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Palis J. Erythropoiesis in the mammalian embryo. Exp Hematol 2024; 136:104283. [PMID: 39048071 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2024.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) comprise a critical component of the cardiovascular network, which constitutes the first functional organ system of the developing mammalian embryo. Examination of circulating blood cells in mammalian embryos revealed two distinct types of erythroid cells: large, nucleated "primitive" erythroblasts followed by smaller, enucleated "definitive" erythrocytes. This review describes the current understanding of primitive and definitive erythropoiesis gleaned from studies of mouse and human embryos and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Primitive erythropoiesis in the mouse embryo comprises a transient wave of committed primitive erythroid progenitors (primitive erythroid colony-forming cells, EryP-CFC) in the early yolk sac that generates a robust cohort of precursors that mature in the bloodstream and enucleate. In contrast, definitive erythropoiesis has two distinct developmental origins. The first comprises a transient wave of definitive erythroid progenitors (burst-forming units erythroid, BFU-E) that emerge in the yolk sac and seed the fetal liver where they terminally mature to provide the first definitive RBCs. The second comprises hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived BFU-E that terminally mature at sites colonized by HSCs particularly the fetal liver and subsequently the bone marrow. Primitive and definitive erythropoiesis are derived from endothelial identity precursors with distinct developmental origins. Although they share prototypical transcriptional regulation, primitive and definitive erythropoiesis are also characterized by distinct lineage-specific factors. The exquisitely timed, sequential production of primitive and definitive erythroid cells is necessary for the survival and growth of the mammalian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Palis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
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2
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Jeon SB, Koh H, Han AR, Kim J, Lee S, Lee JH, Im SS, Yoon YS, Lee JH, Lee JY. Ferric citrate and apo-transferrin enable erythroblast maturation with β-globin from hemogenic endothelium. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:46. [PMID: 37626061 PMCID: PMC10457393 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) generation from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offers potential for innovative cell therapy in regenerative medicine as well as developmental studies. Ex vivo erythropoiesis from PSCs is currently limited by the low efficiency of functional RBCs with β-globin expression in culture systems. During induction of β-globin expression, the absence of a physiological microenvironment, such as a bone marrow niche, may impair cell maturation and lineage specification. Here, we describe a simple and reproducible culture system that can be used to generate erythroblasts with β-globin expression. We prepared a two-dimensional defined culture with ferric citrate treatment based on definitive hemogenic endothelium (HE). Floating erythroblasts derived from HE cells were primarily CD45+CD71+CD235a+ cells, and their number increased remarkably upon Fe treatment. Upon maturation, the erythroblasts cultured in the presence of ferric citrate showed high transcriptional levels of β-globin and enrichment of genes associated with heme synthesis and cell cycle regulation, indicating functionality. The rapid maturation of these erythroblasts into RBCs was observed when injected in vivo, suggesting the development of RBCs that were ready to grow. Hence, induction of β-globin expression may be explained by the effects of ferric citrate that promote cell maturation by binding with soluble transferrin and entering the cells.Taken together, upon treatment with Fe, erythroblasts showed advanced maturity with a high transcription of β-globin. These findings can help devise a stable protocol for the generation of clinically applicable RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Been Jeon
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Hyebin Koh
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Han
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghun Lee
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, Korea
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do, 13488, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do, 13488, South Korea.
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Lee SJ, Jung C, Oh JE, Kim S, Lee S, Lee JY, Yoon YS. Generation of Red Blood Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells-An Update. Cells 2023; 12:1554. [PMID: 37296674 PMCID: PMC10253210 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is a lifesaving medical procedure that can treat patients with anemia and hemoglobin disorders. However, the shortage of blood supply and risks of transfusion-transmitted infection and immune incompatibility present a challenge for transfusion. The in vitro generation of RBCs or erythrocytes holds great promise for transfusion medicine and novel cell-based therapies. While hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors derived from peripheral blood, cord blood, and bone marrow can give rise to erythrocytes, the use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has also provided an important opportunity to obtain erythrocytes. These hPSCs include both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). As hESCs carry ethical and political controversies, hiPSCs can be a more universal source for RBC generation. In this review, we first discuss the key concepts and mechanisms of erythropoiesis. Thereafter, we summarize different methodologies to differentiate hPSCs into erythrocytes with an emphasis on the key features of human definitive erythroid lineage cells. Finally, we address the current limitations and future directions of clinical applications using hiPSC-derived erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jeong Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Research and Development Center, KarisBio Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Avison Biomedical Research Center Room 525, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Cholomi Jung
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Oh
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Research and Development Center, KarisBio Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Avison Biomedical Research Center Room 525, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsung Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Research and Development Center, KarisBio Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Avison Biomedical Research Center Room 525, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Young-sup Yoon
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Research and Development Center, KarisBio Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Avison Biomedical Research Center Room 525, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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Zhang H, Wan GZ, Wang YY, Chen W, Guan JZ. The role of erythrocytes and erythroid progenitor cells in tumors. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1641-1656. [PMID: 36567722 PMCID: PMC9755711 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current research context of precision treatment of malignant tumors, the advantages of immunotherapy are unmatched by conventional antitumor therapy, which can prolong progression-free survival and overall survival. The search for new targets and novel combination therapies can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy and reduce adverse effects. Since current research targets for immunotherapy mainly focus on lymphocytes, little research has been done on erythrocytes. Nucleated erythroid precursor stem cells have been discovered to play an essential role in tumor progression. Researchers are exploring new targets and therapeutic approaches for immunotherapy from the perspective of erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs). Recent studies have shown that different subtypes of EPCs have specific surface markers and distinct biological roles in tumor immunity. CD45+ EPCs are potent myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like immunosuppressants that reduce the patient's antitumor immune response. CD45- EPCs promote tumor invasion and metastasis by secreting artemin. A specific type of EPC also promotes angiogenesis and provides radiation protection. Therefore, EPCs may be involved in tumor growth, infiltration, and metastasis. It may also be an important cause of anti-angiogenesis and immunotherapy resistance. This review summarizes recent research advances in erythropoiesis, EPC features, and their impacts and processes on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China,Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China,Postgraduate Department of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Guang-zhi Wan
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yu-ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jing-Zhi Guan
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
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Lee JY, Choi H, Park JW, Son BR, Park JH, Jang LC, Lee JG. Age‐related changes in mean corpuscular volumes in patients without anaemia: An analysis of large‐volume data from a single institute. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3548-3556. [PMID: 35599236 PMCID: PMC9189337 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) has been associated with various diseases, these associations in relation to the age‐related trends in MCV remain unclear. Therefore, we used a dataset with over one million values to identify the relationship between ageing and MCV changes. All laboratory data obtained between November 1998 and November 2019 at Chungbuk National University Hospital were retrospectively collected. After excluding cases with missing values for individual complete blood count parameters, outlier MCV values, and ages less than 1 year and more than 88 years, 977,335 MCV values were obtained from 309,393 patients. Principal component analysis of blood components with ages and analysis of the median value changes for each blood component across decade‐wise age groups were conducted to identify relationships between ageing and changes in blood components. The median values of MCV showed gradual increments with age. The linear relationship for patients aged 1–25 years had a larger slope than that for patients aged 26–88 years. For MCV, the equation for patients aged 1–25 years was 0.40*(age) + 81.24 in females and 0.45*(age) + 79.58 in males. The equation for patients aged 26–90 years was 0.04*(age) + 88.97 in females and 0.06*age + 88.30 in males. Among patients aged >40 years, the MCV value was higher in men than in women. Analysis of a large dataset showed that the MCV gradually increased with age and the linear relationship differed between patients aged 1–25 and 26–88 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Lee
- Deparment of Trauma Surgery, Trauma Center Chungbuk National University Hospital Cheongju Korea
| | - Hanlim Choi
- Department of Surgery Chungbuk National University Hospital Cheongju Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Korea
| | - Bo Ra Son
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Korea
| | - Jong Hyock Park
- College of Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Korea
- Institute of Health & Science Convergence Chungbuk National University Cheongju Korea
| | - Lee Chan Jang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Korea
| | - Jae Gil Lee
- Department of Surgery Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Adimy M, Babin L, Pujo-Menjouet L. Why Are Periodic Erythrocytic Diseases so Rare in Humans? Bull Math Biol 2021; 84:19. [PMID: 34923612 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that periodic erythrocytic (red blood cell linked) diseases are extremely rare in humans. To explain this observation, we develop here a simple model of erythropoiesis in mammals and investigate its stability in the parameter space. A bifurcation analysis enables us to sketch stability diagrams in the plane of key parameters. Contrary to some other mammal species such as rabbits, mice or dogs, we show that human-specific parameter values prevent periodic oscillations of red blood cells levels. In other words, human erythropoiesis seems to lie in a region of parameter space where oscillations exclusively concerning red blood cells cannot appear. Further mathematical analysis show that periodic oscillations of red blood cells levels are highly unusual and if exist, might only be due to an abnormally high erythrocytes destruction rate or to an abnormal hematopoietic stem cell commitment into the erythrocytic lineage. We also propose numerical results only for an improved version of our approach in order to give a more realistic but more complex approach of our problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Adimy
- Univ Lyon, Inria, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5208, Institut Camille Jordan, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69200, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.,INRIA, Lyon, France
| | - Louis Babin
- Univ Lyon, Inria, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5208, Institut Camille Jordan, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69200, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Pujo-Menjouet
- Univ Lyon, Inria, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5208, Institut Camille Jordan, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69200, Villeurbanne Cedex, France. .,INRIA, Lyon, France.
