1
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Anto VP, Ramos AE, Mollen KP. Ouch, my pouch! a clinician's guide to pouchitis. Semin Pediatr Surg 2024; 33:151406. [PMID: 38636151 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2024.151406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Pouchitis is defined as inflammation of the ileal pouch created during a restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Although the incidence of this inflammatory condition is high, the exact etiology often remains unclear and the management challenging. In this review, we summarize the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of this common complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Anto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna E Ramos
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin P Mollen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Pediatric Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Santiago P, Barnes EL, Raffals LE. Classification and Management of Disorders of the J Pouch. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:1931-1939. [PMID: 37252759 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Total abdominal proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with substantial complications despite the benefits of managing refractory and/or neoplasia-associated disease. For the purpose of this review, we focused on the diagnosis of some of the most common inflammatory and structural pouch disorders and their respective management. Pouchitis is the most common complication, and it is typically responsive to antibiotics. However, chronic antibiotic refractory pouchitis (CARP) has been increasingly recognized, and biologic therapies have emerged as the mainstay of therapy. Crohn's-like disease of the pouch (CLDP) can affect up to 10% of patients with UC after IPAA. Medical options are similar to CARP therapies, including biologics with immunomodulators. Studies have shown higher efficacy rates of biologics for CLDP when compared with those for CARP. In addition, managing stricturing and fistulizing CLDP is challenging and often requires interventional endoscopy (balloon dilation and/or stricturotomy) and/or surgery. The implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria for inflammatory pouch disorders will help in advancing future therapeutic options. Structural pouch disorders are commonly related to surgical complications after IPAA. We focused on the diagnosis and management of anastomotic leaks, strictures, and floppy pouch complex. Anastomotic leaks and anastomotic strictures occur in approximately 15% and 11% of patients with UC after IPAA, respectively. Further complications from pouch leaks include the development of sinuses, fistulas, and pouch sepsis requiring excision. Novel endoscopic interventions and less invasive surgical procedures have emerged as options for the management of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Santiago
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward L Barnes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura E Raffals
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Sampling and Reporting of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Adv Anat Pathol 2022; 29:25-36. [PMID: 34879036 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pathologists have an important and expanding role in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease. This role includes the initial diagnosis of the disease, assessment of the response to treatment and the identification of short-term complications such as cytomegalovirus infection and long-term complications such as dysplasia. Furthermore, the assessment of resection specimens for complication of disease is important to determining the risk of subsequent disease or inflammation within an ileal pouch. Adequate sampling of the disease at endoscopy and from the surgical resection specimen is vital to determining the ultimate information that can be provided by the pathologist. This sampling is determined by the clinical scenario. Similarly, a standardized approach to reporting and synthesizing the histologic findings will improve patient management. This is best exemplified by the increasing interest in histologic activity indices, such as the Nancy index in ulcerative colitis, and in the standardized reporting for inflammatory bowel disease dysplasia recommended by the SCENIC international consensus.
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4
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Shen B, Kochhar GS, Kariv R, Liu X, Navaneethan U, Rubin DT, Cross RK, Sugita A, D'Hoore A, Schairer J, Farraye FA, Kiran RP, Fleshner P, Rosh J, Shah SA, Chang S, Scherl E, Pardi DS, Schwartz DA, Kotze PG, Bruining DH, Kane SV, Philpott J, Abraham B, Segal J, Sedano R, Kayal M, Bentley-Hibbert S, Tarabar D, El-Hachem S, Sehgal P, McCormick JT, Picoraro JA, Silverberg MS, Bernstein CN, Sandborn WJ, Vermeire S. Diagnosis and classification of ileal pouch disorders: consensus guidelines from the International Ileal Pouch Consortium. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:826-849. [PMID: 34416186 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is an option for most patients with ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis who require colectomy. Although the construction of an ileal pouch substantially improves patients' health-related quality of life, the surgery is, directly or indirectly, associated with various structural, inflammatory, and functional adverse sequelae. Furthermore, the surgical procedure does not completely abolish the risk for neoplasia. Patients with ileal pouches often present with extraintestinal, systemic inflammatory conditions. The International Ileal Pouch Consortium was established to create this consensus document on the diagnosis and classification of ileal pouch disorders using available evidence and the panellists' expertise. In a given individual, the condition of the pouch can change over time. Therefore, close monitoring of the activity and progression of the disease is essential to make accurate modifications in the diagnosis and classification in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shen
- Center for Interventional Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New-York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, USA.
