1
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Ai JY, Liu CF, Zhang W, Rao GW. Current status of drugs targeting PDGF/PDGFR. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103989. [PMID: 38663580 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
As an important proangiogenic factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor PDGFR are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, fibrosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR pathway is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy. At present, a variety of PDGF/PDGFR targeted drugs with potential therapeutic effects have been developed, mainly including PDGF agonists, inhibitors targeting PDGFR and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTACs). This review clarifies the structure, biological function and disease correlation of PDGF and PDGFR, and it discusses the current status of PDGFR-targeted drugs, so as to provide a reference for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Ai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chen-Fu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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2
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Giugliano G, Gajo M, Marforio TD, Zerbetto F, Mattioli EJ, Calvaresi M. Identification of Potential Drug Targets of Calix[4]arene by Reverse Docking. Chemistry 2024:e202400871. [PMID: 38777795 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Calixarenes are displaying great potential for the development of new drug delivery systems, diagnostic imaging, biosensing devices and inhibitors of biological processes. In particular, calixarene derivatives are able to interact with many different enzymes and function as inhibitors. By screening of the potential drug target database (PDTD) with a reverse docking procedure, we identify and discuss a selection of 100 proteins that interact strongly with calix[4]arene. We also discover that leucine (23.5 %), isoleucine (11.3 %), phenylalanines (11.3 %) and valine (9.5 %) are the most frequent binding residues followed by hydrophobic cysteines and methionines and aromatic histidines, tyrosines and tryptophanes. Top binders are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors that already are targeted by commercial drugs, demonstrating the practical interest in calix[4]arene. Nuclear receptors, potassium channel, several carrier proteins, a variety of cancer-related proteins and viral proteins are prominent in the list. It is concluded that calix[4]arene, which is characterized by facile access, well-defined conformational characteristics, and ease of functionalization at both the lower and higher rims, could be a potential lead compound for the development of enzyme inhibitors and theranostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giugliano
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy E-Mail
| | - Margherita Gajo
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy E-Mail
| | - Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy E-Mail
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy E-Mail
| | - Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy E-Mail
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy E-Mail
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3
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Saibu OA, Hammed SO, Oladipo OO, Odunitan TT, Ajayi TM, Adejuyigbe AJ, Apanisile BT, Oyeneyin OE, Oluwafemi AT, Ayoola T, Olaoba OT, Alausa AO, Omoboyowa DA. Protein-protein interaction and interference of carcinogenesis by supramolecular modifications. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117211. [PMID: 36809721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential in normal biological processes, but they can become disrupted or imbalanced in cancer. Various technological advancements have led to an increase in the number of PPI inhibitors, which target hubs in cancer cell's protein networks. However, it remains difficult to develop PPI inhibitors with desired potency and specificity. Supramolecular chemistry has only lately become recognized as a promising method to modify protein activities. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the use of supramolecular modification approaches in cancer therapy. We make special note of efforts to apply supramolecular modifications, such as molecular tweezers, to targeting the nuclear export signal (NES), which can be used to attenuate signaling processes in carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using supramolecular approaches to targeting PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin A Saibu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, NorthRhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sodiq O Hammed
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oladapo O Oladipo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Tope T Odunitan
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope M Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Aderonke J Adejuyigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Boluwatife T Apanisile
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatoba E Oyeneyin
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Unit, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Adenrele T Oluwafemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Ayoola
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olamide T Olaoba
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Abdullahi O Alausa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Damilola A Omoboyowa
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
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4
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Van Holsbeeck K, Martins JC, Ballet S. Downsizing antibodies: Towards complementarity-determining region (CDR)-based peptide mimetics. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105563. [PMID: 34942468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies emerged as an important therapeutic drug class with remarkable specificity and binding affinity. Nonetheless, these heterotetrameric immunoglobulin proteins come with high manufacturing and therapeutic costs which can take extraordinary proportions, besides other limitations such as their limited in cellulo access imposed by their molecular size (ca. 150 kDa). These drawbacks stimulated the development of downsized functional antibody fragments (ca. 15-50 kDa), together with smaller synthetic peptides (ca. 1-3 kDa) derived from the antibodies' crucial complementarity-determining regions (CDR). Despite the general lack of success in the literal translation of CDR loops in peptide mimetics, rational structure-based and computational approaches have shown their potential for obtaining functional CDR-based peptide mimetics. In this review, we describe the efforts made in the development of antibody and nanobody paratope-derived peptide mimetics with particular focus on the used design strategies, in addition to highlighting the challenges associated with their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Holsbeeck