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Lanser L, Fuchs D, Kurz K, Weiss G. Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis-Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:3732. [PMID: 34835988 PMCID: PMC8619077 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia is very common in patients with inflammatory disorders. Its prevalence is associated with severity of the underlying disease, and it negatively affects quality of life and cardio-vascular performance of patients. Anemia of inflammation (AI) is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism resulting in iron retention within macrophages, a reduced erythrocyte half-life, and cytokine mediated inhibition of erythropoietin function and erythroid progenitor cell differentiation. AI is mostly mild to moderate, normochromic and normocytic, and characterized by low circulating iron, but normal and increased levels of the storage protein ferritin and the iron hormone hepcidin. The primary therapeutic approach for AI is treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease which mostly results in normalization of hemoglobin levels over time unless other pathologies such as vitamin deficiencies, true iron deficiency on the basis of bleeding episodes, or renal insufficiency are present. If the underlying disease and/or anemia are not resolved, iron supplementation therapy and/or treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents may be considered whereas blood transfusions are an emergency treatment for life-threatening anemia. New treatments with hepcidin-modifying strategies and stabilizers of hypoxia inducible factors emerge but their therapeutic efficacy for treatment of AI in ill patients needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lanser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Grzywa TM, Nowis D, Golab J. The role of CD71 + erythroid cells in the regulation of the immune response. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107927. [PMID: 34171326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex regulation of the immune response is necessary to support effective defense of an organism against hostile invaders and to maintain tolerance to harmless microorganisms and autoantigens. Recent studies revealed previously unappreciated roles of CD71+ erythroid cells (CECs) in regulation of the immune response. CECs physiologically reside in the bone marrow where erythropoiesis takes place. Under stress conditions, CECs are enriched in some organs outside of the bone marrow as a result of extramedullary erythropoiesis. However, the role of CECs goes well beyond the production of erythrocytes. In neonates, increased numbers of CECs contribute to their vulnerability to infectious diseases. On the other side, neonatal CECs suppress activation of immune cells in response to abrupt colonization with commensal microorganisms after delivery. CECs are also enriched in the peripheral blood of pregnant women as well as in the placenta and are responsible for the regulation of feto-maternal tolerance. In patients with cancer, anemia leads to increased frequency of CECs in the peripheral blood contributing to diminished antiviral and antibacterial immunity, as well as to accelerated cancer progression. Moreover, recent studies revealed the role of CECs in HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. CECs use a full arsenal of mechanisms to regulate immune response. These cells suppress proinflammatory responses of myeloid cells and T-cell proliferation by the depletion of ʟ-arginine by arginase. Moreover, CECs produce reactive oxygen species to decrease T-cell proliferation. CECs also secrete cytokines, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which promotes T-cell differentiation into regulatory T-cells. Here, we comprehensively describe the role of CECs in orchestrating immune response and indicate some therapeutic approaches that might be used to regulate their effector functions in the treatment of human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Grzywa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki and Wigury 61 Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Centre of Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Karayel Ö, Xu P, Bludau I, Velan Bhoopalan S, Yao Y, Ana Rita FC, Santos A, Schulman BA, Alpi AF, Weiss MJ, Mann M. Integrative proteomics reveals principles of dynamic phosphosignaling networks in human erythropoiesis. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e9813. [PMID: 33259127 PMCID: PMC7706838 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human erythropoiesis is an exquisitely controlled multistep developmental process, and its dysregulation leads to numerous human diseases. Transcriptome and epigenome studies provided insights into system-wide regulation, but we currently lack a global mechanistic view on the dynamics of proteome and post-translational regulation coordinating erythroid maturation. We established a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics workflow to quantify and dynamically track 7,400 proteins and 27,000 phosphorylation sites of five distinct maturation stages of in vitro reconstituted erythropoiesis of CD34+ HSPCs. Our data reveal developmental regulation through drastic proteome remodeling across stages of erythroid maturation encompassing most protein classes. This includes various orchestrated changes in solute carriers indicating adjustments to altered metabolic requirements. To define the distinct proteome of each maturation stage, we developed a computational deconvolution approach which revealed stage-specific marker proteins. The dynamic phosphoproteomes combined with a kinome-targeted CRISPR/Cas9 screen uncovered coordinated networks of erythropoietic kinases and pinpointed downregulation of c-Kit/MAPK signaling axis as key driver of maturation. Our system-wide view establishes the functional dynamic of complex phosphosignaling networks and regulation through proteome remodeling in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Karayel
- Department of Proteomics and Signal TransductionMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of HematologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Isabell Bludau
- Department of Proteomics and Signal TransductionMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | | | - Yu Yao
- Department of HematologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Freitas Colaco Ana Rita
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Alberto Santos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Molecular Machines and SignalingMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Arno F Alpi
- Department of Molecular Machines and SignalingMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of HematologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal TransductionMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Bhoopalan SV, Huang LJS, Weiss MJ. Erythropoietin regulation of red blood cell production: from bench to bedside and back. F1000Res 2020; 9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1153. [PMID: 32983414 PMCID: PMC7503180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26648.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50 years of efforts to identify the major cytokine responsible for red blood cell (RBC) production (erythropoiesis) led to the identification of erythropoietin (EPO) in 1977 and its receptor (EPOR) in 1989, followed by three decades of rich scientific discovery. We now know that an elaborate oxygen-sensing mechanism regulates the production of EPO, which in turn promotes the maturation and survival of erythroid progenitors. Engagement of the EPOR by EPO activates three interconnected signaling pathways that drive RBC production via diverse downstream effectors and simultaneously trigger negative feedback loops to suppress signaling activity. Together, the finely tuned mechanisms that drive endogenous EPO production and facilitate its downstream activities have evolved to maintain RBC levels in a narrow physiological range and to respond rapidly to erythropoietic stresses such as hypoxia or blood loss. Examination of these pathways has elucidated the genetics of numerous inherited and acquired disorders associated with deficient or excessive RBC production and generated valuable drugs to treat anemia, including recombinant human EPO and more recently the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which act partly by stimulating endogenous EPO synthesis. Ongoing structure-function studies of the EPOR and its essential partner, tyrosine kinase JAK2, suggest that it may be possible to generate new "designer" drugs that control selected subsets of cytokine receptor activities for therapeutic manipulation of hematopoiesis and treatment of blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Velan Bhoopalan
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS #355, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lily Jun-shen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS #355, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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11
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Pham DDM, Guhan S, Tsao H. KIT and Melanoma: Biological Insights and Clinical Implications. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:562-571. [PMID: 32608199 PMCID: PMC7329741 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.7.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, originating from epidermal melanocytes, is a heterogeneous disease that has the highest mortality rate among all types of skin cancers. Numerous studies have revealed the cause of this cancer as related to various somatic driver mutations, including alterations in KIT-a proto-oncogene encoding for a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Although accounting for only 3% of all melanomas, mutations in c-KIT are mostly derived from acral, mucosal, and chronically sun-damaged melanomas. As an important factor for cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival, inhibition of c-KIT has been exploited for clinical trials in advanced melanoma. Here, apart from the molecular background of c-KIT and its cellular functions, we will review the wide distribution of alterations in KIT with a catalogue of more than 40 mutations reported in various articles and case studies. Additionally, we will summarize the association of KIT mutations with clinicopathologic features (age, sex, melanoma subtypes, anatomic location, etc.), and the differences of mutation rate among subgroups. Finally, several therapeutic trials of c-KIT inhibitors, including imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, and sunitinib, will be analyzed for their success rates and limitations in advanced melanoma treatment. These not only emphasize c-KIT as an attractive target for personalized melanoma therapy but also propose the requirement for additional investigational studies to develop novel therapeutic trials co-targeting c-KIT and other cytokines such as members of signaling pathways and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Daniel M Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Hensin Tsao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Sethumadhavan A, Mani M. Kit activates interleukin-4 receptor and effector signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 independent of its cognate ligand in mouse mast cells. Immunology 2020; 159:441-449. [PMID: 31957000 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by Kit has been extensively studied in hematopoietic cells and is essential for the survival, proliferation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In addition to the activation of intrinsic signaling pathways, Kit has been shown to interact with lineage-restricted type I cytokine receptors and produce cross signals, e.g. erythropoietin receptor, interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R), IL-3R. Based on the earlier studies, we hypothesize that Kit activate other type I cytokine receptors in a cell-specific manner and execute cell-specific function. To investigate other Kit-activated receptors, we tested Kit and IL-4R cross-receptor activation in murine bone-marrow-derived mast cells, which express both Kit and IL-4R at the surface level. Kit upon activation by Kit ligand (KL), activated IL-4Rα, γC , and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 independent of its cognate ligand IL-4. Though KL and IL-4 are individually mitogenic, combinations of KL and IL-4 synergistically promoted mast cell proliferation. Furthermore, inhibition of lipid raft formation by methyl-β-cyclodextrin resulted in loss of synergistic proliferation. Together the data suggest IL-4R as a novel Kit-activated receptor. Such cross-receptor activations are likely to be a universal mechanism of Kit signaling in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Sethumadhavan
