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Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:1802-1824. [PMID: 38943315 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis requires ≥10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells or a biopsy proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of one or more multiple myeloma defining events (MDE): CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, or lytic bone lesions) attributable to the plasma cell disorder, bone marrow clonal plasmacytosis ≥60%, serum involved/uninvolved free light chain (FLC) ratio ≥100 (provided involved FLC is ≥100 mg/L and urine monoclonal protein is ≥200 mg/24 h), or >1 focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. RISK STRATIFICATION The presence of del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), gain 1q, del 1p, or p53 mutation is considered high-risk multiple myeloma. Presence of any two high risk factors is considered double-hit myeloma; three or more high risk factors is triple-hit myeloma. RISK-ADAPTED INITIAL THERAPY In patients who are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation, induction therapy consists of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody plus bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (VRd) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Selected standard risk patients can delay transplant until first relapse. Frail patients who not candidates for transplant are treated with VRd for approximately 8-12 cycles followed by maintenance or alternatively with daratumumab, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (DRd) until progression. MAINTENANCE THERAPY Standard risk patients need lenalidomide maintenance, while bortezomib plus lenalidomide maintenance is needed for high-risk myeloma. MANAGEMENT OF RELAPSED DISEASE A triplet regimen is usually needed at relapse, with the choice of regimen varying with each successive relapse. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy and bispecific antibodies are additional options.
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2
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Chen C, Tang F, Zhu M, Wang C, Zhou H, Zhang C, Feng Y. Role of inflammatory mediators in intracranial aneurysms: A review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 242:108329. [PMID: 38781806 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The formation, growth, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) involve hemodynamics, blood pressure, external stimuli, and a series of hormonal changes. In addition, inflammatory response causes the release of a series of inflammatory mediators, such as IL, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MMPs, which directly or indirectly promote the development process of IA. However, the specific role of these inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiological process of IA remains unclear. Recently, several anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, hormone-regulating drugs have been found to have a potentially protective effect on reducing IA formation and rupture in the population. These therapeutic mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, but we can look for potential therapeutic targets that may interfere with the formation and breakdown of IA by studying the relevant inflammatory response and the mechanism of IA formation and rupture involved in inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Fengjiao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Chonghui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China
| | - Yugong Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao city, China.
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3
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Nutt MJ, Stewart SG. Strengthening Molecular Glues: Design Strategies for Improving Thalidomide Analogs as Cereblon Effectors and Anticancer Agents. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104010. [PMID: 38704021 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
In the two decades since a novel thalidomide analog was last approved, many promising drug candidates have emerged with remarkable potency as targeted protein degraders. Likewise, the advent of PROTACs for suppressing 'undruggable' protein targets reinforces the need for new analogs with improved cereblon affinity, target selectivity and drug-like properties. However, thalidomide and its approved derivatives remain plagued by several shortcomings, such as structural instability and poor solubility. Herein, we present a review of strategies for mitigating these shortcomings and highlight contemporary drug discovery approaches that have generated novel thalidomide analogs with enhanced efficacy as cereblon effectors and/or anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Nutt
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley 6009, Australia.
| | - Scott G Stewart
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley 6009, Australia.
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4
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Liu N, Xie Z, Li H, Wang L. The numerous facets of 1q21 + in multiple myeloma: Pathogenesis, clinicopathological features, prognosis and clinical progress (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 27:258. [PMID: 38646497 PMCID: PMC11027100 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm characterized by the clonal proliferation of abnormal plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow and recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities. The incidence of MM worldwide is on the rise. 1q21+ has been found in ~30-40% of newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) patients.1q21+ is associated with the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease progression and drug resistance in MM. In the present review, the pathogenesis and clinicopathological features of MM patients with 1q21+ were studied, the key data of 1q21+ on the prognosis of MM patients were summarized, and the clinical treatment significance of MM patients with 1q21+ was clarified, in order to provide reference for clinicians to develop treatment strategies targeting 1q21+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhanzhi Xie
- Sanofi China Investment Co., Ltd. Shanghai Branch, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Luqun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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5
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Rengel BD, Schuler-Faccini L, Fraga LR, Vianna FSL, Kowalski TW. Possible New Candidates Involved to Thalidomide-Related Limbs and Cardiac Defects: A Systems Biology Approach. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10790-w. [PMID: 38689186 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Thalidomide is a known teratogen that causes malformations especially in heart and limbs. Its mechanism of teratogenicity is still not fully elucidated. Recently, a new target of thalidomide was described, TBX5, and was observed a new interaction between HAND2 and TBX5 that is disrupted in the presence of thalidomide. Therefore, our study aimed to raise potential candidates for thalidomide teratogenesis, through systems biology, evaluating HAND2 and TBX5 interaction and heart and limbs malformations of thalidomide. Genes and proteins related to TBX5 and HAND2 were selected through TF2DNA, REACTOME, Human Phenotype Ontology, and InterPro databases. Networks were assembled using STRING © database. Network analysis were performed in Cytoscape © and R v3.6.2. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis was performed through gene expression omnibus. We constructed a network for HAND2 and TBX5 interaction; a network for heart and limbs malformations of TE; and the two joined networks. We observed that EP300 protein seemed to be important in all networks. We also looked for proteins containing C2H2 domain in the assembled networks. ZIC3, GLI1, GLI3, ZNF148, and PRDM16 were the ones present in both heart and limbs malformations of TE networks. Furthermore, in the DGE analysis after treatment with thalidomide, we observed that FANCB, ESCO2, and XRCC2 were downregulated and present both in heart and limbs networks. Through systems biology, we were able to point to different new proteins and genes, and selected specially EP300, which was important in all the analyzed networks, to be further evaluated in the TE teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Duarte Rengel
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brazilian Teratogen Information Service (SIAT), Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brazilian Teratogen Information Service (SIAT), Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rosa Fraga
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brazilian Teratogen Information Service (SIAT), Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Brazilian Teratogen Information Service (SIAT), Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Porto Alegre, CEP 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Brazilian Teratogen Information Service (SIAT), Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Porto Alegre, CEP 90035-903, Brazil.
- Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Hussain T, Metwally E, Murtaza G, Kalhoro DH, Chughtai MI, Tan B, Omur AD, Tunio SA, Akbar MS, Kalhoro MS. Redox mechanisms of environmental toxicants on male reproductive function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1333845. [PMID: 38469179 PMCID: PMC10925774 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1333845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and wildlife, including domesticated animals, are exposed to a myriad of environmental contaminants that are derived from various human activities, including agricultural, household, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial products. Excessive exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, and phthalates consequently causes the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The equilibrium between reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant system is preserved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular function and cell survival. Mitochondria are vulnerable to damage that can be provoked by environmental exposures. Once the mitochondrial metabolism is damaged, it interferes with energy metabolism and eventually causes the overproduction of free radicals. Furthermore, it also perceives inflammation signals to generate an inflammatory response, which is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms. A depleted antioxidant system provokes oxidative stress that triggers inflammation and regulates epigenetic function and apoptotic events. Apart from that, these chemicals influence steroidogenesis, deteriorate sperm quality, and damage male reproductive organs. It is strongly believed that redox signaling molecules are the key regulators that mediate reproductive toxicity. This review article aims to spotlight the redox toxicology of environmental chemicals on male reproduction function and its fertility prognosis. Furthermore, we shed light on the influence of redox signaling and metabolism in modulating the response of environmental toxins to reproductive function. Additionally, we emphasize the supporting evidence from diverse cellular and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Hussain
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Animal Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Elsayed Metwally
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dildar Hussain Kalhoro
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail Chughtai
- Animal Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ali Dogan Omur
- Department of Artificial Insemination, Faculty, Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Tunio
- Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Akbar
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Kalhoro
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Food and Agro-Industrial Research Centre, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Jiang W, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Qiao W, Yang T. Facilitating the development of molecular glues: Opportunities from serendipity and rational design. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115950. [PMID: 37984298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular glues can specifically induce interactions between two or more proteins to modulate biological functions and have been proven to be a powerful therapeutic modality in drug discovery. It plays a variety of vital roles in several biological processes, such as complex stabilization, interactome modulation and transporter inhibition, thus enabling challenging therapeutic targets to be druggable. Most known molecular glues were identified serendipitously, such as IMiDs, auxin, and rapamycin. In recent years, more rational strategies were explored with the development of chemical biology and a deep understanding of the interaction between molecular glues and proteins, which led to the rational discovery of several molecular glues. Thus, in this review, we aim to highlight the discovery strategies of molecular glues from three aspects: serendipitous discovery, screening methods and rational design principles. We expect that this review will provide a reasonable reference and insights for the discovery of molecular glues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Jiang
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunhan Jiang
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Lung Cancer Center, Laboratory of Lung Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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8
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Vargesson N, Hooper G, Giddins G, Hunter A, Stirling P, Lam W. Thalidomide upper limb embryopathy - pathogenesis, past and present management and future considerations. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2023; 48:699-709. [PMID: 37226469 PMCID: PMC10466950 DOI: 10.1177/17531934231177425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of thalidomide upper limb embryopathy including updates about its pathogenesis, a historical account of the management of the paediatric thalidomide patient, experience with management of the adult patient, as well as creating awareness about early onset age-related changes associated with limb differences. Despite its withdrawal from the market in November 1961, novel discoveries have meant thalidomide is licensed again and currently still in use to treat a variety of conditions, including inflammatory disorders and some cancers. Yet, if not used safely, thalidomide still has the potential to cause damage to the embryo. Recent work identifying thalidomide analogues that retain clinical benefits yet without the harmful effects are showing great promise. Understanding the problems thalidomide survivors face as they age can allow surgeons to support their unique healthcare issues and translate these principles of care to other congenital upper limb differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine Medical Sciences & Nutrition. Institute of Medical Sciences. University of Aberdeen. Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Alastair Hunter
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Paul Stirling
- Fife Hand Clinic, Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, UK
| | - Wee Lam
- Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Habeos GI, Filippopoulou F, Habeos EE, Kalaitzopoulou E, Skipitari M, Papadea P, Lagoumintzis G, Niarchos A, Georgiou CD, Chartoumpekis DV. Maternal Calorie Restriction Induces a Transcriptional Cytoprotective Response in Embryonic Liver Partially Dependent on Nrf2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2274. [PMID: 36421460 PMCID: PMC9687455 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calorie restriction is known to enhance Nrf2 signaling and longevity in adult mice, partially by reducing reactive oxygen species, but calorie restriction during pregnancy leads to intrauterine growth retardation. The latter is associated with fetal reprogramming leading to increased incidence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes in adult life. Transcription factor Nrf2 is a central regulator of the antioxidant response and its crosstalk with metabolic pathways is emerging. We hypothesized that the Nrf2 pathway is induced in embryos during calorie restriction in pregnant mothers. METHODS From gestational day 10 up to day 16, 50% of the necessary mouse diet was provided to Nrf2 heterozygous pregnant females with fathers being of the same genotype. Embryos were harvested at the end of gestational day 16 and fetal liver was used for qRT-PCR and assessment of oxidative stress (OS). RESULTS Intrauterine calorie restriction led to upregulation of mRNA expression of antioxidant genes (Nqo1, Gsta1, Gsta4) and of genes related to integrated stress response (Chac1, Ddit3) in WT embryos. The expression of a key gluconeogenic (G6pase) and two lipogenic genes (Acacb, Fasn) was repressed in calorie-restricted embryos. In Nrf2 knockout embryos, the induction of Nqo1 and Gsta1 genes was abrogated while that of Gsta4 was preserved, indicating an at least partially Nrf2-dependent induction of antioxidant genes after in utero calorie restriction. Measures of OS showed no difference (superoxide radical and malondialdehyde) or a small decrease (thiobarbituric reactive substances) in calorie-restricted WT embryos. CONCLUSIONS Calorie restriction during pregnancy elicits the transcriptional induction of cytoprotective/antioxidant genes in the fetal liver, which is at least partially Nrf2-dependent, with a physiological significance that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I. Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Fotini Filippopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Evagelia E. Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Electra Kalaitzopoulou
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Marianna Skipitari
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Papadea
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George Lagoumintzis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Niarchos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos D. Georgiou
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Mark PR, Dunwoodie SL. Viewing teratogens through the lens of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (
NAD
+). Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:1313-1323. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Mark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Spectrum Health Grand Rapids Michigan USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University Grand Rapids Michigan USA
| | - Sally L. Dunwoodie
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Division Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Science University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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11
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Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:1086-1107. [PMID: 35560063 PMCID: PMC9387011 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis requires ≥10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells or a biopsy-proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of one or more multiple myeloma defining events (MDE): CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, or lytic bone lesions) attributable to the plasma cell disorder, bone marrow clonal plasmacytosis ≥60%, serum involved/uninvolved free light chain (FLC) ratio ≥ 100 (provided involved FLC is ≥100 mg/L), or >1 focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. RISK STRATIFICATION The presence of del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), gain 1q, or p53 mutation is considered high-risk multiple myeloma. The presence of any two high risk factors is considered double-hit myeloma, and three or more high risk factors is triple-hit myeloma. RISK-ADAPTED INITIAL THERAPY In patients who are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation, induction therapy consists of bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (VRd) given for approximately 3-4 cycles followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). In high-risk patients, daratumumab, bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (Dara-VRd) is an alternative to VRd. Selected standard-risk patients can collect stem cells, get additional cycles of induction therapy, and delay transplant until first relapse. Patients who are not candidates for transplant are treated with VRd for approximately 8-12 cycles followed by maintenance or alternatively with daratumumab, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (DRd) until progression. MAINTENANCE THERAPY Standard-risk patients need lenalidomide maintenance, while bortezomib plus lenalidomide maintenance is needed for high-risk myeloma. MANAGEMENT OF RELAPSED DISEASE A triplet regimen is usually needed at relapse, with the choice of regimen varying with each successive relapse.