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; NMR and Structure Analysis Unit, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José C Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis Unit, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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Yildirim A, Karakurt S, Yilmaz M. Synthesized Two New Water‐Soluble Fluorescents Calix[4]arene 4‐sulfo‐1,8‐naphthalimide Derivatives Inhibit Proliferation of Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry Selcuk University 142075 Konya Turkey
| | - Serdar Karakurt
- Department of Biochemistry Selcuk University 142075 Konya Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry Selcuk University 142075 Konya Turkey
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6
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Cao W, Qin X, Wang Y, Dai Z, Dai X, Wang H, Xuan W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu T. A General Supramolecular Approach to Regulate Protein Functions by Cucurbit[7]uril and Unnatural Amino Acid Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Cao
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xuewen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Zhen Dai
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xianyin Dai
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yingming Zhang
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
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7
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Cao W, Qin X, Wang Y, Dai Z, Dai X, Wang H, Xuan W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu T. A General Supramolecular Approach to Regulate Protein Functions by Cucurbit[7]uril and Unnatural Amino Acid Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11196-11200. [PMID: 33580548 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of specific protein function is of great importance for both research and therapeutic development. Many small or large molecules have been developed to control specific protein function, but there is a lack of a universal approach to regulate the function of any given protein. We report a general host-guest molecular recognition approach involving modification of the protein functional surfaces with genetically encoded unnatural amino acids bearing guest side chains that can be specifically recognized by cucurbit[7]uril. Using two enzymes and a cytokine as models, we showed that the activity of proteins bearing unnatural amino acid could be turned off by host molecule binding, which blocked its functional binding surface. Protein activity can be switched back by treatment with a competitive guest molecule. Our approach provides a general tool for reversibly regulating protein function through molecular recognition and can be expected to be valuable for studying protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Cao
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuewen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhen Dai
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xianyin Dai
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yingming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
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8
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Synthesis and Glycosidase Inhibition Properties of Calix[8]arene-Based Iminosugar Click Clusters. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110366. [PMID: 33167387 PMCID: PMC7694328 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 6- to 24-valent clusters was constructed with terminal deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) inhibitory heads through C6 or C9 linkers by way of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions between mono- or trivalent azido-armed iminosugars and calix[8]arene scaffolds differing in their valency and their rigidity but not in their size. The power of multivalency to upgrade the inhibition potency of the weak DNJ inhibitor (monovalent DNJ Ki being at 322 and 188 µM for C6 or C9 linkers, respectively) was evaluated on the model glycosidase Jack Bean α-mannosidase (JBα-man). Although for the clusters with the shorter C6 linker the rigidity of the scaffold was essential, these parameters had no influence for clusters with C9 chains: all of them showed rather good relative affinity enhancements per inhibitory epitopes between 70 and 160 highlighting the sound combination of the calix[8]arene core and the long alkyl arms. Preliminary docking studies were performed to get insights into the preferred binding modes.
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9
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of calix[4]arene-based carbonyl amide derivatives with antitumor activities. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112984. [PMID: 33183867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calixarenes, with potential functionalization on the upper and lower rim, have been explored in recent years for the design and construction of anticancer agents in the field of drugs and pharmaceuticals. Herein, optimization of bis [N-(2-hydroxyethyl) aminocarbonylmethoxyl substituted calix [4] arene (CLX-4) using structure-based drug design and traditional medicinal chemistry led to the discovery of series of calix [4]arene carbonyl amide derivatives 5a-5t. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 5a-5t employing MTT assay in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cells), HT29 (human colon carcinoma cells), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma cells), A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cells) and HUVEC (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial) cells demonstrated that the most promising compound 5h displayed the most superior inhibitory effect against A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, which were 3.2 times and 6.8 times of CLX-4, respectively. In addition, the cell inhibition rate (at 10 μM) against normal HUVEC cells in vitro was only 9.6%, indicating the safty of compound 5h. Moreover, compound 5h could inhibit the migration of MDA-MB-231 cell in wound healing assay. Further mechanism studies significantly indicated that compound 5h could block MDA-MB-231 cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase by down regulating cyclin D1 and CDK4, and induce apoptosis by up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Caspase-3, PARP and Bcl-2 proteins, resulting in the reduction of DNA synthesis and cell division arrest. This work provides worthy of further exploration for the promising calixarene-based anticancer drugs.