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Maheswaran Mani
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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13
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Federici G, Varricchio L, Martelli F, Falchi M, Picconi O, Francescangeli F, Contavalli P, Girelli G, Tafuri A, Petricoin EF, Mazzarini M, Zeuner A, Migliaccio AR. Phosphoproteomic Landscaping Identifies Non-canonical cKIT Signaling in Polycythemia Vera Erythroid Progenitors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1245. [PMID: 31824842 PMCID: PMC6883719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although stem cell factor (SCF)/cKIT interaction plays key functions in erythropoiesis, cKIT signaling in human erythroid cells is still poorly defined. To provide new insights into cKIT-mediated erythroid expansion in development and disease, we performed phosphoproteomic profiling of primary erythroid progenitors from adult blood (AB), cord blood (CB), and Polycythemia Vera (PV) at steady-state and upon SCF stimulation. While AB and CB, respectively, activated transient or sustained canonical cKIT-signaling, PV showed a non-canonical signaling including increased mTOR and ERK1 and decreased DEPTOR. Accordingly, screening of FDA-approved compounds showed increased PV sensitivity to JAK, cKIT, and MEK inhibitors. Moreover, differently from AB and CB, in PV the mature 145kDa-cKIT constitutively associated with the tetraspanin CD63 and was not endocytosed upon SCF stimulation, contributing to unrestrained cKIT signaling. These results identify a clinically exploitable variegation of cKIT signaling/metabolism that may contribute to the great erythroid output occurring during development and in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Varricchio
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fabrizio Martelli
- National Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National HIV/AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Contavalli
- Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Girelli
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostino Tafuri
- Sant'Andrea Hospital-La Sapienza, Department of Clinic and Molecular Medicine "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Maria Mazzarini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ann Zeuner
- Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Migliaccio
- Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Research Consortium, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Bernecker C, Ackermann M, Lachmann N, Rohrhofer L, Zaehres H, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, van den Akker E, Schlenke P, Dorn I. Enhanced Ex Vivo Generation of Erythroid Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Simplified Cell Culture System with Low Cytokine Support. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1540-1551. [PMID: 31595840 PMCID: PMC6882453 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offers great potential for developmental studies and innovative therapies. However, ex vivo erythropoiesis from hiPSCs is currently limited by low efficiency and unphysiological conditions of common culture systems. Especially, the absence of a physiological niche may impair cell growth and lineage-specific differentiation. We here describe a simplified, xeno- and feeder-free culture system for prolonged RBC generation that uses low numbers of supporting cytokines [stem cell factor (SCF), erythropoietin (EPO), and interleukin 3 (IL-3)] and is based on the intermediate development of a “hematopoietic cell forming complex (HCFC).” From this HCFC, CD43+ hematopoietic cells (purity >95%) were continuously released into the supernatant and could be collected repeatedly over a period of 6 weeks for further erythroid differentiation. The released cells were mainly CD34+/CD45+ progenitors with high erythroid colony-forming potential and CD36+ erythroid precursors. A total of 1.5 × 107 cells could be harvested from the supernatant of one six-well plate, showing 100- to 1000-fold amplification during subsequent homogeneous differentiation into GPA+ erythroid cells. Mean enucleation rates near 40% (up to 60%) further confirmed the potency of the system. These benefits may be explained by the generation of a niche within the HCFC that mimics the spatiotemporal signaling of the physiological microenvironment in which erythropoiesis occurs. Compared to other protocols, this method provides lower complexity, less cytokine and medium consumption, higher cellular output, and better enucleation. In addition, slight modifications in cytokine addition shift the system toward continuous generation of granulocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bernecker
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mania Ackermann
- RG Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- RG Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Rohrhofer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Holm Zaehres
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine Research Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Peter Schlenke
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabel Dorn
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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15
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The fraction of CD117/c‐KIT‐expressing erythroid precursors predicts ESA response in low‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2019; 96:215-222. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Dahlin JS, Hamey FK, Pijuan-Sala B, Shepherd M, Lau WWY, Nestorowa S, Weinreb C, Wolock S, Hannah R, Diamanti E, Kent DG, Göttgens B, Wilson NK. A single-cell hematopoietic landscape resolves 8 lineage trajectories and defects in Kit mutant mice. Blood 2018; 131:e1-e11. [PMID: 29588278 PMCID: PMC5969381 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-12-821413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) maintain the adult blood system, and their dysregulation causes a multitude of diseases. However, the differentiation journeys toward specific hematopoietic lineages remain ill defined, and system-wide disease interpretation remains challenging. Here, we have profiled 44 802 mouse bone marrow HSPCs using single-cell RNA sequencing to provide a comprehensive transcriptional landscape with entry points to 8 different blood lineages (lymphoid, megakaryocyte, erythroid, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, mast cell, and basophil progenitors). We identified a common basophil/mast cell bone marrow progenitor and characterized its molecular profile at the single-cell level. Transcriptional profiling of 13 815 HSPCs from the c-Kit mutant (W41/W41) mouse model revealed the absence of a distinct mast cell lineage entry point, together with global shifts in cell type abundance. Proliferative defects were accompanied by reduced Myc expression. Potential compensatory processes included upregulation of the integrated stress response pathway and downregulation of proapoptotic gene expression in erythroid progenitors, thus providing a template of how large-scale single-cell transcriptomic studies can bridge between molecular phenotypes and quantitative population changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim S Dahlin
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fiona K Hamey
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca Pijuan-Sala
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Shepherd
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Winnie W Y Lau
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Nestorowa
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb Weinreb
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel Wolock
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca Hannah
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelia Diamanti
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David G Kent
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Sgrò P, Sansone M, Sansone A, Romanelli F, Di Luigi L. Effects of erythropoietin abuse on exercise performance. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2018; 46:105-115. [PMID: 29113535 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1402663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review provides a comprehensive overview on the erythropoietic and non-erythropoietic effects of rHuEpo on human sport performance, paying attention to quantifying numerically how rHuEpo affects exercise performance and describing physiological changes regarding the most important exercise variables. Much attention has been paid to treatment schedules, in particular, to assess the effects of microdoses of rHuEpo and the prolonged effects on sport performance following withdrawal. Moreover, the review takes into account non-erythropoietic ergogenic effects of rHuEpo, including cognitive benefits of rHuEpo. A significant increase in both Vo2max and maximal cycling power was evidenced in studies taken into account for this review. rHuEpo, administered at clinical dosage, may have significant effects on haematological values, maximal and submaximal physiological variables, whereas few reports show positive effects on exercise perfomance. However, the influence of micro-dose rHuEpo on endurance performance in athletes is still unclear and further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sgrò
- a Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology , Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico" Piazza Lauro de Bosis , Rome , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- b Department of Experimental Medicine , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- b Department of Experimental Medicine , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- b Department of Experimental Medicine , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- a Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology , Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico" Piazza Lauro de Bosis , Rome , Italy
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18