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12
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Yamamoto J, Ito T, Yamaguchi Y, Handa H. Discovery of CRBN as a target of thalidomide: a breakthrough for progress in the development of protein degraders. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6234-6250. [PMID: 35796627 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00116k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Progress in strategies aimed at breaking down therapeutic target proteins has led to a paradigm shift in drug discovery. Thalidomide and its derivatives are the only protein degraders currently used in clinical practice. Our understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of thalidomide and its derivatives has advanced dramatically since the identification of cereblon (CRBN) as their direct target. The binding of thalidomide derivatives to CRBN, a substrate recognition receptor for Cullin 4 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4), induces the recruitment of non-native substrates to CRL4CRBN and their subsequent degradation. This discovery was a breakthrough in the current rapid development of protein-degrading agents because clarification of the mechanism of action of thalidomide derivatives has demonstrated the clinical value of these compounds. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of action of thalidomide and its derivatives and describes perspectives for protein degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Yamamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takumi Ito
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamaguchi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Center for Future Medical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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Drula R, Iluta S, Gulei D, Iuga C, Dima D, Ghiaur G, Buzoianu AD, Ciechanover A, Tomuleasa C. Exploiting the ubiquitin system in myeloid malignancies. From basic research to drug discovery in MDS and AML. Blood Rev 2022; 56:100971. [PMID: 35595613 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the crucial homeostatic mechanism responsible for the degradation and turnover of proteins. As such, alterations at this level are often associated with oncogenic processes, either through accumulation of undegraded pathway effectors or, conversely, excessive degradation of tumor-suppressing factors. Therefore, investigation of the ubiquitin- proteasome system has gained much attraction in recent years, especially in the context of hematological malignancies, giving rise to efficient therapeutics such as bortezomib for multiple myeloma. Current investigations are now focused on manipulating protein degradation via fine-tuning of the ubiquitination process through inhibition of deubiquitinating enzymes or development of PROTAC systems for stimulation of ubiquitination and protein degradation. On the other hand, the efficiency of Thalidomide derivates in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), such as Lenalidomide, acted as the starting point for the development of targeted leukemia-associated protein degradation molecules. These novel molecules display high efficiency in overcoming the limitations of current therapeutic regimens, such as refractory diseases. Therefore, in this manuscript we will address the therapeutic opportunities and strategies based on the ubiquitin-proteasome system, ranging from the modulation of deubiquitinating enzymes and, conversely, describing the potential of modern targeted protein degrading molecules and their progress into clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rares Drula
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sabina Iluta
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Iuga
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
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14
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Mfarej MG, Skibbens RV. Genetically induced redox stress occurs in a yeast model for Roberts syndrome. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6460337. [PMID: 34897432 PMCID: PMC9210317 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a multispectrum developmental disorder characterized by severe limb, craniofacial, and organ abnormalities and often intellectual disabilities. The genetic basis of RBS is rooted in loss-of-function mutations in the essential N-acetyltransferase ESCO2 which is conserved from yeast (Eco1/Ctf7) to humans. ESCO2/Eco1 regulate many cellular processes that impact chromatin structure, chromosome transmission, gene expression, and repair of the genome. The etiology of RBS remains contentious with current models that include transcriptional dysregulation or mitotic failure. Here, we report evidence that supports an emerging model rooted in defective DNA damage responses. First, the results reveal that redox stress is elevated in both eco1 and cohesion factor Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant cells. Second, we provide evidence that Eco1 and cohesion factors are required for the repair of oxidative DNA damage such that ECO1 and cohesin gene mutations result in reduced cell viability and hyperactivation of DNA damage checkpoints that occur in response to oxidative stress. Moreover, we show that mutation of ECO1 is solely sufficient to induce endogenous redox stress and sensitizes mutant cells to exogenous genotoxic challenges. Remarkably, antioxidant treatment desensitizes eco1 mutant cells to a range of DNA damaging agents, raising the possibility that modulating the cellular redox state may represent an important avenue of treatment for RBS and tumors that bear ESCO2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Robert V Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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15
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Kuwagata M, Hasegawa T, Takashima H, Shimizu M, Kitajima S, Yamazaki H. Pharmacokinetics of primary metabolites 5-hydroxythalidomide and 5'-hydroxythalidomide formed after oral administration of thalidomide in the rabbit, a thalidomide-sensitive species. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:553-560. [PMID: 34853241 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The teratogenicity of the chemotherapeutic drug thalidomide is species-specific and affects humans, non-human primates, and rabbits. The primary oxidation of thalidomide in previously investigated rodents predominantly resulted in the formation of deactivated 5'-hydroxythalidomide. In the current study, similar in vivo biotransformations to 5-hydroxythalidomide and 5'-hydroxythalidomide were confirmed by the analysis of blood plasma from male rabbits, a thalidomide-sensitive species, after oral administration of thalidomide (2.0 mg/kg). Similar levels of thalidomide in seminal plasma and in blood plasma were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at 4 hr and 7 hr after oral doses in male rabbits. Seminal plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxythalidomide and 5'-hydroxythalidomide were also seen in male rabbits in a roughly similar time-dependent manner to those in the blood plasma after oral doses of thalidomide (2.0 mg/kg). Furthermore, the values generated by a simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic rabbit model were in agreement with the measured in vivo blood plasma data under metabolic ratios of 0.01 for the hepatic intrinsic clearance of thalidomide to both unconjugated 5-hydroxythalidomide and 5'-hydroxythalidomide. These results suggest that metabolic activation of thalidomide may be dependent on rabbit liver enzymes just it was for cytochrome P450 enzymes in humanized-liver mice; in contrast, rodent livers predominantly mediate biotransformation of thalidomide to 5'-hydroxythalidomide. A developmental toxicity test system with experimental animals that involves intravaginal exposures to the chemotherapeutic drug thalidomide via semen should be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kuwagata
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Satoshi Kitajima
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences
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16
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Piorczynski TB, Lapehn S, Ringer KP, Allen SA, Johnson GA, Call K, Lucas SM, Harris C, Hansen JM. NRF2 activation inhibits valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 89:107039. [PMID: 34737154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely prescribed medication that has traditionally been used to treat epilepsy, yet embryonic exposure to VPA increases the risk of the fetus developing neural tube defects (NTDs). While the mechanism by which VPA causes NTDs is unknown, we hypothesize that VPA causes dysmorphogenesis through the disruption of redox-sensitive signaling pathways that are critical for proper embryonic development, and that protection from the redox disruption may decrease the prevalence of NTDs. Time-bred CD-1 mice were treated with 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T), an inducer of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-a transcription factor that activates the intracellular antioxidant response to prevent redox disruptions. Embryos were then collected for whole embryo culture and subsequently treated with VPA in vitro. The glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) redox potential (Eh), a measure of the intracellular redox environment, was measured in the developing mouse embryos. Embryos treated with VPA exhibited a transiently oxidizing GSH/GSSG Eh, while those that received D3T pretreatment prior to VPA exposure showed no differences compared to controls. Moving to an in utero mouse model, time-bred C57BL/6 J dams were pretreated with or without D3T and then exposed to VPA, after which all embryos were collected for morphological analyses. The prevalence of open neural tubes in embryos treated with VPA significantly decreased with D3T pretreatment, as did the severity of the observed defects evaluated by a morphological assessment. These data show that NRF2 induction via D3T pretreatment protects against VPA-induced redox dysregulation and decreases the prevalence of NTDs in developing mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted B Piorczynski
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Samantha Lapehn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kelsey P Ringer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Spencer A Allen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Garett A Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Krista Call
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - S Marc Lucas
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Craig Harris
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason M Hansen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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17
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Vargesson N, Stephens T. Thalidomide: history, withdrawal, renaissance, and safety concerns. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:1455-1457. [PMID: 34623196 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1991307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Trent Stephens
- Idaho Dental Education Program and Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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18
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Prevention of Teratogenesis in Pregnancies of Obese Rats by Vitamin E Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081173. [PMID: 34439421 PMCID: PMC8389020 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital malformations are a common adverse outcome in pregnancies complicated by pregestational obesity, although the underlying mechanisms are still unrevealed. Our aim was to study the effect of oxidative stress in obesity-induced teratogenesis. Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet for 13 weeks, with (OE group) or without (O group) vitamin E supplementation. Then, rats were mated and sacrificed at day 11.5 of gestation. Embryos from O dams presented a 25.9 ± 3.5% rate of malformations (vs. 8.7 ± 3.4% in C rats), which was reduced in the OE group (11.5 ± 2.3%). Pregestational obesity induced hepatic protein and DNA oxidation and a decline in antioxidant enzymes. Importantly, glutathione content was also decreased, limiting the availability of this antioxidant in the embryos. Vitamin E supplementation efficiently maintained glutathione levels in the obese mothers, which could be used in their embryos to prevent oxidation-induced malformations. To test the effect of decreasing glutathione levels alone in a cell culture model of neuroepithelium, murine embryonic stem cells (ESC) were induced to form neuronal precursors and glutathione synthesis was inhibited with the gamma–glutamylcysteine synthesis inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). BSO inhibited the expression of Pax3, a gene required for neural tube closure that is also inhibited by oxidative stress. Taken together, our data indicate that obesity causes malformations through the depletion of maternal glutathione, thereby decreasing glutathione-dependent free radical scavenging in embryos, which can be prevented by vitamin E supplementation.