| | - Gursimran S Kochhar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Revital Kariv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, MO, USA
| | - Udayakumar Navaneethan
- IBD Center and IBD Interventional Unit, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Orlando Health, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David T Rubin
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raymond K Cross
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sugita
- Department of Clinical Research and Department of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Yokohama Municipal Citizens Hospital Yokohama, Japan
| | - André D'Hoore
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jason Schairer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francis A Farraye
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ravi P Kiran
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New-York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, USA
| | - Philip Fleshner
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, University of California-Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel Rosh
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Goryeb Children's Hospital-Atlantic Health, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Samir A Shah
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Miriam Hospital, Gastroenterology Associates, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shannon Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Scherl
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Jill Roberts Center for IBD, Weill Cornell Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darrell S Pardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paulo G Kotze
- IBD Outpatients Clinic, Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - David H Bruining
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sunanda V Kane
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Philpott
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bincy Abraham
- Houston Methodist and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Segal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Rocio Sedano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maia Kayal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart Bentley-Hibbert
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New-York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, USA
| | - Dino Tarabar
- IBD Clinical Center, University Hospital Center Dr Dragiša Mišović, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra El-Hachem
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Priya Sehgal
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New-York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, USA
| | - James T McCormick
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Picoraro
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark S Silverberg
- Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - William J Sandborn
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gionchetti P, Calabrese C, Laureti S, Poggioli G, Rizzello F. Pouchitis: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:3871-3879. [PMID: 34335051 PMCID: PMC8318718 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s306039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Procto-colectomy with an ileal pouch anal anastomosis is the procedure of choice for ulcerative colitis patients that require colectomy. Pouchitis is a non-specific inflammation of the ileal reservoir, and the most common, inflammatory and long-term, complication after pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis. The aetiology is still unknown, but many risk factors have been individuated. Pouchitis can be classified based on aetiology, duration, clinical course, and response to antibiotic therapy. Accurate diagnosis and classification is the key factor for an adequate management, and exclusion of secondary causes of pouchitis is pivotal. Most of the patients consistently respond to antibiotic therapy, but management of the subgroup of patients with chronic-antibiotic-resistant-pouchitis is still challenging, being this entity one of the major causes of pouch failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gionchetti
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Bologna, Italia
| | - Carlo Calabrese
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Bologna, Italia
| | - Silvio Laureti
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Bologna, Italia
| | - Gilberto Poggioli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Bologna, Italia
| | - Fernando Rizzello
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Bologna, Italia
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6
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Deputy M, Segal J, Reza L, Worley G, Costello S, Burns E, Faiz O, Clark S, Hart A. The pouch behaving badly: management of morbidity after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Colorectal Dis 2021; 23:1193-1204. [PMID: 33523546 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), or a 'pouch', allows restoration of intestinal continuity after proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. Most patients have a good long-term outcome after IPAA, but in a significant proportion the functional outcome and quality of life are unsatisfactory. We term this outcome 'the pouch behaving badly'. Managing this, especially one is when unfamiliar with the possible underlying pathologies, is a challenge for both patient and clinician. We aim to outline the clinical approach to the pouch behaving badly, highlighting key aspects of investigation and management. METHOD This is a narrative review of the literature covering the investigation and management of postoperative complications and morbidity after IPAA. RESULTS Management of the pouch behaving badly requires a careful clinical assessment. The patient may present with multiple symptoms and a clear picture of the symptomatology and past history should be constructed before thorough examination and specialist investigation. We divide the pathology that underlies this clinical scenario into surgical, inflammatory, mechanical, functional and dysplastic causes and outline the investigation and management of each one. CONCLUSION The pouch behaving badly is a challenging problem for both patient and clinician. A detailed clinical assessment with careful specialist investigation is key to diagnosing the underlying pathology. We stress the importance of patient-centred care - the aim is to improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Deputy
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Segal
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lillian Reza
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guy Worley
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel Costello
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia
| | - Elaine Burns
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Omar Faiz
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Clark
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ailsa Hart
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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Yanagi M, Komura T, Kagaya T, Yoshio T, Nishino M, Orita N, Nishikawa M, Kawashima A, Kaneko S, Unoura M. A case of refractory pouchitis complicated by cytomegalovirus infection requiring administration of ganciclovir and infliximab. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 14:181-186. [PMID: 33475967 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-020-01289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pouchitis is a frequent complication of surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), and is typically treated using antimicrobials. If pouchitis is refractory to antimicrobials, screening for complications, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, is necessary. However, the optimal approach to management of pouchitis complicated by CMV infection is unclear. We report the case of a 41-year-old female patient with UC presenting with pouchitis associated with CMV infection; she had received subtotal colectomy/ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA). She was admitted to hospital with persistent fever, epigastric discomfort, and watery diarrhea despite receiving antibiotics. Laboratory findings showed inflammation and reactivation of CMV infection accompanied by liver injury. The endoscopic findings showed inflammation of the pouch and ileal mucosa on the oral side with extensive and deep punched-out ulcers. Immunohistological staining of biopsy specimens from an ulcerated lesion demonstrated CMV infection. Therefore, we diagnosed the patient with pouchitis complicated by CMV infection. The patient was treated with ganciclovir and infliximab, which resolved her symptoms and led to the disappearance of CMV-positive cells. There has been no recurrence of pouchitis. CMV infection should be considered in patients with UC who develop refractory pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yanagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikicho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan.