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10
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Baldini L, Casnati A, Sansone F. Multivalent and Multifunctional Calixarenes in Bionanotechnology. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baldini
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a 43124 Parma Italy
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11
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Calix[4]API-s: fully functionalized calix[4]arene-based facial active pharmaceutical ingredients. Mol Divers 2020; 25:1247-1258. [PMID: 32006298 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review covers 25 fully functionalized facial calix[4]arene-based symmetrical and conical cyclic tetramers with significant (comparable to established therapeutic agents) anticancer and anti-infective activities. The main role of the calixarene scaffold in these calix[4]arene-based active pharmaceutical ingredients (calix[4]API-s) is to replicate embedded phenolic units in the cyclic tetramers. So, probably owing to the multivalency, facial, conical structures of calix[4]API-s and synergistic effect of their four replicated units, they can be considered as effective bioactive agents.
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12
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Hewitt SH, Wilson AJ. Generation of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries Using Hydrazone-Functionalized Surface Mimetics. European J Org Chem 2018; 2018:1872-1879. [PMID: 29780280 PMCID: PMC5947633 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) represents an approach, whereby traditional supramolecular scaffolds used for protein surface recognition might be exploited to achieve selective high affinity target recognition. Synthesis, in situ screening and amplification under selection pressure allows the generation of ligands, which bear different moieties capable of making multivalent non‐covalent interactions with target proteins. Generic tetracarboxyphenyl porphyrin scaffolds bearing four hydrazide moieties have been used to form dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) using aniline‐catalyzed reversible hydrazone exchange reactions, in 10 % DMSO, 5 mm NH4OAc, at pH 6.75. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to monitor library composition and establish conditions under which equilibria were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK
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13
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Abstract
A key challenge in chemical biology is to identify small molecule regulators for every single protein. However, protein surfaces are notoriously difficult to recognise with synthetic molecules, often having large flat surfaces that are poorly matched to traditional small molecules. In the surface mimetic approach, a supramolecular scaffold is used to project recognition groups in such a manner as to make multivalent non-covalent contacts over a large area of protein surface. Metal based supramolecular scaffolds offer unique advantages over conventional organic molecules for protein binding, including greater stereochemical and geometrical diversity conferred through the metal centre and the potential for direct assessment of binding properties and even visualisation in cells without recourse to further functionalisation. This feature article will highlight the current state of the art in protein surface recognition using metal complexes as surface mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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14
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van Dun S, Ottmann C, Milroy LG, Brunsveld L. Supramolecular Chemistry Targeting Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13960-13968. [PMID: 28926241 PMCID: PMC5639466 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The specific recognition of protein surface elements is a fundamental challenge in the life sciences. New developments in this field will form the basis of advanced therapeutic approaches and lead to applications such as sensors, affinity tags, immobilization techniques, and protein-based materials. Synthetic supramolecular molecules and materials are creating new opportunities for protein recognition that are orthogonal to classical small molecule and protein-based approaches. As outlined here, their unique molecular features enable the recognition of amino acids, peptides, and even whole protein surfaces, which can be applied to the modulation and assembly of proteins. We believe that structural insights into these processes are of great value for the further development of this field and have therefore focused this Perspective on contributions that provide such structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam van Dun
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Hanold LE, Fulton MD, Kennedy EJ. Targeting kinase signaling pathways with constrained peptide scaffolds. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 173:159-170. [PMID: 28185915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kinases are amongst the largest families in the human proteome and serve as critical mediators of a myriad of cell signaling pathways. Since altered kinase activity is implicated in a variety of pathological diseases, kinases have become a prominent class of proteins for targeted inhibition. Although numerous small molecule and antibody-based inhibitors have already received clinical approval, several challenges may still exist with these strategies including resistance, target selection, inhibitor potency and in vivo activity profiles. Constrained peptide inhibitors have emerged as an alternative strategy for kinase inhibition. Distinct from small molecule inhibitors, peptides can provide a large binding surface area that allows them to bind shallow protein surfaces rather than defined pockets within the target protein structure. By including chemical constraints within the peptide sequence, additional benefits can be bestowed onto the peptide scaffold such as improved target affinity and target selectivity, cell permeability and proteolytic resistance. In this review, we highlight examples of diverse chemistries that are being employed to constrain kinase-targeting peptide scaffolds and highlight their application to modulate kinase signaling as well as their potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Hanold