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19
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Meermeier EW, Welsh SJ, Sharik ME, Du MT, Garbitt VM, Riggs DL, Shi CX, Stein CK, Bergsagel M, Chau B, Wheeler ML, Bezman N, Wang F, Strop P, Leif Bergsagel P, Chesi M. Tumor burden limits bispecific antibody efficacy through T cell exhaustion averted by concurrent cytotoxic therapy. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:354-369. [PMID: 34258584 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BCMA-CD3-targeting bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are a recently developed immunotherapy class which shows potent tumor killing activity in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we investigated a murine BCMA-CD3-targeting BsAb in the immunocompetent Vk*MYC and its IMiD-sensitive derivative Vk*MYChCRBN models of MM. The BCMA-CD3 BsAb was safe and efficacious in a subset of mice, but failed in those with high-tumor burden, consistent with clinical reports of BsAb in leukemia. The combination of BCMA-CD3 BsAb with pomalidomide expanded lytic T cells and improved activity even in IMiD resistant high-tumor burden cases. Yet, survival was only marginally extended due to acute toxicity and T cell exhaustion, which impaired T cell persistence. In contrast, the combination with cyclophosphamide was safe and allowed for a tempered pro-inflammatory response associated with long-lasting complete remission. Concurrent cytotoxic therapy with BsAb actually improved T cell persistence and function, offering a promising approach to patients with a large tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Seth J Welsh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Meaghen E Sharik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Megan T Du
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Victoria M Garbitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Daniel L Riggs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Chang-Xin Shi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Caleb K Stein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Marco Bergsagel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Bryant Chau
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA, 94063
| | - Matthew L Wheeler
- Tumor Microenvironment Thematic Research Center, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA, 94063
| | - Natalie Bezman
- Tumor Microenvironment Thematic Research Center, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA, 94063
| | - Feng Wang
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA, 94063
| | - Pavel Strop
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA, 94063
| | - P Leif Bergsagel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
| | - Marta Chesi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259
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20
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Yamanaka S, Murai H, Saito D, Abe G, Tokunaga E, Iwasaki T, Takahashi H, Takeda H, Suzuki T, Shibata N, Tamura K, Sawasaki T. Thalidomide and its metabolite 5-hydroxythalidomide induce teratogenicity via the cereblon neosubstrate PLZF. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105375. [PMID: 33470442 PMCID: PMC7883055 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide causes teratogenic effects by inducing protein degradation via cereblon (CRBN)-containing ubiquitin ligase and modification of its substrate specificity. Human P450 cytochromes convert thalidomide into two monohydroxylated metabolites that are considered to contribute to thalidomide effects, through mechanisms that remain unclear. Here, we report that promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger (PLZF)/ZBTB16 is a CRBN target protein whose degradation is involved in thalidomide- and 5-hydroxythalidomide-induced teratogenicity. Using a human transcription factor protein array produced in a wheat cell-free protein synthesis system, PLZF was identified as a thalidomide-dependent CRBN substrate. PLZF is degraded by the ubiquitin ligase CRL4CRBN in complex with thalidomide, its derivatives or 5-hydroxythalidomide in a manner dependent on the conserved first and third zinc finger domains of PLZF. Surprisingly, thalidomide and 5-hydroxythalidomide confer distinctly different substrate specificities to mouse and chicken CRBN, and both compounds cause teratogenic phenotypes in chicken embryos. Consistently, knockdown of Plzf induces short bone formation in chicken limbs. Most importantly, degradation of PLZF protein, but not of the known thalidomide-dependent CRBN substrate SALL4, was induced by thalidomide or 5-hydroxythalidomide treatment in chicken embryos. Furthermore, PLZF overexpression partially rescued the thalidomide-induced phenotypes. Our findings implicate PLZF as an important thalidomide-induced CRBN neosubstrate involved in thalidomide teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamanaka
- Division of Cell‐Free SciencesProteo‐Science CenterEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Hidetaka Murai
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life SciencesGraduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life SciencesGraduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Present address:
Department of BiologyFaculty of SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life SciencesGraduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyNagoyaJapan
| | - Takahiro Iwasaki
- Division of Proteo‐Drug‐Discovery SciencesProteo‐Science CenterEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Division of Cell‐Free SciencesProteo‐Science CenterEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Division of Proteo‐Drug‐Discovery SciencesProteo‐Science CenterEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Avian Bioscience Research CenterGraduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyNagoyaJapan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life SciencesGraduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Division of Cell‐Free SciencesProteo‐Science CenterEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
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21
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Kesserwani H. Death and Rebirth of the Thalidomide Molecule: A Case of Thalidomide-Induced Sensory Neuropathy. Cureus 2021; 13:e13140. [PMID: 33728154 PMCID: PMC7936918 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalidomide molecule is a remarkable molecule that exists in a racemic mixture of optical isomers. In the 1950s, due to its teratogenicity, the levorotatory isomer led to its dramatic downfall. However, the molecule with its panoramic mechanisms of action and its uncanny ability to intercalate within the geometry of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), led to its remarkable renaissance; thalidomide being United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for at least 13 different indications ranging from multiple myeloma to leprosy to glioblastoma. Thalidomide-induced polyneuropathy is usually reversible and is the rate-limiting step in its long-term use. The development of a polyneuropathy is invariably associated with a cumulative dose exceeding 20 grams. However, the polyneuropathy is almost always a sensory neuropathy. Asymmetry, bona fide weakness such as difficulty standing on the heels, a poly-ganglioneuropathy pattern with widespread or patchy numbness and sensory ataxia should raise a red flag and an alternative diagnosis should be considered. We present a typical case of a thalidomide-induced sensory neuropathy in order to highlight the resurgence of thalidomide use in clinical practice. We review the literature and outline the molecular biology of the thalidomide molecule.
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22
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Chernobrovkin AL, Cázares-Körner C, Friman T, Caballero IM, Amadio D, Martinez Molina D. A Tale of Two Tails: Efficient Profiling of Protein Degraders by Specific Functional and Target Engagement Readouts. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:534-546. [PMID: 33445986 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220984372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation represents an area of great interest, potentially offering improvements with respect to dosing, side effects, drug resistance, and reaching "undruggable" proteins compared with traditional small-molecule therapeutics. A major challenge in the design and characterization of degraders acting as molecular glues is that binding of the molecule to the protein of interest (PoI) is not needed for efficient and selective protein degradation; instead, one needs to understand the interaction with the responsible ligase. Similarly, for proteasome targeting chimeras (PROTACs), understanding the binding characteristics of the PoI alone is not sufficient. Therefore, simultaneously assessing the binding to both PoI and the E3 ligase as well as the resulting degradation profile is of great value. The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is an unbiased cell-based method, designed to investigate the interaction of compounds with their cellular protein targets by measuring compound-induced changes in protein thermal stability. In combination with mass spectrometry (MS), CETSA can simultaneously evaluate compound-induced changes in the stability of thousands of proteins. We have used CETSA MS to profile a number of protein degraders, including molecular glues (e.g., immunomodulatory drugs) and PROTACs, to understand mode of action and to deconvolute off-target effects in intact cells. Within the same experiment, we were able to monitor both target engagement by observing changes in protein thermal stability as well as efficacy by simultaneous assessment of protein abundances. This allowed us to correlate target engagement (i.e., binding to the PoI and ligases) and functional readout (i.e., degrader induced protein degradation).