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Bresnick EH, Hewitt KJ, Mehta C, Keles S, Paulson RF, Johnson KD. Mechanisms of erythrocyte development and regeneration: implications for regenerative medicine and beyond. Development 2018; 145:145/1/dev151423. [PMID: 29321181 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin-expressing erythrocytes (red blood cells) act as fundamental metabolic regulators by providing oxygen to cells and tissues throughout the body. Whereas the vital requirement for oxygen to support metabolically active cells and tissues is well established, almost nothing is known regarding how erythrocyte development and function impact regeneration. Furthermore, many questions remain unanswered relating to how insults to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and erythrocytes can trigger a massive regenerative process termed 'stress erythropoiesis' to produce billions of erythrocytes. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing erythrocyte development and regeneration, and discuss the potential links between these events and other regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery H Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kyle J Hewitt
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Charu Mehta
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert F Paulson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kirby D Johnson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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19
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20
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Chapin J, Giardina PJ. Thalassemia Syndromes. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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21
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McIver SC, Hewitt KJ, Gao X, Mehta C, Zhang J, Bresnick EH. Dissecting Regulatory Mechanisms Using Mouse Fetal Liver-Derived Erythroid Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1698:67-89. [PMID: 29076084 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7428-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into an ensemble of committed progenitor cells that produce the diverse blood cells essential for life. Physiological mechanisms governing hematopoiesis, and mechanistic aberrations underlying non-malignant and malignant hematologic disorders, are often very similar in mouse and man. Thus, mouse models provide powerful systems for unraveling mechanisms that control hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) function in their resident microenvironments in vivo. Ex vivo systems, involving the culture of HSPCs generated in vivo, allow one to dissociate microenvironment-based and cell intrinsic mechanisms, and therefore have considerable utility. Dissecting mechanisms controlling cellular proliferation and differentiation is facilitated by the use of primary cells, since mutations and chromosome aberrations in immortalized and cancer cell lines corrupt normal mechanisms. Primary erythroid precursor cells can be expanded or differentiated in culture to yield large numbers of progeny at discrete maturation stages. We described a robust method for isolation, culture, and analysis of primary mouse erythroid precursor cells and their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye C McIver
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 4009 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kyle J Hewitt
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 4009 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 4009 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Charu Mehta
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 4009 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 4009 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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22
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McIver SC, Katsumura KR, Davids E, Liu P, Kang YA, Yang D, Bresnick EH. Exosome complex orchestrates developmental signaling to balance proliferation and differentiation during erythropoiesis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27543448 PMCID: PMC5040589 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the highly conserved exosome complex mediates the degradation and processing of multiple classes of RNAs, it almost certainly controls diverse biological processes. How this post-transcriptional RNA-regulatory machine impacts cell fate decisions and differentiation is poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that exosome complex subunits confer an erythroid maturation barricade, and the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 dismantles the barricade by transcriptionally repressing the cognate genes. While dissecting requirements for the maturation barricade in Mus musculus, we discovered that the exosome complex is a vital determinant of a developmental signaling transition that dictates proliferation/amplification versus differentiation. Exosome complex integrity in erythroid precursor cells ensures Kit receptor tyrosine kinase expression and stem cell factor/Kit signaling, while preventing responsiveness to erythropoietin-instigated signals that promote differentiation. Functioning as a gatekeeper of this developmental signaling transition, the exosome complex controls the massive production of erythroid cells that ensures organismal survival in homeostatic and stress contexts. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17877.001 Red blood cells supply an animal’s tissues with the oxygen they need to survive. These cells circulate for a certain amount of time before they die. To replenish the red blood cells that are lost, first a protein called stem cell factor (SCF) instructs stem cells and precursor cells to proliferate, and a second protein, known as erythropoietin, then signals to these cells to differentiate into mature red blood cells. It is important to maintain this balance between these two processes because too much proliferation can lead to cancer while too much differentiation will exhaust the supply of stem cells. Previous work has shown that a collection of proteins called the exosome complex can block steps leading towards mature red blood cells. The exosome complex controls several processes within cells by modifying or degrading a variety of messenger RNAs, the molecules that serve as intermediates between DNA and protein. However, it was not clear how the exosome complex sets up the differentiation block and whether it is somehow connected to the signaling from SCF and erythropoietin. McIver et al. set out to address this issue by isolating precursor cells with the potential to become red blood cells from mouse fetal livers and experimentally reducing the levels of the exosome complex. The experiments showed that these cells were no longer able to respond when treated with SCF in culture, whereas the control cells responded as normal. Further experiments showed that cells with less of the exosome complex also made less of a protein named Kit. Normally, SCF interacts with Kit to instruct cells to multiply. Lastly, although the experimental cells could no longer respond to these proliferation signals, they could react to erythropoietin, which promotes differentiation. Thus, normal levels of the exosome complex keep the delicate balance between proliferation and differentiation, which is crucial to the development of red blood cells. In future, it will be important to study the exosome complex in living mice and in human cells, and to see whether it also controls other signaling pathways. Furthermore, it is worth exploring whether this new knowledge can help efforts to produce red blood cells on an industrial scale, which could then be used to treat patients with conditions such as anemia. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17877.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye C McIver
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
| | - Koichi R Katsumura
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
| | - Elsa Davids
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
| | - Yoon-A Kang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
| | - David Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,UW-Madison Blood Research Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, United States
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23
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Nandakumar SK, Ulirsch JC, Sankaran VG. Advances in understanding erythropoiesis: evolving perspectives. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:206-18. [PMID: 26846448 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are generated from haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) through the step-wise process of differentiation known as erythropoiesis. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of erythropoiesis and highlight recent advances in this field. During embryonic development, erythropoiesis occurs in three distinct waves comprising first, the yolk sac-derived primitive RBCs, followed sequentially by the erythro-myeloid progenitor (EMP) and HSPC-derived definitive RBCs. Recent work has highlighted the complexity and variability that may exist in the hierarchical arrangement of progenitors responsible for erythropoiesis. Using recently defined cell surface markers, it is now possible to enrich for erythroid progenitors and precursors to a much greater extent than has been possible before. While a great deal of knowledge has been gained on erythropoiesis from model organisms, our understanding of this process is currently being refined through human genetic studies. Genes mutated in erythroid disorders can now be identified more rapidly by the use of next-generation sequencing techniques. Genome-wide association studies on erythroid traits in healthy populations have also revealed new modulators of erythropoiesis. All of these recent developments have significant promise not only for increasing our understanding of erythropoiesis, but also for improving our ability to intervene when RBC production is perturbed in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Nandakumar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Kim TS, Hanak M, Trampont PC, Braciale TJ. Stress-associated erythropoiesis initiation is regulated by type 1 conventional dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3965-80. [PMID: 26389678 DOI: 10.1172/jci81919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is an important response to certain types of stress, including hypoxia, hemorrhage, bone marrow suppression, and anemia, that result in inadequate tissue oxygenation. This stress-induced erythropoiesis is distinct from basal red blood cell generation; however, neither the cellular nor the molecular factors that regulate this process are fully understood. Here, we report that type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s), which are defined by expression of CD8α in the mouse and XCR1 and CLEC9 in humans, are critical for induction of erythropoiesis in response to stress. Specifically, using murine models, we determined that engagement of a stress sensor, CD24, on cDC1s upregulates expression of the Kit ligand stem cell factor on these cells. The increased expression of stem cell factor resulted in Kit-mediated proliferative expansion of early erythroid progenitors and, ultimately, transient reticulocytosis in the circulation. Moreover, this stress response was triggered in part by alarmin recognition and was blunted in CD24 sensor- and CD8α+ DC-deficient animals. The contribution of the cDC1 subset to the initiation of stress erythropoiesis was distinct from the well-recognized role of macrophages in supporting late erythroid maturation. Together, these findings offer insight into the mechanism of stress erythropoiesis and into disorders of erythrocyte generation associated with stress.