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Melody D Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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Hewitt SH, Filby MH, Hayes E, Kuhn LT, Kalverda AP, Webb ME, Wilson AJ. Protein Surface Mimetics: Understanding How Ruthenium Tris(Bipyridines) Interact with Proteins. Chembiochem 2016; 18:223-231. [PMID: 27860106 PMCID: PMC5347857 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein surface mimetics achieve high-affinity binding by exploiting a scaffold to project binding groups over a large area of solvent-exposed protein surface to make multiple cooperative noncovalent interactions. Such recognition is a prerequisite for competitive/orthosteric inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). This paper describes biophysical and structural studies on ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) surface mimetics that recognize cytochrome (cyt) c and inhibit the cyt c/cyt c peroxidase (CCP) PPI. Binding is electrostatically driven, with enhanced affinity achieved through enthalpic contributions thought to arise from the ability of the surface mimetics to make a greater number of noncovalent interactions than CCP with surface-exposed basic residues on cyt c. High-field natural abundance 1 H,15 N HSQC NMR experiments are consistent with surface mimetics binding to cyt c in similar manner to CCP. This provides a framework for understanding recognition of proteins by supramolecular receptors and informing the design of ligands superior to the protein partners upon which they are inspired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Maria H Filby
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ed Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lars T Kuhn
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Arnout P Kalverda
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael E Webb
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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An L, Han LL, Zheng YG, Peng XN, Xue YS, Gu XK, Sun J, Yan CG. Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure and anti-tumor activity of calix[n]arene polyhydroxyamine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Calixdrugs: calixarene-based clusters of established therapeutic drug agents. Mol Divers 2016; 20:781-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Tommasone S, Talotta C, Gaeta C, Margarucci L, Monti MC, Casapullo A, Macchi B, Prete SP, Ladeira De Araujo A, Neri P. Biomolecular Fishing for Calixarene Partners by a Chemoproteomic Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15405-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tommasone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno, Italy)
| | - Carmen Talotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno, Italy)
| | - Carmine Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno, Italy)
| | - Luigi Margarucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno, Italy)
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno, Italy)
| | - Agostino Casapullo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno, Italy)
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Roma (Italy)
| | - Salvatore Pasquale Prete
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Roma (Italy)
| | - Adriana Ladeira De Araujo
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (Brasil)
| | - Placido Neri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno, Italy)
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20
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Tommasone S, Talotta C, Gaeta C, Margarucci L, Monti MC, Casapullo A, Macchi B, Prete SP, Ladeira De Araujo A, Neri P. Biomolecular Fishing for Calixarene Partners by a Chemoproteomic Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Giuliani M, Morbioli I, Sansone F, Casnati A. Moulding calixarenes for biomacromolecule targeting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14140-59. [PMID: 26286064 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After their successful use as a preorganized platform for the preparation of receptors for metal ions and small neutral molecules over the last 15 years, calixarenes are enjoying a renaissance of popularity as scaffolds for ligands that are able to efficiently and selectively target macromolecules such as proteins/enzymes, nucleic acids and lipids. This feature article summarizes the peculiar factors characterizing the calixarene structure and properties, as well as outlines the main rules that can be used to turn such macrocycles into efficient and successful ligands for these classes of biomacromolecules. Factors that affect the multivalent properties of calixarenes, such as the size, conformation and stereochemical presentation of binding groups or their amphiphilicity and hybrid character, are described in detail with the use of a few selected examples from the literature. Perspectives and applications of these ligands in bionanotechnology and nanomedicine, such as protein sensing and inhibition, gene-delivery, targeted drug-delivery and cell imaging, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giuliani
- Dip. to di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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22