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23
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De Logu F, Trevisan G, Marone IM, Coppi E, Padilha Dalenogare D, Titiz M, Marini M, Landini L, Souza Monteiro de Araujo D, Li Puma S, Materazzi S, De Siena G, Geppetti P, Nassini R. Oxidative stress mediates thalidomide-induced pain by targeting peripheral TRPA1 and central TRPV4. BMC Biol 2020; 18:197. [PMID: 33317522 PMCID: PMC7737339 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism underlying the pain symptoms associated with chemotherapeutic-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is poorly understood. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), TRPV1, and oxidative stress have been implicated in several rodent models of CIPN-evoked allodynia. Thalidomide causes a painful CIPN in patients via an unknown mechanism. Surprisingly, the pathway responsible for such proalgesic response has not yet been investigated in animal models. Results Here, we reveal that a single systemic administration of thalidomide and its derivatives, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, elicits prolonged (~ 35 days) mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in C57BL/6J mouse hind paw. Pharmacological antagonism or genetic deletion studies indicated that both TRPA1 and TRPV4, but not TRPV1, contribute to mechanical allodynia, whereas cold hypersensitivity was entirely due to TRPA1. Thalidomide per se did not stimulate recombinant and constitutive TRPA1 and TRPV4 channels in vitro, which, however, were activated by the oxidative stress byproduct, hydrogen peroxide. Systemic treatment with an antioxidant attenuated mechanical and cold hypersensitivity, and the increase in oxidative stress in hind paw, sciatic nerve, and lumbar spinal cord produced by thalidomide. Notably, central (intrathecal) or peripheral (intraplantar) treatments with channel antagonists or an antioxidant revealed that oxidative stress-dependent activation of peripheral TRPA1 mediates cold allodynia and part of mechanical allodynia. However, oxidative stress-induced activation of central TRPV4 mediated the residual TRPA1-resistant component of mechanical allodynia. Conclusions Targeting of peripheral TRPA1 and central TRPV4 may be required to attenuate pain associated with CIPN elicited by thalidomide and related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ilaria Maddalena Marone
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Mustafa Titiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Matilde Marini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel Souza Monteiro de Araujo
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Li Puma
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Materazzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Gaetano De Siena
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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Mfarej MG, Skibbens RV. An ever-changing landscape in Roberts syndrome biology: Implications for macromolecular damage. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009219. [PMID: 33382686 PMCID: PMC7774850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a rare developmental disorder that can include craniofacial abnormalities, limb malformations, missing digits, intellectual disabilities, stillbirth, and early mortality. The genetic basis for RBS is linked to autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutation of the establishment of cohesion (ESCO) 2 acetyltransferase. ESCO2 is an essential gene that targets the DNA-binding cohesin complex. ESCO2 acetylates alternate subunits of cohesin to orchestrate vital cellular processes that include sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, transcription, and DNA repair. Although significant advances were made over the last 20 years in our understanding of ESCO2 and cohesin biology, the molecular etiology of RBS remains ambiguous. In this review, we highlight current models of RBS and reflect on data that suggests a novel role for macromolecular damage in the molecular etiology of RBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Coronel MM, Martin KE, Hunckler MD, Barber G, O’Neill EB, Medina JD, Opri E, McClain CA, Batra L, Weaver JD, Lim HS, Qiu P, Botchwey EA, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H, García AJ. Immunotherapy via PD-L1-presenting biomaterials leads to long-term islet graft survival. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba5573. [PMID: 32923626 PMCID: PMC7455180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated immune checkpoint blockade is a transformative immunotherapy for cancer. These same mechanisms can be repurposed for the control of destructive alloreactive immune responses in the transplantation setting. Here, we implement a synthetic biomaterial platform for the local delivery of a chimeric streptavidin/programmed cell death-1 (SA-PD-L1) protein to direct "reprogramming" of local immune responses to transplanted pancreatic islets. Controlled presentation of SA-PD-L1 on the surface of poly(ethylene glycol) microgels improves local retention of the immunomodulatory agent over 3 weeks in vivo. Furthermore, local induction of allograft acceptance is achieved in a murine model of diabetes only when receiving the SA-PD-L1-presenting biomaterial in combination with a brief rapamycin treatment. Immune characterization revealed an increase in T regulatory and anergic cells after SA-PD-L1-microgel delivery, which was distinct from naïve and biomaterial alone microenvironments. Engineering the local microenvironment via biomaterial delivery of checkpoint proteins has the potential to advance cell-based therapies, avoiding the need for systemic chronic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Coronel
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen E. Martin
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael D. Hunckler
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Graham Barber
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B. O’Neill
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan D. Medina
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Enrico Opri
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claire A. McClain
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lalit Batra
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jessica D. Weaver
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hong S. Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peng Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edward A. Botchwey
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esma S. Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andrés J. García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cofilin-Mediated Actin Stress Response Is Maladaptive in Heat-Stressed Embryos. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3493-3501.e4. [PMID: 30917306 PMCID: PMC6447309 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress threatens the fidelity of embryonic morphogenesis. Heat, for example, is a teratogen. Yet how heat affects morphogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we identify a heat-inducible actin stress response (ASR) in Drosophila embryos that is mediated by the activation of the actin regulator Cofilin. Similar to ASR in adult mammalian cells, heat stress in fly embryos triggers the assembly of intra-nuclear actin rods. Rods measure up to a few microns in length, and their assembly depends on elevated free nuclear actin concentration and Cofilin. Outside the nucleus, heat stress causes Cofilin-dependent destabilization of filamentous actin (F-actin) in actomyosin networks required for morphogenesis. F-actin destabilization increases the chance of morphogenesis mistakes. Blocking the ASR by reducing Cofilin dosage improves the viability of heat-stressed embryos. However, improved viability correlates with restoring F-actin stability, not rescuing morphogenesis. Thus, ASR endangers embryos, perhaps by shifting actin from cytoplasmic filaments to an elevated nuclear pool. Figard et al. show that heat stress induces an actin stress response (ASR) in early Drosophila embryos. This ASR is mediated by a heat-induced increase in Cofilin activity. Increased Cofilin activity destabilizes F-actin structures required for morphogenesis. In addition, the Cofilin-mediated ASR reduces embryo viability.
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Asatsuma-Okumura T, Ito T, Handa H. Molecular Mechanisms of the Teratogenic Effects of Thalidomide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13050095. [PMID: 32414180 PMCID: PMC7281272 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide was sold worldwide as a sedative over 60 years ago, but it was quickly withdrawn from the market due to its teratogenic effects. Thalidomide was later found to have therapeutic effects in several diseases, although the molecular mechanisms remained unclear. The discovery of cereblon (CRBN), the direct target of thalidomide, a decade ago greatly improved our understanding of its mechanism of action. Accumulating evidence has shown that CRBN functions as a substrate of Cullin RING E3 ligase (CRL4CRBN), whose specificity is controlled by ligands such as thalidomide. For example, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, well-known thalidomide derivatives, degrade the neosubstrates Ikaros and Aiolos, resulting in anti-proliferative effects in multiple myeloma. Recently, novel CRBN-binding drugs have been developed. However, for the safe handling of thalidomide and its derivatives, a greater understanding of the mechanisms of its adverse effects is required. The teratogenic effects of thalidomide occur in multiple tissues in the developing fetus and vary in phenotype, making it difficult to clarify this issue. Recently, several CRBN neosubstrates (e.g., SALL4 (Spalt Like Transcription Factor 4) and p63 (Tumor Protein P63)) have been identified as candidate mediators of thalidomide teratogenicity. In this review, we describe the current understanding of molecular mechanisms of thalidomide, particularly in the context of its teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takumi Ito
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-9323-3250; Fax: +81-3-9323-3251
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Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management. Am J Hematol 2020; 95:548-567. [PMID: 32212178 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis requires ≥10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells or a biopsy proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of one or more multiple myeloma defining events (MDE) namely CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, or lytic bone lesions) features felt related to the plasma cell disorder, bone marrow clonal plasmacytosis ≥60%, serum involved/uninvolved free light chain (FLC) ratio ≥100 (provided involved FLC is ≥100 mg/L), or >1 focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RISK STRATIFICATION The presence of del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), gain 1q, or p53 mutation is considered high-risk multiple myeloma. Presence of any two high risk factors is considered double-hit myeloma; three or more high risk factors is triple-hit myeloma. RISK-ADAPTED INITIAL THERAPY In transplant eligible patients, induction therapy consists of bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (VRd) given for approximately 3-4 cycles followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). In high-risk patients, daratumumab, bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (Dara-VRd) is an alternative to VRd. Selected standard risk patients can get additional cycles of induction, and delay transplant until first relapse. Patients not candidates for transplant are typically treated with VRd for approximately 8-12 cycles followed by lenalidomide; alternatively these patients can be treated with daratumumab, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (DRd). MAINTENANCE THERAPY After ASCT, standard risk patients need lenalidomide maintenance, while bortezomib-based maintenance is needed for patients with high-risk myeloma. MANAGEMENT OF REFRACTORY DISEASE Most patients require a triplet regimen at relapse, with the choice of regimen varying with each successive relapse.
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Recent advances in the molecular mechanism of thalidomide teratogenicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110114. [PMID: 32304852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide was first marketed in 1957 but soon withdrawn because of its notorious teratogenicity. Studies on the mechanism of action of thalidomide revealed the pleiotropic properties of this class of drugs, including their anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activities. Based on their notable activities, thalidomide and its analogues, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, have been repurposed to treat erythema nodosum leprosum, multiple myeloma and other haematological malignancies. Thalidomide analogues were recently found to hijack CRL4CRBN ubiquitin ligase to target a number of cellular proteins for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Thalidomide-mediated degradation of SALL4 and p63, transcription factors essential for embryonic development, very likely plays a critical role in thalidomide embryopathy. In this review, we provide a brief retrospective summary of thalidomide-induced teratogenesis, the mechanism of thalidomide activity, and the latest advances in the molecular mechanism of thalidomide-induced birth malformations.