| | - Takuya Komura
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikicho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan
| | - Takashi Kagaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikicho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Yoshio
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikicho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan
| | - Michiko Nishino
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikicho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan
| | - Noriaki Orita
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikicho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikicho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- System Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Unoura
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikicho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan
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Abstract
Total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with medically-refractory ulcerative colitis or ulcerative colitis with associated dysplasia. Although most patients after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis experience good functional outcomes, a number of complications may develop. Of the long-term complications, pouchitis is most common. Although most respond to antibiotic treatment, some patients develop chronic pouchitis, leading to substantial morbidity and occasionally pouch failure. In patients with pouchitis who are not responsive to conventional antimicrobial therapy, secondary causes of chronic pouchitis need to be considered, including Crohn's disease of the pouch. In recent years, more literature has become available regarding the medical management of chronic pouchitis and Crohn's disease of the pouch, including the use of newer biologic agents. We herein provide a concise review on inflammatory complications involving the ileal pouch, including a focused approach to diagnosis and medical management.
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pouchitis is the most common complication in patients who undergo ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), occurring more frequently in patients with ulcerative colitis. Pouchitis - the inflammation of the pouch - can be due to idiopathic or secondary causes. Chronic antibiotic-dependent pouchitis (CADP) and chronic antibiotic-resistant pouchitis (CARP) are the most difficult forms of chronic idiopathic pouchitis to treat. Crohn's disease of the pouch may develop de novo in ulcerative colitis patients following colectomy with IPAA. It carries a high risk for pouch failure, and its diagnosis and management are challenging. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the present trends in the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pouchitis and Crohn's disease of the pouch. RECENT FINDINGS The use of the newer biologic agents, vedolizumab and ustekinumab, has shown promising results in patients with CADP, CARP, and Crohn's disease of the pouch. Fecal microbiota transplantation has also been reported to have encouraging preliminary results in small studies and case series for the treatment of chronic pouchitis. SUMMARY Promising new treatments are emerging for difficult-to-treat forms of pouchitis. Larger prospective and head-to-head comparative studies among the various treatments are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these agents across the pouchitis subgroups, and to identify predictors of response.
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10
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Sedano R, Nuñez P, Quera R. DIAGNOSTIC AND MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO POUCHITIS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2020; 57:100-106. [PMID: 32294743 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to medical therapy, total proctocolectomy and posterior ileal-anal pouch anastomosis is the standard surgical therapy. One of the possible complications is pouchitis. Depending on the duration of the symptoms, it can be classified as acute, recurrent, or chronic. The latter, according to the response to therapy, can be defined as antibiotic-dependent or refractory. The treatment of pouchitis is based on the use of antibiotics and probiotics. Thiopurine and biological therapy have been suggested in patients with refractory pouchitis. Special care should be taken in the endoscopic surveillance of these patients, especially if they present risk factors such as dysplasia or previous colorectal cancer, primary sclerosing cholangitis or ulcerative colitis for more than 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Sedano
- Universidad de Chile, Hospital Clínico, Internal Medicine Departament, Gastroenterology Section, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Nuñez
- Universidad de Chile, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Gastroenterology Section, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Quera
- Clínica Las Condes, Gastroenterology Department, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Quinn KP, Lightner AL, Faubion WA, Raffals LE. A Comprehensive Approach to Pouch Disorders. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:460-471. [PMID: 30124882 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) or indeterminate colitis, UC with colonic dysplasia or neoplasia, and familial adenomatous polyposis. In general, patients experience good function outcomes and quality of life with an IPAA. Although pouchitis is the most well-recognized and frequent complication after IPAA, a number of additional inflammatory, postsurgical, structural, neoplastic, and functional complications may occur, resulting in pouch dysfunction. We herein provide a comprehensive review of pouch function and an approach to diagnosis and management of pouch complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Quinn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amy L Lightner
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William A Faubion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura E Raffals
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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12
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Gleaning Insights from Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Studies for the Rational Design of Combination Microbial Therapies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:191-231. [PMID: 27856521 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00049-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms hold promise for the treatment of numerous gastrointestinal diseases. The transfer of whole microbiota via fecal transplantation has already been shown to ameliorate the severity of diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and others. However, the exact mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant efficacy and the particular strains conferring this benefit are still unclear. Rationally designed combinations of microbial preparations may enable more efficient and effective treatment approaches tailored to particular diseases. Here we use an infectious disease, C. difficile infection, and an inflammatory disorder, the inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, as examples to facilitate the discussion of how microbial therapy might be rationally designed for specific gastrointestinal diseases. Fecal microbiota transplantation has already shown some efficacy in the treatment of both these disorders; detailed comparisons of studies evaluating commensal and probiotic organisms in the context of these disparate gastrointestinal diseases may shed light on potential protective mechanisms and elucidate how future microbial therapies can be tailored to particular diseases.