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Flaherty KT, Hamilton BK, Rosen MA, Amaravadi RK, Schuchter LM, Gallagher M, Chen H, Sehgal C, O'Dwyer PJ. Phase I/II Trial of Imatinib and Bevacizumab in Patients With Advanced Melanoma and Other Advanced Cancers. Oncologist 2015; 20:952-9. [PMID: 26084808 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor signaling in the tumor microenvironment appear to cooperate in promoting tumor angiogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a phase I trial combining bevacizumab (i.v. every 2 weeks) and imatinib (oral daily). Once a recommended phase II dose combination was established, a phase II trial was initiated in patients with metastatic melanoma. A Simon 2-stage design was used with 23 patients required in the first stage and 41 patients in total should the criteria to proceed be met. We required that 50% of the patients be progression-free at 16 weeks. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and power Doppler ultrasonography were performed in patients with metastatic tumors amenable to imaging with these methods at baseline and after 4 weeks. RESULTS A total of 17 patients were accrued to 4 dose and combination levels. Bevacizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks could be safely combined with imatinib 800 mg daily. Common toxicities included fatigue, nausea, vomiting, edema, proteinuria, and anemia, but were not commonly severe. A total of 23 patients with metastatic melanoma (48% with American Joint Commission on Cancer stage M1c; median age, 63 years) were enrolled in the first stage of phase II. The 16-week progression-free survival rate was 35%, leading to termination of phase II after the first stage. In the small subset of patients who remained on study with lesions evaluable by DCE-MRI, significant decreases in tumor vascular permeability were noted, despite early disease progression using the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors. CONCLUSION Bevacizumab and imatinib can be safely combined at the maximum doses used for each agent. We did not observe significant clinical activity with this regimen in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Flaherty
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Betty K Hamilton
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A Rosen
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryann Gallagher
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen Chen
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chandra Sehgal
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J O'Dwyer
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Therapeutics Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kubota R, Hamachi I. Protein recognition using synthetic small-molecular binders toward optical protein sensing in vitro and in live cells. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4454-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the recognition and sensing techniques of proteins and their building blocks by use of small synthetic binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Kubota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Katsura
- Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Katsura
- Japan
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24
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Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) are major regulatory proteins that can govern cell fate, migration, and organization. Numerous aspects of the cell milieu can modulate cell responses to GFs, and GF regulation is often achieved by the native extracellular matrix (ECM). For example, the ECM can sequester GFs and thereby control GF bioavailability. In addition, GFs can exert distinct effects depending on whether they are sequestered in solution, at two-dimensional interfaces, or within three-dimensional matrices. Understanding how the context of GF sequestering impacts cell function in the native ECM can instruct the design of soluble or insoluble GF sequestering moieties, which can then be used in a variety of bioengineering applications. This Feature Article provides an overview of the natural mechanisms of GF sequestering in the cell milieu, and reviews the recent bioengineering approaches that have sequestered GFs to modulate cell function. Results to date demonstrate that the cell response to GF sequestering depends on the affinity of the sequestering interaction, the spatial proximity of sequestering in relation to cells, the source of the GF (supplemented or endogenous), and the phase of the sequestering moiety (soluble or insoluble). We highlight the importance of context for the future design of biomaterials that can leverage endogenous molecules in the cell milieu and mitigate the need for supplemented factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Belair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Ngoc Nhi Le
- Department of Material Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Material Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
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25
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Rescifina A, Zagni C, Mineo PG, Giofrè SV, Chiacchio U, Tommasone S, Talotta C, Gaeta C, Neri P. DNA Recognition with Polycyclic-Aromatic-Hydrocarbon-Presenting Calixarene Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Nasuhi Pur F, Dilmaghani KA. Calixplatin: novel potential anticancer agent based on the platinum complex with functionalized calixarene. J COORD CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.890718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Nasuhi Pur
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Health Technology Incubator Center, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
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27
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Guan JY, Foerster JM, Drijfhout JW, Timmer M, Blok A, Ullmann GM, Ubbink M. An Ensemble of Rapidly Interconverting Orientations in Electrostatic Protein-Peptide Complexes Characterized by NMR Spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2014; 15:556-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Abstract
The present review summarizes recently developed calixarene derivatives for protein surface recognition which are able to identify, inhibit, and separate specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zadmard
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Research Center of Iran
- , Iran
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30