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Hansen JM, Jones DP, Harris C. The Redox Theory of Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:715-740. [PMID: 31891515 PMCID: PMC7047088 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The geological record shows that as atmospheric O2 levels increased, it concomitantly coincided with the evolution of metazoans. More complex, higher organisms contain a more cysteine-rich proteome, potentially as a means to regulate homeostatic responses in a more O2-rich environment. Regulation of redox-sensitive processes to control development is likely to be evolutionarily conserved. Recent Advances: During early embryonic development, the conceptus is exposed to varying levels of O2. Oxygen and redox-sensitive elements can be regulated to promote normal development, defined as changes to cellular mass, morphology, biochemistry, and function, suggesting that O2 is a developmental morphogen. During periods of O2 fluctuation, embryos are "reprogrammed," on the genomic and metabolic levels. Reprogramming imparts changes to particular redox couples (nodes) that would support specific post-translational modifications (PTMs), targeting the cysteine proteome to regulate protein function and development. Critical Issues: Major developmental events such as stem cell expansion, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell fate decisions are controlled through oxidative PTMs of cysteine-based redox nodes. As such, timely coordinated redox regulation of these events yields normal developmental outcomes and viable species reproduction. Disruption of normal redox signaling can produce adverse developmental outcomes. Future Directions: Furthering our understanding of the redox-sensitive processes/pathways, the nature of the regulatory PTMs involved in development and periods of activation/sensitivity to specific developmental pathways would greatly support the theory of redox regulation of development, and would also provide rationale and direction to more fully comprehend poor developmental outcomes, such as dysmorphogenesis, functional deficits, and preterm embryonic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig Harris
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Gera A, Mohan C, Madan J, Arora S. Molecular Hybrids of N-Phthaloylglycyl Hydrazide and Hydrazinecarbothioamide with Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Activities. Curr Org Synth 2020; 16:1055-1066. [PMID: 31984886 DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190306141318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress due to high levels of reactive organic species is the cause of the progression of inflammation in various diseases. The molecules possessing both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity can be the promising key to treat inflammatory diseases. Phthalimide and hydrazinecarbothioamide are anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant pharmacophores. OBJECTIVE Molecular hybrids possessing above two pharmacophores were designed. A series of N-phenyl substituted 2-(2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)acetyl)-N-phenylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide (CGS compounds) was synthesized and evaluated for biological activities. METHODS N-phthaloylglycyl hydrazide was reacted with unsubstituted/substituted phenyl isothiocyanates to yield CGS compounds. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan rat paw edema model, and in vitro anti-oxidant activity by DPPH assay. Levels of TNF-α and oxidative stress at the site of inflammation were measured. The genetic algorithm-PLS regression based QSAR model correlating the effect of N-phenyl substituent on the anti-inflammatory activity was developed. Further, the interaction of the active compound in the TNF-α binding pocket was studied by in silico docking. RESULTS Compound containing the 2-OCH3, 4-NO2 (CGS-5); 4-CF3 (CGS-9); 4-NO2 (CGS-3) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (percentage inhibition of paw edema after 3 hour = 58.24, 50.38, 40.05, respectively) and potent anti-oxidant activity (IC50 =0.045, 0.998, 0.285 μg/ml, respectively). Reduced levels of TNF- α and increased levels of GSH were observed for the above three compounds. Descriptors for QSAR model identified by GA-PLS were WPSA1, Weta1unity, WDunity, SC3, VC5, MlogP, and WTPT3. The identified model was highly predictive, and value of root mean square error of prediction for internal (leave one out) and external validation was: 1.579, 1.325. CONCLUSION Molecular hybrids of phthalimide and hydrazinecarbothioamide were synthesized. Some of the compounds possessed promising anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gera
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Punjab 140401, India
| | - Chander Mohan
- Rayat-Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, VPO-Bohan, Hoshiarpur, Punjab 146104, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ghazipur Balram, Ghaila Road, Lucknow 226022, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway (NH-64), Punjab 140401, India
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Xu H, Dang SJ, Cui YY, Wu ZY, Zhang JF, Mei XP, Feng YP, Li YQ. Systemic Injection of Thalidomide Prevent and Attenuate Neuropathic Pain and Alleviate Neuroinflammatory Response in the Spinal Dorsal Horn. J Pain Res 2019; 12:3221-3230. [PMID: 31819606 PMCID: PMC6896366 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s213112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Thalidomide (Tha) has been shown to exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Whether Tha can alleviate spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain (NP) is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of Tha on the SNL-induced NP and further explore the potential analgesic mechanisms of Tha. METHODS The effects of Tha on SNL-induced mechanical allodynia were assessed by pain behavioral testing. The expressions of the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the microglia marker Iba1 in the spinal dorsal horn were evaluated by immunofluorescence histochemistry. Protein expressions of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the spinal dorsal horn were tested by Western blot assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA. RESULTS By the pretreatment with a single intraperitoneal injection, the PWMT in SNL+Tha group was significantly increased from day 1 to day 2 after SNL (P < 0.05 compared with SNL+Veh group). By the posttreatment with a single intraperitoneal injection, the PWMT in SNL+Tha group was also significantly increased from day 3 to day 4 after SNL (P < 0.05 compared with SNL+Veh group). By the posttreatment with multiple intraperitoneal injection, both the PWMT and the PWTL in SNL+Tha group were similarly significantly increased from day 3 to day 14 after SNL (P < 0.05 compared with SNL+Veh group). Furthermore, the GFAP and Iba1 expressions and TNF-α levels of the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn in SNL+Tha group were significantly weaker from day 3 to day 14 after SNL than those in SNL+Veh group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Tha can significantly alleviate NP induced by SNL. The analgesic mechanism may be related to inhibition of astrocyte and microglia activation as well as down-regulation of TNF-α levels in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
- Institution of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha-Jie Dang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Feng Zhang
- Institution of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Peng Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Peng Feng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi, People’s Republic of China
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Bhatia S, Wells PG. Quantifying Activity for Repair of the DNA Lesion 8-Oxoguanine by Oxoguanine Glycosylase 1 (OGG1) in Mouse Adult and Fetal Brain Nuclear Extracts Using Biotin-Labeled DNA. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1965:329-349. [PMID: 31069685 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9182-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-initiated DNA lesion 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is commonly used as a biomarker to measure oxidative stress levels in tissue samples from animals and humans. This lesion also can play a pathogenic role in cancer, birth defects, and neurodegeneration, among other disorders. The level of 8-oxoG may be enhanced due to ROS-initiating environmental factors (e.g., drugs, gamma radiation, microbial infection) or due to a decrease in the activity of oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1), an enzyme that repairs this lesion. Measurement of the activity of OGG1 can be useful in elucidating mechanisms and complements measurements of 8-oxoG levels in tissues of interest. This protocol describes an assay for measuring the activity of 8-oxoG in mouse adult and fetal brain tissues. Briefly, a synthetic duplex containing the 8-oxoG residue in one of the nucleotides (49-mer), labeled with biotin at the 3'-end, is incubated with protein extract from the tissue of interest containing OGG1, which cleaves the 8-oxoG residue producing a cleavage product of ~27-mer. The percent cleavage quantifies the activity of OGG1 in that tissue. The biotin tag allows rapid and sensitive detection of the cleavage product via chemiluminescence, avoiding the problems of safety and short half-lives of radionuclides encountered in assays employing a radioactively-labeled substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter G Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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p63 is a cereblon substrate involved in thalidomide teratogenicity. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:1077-1084. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Battistoni M, Di Renzo F, Menegola E, Bois FY. Quantitative AOP based teratogenicity prediction for mixtures of azole fungicides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Kurokawa N, Kishimoto T, Tanaka K, Kondo J, Takahashi N, Miura Y. New approach to evaluating the effects of a drug on protein complexes with quantitative proteomics, using the SILAC method and bioinformatic approach. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:2034-2048. [PMID: 31282289 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1637244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) lead the formation of protein complexes that perform biochemical reactions that maintain the living state of the living cell. Although therapeutic drugs should influence the formation of protein complexes in addition to PPI network, the methodology analyzing such influences remain to be developed. Here, we demonstrate that a new approach combining HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) for separating protein complexes, and the SILAC (stable isotope labeling using amino acids in cell culture) method for relative protein quantification, enable us to identify the protein complexes influenced by a drug. We applied this approach to the analysis of thalidomide action on HepG2 cells, assessed the identified proteins by clustering data analyses, and assigned 135 novel protein complexes affected by the drug. We propose that this approach is applicable to elucidating the mechanisms of actions of other therapeutic drugs on the PPI network, and the formation of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology , Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , Japan.,Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Japan