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25
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Holtermann N, Kiupel M, Kessler M, Teske E, Betz D, Hirschberger J. Masitinib monotherapy in canine epitheliotropic lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 14 Suppl 1:127-35. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Holtermann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - M. Kiupel
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Investigations, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University; Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health; Lansing MI USA
| | - M. Kessler
- Tierklinik Hofheim; Im Langgewann 9; 65719 Hofheim/Taunus Germany
| | - E. Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Veterinary Faculty; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - D. Betz
- Klinik für Kleintiere; Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - J. Hirschberger
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Munich Germany
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26
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Vazquez-Mellado MJ, Aguilar C, Rocha-Zavaleta L. Erythropoietin protects neuroblastoma cells against etoposide and vincristine by activating ERK and AKT pathways but has no effect in kidney cells. Life Sci 2015; 137:142-9. [PMID: 26232556 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chemotherapy induces anaemia in neuroblastoma patients. Cancer-associated anaemia may be treated with recombinant erythropoietin. However, the potential effects of erythropoietin on neuroblastoma and kidney cells have not been extensively evaluated. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of erythropoietin on the proliferation, and protection against vincristine- and etoposide-induced cell death in neuroblastoma (MSN), and embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. MAIN METHODS The expression of erythropoietin and its receptor in MSN and HEK 293 was analysed by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blotting. The effect of erythropoietin on cell viability and proliferation was evaluated by the MTT assay, and by the Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor 647 kit, respectively. For the cyto-protective assays, cells were incubated with erythropoietin before etoposide and vincristine treatment. Activation of signalling pathways was studied by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS MSN and HEK 293 cells expressed the erythropoietin receptor, but not erythropoietin. Erythropoietin induced proliferation and protection against vincristine and etoposide in MSN cells. HEK 293 cells were not affected by erythropoietin. Erythropoietin showed an anti-apoptotic effect which was dependent on the activation of ERK1/2 and AKT. HEK 293 cells presented constitutively phosphorylated AKT, and showed no activation of ERK1/2 upon erythropoietin stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that erythropoietin induces proliferation of MSN cells, and that it can ameliorate vincristine- and etoposide-induced apoptosis of these cells. Erythropoietin-mediated neuroprotection was regulated by the combined effect of the ERK1/2 and AKT signalling pathways. Our findings provide further insights into the potential effect of erythropoietin on neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Vazquez-Mellado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotencología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio B Primer Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotencología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotencología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico.
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Sebastian Samuel J, Kumar D, Chodisetti SB, Agrewala JN, Singh B, Guptasarma P, Sarkar D. Probing protease sensitivity of recombinant human erythropoietin reveals α3-α4 inter-helical loop as a stability determinant. Proteins 2015. [PMID: 26214268 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although unglycosylated HuEpo is fully functional, it has very short serum half-life. However, the mechanism of in vivo clearance of human Epo (HuEpo) remains largely unknown. In this study, the relative importance of protease-sensitive sites of recombinant HuEpo (rHuEpo) has been investigated by analysis of structural data coupled with in vivo half-life measurements. Our results identify α3-α4 inter-helical loop region as a target site of lysosomal protease Cathepsin L. Consistent with previously-reported lysosomal degradation of HuEpo, these results for the first time identify cleavage sites of rHuEpo by specific lysosomal proteases. Furthermore, in agreement with the lowered exposure of the peptide backbone around the cleavage site, remarkably substitutions of residues with bulkier amino acids result in significantly improved in vivo stability. Together, these results have implications for the mechanism of in vivo clearance of the protein in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Kumar
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | | | - Javed N Agrewala
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Balvinder Singh
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Purnananda Guptasarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
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28
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Gassmann M, Muckenthaler MU. Adaptation of iron requirement to hypoxic conditions at high altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:1432-40. [PMID: 26183475 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00248.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate acclimatization time to enable adjustment to hypoxic conditions is one of the most important aspects for mountaineers ascending to high altitude. Accordingly, most reviews emphasize mechanisms that cope with reduced oxygen supply. However, during sojourns to high altitude adjustment to elevated iron demand is equally critical. Thus in this review we focus on the interaction between oxygen and iron homeostasis. We review the role of iron 1) in the oxygen sensing process and erythropoietin (Epo) synthesis, 2) in gene expression control mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor-2 (HIF-2), and 3) as an oxygen carrier in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes. The blood hormone Epo that is abundantly expressed by the kidney under hypoxic conditions stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a process requiring high iron levels. To ensure that sufficient iron is provided, Epo-controlled erythroferrone that is expressed in erythroid precursor cells acts in the liver to reduce expression of the iron hormone hepcidin. Consequently, suppression of hepcidin allows for elevated iron release from storage organs and enhanced absorption of dietary iron by enterocytes. As recently observed in sojourners at high altitude, however, iron uptake may be hampered by reduced appetite and gastrointestinal bleeding. Reduced iron availability, as observed in a hypoxic mountaineer, enhances hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and may contribute to other hypoxia-related diseases. Overall, adequate systemic iron availability is an important prerequisite to adjust to high-altitude hypoxia and may have additional implications for disease-related hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; and
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, and German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Hepatocellular heme oxygenase-1: a potential mechanism of erythropoietin-mediated protection after liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 2015; 42:424-31. [PMID: 25004066 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) results in progressive injury; initiated by oxidative stress during ischemia and compounded by cytokine-mediated inflammation during reperfusion. Recovery requires strict regulation of these events. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is thought to mitigate hepatocellular IR injury by altering the nonparenchymal liver microenvironment. This study sought to identify additional mechanisms whereby rhEPO is protective after liver IR injury. Mice were treated with rhEPO (4 units/g s.c.) at the onset of partial liver ischemia and assessed for transaminase and histologic injury at intervals after reperfusion. Induction of cytokines, activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), suppressors of cytokine signaling (Socs1, Socs3, Cis), caspase-3 activation, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression were assessed in postischemic liver. Effects of rhEPO stimulation were further characterized in whole-liver lysates from mice undergoing rhEPO injection alone and in cultured AML-12 hepatocytes. Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment at the onset of severe (90 min) hepatic IR confirmed commensurate biochemical and histological protection without affecting tissue cytokine levels. Although Socs3 and STAT5 activation were induced in normal liver after in vivo rhEPO injection, this treatment did not augment expression beyond that seen with IR alone, and neither was induced in cultured hepatocytes treated with rhEPO. Recombinant human erythropoietin inhibited caspase-3 activation in nonparenchymal cells, whereas hepatocellular HO-1 was rapidly induced both in vivo and in vitro with rhEPO treatment. These data suggest HO-1 as a potent mechanism of rhEPO-mediated protection after liver IR, which involves both direct hepatocellular and nonparenchymal mechanisms.
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30
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Wiedenmann T, Ehrhardt S, Cerny D, Hildebrand D, Klein S, Heeg K, Kubatzky KF. Erythropoietin acts as an anti-inflammatory signal on murine mast cells. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:68-76. [PMID: 25645506 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently it was found that the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed on innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. We found that murine bone marrow-derived mast cells express the EpoR and that its expression is increased under hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, Epo stimulation of the cells did not activate signal transducer and activator of transcription molecules, nor did we find differences in the expression of typical STAT-dependent genes, the proliferation rate, and the ability to differentiate or to protect the cells from apoptosis. Instead, we demonstrate that stimulation of mast cells with Epo leads to phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit. We hypothesize that this is due to the formation of a receptor complex between the EpoR and c-kit. The common beta chain of the IL-3 receptor family, which was described as part of the tissue protective receptor (TPR) on other non-erythroid cells, however is not activated. To investigate whether the EpoR/c-kit complex has tissue protective properties, cells were treated with the Toll-like receptor ligand LPS. Combined Epo and LPS treatment downregulated the inflammatory response of the cells as detected by a decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wiedenmann
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Ehrhardt
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Germany.
| | - Daniela Cerny
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Hildebrand
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Klein
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Germany.
| | - Klaus Heeg
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Germany.
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Germany.