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13
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Achkar JP. Classification, differential diagnosis, and diagnosis of pouchitis. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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15
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Cohen GS, Schenck RJ. Cryptosporidium Pouchitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15:A27-A28. [PMID: 28223201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg S Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert J Schenck
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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16
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Schieffer KM, Williams ED, Yochum GS, Koltun WA. Review article: the pathogenesis of pouchitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:817-35. [PMID: 27554912 PMCID: PMC5785099 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A total proctocolectomy followed by ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is a potentially curative surgery for ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. About 5-35% of patients with ulcerative colitis and 0-11% of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis develop subsequent inflammation of the ileal pouch termed pouchitis. AIM To provide a comprehensive analysis of the research studying the possible pathogenesis of pouchitis. The goals were to identify promising areas of investigation, to help focus clinicians, researchers and patients on how to better understand and then potentially manage ileal pouchitis, and to provide avenues for future research investigations. METHODS This review examined manuscripts from 1981 to 2015 that discussed and/or proposed hypotheses with supportive evidence for the potential underlying pathogenic mechanism for pouchitis. RESULTS The pathogenesis of pouchitis is not definitively understood, but various hypotheses have been proposed, including (i) recurrence of ulcerative colitis, (ii) dysbiosis of the ileal pouch microbiota, (iii) deprivation of nutritional short-chain fatty acids, (iv) mucosal ischaemia and oxygen-free radical injury, (v) host genetic susceptibility and (vi) immune dysregulation. However, none of these alone are able to fully explain pouchitis pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Pouchitis, similar to inflammatory bowel disease, is a complex disorder that is not caused by any one single factor. More likely, pouchitis occurs through a combination of both dysregulated host inflammatory mechanisms and interaction with luminal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Schieffer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA 17033
| | - Emmanuelle D. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA 17033
| | - Gregory S. Yochum
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA 17033,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA 17033
| | - Walter A. Koltun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA 17033
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Campylobacter Pouchitis Mimicking the Appearance of Crohn's Disease. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2016; 2016:5254914. [PMID: 27555972 PMCID: PMC4983316 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5254914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusual case of campylobacter pouchitis resembling the endoscopic appearance of Crohn's disease is reported.
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Okita Y, Araki T, Uchida K, Matsushita K, Kawamura M, Koike Y, Otake K, Inoue M, Toiyama Y, Ohi M, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Mohri Y, Kusunoki M. Secondary pouchitis in a pediatric patient successfully treated by salvage surgery. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:625-8. [PMID: 27097567 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apart from primary pouchitis, patients with secondary pouchitis caused by surgical complications require surgical management. The use of abdomino-anal salvage surgery to treat secondary pouchitis caused by surgical complications in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been reported in detail. A girl was diagnosed with UC at 8 years old. She underwent restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) at 9 years old. She presented at 12 years old because of chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis. The fistula and stricture failed to improve despite multiple local salvage surgeries and ileostomy construction. At 15 years old, she underwent redo IPAA. The patient was well at 20 years old with no signs of pouchitis. Early treatment by abdomino-anal salvage surgery might be indicated to improve quality of life in pediatric patients with secondary pouchitis caused by surgical complication unresponsive to defunctioning and local salvage surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Okita
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Araki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keiichi Uchida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mikio Kawamura
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuhki Koike
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kohei Otake
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Inoue
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuji Toiyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Mohri
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masato Kusunoki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Gonzalo DH, Collinsworth AL, Liu X. Common Inflammatory Disorders and Neoplasia of the Ileal Pouch: A Review of Histopathology. Gastroenterology Res 2016; 9:29-38. [PMID: 27785322 PMCID: PMC5040541 DOI: 10.14740/gr706e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard restorative procedure after proctocolectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who require colectomy. The ileal pouch is susceptible to a variety of insults including mechanical injury, ischemia, fecal stasis, and infectious agents. In addition, the development of recurrent and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and neoplasia may occur in the ileal pouch. Although clinical, endoscopic, and radiographic examination can diagnose many ileal pouch diseases, histologic examination plays an essential role in diagnosis and management, particularly in cases with antibiotic refractory chronic pouchitis and pouch neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernandez Gonzalo
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amy L Collinsworth
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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20
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Gionchetti P, Calabrese C, Lauri A, Rizzello F. The therapeutic potential of antibiotics and probiotics in the treatment of pouchitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016. [PMID: 26202437 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1072046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pouchitis is the most frequent long-term complication of pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis. There is consistent evidence on the implication of bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of pouchitis, and there is evidence for a therapeutic role of antibiotics and probiotics in therapy of this disease. Antibiotics, particularly ciprofloxacin and metronidazole, are the mainstay of treatment for acute pouchitis. In chronic refractory pouchitis, after having excluded other diagnoses (infections, Crohn's disease of the pouch, ischemia and irritable pouch), antibiotic combination therapy is the treatment of choice. The highly concentrated probiotic mixture VSL#3 has been shown to be effective in prevention of pouchitis onset and in maintaining antibiotic-induced remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gionchetti