| | - Taro Kishimoto
- Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Japan
| | - Kohei Tanaka
- Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Japan
| | - Jun Kondo
- Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology , Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology , Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , Japan
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Adam AHB, Zhang M, de Haan LHJ, van Ravenzwaay B, Louisse J, Rietjens IMCM. The in vivo developmental toxicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in rat evaluated by an alternative testing strategy. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2021-2033. [PMID: 31119342 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated an alternative testing strategy to quantitatively predict the in vivo developmental toxicity of the synthetic hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES). To this end, a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model was defined that was subsequently used to translate concentration-response data for the in vitro developmental toxicity of DES, obtained in the ES-D3 cell differentiation assay, into predicted in vivo dose-response data for developmental toxicity. The previous studies showed that the PBK model-facilitated reverse dosimetry approach is a useful approach to quantitatively predict the developmental toxicity of several developmental toxins. The results obtained in the present study show that the PBK model adequately predicted DES blood concentrations in rats. Further studies revealed that DES tested positive in the ES-D3 differentiation assay and that DES-induced inhibition of the ES-D3 cell differentiation could be counteracted by the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) antagonist fulvestrant, indicating that the in vitro ES-D3 cell differentiation assay was able to mimic the role of ERα reported in the mode of action underlying the developmental toxicity of DES in vivo. In spite of this, combining these in vitro data with the PBK model did not adequately predict the in vivo developmental toxicity of DES in a quantitative way. It is concluded that although the EST qualifies DES as a developmental toxin and detects the role of ERα in this process, the ES-D3 cell differentiation assay of the EST apparently does not adequately capture the processes underlying DES-induced developmental toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Hussein Bakheit Adam
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Bhatia S, Drake DM, Miller L, Wells PG. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in the mechanism of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:714-748. [PMID: 31033255 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers molecular mechanisms involving oxidative stress and DNA damage that may contribute to morphological and functional developmental disorders in animal models resulting from exposure to alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) in utero or in embryo culture. Components covered include: (a) a brief overview of EtOH metabolism and embryopathic mechanisms other than oxidative stress; (b) mechanisms within the embryo and fetal brain by which EtOH increases the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); (c) critical embryonic/fetal antioxidative enzymes and substrates that detoxify ROS; (d) mechanisms by which ROS can alter development, including ROS-mediated signal transduction and oxidative DNA damage, the latter of which leads to pathogenic genetic (mutations) and epigenetic changes; (e) pathways of DNA repair that mitigate the pathogenic effects of DNA damage; (f) related indirect mechanisms by which EtOH enhances risk, for example by enhancing the degradation of some DNA repair proteins; and, (g) embryonic/fetal pathways like NRF2 that regulate the levels of many of the above components. Particular attention is paid to studies in which chemical and/or genetic manipulation of the above mechanisms has been shown to alter the ability of EtOH to adversely affect development. Alterations in the above components are also discussed in terms of: (a) individual embryonic and fetal determinants of risk and (b) potential risk biomarkers and mitigating strategies. FASD risk is likely increased in progeny which/who are biochemically predisposed via genetic and/or environmental mechanisms, including enhanced pathways for ROS formation and/or deficient pathways for ROS detoxification or DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Bhatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle M Drake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter G Wells
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Drake DM, Shapiro AM, Wells PG. Measurement of the Oxidative DNA Lesion 8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) by ELISA or by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Electrochemical Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1965:313-328. [PMID: 31069684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9182-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can oxidize cellular macromolecules like DNA, causing DNA damage. The most common form of DNA damage is the 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) lesion, typically repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, which is initiated by the enzyme oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1). ROS are produced endogenously and can be enhanced by environmental factors, such as xenobiotics, radiation, and microbial pathogens. As a commonly used biomarker of oxidative damage, 8-oxoG can be measured in two different ways described herein. Commercially available ELISA kits allow for easy detection of the 8-oxoG lesion, while more difficult HPLC assays with UV and electrochemical detection allow for a more definitive identification and quantification of 8-oxoG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Drake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron M Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- British Columbia Provincial Toxicology Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter G Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Bian C, Qin WJ, Zhang CY, Zou GL, Zhu YZ, Chen J, Zhao R, Wang YY, Zhe H. Thalidomide (THD) alleviates radiation induced lung fibrosis (RILF) via down-regulation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:446-453. [PMID: 30339882 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RILF) is a complication of radiotherapy in thoracic cancer patients. Thalidomide (THD) has a therapeutic effect on fibrotic and inflammatory disorders. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of THD on RILF in mice and better understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms of the therapeutic effect. We found that THD mitigated the fibrosis caused by irradiation in mice. The action of THD on RILF was related to the elevation of low levels reactive oxygen species (ROS), which inhibited the transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β)/Smad3 signaling pathway through activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Analysis of the therapeutic effect of THD using Nrf2-/- mouse model confirmed the role of Nrf2 in vivo. In addition, no radioprotective effect of THD on thoracic cancer cell lines was observed. In conclusion, these data showed that THD attenuated RILF in mice, which was mediated by Nrf2-dependent down-regulation of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway, suggesting THD as a potential novel agent for RILF prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Graduate School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China; Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wen-Jun Qin
- Graduate School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Cui-Ying Zhang
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China; Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Guan-Lian Zou
- Graduate School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yong-Zhao Zhu
- Surgical Laboratory, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China; Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yan-Yang Wang
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China; Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Hong Zhe
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China; Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Female Reproduction: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123053. [PMID: 30469536 PMCID: PMC6321086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that has several important functions in animal and human health. The biological functions of Se are carried out by selenoproteins (encoded by twenty-five genes in human and twenty-four in mice), which are reportedly present in all three domains of life. As a component of selenoproteins, Se has structural and enzymatic functions; in the latter context it is best recognized for its catalytic and antioxidant activities. In this review, we highlight the biological functions of Se and selenoproteins followed by an elaborated review of the relationship between Se and female reproductive function. Data pertaining to Se status and female fertility and reproduction are sparse, with most such studies focusing on the role of Se in pregnancy. Only recently has some light been shed on its potential role in ovarian physiology. The exact underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms through which Se or selenoproteins modulate female reproduction are largely unknown; their role in human pregnancy and related complications is not yet sufficiently understood. Properly powered, randomized, controlled trials (intervention vs. control) in populations of relatively low Se status will be essential to clarify their role. In the meantime, studies elucidating the potential effect of Se supplementation and selenoproteins (i.e., GPX1, SELENOP, and SELENOS) in ovarian function and overall female reproductive efficiency would be of great value.