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31
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Wan L, Zhang F, He Q, Tsang WP, Lu L, Li Q, Wu Z, Qiu G, Zhou G, Wan C. EPO promotes bone repair through enhanced cartilaginous callus formation and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102010. [PMID: 25003898 PMCID: PMC4087003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO)/erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) signaling is involved in the development and regeneration of several non-hematopoietic tissues including the skeleton. EPO is identified as a downstream target of the hypoxia inducible factor-α (HIF-α) pathway. It is shown that EPO exerts a positive role in bone repair, however, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study we show that EPO and EPOR are expressed in the proliferating, pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic zone of the developing mouse growth plates as well as in the cartilaginous callus of the healing bone. The proliferation rate of chondrocytes is increased under EPO treatment, while this effect is decreased following siRNA mediated knockdown of EPOR in chondrocytes. EPO treatment increases biosynthesis of proteoglycan, accompanied by up-regulation of chondrogenic marker genes including SOX9, SOX5, SOX6, collagen type 2, and aggrecan. The effects are inhibited by knockdown of EPOR. Blockage of the endogenous EPO in chondrocytes also impaired the chondrogenic differentiation. In addition, EPO promotes metatarsal endothelial sprouting in vitro. This coincides with the in vivo data that local delivery of EPO increases vascularity at the mid-stage of bone healing (day 14). In a mouse femoral fracture model, EPO promotes cartilaginous callus formation at days 7 and 14, and enhances bone healing at day 28 indexed by improved X-ray score and micro-CT analysis of microstructure of new bone regenerates, which results in improved biomechanical properties. Our results indicate that EPO enhances chondrogenic and angiogenic responses during bone repair. EPO's function on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation is at least partially mediated by its receptor EPOR. EPO may serve as a therapeutic agent to facilitate skeletal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fengjie Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiling He
- Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Wing Pui Tsang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, New Drug Function Research Center, School of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingnan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, New Drug Function Research Center, School of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangqian Zhou
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
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32
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Aguilar C, Aguilar C, Lopez-Marure R, Jiménez-Sánchez A, Rocha-Zavaleta L. Co-stimulation with stem cell factor and erythropoietin enhances migration of c-Kit expressing cervical cancer cells through the sustained activation of ERK1/2. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1895-902. [PMID: 24626629 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokines erythropoietin (Epo) and stem cell factor (SCF), coupled with the cooperation between their receptors (EpoR and c-Kit), are essential components of normal physiological erythropoiesis. In earlier studies, we demonstrated the expression of c-Kit and EpoR in cervical cancer cells. It was identified that SCF is a survival factor, whereas Epo promotes cell proliferation. Cooperation between EpoR and SCF in cervical cancer has rarely been studied, despite the fact that cell migration and anchorage independent growth are considered initial steps in metastasis. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse the effect of SCF and Epo alone, or in combination, on the migration and anchorage independent growth of two cervical cancer-derived cell lines. First, we demonstrated the expression of EpoR and c-Kit in the cell lines. Next, we evaluated anchorage independent growth, and identified that Epo and SCF produced a modest number of colonies, whereas the combination Epo/SCF induced a significantly higher number of colonies. Migration was then evaluated in Boyden chambers. Co-stimulation with Epo/SCF induced a significantly higher number of migrating cells than either cytokine alone. SCF-, Epo- and Epo/SCF-induced migration was inhibited by blocking phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Accordingly, western blot analysis demonstrated that the JAK2/signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) axis was activated in all cases. By contrast, inhibition of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 abrogated migration induced by SCF and Epo/SCF only. Concurrently, Epo induced a modest, transient activation of ERK1/2, whereas SCF and Epo/SCF prompted a strong, sustained phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The results from this study have revealed that co-stimulation with Epo/SCF promotes migration and anchorage independent cell growth, and that co-signalling from EpoR and c-Kit converge on JAK2/STAT5 activation. Furthermore, SCF- and Epo/SCF-induced migration depends on the sustained activation of ERK1/2. These results indicate that co-signalling from different cytokine receptors induces migration, and this suggests that migratory behaviour may be regulated by the cooperative activity of Epo and SCF in cells expressing their cognate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Lopez-Marure
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Departamento de Biología Celular, Colonia Sección 16, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Jiménez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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Shamloo A, Manchandia M, Ferreira M, Mani M, Nguyen C, Jahn T, Weinberg K, Heilshorn S. Complex chemoattractive and chemorepellent Kit signals revealed by direct imaging of murine mast cells in microfluidic gradient chambers. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:1076-85. [PMID: 23835699 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Besides its cooperating effects on stem cell proliferation and survival, Kit ligand (KL) is a potent chemotactic protein. While transwell assays permit studies of the frequency of migrating cells, the lack of direct visualization precludes dynamic chemotaxis studies. In response, we utilize microfluidic chambers that enable direct observation of murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) within stable KL gradients. Using this system, individual Kit+ BMMC were quantitatively analyzed for migration speed and directionality during KL-induced chemotaxis. Our results indicated a minimum activating threshold of ~3 ng ml(-1) for chemoattraction. Analysis of cells at KL concentrations below 3 ng ml(-1) revealed a paradoxical chemorepulsion, which has not been described previously. Unlike chemoattraction, which occurred continuously after an initial time lag, chemorepulsion occurred only during the first 90 minutes of observation. Both chemoattraction and chemorepulsion required the action of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), as treatment with pertussis toxin abrogated directed migration. These results differ from previous studies of GPCR-mediated chemotaxis, where chemorepulsion occurred at high ligand concentrations. These data indicate that Kit-mediated chemotaxis is more complex than previously understood, with the involvement of GPCRs in addition to the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase and the presence of both chemoattractive and chemorepellent phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4045, USA
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Lombaert IMA, Abrams SR, Li L, Eswarakumar VP, Sethi AJ, Witt RL, Hoffman MP. Combined KIT and FGFR2b signaling regulates epithelial progenitor expansion during organogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:604-19. [PMID: 24371813 PMCID: PMC3871401 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ formation and regeneration require epithelial progenitor expansion to engineer, maintain, and repair the branched tissue architecture. Identifying the mechanisms that control progenitor expansion will inform therapeutic organ (re)generation. Here, we discover that combined KIT and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b) signaling specifically increases distal progenitor expansion during salivary gland organogenesis. FGFR2b signaling upregulates the epithelial KIT pathway so that combined KIT/FGFR2b signaling, via separate AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, amplifies FGFR2b-dependent transcription. Combined KIT/FGFR2b signaling selectively expands the number of KIT+K14+SOX10+ distal progenitors, and a genetic loss of KIT signaling depletes the distal progenitors but also unexpectedly depletes the K5+ proximal progenitors. This occurs because the distal progenitors produce neurotrophic factors that support gland innervation, which maintains the proximal progenitors. Furthermore, a rare population of KIT+FGFR2b+ cells is present in adult glands, in which KIT signaling also regulates epithelial-neuronal communication during homeostasis. Our findings provide a framework to direct regeneration of branched epithelial organs. Combined KIT and FGFR2b signaling amplifies FGFR2b-dependent transcription KIT/FGFR2b signaling during organogenesis expands distal KIT+ epithelial progenitors Distal progenitors communicate with proximal progenitors via the neuronal niche KIT+ progenitors maintain epithelial-neuronal communication during adult homeostasis
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shaun R Abrams
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Veraragavan P Eswarakumar
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aditya J Sethi
- Developmental Mechanisms Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert L Witt
- Head & Neck Multidisciplinary Clinic, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center of Christiana Care, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Huang Z, Ruan HB, Zhang ZD, Chen W, Lin Z, Zeng H, Gao X. Mutation in the first Ig-like domain of Kit leads to JAK2 activation and myeloproliferation in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:122-32. [PMID: 24211109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms constitute a group of hematopoietic neoplasms at the myeloid stem cell level. Although mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT have been identified in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm, the functional causality is unknown because of a lack of animal models. Here, we describe a mouse strain harboring a point mutation in the first Ig-like domain of Kit. Intriguingly, the mutant mice develop a myeloproliferative disorder with typical loss-of-function phenotypes in other tissues. The mutant Kit is incompletely N-glycosylated, shows compromised receptor dimerization, and down-regulates Akt and extracellular signal-regulating kinase 1/2 signaling. However, the mutation increases the association of Kit to Janus kinase (JAK)2 and hence the activation of JAK2. The β common receptor of the gp140 family interacts and synergizes with Kit to promote JAK2 phosphorylation, which is further enhanced by the Kit mutation. Inhibition of JAK2 suppresses the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors in vitro and partially rescues myeloproliferation in mice. Our data suggest that overactivation of JAK2 leads to myeloproliferation in Kit mutant mice and provide mechanistic insights for the diagnosis and treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Huang
- MOE Key Lab of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- MOE Key Lab of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeng-Di Zhang
- Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiqian Chen
- MOE Key Lab of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyu Lin
- MOE Key Lab of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hu Zeng
- MOE Key Lab of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- MOE Key Lab of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Abstract
Through their oxygen delivery function, red blood cells are pivotal to the healthy existence of all vertebrate organisms. These cells are required during all stages of life--embryonic, fetal, neonatal, adolescent, and adult. In the adult, red blood cells are the terminally differentiated end-product cells of a complex hierarchy of hematopoietic progenitors that become progressively restricted to the erythroid lineage. During this stepwise differentiation process, erythroid progenitors undergo enormous expansion, so as to fulfill the daily requirement of ~2 × 10(11) new erythrocytes. How the erythroid lineage is made has been a topic of intense research over the last decades. Developmental studies show that there are two types of red blood cells--embryonic and adult. They develop from distinct hemogenic/hematopoietic progenitors in different anatomical sites and show distinct genetic programs. This article highlights the developmental and differentiation events necessary in the production of hemoglobin-producing red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Dzierzak
- Erasmus MC, Erasmus Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ramos P, Casu C, Gardenghi S, Breda L, Crielaard BJ, Guy E, Marongiu MF, Gupta R, Levine RL, Abdel-Wahab O, Ebert BL, Van Rooijen N, Ghaffari S, Grady RW, Giardina PJ, Rivella S. Macrophages support pathological erythropoiesis in polycythemia vera and β-thalassemia. Nat Med 2013; 19:437-45. [PMID: 23502961 PMCID: PMC3618568 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of erythropoiesis is achieved by the integration of distinct signals. Among them, macrophages are emerging as erythropoietin-complementary regulators of erythroid development, particularly under stress conditions. We investigated the contribution of macrophages to physiological and pathological conditions of enhanced erythropoiesis. We used mouse models of induced anemia, polycythemia vera and β-thalassemia in which macrophages were chemically depleted. Our data indicate that macrophages contribute decisively to recovery from induced anemia, as well as the pathological progression of polycythemia vera and β-thalassemia, by modulating erythroid proliferation and differentiation. We validated these observations in primary human cultures, showing a direct impact of macrophages on the proliferation and enucleation of erythroblasts from healthy individuals and patients with polycythemia vera or β-thalassemia. The contribution of macrophages to stress and pathological erythropoiesis, which we have termed stress erythropoiesis macrophage-supporting activity, may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ramos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Wang W, Akbarian V, Audet J. Biochemical measurements on single erythroid progenitor cells shed light on the combinatorial regulation of red blood cell production. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 9:234-45. [PMID: 23168618 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult bone marrow (BM) erythrocyte colony-forming units (CFU-Es) are important cellular targets for the treatment of anemia and also for the manufacture of red blood cells (RBCs) ex vivo. We obtained quantitative biochemical measurements from single and small numbers of CFU-Es by isolating and analyzing c-Kit(+)CD71(high)Ter119(-) cells from adult mouse BM and this allowed us to identify two mechanisms that can be manipulated to increase RBC production. As expected, maximum RBC output was obtained when CFU-Es were stimulated with a combination of Stem Cell Factor (SCF) and Erythropoietin (EPO) mainly because SCF supports a transient CFU-E expansion and EPO promotes the survival and terminal differentiation of erythroid progenitors. However, we found that one of the main factors limiting the output in RBCs was that EPO induces a downregulation of c-Kit expression which limits the transient expansion of CFU-Es. In the presence of SCF, the EPO-mediated downregulation of c-Kit on CFU-Es is delayed but still significant. Moreover, treatment of CFU-Es with 1-Naphthyl PP1 could partially inhibit the downregulation of c-Kit induced by EPO, suggesting that this process is dependent on a Src family kinase, v-Src and/or c-Fyn. We also found that CFU-E survival and proliferation was dependent on the level of time-integrated extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in these cells, all of which could be significantly increased when SCF and EPO were combined with mouse fetal liver-derived factors. Taken together, these results suggest two novel molecular strategies to increase RBC production and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Rm 407, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
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Distinct functions of erythropoietin and stem cell factor are linked to activation of mTOR kinase signaling pathway in human erythroid progenitors. Cytokine 2012; 61:329-35. [PMID: 23148990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and Stem Cell Factor (SCF) have partially distinct functions in erythroid cell development. The primary functions of EPO are to prevent apoptosis and promote differentiation, with a minor role as a mitogen. On the other hand SCF acts primarily as a mitogenic factor promoting erythroid cell proliferation with a minor role in inhibition of apoptosis. The concerted effects of these two growth factors are responsible for guiding initial commitment, expansion and differentiation of progenitors. The aim of the study was to identify signaling elements pertinent to translational control and elucidate whether both cytokines can contribute to protein translation providing some functional redundancy as seen with respect to apoptosis. The current study focused on non-apoptotic functions of SCF mediated through mTOR/p70S6 leading to protein translation and cell proliferation. We utilized a human primary erythroid progenitors and erythroblasts that are responsive to EPO and SCF to investigate the activation of mTOR/p70S6 kinases and their downstream effectors, the pathway primarily responsible for protein translation. We showed that mTOR, p70S6 kinases and their downstream signaling elements 4EBP1 and S6 ribosomal protein are all activated by SCF but not by EPO in primary erythroid progenitors. We also found that SCF is the sole contributor to activation of the protein translational machinery and activation of mTOR/p70S6 pathway is confined to the proliferative phase of erythroid differentiation program. Altogether these results demonstrate that unlike the survival function which is supported by both EPO and SCF protein translation essential for proliferation is governed by only SCF.
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Lennartsson J, Rönnstrand L. Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit: From Basic Science to Clinical Implications. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1619-49. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a dimeric molecule that exerts its biological functions by binding to and activating the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit leads to its autophosphorylation and initiation of signal transduction. Signaling proteins are recruited to activated c-Kit by certain interaction domains (e.g., SH2 and PTB) that specifically bind to phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the intracellular region of c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit signaling has been found to mediate cell survival, migration, and proliferation depending on the cell type. Signaling from c-Kit is crucial for normal hematopoiesis, pigmentation, fertility, gut movement, and some aspects of the nervous system. Deregulated c-Kit kinase activity has been found in a number of pathological conditions, including cancer and allergy. The observation that gain-of-function mutations in c-Kit can promote tumor formation and progression has stimulated the development of therapeutics agents targeting this receptor, e.g., the clinically used inhibitor imatinib mesylate. Also other clinically used multiselective kinase inhibitors, for instance, sorafenib and sunitinib, have c-Kit included in their range of targets. Furthermore, loss-of-function mutations in c-Kit have been observed and shown to give rise to a condition called piebaldism. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge regarding structural and functional aspects of c-Kit signaling both under normal and pathological conditions, as well as advances in the development of low-molecular-weight molecules inhibiting c-Kit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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SPARC promotes the development of erythroid progenitors. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:828-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mille-Hamard L, Billat VL, Henry E, Bonnamy B, Joly F, Benech P, Barrey E. Skeletal muscle alterations and exercise performance decrease in erythropoietin-deficient mice: a comparative study. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:29. [PMID: 22748015 PMCID: PMC3473259 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) is known to improve exercise performance by increasing oxygen blood transport and thus inducing a higher maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Furthermore, treatment with (or overexpression of) EPO induces protective effects in several tissues, including the myocardium. However, it is not known whether EPO exerts this protective effect when present at physiological levels. Given that EPO receptors have been identified in skeletal muscle, we hypothesized that EPO may have a direct, protective effect on this tissue. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to confirm a decrease in exercise performance and highlight muscle transcriptome alterations in a murine EPO functional knock-out model (the EPO-d mouse). METHODS We determined VO2max peak velocity and critical speed in exhaustive runs in 17 mice (9 EPO-d animals and 8 inbred controls), using treadmill enclosed in a metabolic chamber. Mice were sacrificed 24h after a last exhaustive treadmill exercise at critical speed. The tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were removed and total RNA was extracted for microarray gene expression analysis. RESULTS The EPO-d mice's hematocrit was about 50% lower than that of controls (p<0.05) and their performance level was about 25% lower (p<0.001). A total of 1583 genes exhibited significant changes in their expression levels. However, 68 genes were strongly up-regulated (normalized ratio>1.4) and 115 were strongly down-regulated (normalized ratio<0.80). The transcriptome data mining analysis showed that the exercise in the EPO-d mice induced muscle hypoxia, oxidative stress and proteolysis associated with energy pathway disruptions in glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the lack of functional EPO induced a decrease in the aerobic exercise capacity. This decrease was correlated with the hematocrit and reflecting poor oxygen supply to the muscles. The observed alterations in the muscle transcriptome suggest that physiological concentrations of EPO exert both direct and indirect muscle-protecting effects during exercise. However, the signaling pathway involved in these protective effects remains to be described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Mille-Hamard
- Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l'Exercice - INSERM 902, Genopole, F-91058, Evry, France.