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Maxwell DS, Sun D, Peng Z, Martin DV, Bhanu Prasad BA, Bornmann WG. Synthesis of a Macrocycle Based on Linked Amino Acid Mimetics (LAAM). Tetrahedron Lett 2013; 54:5799-5801. [PMID: 25110365 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a macrocycle utilizing a novel framework of standard amino acids in combination with subunits that we have named as Linked Amino Acid Mimetics (LAAM's). Macrocycles based on the LAAM concept provide both a peptide targeting region and two independently variable functional regions. In the prototype structure, the commonly known Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence was used for the targeting region. The functional regions contain a phenyl group, and the linkage was formed via a Ring-Closing Metathesis (RCM) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Maxwell
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Duoli Sun
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Zhenghong Peng
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Diana V Martin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Basvoju A Bhanu Prasad
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - William G Bornmann
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
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Mignani S, El Kazzouli S, Bousmina MM, Majoral JP. Dendrimer Space Exploration: An Assessment of Dendrimers/Dendritic Scaffolding as Inhibitors of Protein–Protein Interactions, a Potential New Area of Pharmaceutical Development. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1327-42. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400362r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Mignani
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de
Biochimie Pharmacologiques
et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fez, Fès-Shore, Route de Sidi harazem, Fès, Morocco
| | - Mosto M. Bousmina
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fez, Fès-Shore, Route de Sidi harazem, Fès, Morocco
- Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology, Avenue Mohammed
VI, 10222 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Geraci C, Consoli GML, Granata G, Galante E, Palmigiano A, Pappalardo M, Di Puma SD, Spadaro A. First Self-Adjuvant Multicomponent Potential Vaccine Candidates by Tethering of Four or Eight MUC1 Antigenic Immunodominant PDTRP Units on a Calixarene Platform: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1710-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400242y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corrada Geraci
- CNR Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia M. L. Consoli
- CNR Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Granata
- CNR Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale A.
Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Eva Galante
- CNR Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Angelo Palmigiano
- CNR Istituto per la Chimica e la Tecnologia dei Polimeri, Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Pappalardo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale A.
Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore D. Di Puma
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale A.
Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angelo Spadaro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale A.
Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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Pelizzaro-Rocha KJ, de Jesus MB, Ruela-de-Sousa RR, Nakamura CV, Reis FS, de Fátima A, Ferreira-Halder CV. Calix[6]arene bypasses human pancreatic cancer aggressiveness: downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases and induction of cell death by reticulum stress and autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2856-2865. [PMID: 23872419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer ranks fourth among cancer-related causes of death in North America. Minimal progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with late-stage tumors. Moreover, pancreatic cancer aggressiveness is closely related to high levels of pro-survival mediators, which can ultimately lead to rapid disease progression, resistance and metastasis. The main goal of this study was to define the mechanisms by which calix[6]arene, but not other calixarenes, efficiently decreases the aggressiveness of a drug resistant human pancreas carcinoma cell line (Panc-1). Calix[6]arene was more potent in reducing Panc-1 cell viability than gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil. In relation to the underlying mechanisms of cytotoxic effects, it led to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase through downregulation of PIM1, CDK2, CDK4 and retinoblastoma proteins. Importantly, calix[6]arene abolished signal transduction of Mer and AXL tyrosine kinase receptors, both of which are usually overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. Accordingly, inhibition of PI3K and mTOR was also observed, and these proteins are positively modulated by Mer and AXL. Despite decreasing the phosphorylation of AKT at Thr308, calix[6]arene caused an increase in phosphorylation at Ser473. These findings in conjunction with increased BiP and IRE1-α provide a molecular basis explaining the capacity of calix[6]arene to trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagic cell death. Our findings highlight calix[6]arene as a potential candidate for overcoming pancreatic cancer aggressiveness. Importantly, we provide evidence that calix[6]arene affects a broad array of key targets that are usually dysfunctional in pancreatic cancer, a highly desirable characteristic for chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Souza Reis
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angelo de Fátima
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Wilson AJ, Ault JR, Filby MH, Philips HIA, Ashcroft AE, Fletcher NC. Protein destabilisation by ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridine based protein-surface mimetics. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2206-12. [PMID: 23411505 PMCID: PMC3731202 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob26251k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly functionalised ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridine receptor 1 which acts as a selective sensor for equine cytochrome c (cyt c) is shown to destabilise the native protein conformation by around 25 °C. Receptors 2 and 3 do not exert this effect confirming the behaviour is a specific effect of molecular recognition between 1 and cyt c, whilst the absence of a destabilising effect on 60% acetylated cyt c demonstrates the behaviour of 1 to be protein specific. Molecular recognition also modifies the conformational properties of the target protein at room temperature as evidenced by ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS) and accelerated trypsin proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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36