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna-Italy, Bologna, Italy
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21
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Zezos P, Saibil F. Inflammatory pouch disease: The spectrum of pouchitis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:8739-8752. [PMID: 26269664 PMCID: PMC4528017 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the operation of choice for medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC), for UC with dysplasia, and for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). IPAA can be a treatment option for selected patients with Crohn’s colitis without perianal and/or small bowel disease. The term “pouchitis” refers to nonspecific inflammation of the pouch and is a common complication in patients with IPAA; it occurs more often in UC patients than in FAP patients. This suggests that the pathogenetic background of UC may contribute significantly to the development of pouchitis. The symptoms of pouchitis are many, and can include increased bowel frequency, urgency, tenesmus, incontinence, nocturnal seepage, rectal bleeding, abdominal cramps, and pelvic discomfort. The diagnosis of pouchitis is based on the presence of symptoms together with endoscopic and histological evidence of inflammation of the pouch. However, “pouchitis” is a general term representing a wide spectrum of diseases and conditions, which can emerge in the pouch. Based on the etiology we can sub-divide pouchitis into 2 groups: idiopathic and secondary. In idiopathic pouchitis the etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear, while in secondary pouchitis there is an association with a specific causative or pathogenetic factor. Secondary pouchitis can occur in up to 30% of cases and can be classified as infectious, ischemic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced, collagenous, autoimmune-associated, or Crohn’s disease. Sometimes, cuffitis or irritable pouch syndrome can be misdiagnosed as pouchitis. Furthermore, idiopathic pouchitis itself can be sub-classified into types based on the clinical pattern, presentation, and responsiveness to antibiotic treatment. Treatment differs among the various forms of pouchitis. Therefore, it is important to establish the correct diagnosis in order to select the appropriate treatment and further management. In this editorial, we present the spectrum of pouchitis and the specific features related to the diagnosis and treatment of the various forms.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pouchitis, representing a spectrum of disease phenotypes, is the most common long-term complication in patients who have undergone restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Its management and prevention are challenging. RECENT FINDINGS Treatment modalities vary according to phenotypes of pouchitis. The medical therapy of pouchitis remains largely empiric and antibiotic-based. However, patients may develop de-novo chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (CARP) or progress from acute antibiotic-responsive phenotype. Patients with CARP often require alternative medical approaches to routine antibiotics, including the use of oral or topical mesalazine, corticosteroids, and sometimes immunomodulators or biological agents against tumour necrosis factor. There are two strategies to prevent pouchitis, the primary (i.e., the prevention of the initial episode) and secondary (i.e., the prevention of recurrent episodes) prophylaxis. There are scant data in the literature on nutritional aspects. SUMMARY We evaluated the efficacy of current strategies of prevention and treatments of pouchitis and propose algorithms, including attention to nutrition wherein data exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiu Liu
- aDepartment of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China bDepartment of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA cDepartment of General Surgery, Qidong City Hospital, Jiangsu, China
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23
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Mabvuure NT, Maclean L, Oien K, Gaya D. Cytomegalovirus pouchitis in a patient with Crohn's disease. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2014-205374. [PMID: 25035450 PMCID: PMC4112339 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Colectomy with ileoanal pouch formation is usually contraindicated in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) due to the risk of recurrent disease and pouch failure. We report the case of a patient, initially thought to have ulcerative colitis (UC), who underwent such surgery but subsequently developed perianal CD. She presented with diarrhoea and weight loss. Inflammatory markers were raised. Pouchoscopy revealed deep ulcers within the pouch. The main differential diagnoses were idiopathic pouchitis and recurrent CD. However, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated positivity for cytomegalovirus (CMV). Stool frequency, C reactive protein and albumin normalised within 48 h of starting oral valgancyclovir. At 15 weeks, pouch appearances were improved, no histological evidence of CMV was found and baseline pouch function had returned. This case highlights that CD can present many years after surgery for apparent UC. Also, CMV pouchitis should be considered as a differential cause of pouchitis especially as it is treatable with antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Oien
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
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24
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Seril DN, Shen B. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouches. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:941-7. [PMID: 24989088 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) following total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has been increasingly recognized over the past 5 years. CDI of the ileal pouch has been recognized in ∼10% of symptomatic patients seen at a tertiary referral center for pouch dysfunction. In contrast to colonic CDI in the general population or in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, postoperative antibiotic exposure and the use of immunosuppressive agents or proton pump inhibitors do not appear to be associated with CDI of the pouch. Male gender, recent hospitalization, and presurgery antibiotic use were shown to be risk factors for ileal pouch CDI. The ileal pouch may be susceptible to CDI owing to similarities with the colon at physiological and structural levels. Postcolectomy CDI likely represents a spectrum of disease processes, varying from asymptomatic colonization to severe symptomatic infection. CDI should be considered in any patient with an ileal pouch presenting with a change in "normal" symptom pattern or treatment-refractory disease. Sensitive and specific methods for the detection of CDI are available, and pouchoscopy is a valuable tool in the evaluation of the patient with symptomatic CDI of the pouch. At a referral center for pouch dysfunction, vancomycin is used as the first-line therapy for ileal pouch CDI. Fecal microbiota transplantation may find use in the management of severe or antibiotic refractory CDI-related pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren N Seril
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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25