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Azzouzi I, Schmugge M, Speer O. MicroRNAs as components of regulatory networks controlling erythropoiesis. Eur J Haematol 2012; 89:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2012.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hernández C, Simó R. Erythropoietin produced by the retina: its role in physiology and diabetic retinopathy. Endocrine 2012; 41:220-6. [PMID: 22167324 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is the principal regulator of erythropoiesis by inhibiting apoptosis and by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid precursor cells. However, Epo also performs extra-erythropoietic actions of which the neuroprotective effects are among the most relevant. Apart from kidney and liver, Epo is also produced by the brain and the retina. In addition, Epo receptor (Epo-R) expression has also been found in the brain and in the retina, thus suggesting an autocrine/paracrine action which seems essential for the physiological homeostasis of both brain and retina. In this review, we will give an overview of the current concepts of the physiology of Epo and will focus on its role in the retina in both normal conditions and in the setting of diabetic retinopathy. Finally, the reasons as to why Epo could be contemplated as a potential new treatment for the early stages of diabetic retinopathy will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hernández
- CIBERDEM, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kumar SM, Zhang G, Bastian BC, Arcasoy MO, Karande P, Pushparajan A, Acs G, Xu X. Erythropoietin receptor contributes to melanoma cell survival in vivo. Oncogene 2012; 31:1649-60. [PMID: 21860424 PMCID: PMC3441831 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is widely used clinically to treat anemia associated with various clinical conditions including cancer. Data from several clinical trials suggest significant adverse effect of Epo treatment on cancer patient survival. However, controversy exists whether Epo receptor (EpoR) is functional in cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrated that EpoR mRNA expression was detectable in 90.1% of 65 melanoma cell lines, and increased copy number of the Epo and EpoR loci occurred in 30 and 24.6% of 130 primary melanomas, respectively. EpoR knockdown in melanoma cells resulted in diminished ERK phosphorylation in response to Epo stimulation, decreased cell proliferation and increased response to the inhibitory effect of hypoxia and cisplatin in vitro. EpoR knockdown significantly decreased melanoma xenograft size and tumor invasion in vivo. On the contrary, constitutive activation of EpoR activated cell proliferation pathways in melanoma cells and resulted in increased cell proliferation and resistance to hypoxia and cisplatin treatment in vitro. EpoR activation resulted in significantly larger xenografts with increased tumor invasion of surrounding tissue in vivo. Daily administration of recombinant Epo fails to stimulate melanoma growth in vivo, but the treatment increased vascular size in the xenografts. Increased local recurrence after excision of the primary tumors was observed after Epo treatment. Epo induced angiogenesis in Matrigel plug assays, and neutralization of Epo secreted by melanoma cells results in decreased angiogenesis. These data support that EpoR is functional in melanoma and EpoR activation may promote melanoma progression, and suggest that Epo may stimulate angiogenesis and increase survival of melanoma cells under hypoxic condition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh M. Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gao Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boris C. Bastian
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Murat O. Arcasoy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pankaj Karande
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnology Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Anitha Pushparajan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geza Acs
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Women's Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chen W, Gu P, Jiang X, Ruan HB, Li C, Gao X. Protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit α (PP2Acα) maintains survival of committed erythroid cells in fetal liver erythropoiesis through the STAT5 pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2333-43. [PMID: 21514445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of programmed cell death is critical for the final maturation of red blood cells and depends largely on the anti-apoptotic effects of EpoR-STAT5-Bcl-x(L) signaling. As the major eukaryotic serine/threonine phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates multiple cellular processes, including apoptosis. However, whether PP2A plays a role in preventing erythroid cells from undergoing apoptosis remains to be elucidated. We conditionally inactivated the catalytic subunit α of PP2A (PP2Acα), which is the predominant form of PP2Ac, during early embryonic hematopoiesis. Loss of PP2Acα in hematopoietic cells perturbed definitive erythropoiesis characterized by fetal liver atrophy, reduced Ter119(+) cell number, abnormal expression patterns of molecular markers, less colony formation, and a reduction in definitive globin expression. Levels of erythropoiesis-promoting cytokines and initial seeding with hematopoietic progenitors remained unchanged in PP2Acα(TKO) fetal livers. We noted impaired expansion of the fetal erythroid compartment, which was associated with increased apoptosis of committed erythroid cells. Mechanistically, PP2Acα depletion markedly reduced Tyr(694) phosphorylation of STAT5 and expression of Bcl-x(L). Unexpectedly, PP2Acα-deficient embryos did not manifest any early embryonic vascular defects. Collectively, these data provide direct loss-of-function evidence demonstrating the importance of PP2Acα for the survival of committed erythroid cells during fetal liver erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Complex interactions in EML cell stimulation by stem cell factor and IL-3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4882-7. [PMID: 21383156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroid myeloid lymphoid (EML) cells are an established multipotent hematopoietic precursor cell line that can be maintained in medium including stem cell factor (SCF). EML cultures contain a heterogeneous mixture of cells, including a lineage-negative, CD34+ subset of cells that propagate rapidly in SCF and can clonally regenerate the mixed population. A second major subset of EML cells consists of lineage-negative. CD34- cells that can be propagated in IL-3 but grow slowly, if at all, in SCF, although they express the SCF receptor (c-kit). The response of these cells to IL-3 is stimulated synergistically by SCF, and we present evidence that both the synergy and the inhibition of c-kit responses may be mediated by direct interaction with IL-3 receptor. Further, the relative level of tyrosine phosphorylation of various substrates by either cytokine alone differs from that produced by the combination of the two cytokines, suggesting that cell signaling by the combination of the two cytokines differs from that produced by either alone.
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Combined Effects of Interleukin-7 and Stem Cell Factor Administration on Lymphopoiesis after Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Role of erythropoietin receptor signaling in parvovirus B19 replication in human erythroid progenitor cells. J Virol 2010; 84:12385-96. [PMID: 20861249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01229-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is highly restricted to human erythroid progenitor cells. Although previous studies have led to the theory that the basis of this tropism is receptor expression, this has been questioned by more recent observation. In the study reported here, we have investigated the basis of this tropism, and a potential role of erythropoietin (Epo) signaling, in erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) expanded ex vivo from CD34(+) hematopoietic cells in the absence of Epo (CD36(+)/Epo(-) EPCs). We show, first, that CD36(+)/Epo(-) EPCs do not support B19V replication, in spite of B19V entry, but Epo exposure either prior to infection or after virus entry enabled active B19V replication. Second, when Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) phosphorylation was inhibited using the inhibitor AG490, phosphorylation of the Epo receptor (EpoR) was also inhibited, and B19V replication in ex vivo-expanded erythroid progenitor cells exposed to Epo (CD36(+)/Epo(+) EPCs) was abolished. Third, expression of constitutively active EpoR in CD36(+)/Epo(-) EPCs led to efficient B19V replication. Finally, B19V replication in CD36(+)/Epo(+) EPCs required Epo, and the replication response was dose dependent. Our findings demonstrate that EpoR signaling is absolutely required for B19V replication in ex vivo-expanded erythroid progenitor cells after initial virus entry and at least partly accounts for the remarkable tropism of B19V infection for human erythroid progenitors.
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