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Thompson S, Wilson AJ, Battersby AR. In celebration of the 60th birthday of Professor Andrew D. Hamilton FRS. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6236-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob90109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Verstraete K, Savvides SN. Extracellular assembly and activation principles of oncogenic class III receptor tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:753-66. [PMID: 23076159 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signalling cascades initiated by class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK-IIIs) and their cytokine ligands contribute to haematopoiesis and mesenchymal tissue development. They are also implicated in a wide range of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Recent snapshots of RTK-III ectodomains in complex with cognate cytokines have revealed timely insights into the structural determinants of RTK-III activation, evolution and pathology. Importantly, candidate 'driver' and 'passenger' mutations that have been identified in RTK-IIIs can now be collectively mapped for the first time to structural scaffolds of the corresponding RTK-III ectodomains. Such insights will generate a renewed interest in dissecting the mechanistic effects of such mutations and their therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Fülöp L, Mándity IM, Juhász G, Szegedi V, Hetényi A, Wéber E, Bozsó Z, Simon D, Benkő M, Király Z, Martinek TA. A foldamer-dendrimer conjugate neutralizes synaptotoxic β-amyloid oligomers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39485. [PMID: 22859942 PMCID: PMC3408453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Unnatural self-organizing biomimetic polymers (foldamers) emerged as promising materials for biomolecule recognition and inhibition. Our goal was to construct multivalent foldamer-dendrimer conjugates which wrap the synaptotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers with high affinity through their helical foldamer tentacles. Oligomeric Aβ species play pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease, therefore recognition and direct inhibition of this undruggable target is a great current challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS Short helical β-peptide foldamers with designed secondary structures and side chain chemistry patterns were applied as potential recognition segments and their binding to the target was tested with NMR methods (saturation transfer difference and transferred-nuclear Overhauser effect). Helices exhibiting binding in the µM region were coupled to a tetravalent G0-PAMAM dendrimer. In vitro biophysical (isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and size-exclusion chromatography) and biochemical tests (ELISA and dot blot) indicated the tight binding between the foldamer conjugates and the Aβ oligomers. Moreover, a selective low nM interaction with the low molecular weight fraction of the Aβ oligomers was found. Ex vivo electrophysiological experiments revealed that the new material rescues the long-term potentiation from the toxic Aβ oligomers in mouse hippocampal slices at submicromolar concentration. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the foldamer methodology, the fragment-based approach and the multivalent design offers a pathway to unnatural protein mimetics that are capable of specific molecular recognition, and has already resulted in an inhibitor for an extremely difficult target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Fülöp
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István M. Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktor Szegedi
- Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research – BAYGEN, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Edit Wéber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bozsó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Simon
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Benkő
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Király
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás A. Martinek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Binding and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) of Ruthenium(II)-Bipyridine-Calixarene System with Proteins—Experimental and Docking Studies. J Fluoresc 2012; 22:1345-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-012-1074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Therapeutic development in targeting protein-protein interactions with synthetic topological mimetics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:403-7. [PMID: 22578832 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions lie at the heart of cellular signaling pathways and the deregulation of which has frequently led to diseases. In contrast to inhibitors that bind to distinctive enzyme active sites, molecules targeting protein surface topologies have been underexploited in drug development. The challenges in developing protein surface antagonists or agonists originate from the relatively large and flat surface areas that lack well-defined cavities required for sufficient binding affinity. In the past decade, our understanding of protein recognition has served as solid basis for the design of synthetic mimetics to modulate these protein-protein interactions. Herein, we summarize recent successes in the development of synthetic α-helix mimetics, proteomimetics, and biologics with the therapeutic potentials of inhibiting tumorgenesis or cancer-related viral infections.