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Olaisen M, Rydning A, Martinsen TC, Nordrum IS, Mjønes P, Fossmark R. Cytomegalovirus infection and postoperative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing colectomy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:845-52. [PMID: 24947587 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.929172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) can be complicated by reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV reactivation may change the course of UC and may require antiviral treatment. Some risk factors of CMV reactivation have previously been identified, whereas the association between CMV reactivation and postoperative complications has not been examined systematically. METHODS Patients with UC operated with colectomy due to active UC were studied (n = 77). Patient and disease characteristics, as well as postoperative complications were recorded and CMV was detected by immunohistochemical examination of multiple sections from the colectomy specimen. RESULTS CMV was found in nine (11.7%) colectomy specimens. CMV-positive patients received significantly higher doses of corticosteroids at colectomy than CMV-negative patients (61.1 ± 23 vs 32.5 ± 32 mg/day, p = 0.01). CMV-positive patients were also older, had a higher risk of severe complications, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, longer preoperative stay, and a higher rate of acute surgery. Complications occurred in 30 (39%) patients after surgery, 8(10.4%) of whom were serious. Two CMV-positive patients (2.6%) died in-hospital after the colectomy. High ASA score was associated with the occurrence of serious complications. CONCLUSION A relatively small proportion of patients with UC operated by colectomy were CMV positive. CMV positivity was associated with old age, high dose of corticosteroids at operation, high ASA score, acute surgery, and severe postoperative complications. Patients with such characteristics may be at risk of CMV infection and may require special management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Olaisen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
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26
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Papaconstantinou I, Zampeli E, Dellaportas D, Giannopoulos C, Sotiropoulou M, Polymeneas G, Bamias G, Michopoulos S. Synchronous cytomegalovirus and Clostridium difficile infection of the pouch: a trigger for chronic pouchitis? Clin J Gastroenterol 2014; 7:132-5. [PMID: 26183628 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-014-0458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pouchitis occurs in up to one half of patients after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Clostridium difficile are among the commonest secondary identifiable etiologies. A 17-year-old male with ulcerative colitis underwent IPAA due to refractory disease. Nine months later he experienced bloody diarrhea and fever. Laboratory testing and endoscopy confirmed pouch inflammation. Testing for C. difficile toxins A and B was positive. Histology revealed affluent inclusion bodies and immunohistochemistry detected reactivity against CMV protein. Treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin offered partial improvement, whereas the addition of gancyclovir led to a successful recovery. One month after completion of treatment symptoms recurred. Repeat testing precluded an identifiable infectious cause and the diagnosis of idiopathic chronic pouchitis was established. The patient is currently on maintenance treatment with the probiotic compound VSL#3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papaconstantinou
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion Hospital, University of Athens, 76 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 115 28, Athens, Greece,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 30% of cases of pouchitis are felt to have a secondary cause. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) may represent a possible etiopathological agent. Here, we report our experience with CMV involvement of the pouch, including risk factors, clinical features, and pouch outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. METHODS The pathology database at Mayo Clinic in Rochester was searched between January 1995 and October 2012 for patients with a tissue diagnosis of CMV of the pouch following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. RESULTS Seven patients with CMV inclusions of the pouch were identified. The median age was 35 (range, 10-53) years, and the majority were female (71%). Five patients (71%) were on immunosuppressive medications including 4 who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. The clinical presentation was similar among all patients: the majority had diarrhea (86%), fever (71%), and abdominal pain (57%). All had mucosal inflammation, with 71% having focal ulcerations in the pouch and 60% having inflammatory changes in the prepouch ileum. All patients improved with ganciclovir. None required pouch excision or had recurrent CMV infection. Three patients had recurrent nonspecific pouchitis. CONCLUSIONS A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose CMV of the pouch. An increase in stool frequency and fever in patients on immune suppression or in those who have failed empiric antibiotics should prompt assessment for CMV infection. Antiviral therapy seems to be effective, and postinfection pouch outcomes seem favorable, particularly in those presenting with their first episode of pouchitis.
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Fidalgo C, Ferreira S, Rosa I, de Ferro SM, Pereira AD. Familial adenomatous polyposis and Crohn's disease in one patient: dilemmas and concerns. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2013; 7:358-62. [PMID: 24019770 PMCID: PMC3764940 DOI: 10.1159/000354972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two entities with no known etiologic or physiopathogenic relation. The rarity of the former makes the coincidence of both diagnoses in one patient very unlikely. Nevertheless, management in such cases can be puzzling as surgical options must be considered, and immunosuppression/immunomodulation is set in a territory of accelerated carcinogenesis. We report the case of a 29-year-old male with a diagnosis of FAP since adolescence, already submitted to prophylactic proctocolectomy, presenting with anemia and bloody diarrhea, revealing small bowel CD. This case allows for a rich discussion of the clinical dilemmas presenting when FAP and CD are diagnosed in the same patient and for a deep analysis of the concerns inherent to the available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Fidalgo
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
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29
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So K, Shepherd NA, Mandalia T, Ahmad T. Suppurative granulomatous inflammation in the ileo-anal pouch. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:e186-8. [PMID: 22824099 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is commonly performed for medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC), however with multiple possible complications, most notably pouchitis, cuffitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch and irritable pouch syndrome. We present a unique case of suppurative granulomatous inflammation in the ileal pouch mucosa, most likely infective in nature, that is unrelated to recognised causes of such pathology, especially yersiniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji So
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Devon, United Kingdom.
