, underpinning its physical basis from a different viewpoint. It is shown that additional non-classical contributions to the friction force occurring in the momentum balance vanish by time averaging. Accordingly, the discontinuous Lagrangian can alternatively be understood from the standpoint of an analogous deterministic model for irreversible processes of stochastic character. A comparison is made with established stochastic variational descriptions and an alternative deterministic approach based on a first integral of Navier-Stokes equations is undertaken. The applicability of the discontinuous Lagrangian approach for different Reynolds number regimes is discussed considering the Kolmogorov time scale. A generalization for compressible flow is elaborated and its use demonstrated for damped sound waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Marner
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Mechatronics and Robotics, Heilbronn University, 74081 Heilbronn, Germany
| | - M. Scholle
- Department of Mechatronics and Robotics, Heilbronn University, 74081 Heilbronn, Germany
| | - D. Herrmann
- Department of Mechatronics and Robotics, Heilbronn University, 74081 Heilbronn, Germany
| | - P. H. Gaskell
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Abstract
The study of the interaction of bubbles with shock waves and ultrasound is sometimes termed 'acoustic cavitation'. It is of importance in many biomedical applications where sound waves are applied. The use of shock waves and ultrasound in medical treatments is appealing because of their non-invasiveness. In this review, we present a variety of acoustics-bubble interactions, with a focus on shock wave-bubble interaction and bubble cloud phenomena. The dynamics of a single spherically oscillating bubble is rather well understood. However, when there is a nearby surface, the bubble often collapses non-spherically with a high-speed jet. The direction of the jet depends on the 'resistance' of the boundary: the bubble jets towards a rigid boundary, splits up near an elastic boundary, and jets away from a free surface. The presence of a shock wave complicates the bubble dynamics further. We shall discuss both experimental studies using high-speed photography and numerical simulations involving shock wave-bubble interaction. In biomedical applications, instead of a single bubble, often clouds of bubbles appear (consisting of many individual bubbles). The dynamics of such a bubble cloud is even more complex. We shall show some of the phenomena observed in a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) field. The nonlinear nature of the sound field and the complex inter-bubble interaction in a cloud present challenges to a comprehensive understanding of the physics of the bubble cloud in HIFU. We conclude the article with some comments on the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Wan Ohl
- Institute of High Performance Computing , 1 Fusionopolis Way, 16-16 Connexis North, Singapore 138632 , Republic of Singapore
| | - Evert Klaseboer
- Institute of High Performance Computing , 1 Fusionopolis Way, 16-16 Connexis North, Singapore 138632 , Republic of Singapore
| | - Boo Cheong Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , National University of Singapore , Block EA 07-08, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575 , Republic of Singapore
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Ikeda CM, Wilkerling J, Duncan JH. The implosion of cylindrical shell structures in a high-pressure water environment. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 469:20130443. [PMID: 24353473 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The implosion of cylindrical shell structures in a high-pressure water environment is studied experimentally. The shell structures are made from thin-walled aluminium and brass tubes with circular cross sections and internal clearance-fit aluminium end caps. The structures are filled with air at atmospheric pressure. The implosions are created in a high-pressure tank with a nominal internal diameter of 1.77 m by raising the ambient water pressure slowly to a value, Pc, just above the elastic stability limit of each shell structure. The implosion events are photographed with a high-speed digital movie camera, and the pressure waves are measured simultaneously with an array of underwater blast sensors. For the models with larger values of length-to-diameter ratio, L/D0, the tubes flatten during implosion with a two-lobe (mode 2) cross-sectional shape. In these cases, it is found that the pressure wave records scale primarily with Pc and the time scale [Formula: see text] (where Ri is the internal radius of the tube and ρ is the density of water), whereas the details of the structural design produce only secondary effects. In cases with smaller values of L/D0, the models implode with higher-mode cross-sectional shapes. Pressure signals are compared for various mode-number implosions of models with the same available energy, PcV , where V is the internal air-filled volume of the model. It is found that the pressure records scale well temporally with the time scale [Formula: see text], but that the shape and amplitudes of the pressure records are strongly affected by the mode number.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ikeda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J Wilkerling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J H Duncan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
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