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Battle CH, Jayawickramarajah J. Supramolecular Approaches for Inhibition of Protein-Protein and Protein-DNA Interactions. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Tsou LK, Chen CH, Dutschman GE, Cheng YC, Hamilton AD. Blocking HIV-1 entry by a gp120 surface binding inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3358-61. [PMID: 22487177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the mode of action of a proteomimetic compound that binds to the exterior surface of gp120 and blocks HIV-1 entry into cells. Using a one cycle time-of-addition study and antibody competition binding studies, we have determined that the compound blocks HIV-1 entry through modulation of key protein-protein interactions mediated by gp120. The compound exhibits anti-HIV-1 replication activities against several pseudotype viruses derived from primary isolates and the resistant strains isolated from existing drug candidates with equal potency. Together, these data provide evidence that the proteomimetic compound represents a novel class of HIV-1 viral entry inhibitor that functions through protein surface recognition in analogy to an antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun K Tsou
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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Oshima T, Muto H, Baba Y. Dominant structural factors for complexation and denaturation of proteins using carboxylic acid receptors. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 710:102-10. [PMID: 22123118 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Complexation accompanied by denaturation of protein with synthetic carboxylic acid receptors was investigated, to evaluate the key factors for recognition of proteins. The synthetic receptors used were tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) derivatives and receptors bearing multiple (2-8) carboxylic acid groups. The complexation behavior was quantified from the absorption in the far UV CD spectrum attributed to the secondary structure of the protein. TPP derivatives bearing multiple carboxylic acid groups in the side chains exhibited higher affinity than other receptors that were smaller and had fewer carboxylic acid groups. As the degree of complexation was influenced by the pH and ionic strength in aqueous solution, electrostatic interaction was one of the most important factors for the recognition of proteins. Complexation was also estimated by observation of fluorescence quenching of the TPP derivatives. The stoichiometry of the complexes between lysozyme and the porphyrins was investigated by quantitative analysis of the denaturation using CD spectra. From the results of Job plots and slope analysis for the amount of denatured protein, formation of 1:1 complexes was confirmed. The equilibrium association constants (K(ass)) for lysozyme and the TPP receptors ranged from 0.6×10(6) to 1.1×10(6)M(-1). The lytic activity of lysozyme was partially lost in the presence of anionic TPP derivatives, due to complexation and denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Oshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Nishi, Miyazaki, Japan.
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Redshaw C, Elsegood MRJ, Wright JA, Baillie-Johnson H, Yamato T, Giovanni SD, Mueller A. Cellular uptake of a fluorescent vanadyl sulfonylcalix[4]arene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1129-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oshima T, Baba Y. Recognition of exterior protein surfaces using artificial ligands based on calixarenes, crown ethers, and tetraphenylporphyrins. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-011-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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46
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Invasiveness and anchorage independent growth ability augmented by PTEN inactivation through the PI3K/AKT/NFkB pathway in lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer 2011; 73:302-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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47
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Drewry JA, Gunning PT. Recent advances in biosensory and medicinal therapeutic applications of zinc(II) and copper(II) coordination complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Filby MH, Muldoon J, Dabb S, Fletcher NC, Ashcroft AE, Wilson AJ. Protein surface recognition using geometrically pure Ru(II) tris(bipyridine) derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:559-61. [PMID: 21103575 PMCID: PMC3172587 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04754f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript illustrates that the geometric arrangement of protein-binding groups around a ruthenium(II) core leads to dramatic differences in cytochrome c (cyt c) binding highlighting that it is possible to define synthetic receptors with shape complementarity to protein surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H. Filby
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. ; Fax: +44 (0)113 3436565; Tel: +44 (0)113 3431409
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James Muldoon
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. ; Fax: +44 (0)113 3436565; Tel: +44 (0)113 3431409
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Serin Dabb
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Nicholas C. Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Alison E. Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. ; Fax: +44 (0)113 3436565; Tel: +44 (0)113 3431409
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions and Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 317:145-79. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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50
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Combinatorial protein recognition as an alternative approach to antibody-mimetics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:705-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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