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Gemechu Y, Millrine D, Hashimoto S, Prakash J, Sanchenkova K, Metwally H, Gyanu P, Kang S, Kishimoto T. Humanized cereblon mice revealed two distinct therapeutic pathways of immunomodulatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11802-11807. [PMID: 30373817 PMCID: PMC6243262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814446115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), including thalidomide derivatives such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide, offer therapeutic benefit in several hematopoietic malignancies and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. However, it is difficult to study the IMiD mechanism of action in murine disease models because murine cereblon (CRBN), the substrate receptor for IMiD action, is resistant to some of IMiDs therapeutic effects. To overcome this difficulty, we generated humanized cereblon (CRBNI391V) mice thereby providing an animal model to unravel complex mechanisms of action in a murine physiological setup. In our current study, we investigated the degradative effect toward IKZF1 and CK-1α, a target substrate of IMiDs. Unlike WT mice which were resistant to lenalidomide and pomalidomide, T lymphocytes from CRBNI391V mice responded with a higher degree of IKZF1 and CK-1α protein degradation. Furthermore, IMiDs resulted in an increase in IL-2 among CRBNI391V mice but not in the WT group. We have also tested a thalidomide derivative, FPFT-2216, which showed an inhibitory effect toward IKZF1 protein level. As opposed to pomalidomide, FPFT-2216 and lenalidomide degrades CK-1α. Additionally, we assessed the potential therapeutic effects of IMiDs in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. In both WT and humanized mice, lenalidomide showed a significant therapeutic effect in the DSS model of colitis, while the effect of pomalidomide was less pronounced. Thus, while IMiDs' degradative effect on IKZF1 and CK-1α, and up-regulation of IL-2, is dependent on CRBN, the therapeutic benefit of IMiDs in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease occurs through a CRBN-IMiD binding region independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Gemechu
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - David Millrine
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Shigeru Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jaya Prakash
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ksenia Sanchenkova
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hozaifa Metwally
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Parajuli Gyanu
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sujin Kang
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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Takenaka M, Kikkawa M, Matsumoto T, Yatabe T, Ando T, Yoon KS, Ogo S. Oxidation of Guanosine Monophosphate with O 2 via a Ru-peroxo Complex in Water. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3180-3184. [PMID: 30312012 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage of DNA by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is responsible for aging and cancer. Although many studies of DNA damage by ROS have been conducted, there have been no reports of the oxidation of RNA components, such as guanosine monophosphate, by metal-based species in water. Here, we report the first case of oxidation of guanosine monophosphate to 8-oxoguanosine monophosphate by a metal-based oxygen bound species, derived from O2 and in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takenaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Small Molecule Energy, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kikkawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Small Molecule Energy, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Small Molecule Energy, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yatabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Small Molecule Energy, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Small Molecule Energy, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ki-Seok Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Small Molecule Energy, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Seiji Ogo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Small Molecule Energy, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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SALL4 mediates teratogenicity as a thalidomide-dependent cereblon substrate. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:981-987. [PMID: 30190590 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation via small-molecule modulation of cereblon offers vast potential for the development of new therapeutics. Cereblon-binding therapeutics carry the safety risks of thalidomide, which caused an epidemic of severe birth defects characterized by forelimb shortening or phocomelia. Here we show that thalidomide is not teratogenic in transgenic mice expressing human cereblon, indicating that binding to cereblon is not sufficient to cause birth defects. Instead, we identify SALL4 as a thalidomide-dependent cereblon neosubstrate. Human mutations in SALL4 cause Duane-radial ray, IVIC, and acro-renal-ocular syndromes with overlapping clinical presentations to thalidomide embryopathy, including phocomelia. SALL4 is degraded in rabbits but not in resistant organisms such as mice because of SALL4 sequence variations. This work expands the scope of cereblon neosubstrate activity within the formerly 'undruggable' C2H2 zinc finger family and offers a path toward safer therapeutics through an improved understanding of the molecular basis of thalidomide-induced teratogenicity.
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Multiple myeloma: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:981-1114. [PMID: 30400719 PMCID: PMC6223128 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disease overview Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies. Diagnosis The diagnosis requires ≥10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells or a biopsy proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of one or more multiple myeloma defining events (MDE): CRAB (hyperc alcemia, r enal failure, a nemia, or lytic b one lesions) features felt related to the plasma cell disorder, bone marrow clonal plasmacytosis ≥60%, serum involved/uninvolved free light chain (FLC) ratio ≥100 (provided involved FLC is ≥100 mg/L), or >1 focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. Risk stratification Patients with del(17p), t(14;16), and t(14;20) have high-risk multiple myeloma. Patients with t(4;14) translocation and gain(1q) have intermediate-risk. All others are considered standard-risk. Risk-adapted initial therapy Initial treatment consists of bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (VRd). In high-risk patients, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (KRd) is an alternative to VRd. In eligible patients, initial therapy is given for approximately 3–4 cycles followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Standard risk patients can opt for delayed ASCT at first relapse. Patients not candidates for transplant are treated with VRd for approximately 8–12 cycles followed by lenalidomide or lenalidomide plus dexamethasone. Maintenance therapy After ASCT, lenalidomide maintenance is recommended for standard risk patients, while maintenance with a bortezomib-based regimen is needed for patients with intermediate or high-risk disease. Management of refractory disease Most patients require a triplet regimen at relapse, with the choice of regimen varying with each successive relapse. Aggressive relapse with extramedullary plasmacytomas or plasma cell leukemia may require anthracycline containing combination chemotherapy regimens.
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Cowan AJ, Johnson CK, Libby EN. Plasma cell diseases and organ transplant: A comprehensive review. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1046-1058. [PMID: 29524307 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cell diseases are a class of hematologic diseases that are sometimes present as preexisting diagnoses prior to organ transplantation, causative factors leading to a need for organ transplantation, or may occur posttransplant as part of the spectrum of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Herein, we review the most common plasma cell diseases, both as coexisting with other causes of organ failure, but also as a primary underlying cause for organ failure. In many cases, treatment of the underlying clonal disease may be indicated before proceeding with organ transplant. This review aims to provide current and relevant data regarding the management of these conditions in the organ transplant patient, for transplant providers, and those who take care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Cowan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Edward N Libby
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tachikawa S, Shimizu M, Maruyama K, Ohnuma K. Thalidomide induces apoptosis during early mesodermal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:231-240. [PMID: 29435726 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide was once administered to pregnant women as a mild sedative; however, it was subsequently shown to be strongly teratogenic. Recently, there has been renewed interest in thalidomide because of its curative effects against intractable diseases. However, the teratogenicity of thalidomide is manifested in various ways and is still not fully understood. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of thalidomide on early mesodermal differentiation by examining the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The most common symptom of thalidomide teratogenicity is limb abnormality, which led us to hypothesize that thalidomide prevents early mesodermal differentiation. Therefore, mesodermal differentiation of hiPSCs was induced over a 6-d period. To induce early mesoderm differentiation, 1 d after seeding, the cells were incubated with the small molecule compound CHIR99021 for 3 d. Thalidomide exposure was initiated at the same time as CHIR99021 treatment. After 5 d of thalidomide exposure, the hiPSCs began expressing a mesodermal marker; however, the number of viable cells decreased significantly as compared to that of control cells. We observed that the proportion of apoptotic and dead cells increased on day 2; however, the proportion of dead cells on day 5 had decreased, suggesting that the cells were damaged by thalidomide during early mesodermal differentiation (days 0-2). Our findings may help elucidate the mechanism underlying thalidomide teratogenicity and bring us closer to the safe use of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoko Tachikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Maho Shimizu
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Maruyama
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohnuma
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan.
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan.
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Hansen JM, Jacob BR, Piorczynski TB. Oxidative stress during development: Chemical-induced teratogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Mohd Mutalip SS, Ab-Rahim S, Rajikin MH. Vitamin E as an Antioxidant in Female Reproductive Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E22. [PMID: 29373543 PMCID: PMC5836012 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E was first discovered in 1922 as a substance necessary for reproduction. Following this discovery, vitamin E was extensively studied, and it has become widely known as a powerful lipid-soluble antioxidant. There has been increasing interest in the role of vitamin E as an antioxidant, as it has been discovered to lower body cholesterol levels and act as an anticancer agent. Numerous studies have reported that vitamin E exhibits anti-proliferative, anti-survival, pro-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects in cancer, as well as anti-inflammatory activities. There are various reports on the benefits of vitamin E on health in general. However, despite it being initially discovered as a vitamin necessary for reproduction, to date, studies relating to its effects in this area are lacking. Hence, this paper was written with the intention of providing a review of the known roles of vitamin E as an antioxidant in female reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharaniza Ab-Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hamim Rajikin
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.
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