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31
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Unusual localization of clostridium difficile infection in an isolated segment of the descending colon in a critical care patient. Case Rep Surg 2012; 2012:482930. [PMID: 23316409 PMCID: PMC3535736 DOI: 10.1155/2012/482930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unrecognized severe pseudomembranous colitis may become life threatening. A typical Clostridium difficile infection is associated with involvement of the colon; however, small bowel disease has also been described. Here, we present a case of a 48-year-old man with Clostridium difficile colitis of an isolated segment in the descending colon treated by a novel catheter intraluminal antibiotic irrigation. The intraluminal antibiotic irrigation was performed through a Foley catheter inserted into the isolated mucus fistula. The patient recovered after three weeks of intraluminal vancomycin (250 mg diluted in 150 ml of normal saline x Q6) and metronidazole (500 mg x Q8). Both antibiotics were given into the mucus fistula over 30 min. The patient was discharged from the unit four weeks after admission. This novel technique, in which the antibiotic was administered through an inserted intraluminal Foley urinary catheter, may be an efficient and safe alternative when conventional routes cannot be implemented.
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Jonkers D, Penders J, Masclee A, Pierik M. Probiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of intervention studies in adult patients. Drugs 2012; 72:803-23. [PMID: 22512365 DOI: 10.2165/11632710-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mounting evidence suggests an important role for the intestinal microbiota in the chronic mucosal inflammation that occurs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and novel molecular approaches have further identified a dysbiosis in these patients. Several mechanisms of action of probiotic products that may interfere with possible aetiological factors in IBD have been postulated. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to discuss the rationale for probiotics in IBD and to systematically review clinical intervention studies with probiotics in the management of IBD in adults. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed up to 1 October 2011, using defined keywords. Only full-text papers in the English language addressing clinical outcomes in adult patients were included. The 41 eligible studies were categorized on disease type (ulcerative colitis [UC] with/without an ileo-anal pouch and Crohn's disease [CD]) and disease activity. Pooled odds ratios were only calculated per probiotic for a specific patient group when more than one randomized controlled trial was available. RESULTS Well designed randomized controlled trials supporting the application of probiotics in the management of IBD are still limited. Meta-analyses could only be performed for a limited number of studies revealing overall risk ratios of 2.70 (95% CI 0.47, 15.33) for inducing remission in active UC with Bifido-fermented milk versus placebo or no additive treatment (n = 2); 1.88 (95% CI 0.96, 3.67) for inducing remission in active UC with VSL#3 versus placebo (n = 2); 1.08 (95% CI 0.86, 1.37) for preventing relapses in inactive UC with Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 versus standard treatment (n = 3); 0.17 (95% CI 0.09, 0.33) for preventing relapses in inactive UC/ileo-anal pouch anastomosis (IPAA) patients with VSL#3 versus placebo; 1.21 (95% CI 0.57, 2.57) for preventing endoscopic recurrences in inactive CD with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus placebo (n = 2); and 0.93 (95% CI 0.63, 1.38) for preventing endoscopic recurrences in inactive CD with Lactobacillus johnsonii versus placebo (n = 2). CONCLUSION Further well designed studies based on intention-to-treat analyses by several independent research groups are still warranted to support the promising results for E. coli Nissle in inactive UC and the multispecies product VSL#3 in active UC and inactive pouch patients. So far, no evidence is available to support the use of probiotics in CD. Future studies should focus on specific disease subtypes and disease location. Further insight into the aetiology of IBD and the mechanisms of probiotic strains will aid in selecting probiotic strains for specific disease entities and disease locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Research School Nutrim, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
IPAA is a technically demanding procedure that requires appropriate skills and expertise. Adverse sequelae of IPAA are common. Accurate diagnosis and classification of pouch disorders and associated complications are important for proper management and prognosis. Based on presenting symptoms, appropriate and combined diagnostic modalities should apply. A multidisciplinary approach involving gastroenterologists, colorectal surgeons, gastrointestinal pathologists, and gastrointestinal radiologists is advocated for diagnosis and treatment of pouch disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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Increased crypt apoptosis is a feature of autoimmune-associated chronic antibiotic refractory pouchitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55:549-57. [PMID: 22513433 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0b013e31824ab7c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA is the surgical treatment of choice in patients with ulcerative colitis who require colectomy. Pouchitis is the most common long-term complication in patients with IPAA. While immune-mediated disorders frequently coexist with IBD, they appear to be associated with an increased risk for chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate histologic features of autoimmune-associated chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis in comparison with controls and to assess their possible diagnostic utility. DESIGN Clinical definition for autoimmune-associated chronic pouchitis included 1) chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis with response only to corticosteroids, immunomodulators, or biologics; 2) positive serum autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and antimicrosomal antibody; and 3) concurrent immune-mediated disorders. Various histologic features of pouch biopsy specimens were evaluated. SETTING The investigation was conducted at a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS From our Pouchitis Registry, all eligible patients with autoimmune-associated pouchitis (n = 17) were included. The control groups included 16 patients with nonautoimmune-associated chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, 39 with antibiotic-responsive pouchitis, and 19 patients with normal pouches. Various histologic features of pouch biopsy specimens were evaluated. RESULTS In comparison with the control groups, the autoimmune-associated pouchitis group showed a significant increase in deep crypt apoptosis (p < 0.001). It also showed more pyloric gland metaplasia in comparison with antibiotic-responsive pouchitis and normal pouches. With the use of apoptosis score which we developed as a diagnostic marker for autoimmune-associated chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, we constructed a receiver operating curve and obtained an area-under-curve value of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.99). CONCLUSION Increased deep crypt apoptosis is a distinctive histologic feature of autoimmune-associated chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, and this feature may aid in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis in pouchitis.
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Navaneethan U, Mukewar S, Venkatesh PGK, Lopez R, Shen B. Clostridium difficile infection is associated with worse long term outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:330-6. [PMID: 22405170 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is becoming prevalent in general population as well as in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM The aim of the study was to investigate the long-term impact of CDI in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS UC inpatients or outpatients who had positive results for stool C. difficile toxins A and B between 2002 and 2007 were identified (N=45). The 45 patients were matched for age and gender to UC patients who were negative for C. difficile and had never been diagnosed with CDI (N=101). The primary Colectomy within 12 months of C. difficile testing was the primary outcome patients with CDI and no-CDI. RESULTS Forty-five patients were CDI positive and 101 were negative. Patients who were CDI positive had significantly more UC-related emergency room visits in the year following initial infection (37.8% vs. 4%, p<0.001) than those without CDI. One year following the index infection admission, CDI patients also had a significantly higher rate of colectomy than controls (35.6% vs. 9.9%, p<0.001). Among patients with CDI, 55.8% of patients had an escalation in medical treatment in the year after CDI as compared to the prior year of 12.9%, p<0.0001. CDI (odds ratio (OR) 10.0, 95% confidence interval CI: 2.7, 36.3, p<0.001) and severe disease on endoscopy (OR 16.7, 95% (CI): 4.1, 67.9, p<0.001) were found to be independently associated with colectomy within 1 year on logistic regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS CDI appears to be associated with escalation of medical therapy in the year following infection. CDI and severe disease on endoscopy appear to be associated with an increased risk for subsequent colectomy on long-term follow up.
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Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PGK, Manilich E, Kiran RP, Remzi FH, Shen B. Prevalence and clinical implications of positive serum anti-microsomal antibodies in symptomatic patients with ileal pouches. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:1577-82. [PMID: 21717284 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Autoimmune disorders (AID) have been shown to be associated with chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (CARP). The role of anti-microsomal antibodies in ileal pouch disorders has not been investigated. The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence of positive anti-microsomal antibody in symptomatic patients with ileal pouches and to investigate its clinical implications. METHODS A total of 118 consecutive symptomatic patients with ileal pouches were included between January and October 2010. Anti-microsomal antibodies were measured at the time of presentation. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics were compared between patients with positive and negative anti-microsomal antibody. RESULTS There were 14 patients (11.9%) with positive serum anti-microsomal antibody. The mean age of patients in the antibody positive and negative groups were 41.8 ± 14.4 and 42.0 ± 14.0 years, respectively (p = 0.189). All 14 patients in the antibody positive group (100%) had some form of AID, as compared to 20 patients (19.2%) in the antibody negative group (p < 0.001). Four (28.6%) patients in the antibody positive group had at least one AID in addition to Hashimoto's thyroiditis in contrast to four (3.8%) in the antibody negative group (p = 0.003). In addition, five (35.7%) patients had associated primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in the antibody positive group compared to nine (8.7%) in the antibody negative group (p = 0.012). Eleven patients (78.6%) in the antibody positive group required steroids for treatment of pouch related symptoms in contrast to 26/104 (25%) patients in the antibody negative group (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Anti-microsomal antibodies were common in pouch patients presenting with symptoms. Patients with positive anti-microsomal antibodies were much more likely to have concurrent AID and PSC. These patients were more likely to require therapy with steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Navaneethan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Scarpa M, Grillo A, Pozza A, Faggian D, Ruffolo C, Scarpa M, D'Incà R, Plebani M, Sturniolo GC, Castagliuolo I, Angriman I. TLR2 and TLR4 up-regulation and colonization of the ileal mucosa by Clostridiaceae spp. in chronic/relapsing pouchitis. J Surg Res 2011; 169:e145-54. [PMID: 21601883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pouchitis, which can lead to pouch failure, occurs in approximately 5% of patients after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis (UC). This work examined the interplay between the microbiota adherent to the ileal pouch mucosa and the mucosal immune system in chronic/relapsing pouchitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two consecutive patients attending our surgical gastroenterological department following restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for UC were considered eligible candidates for this study. Biopsy samples of bacteria adherent to the mucosa were collected. TLR4 and TLR2 mucosal expression was measured by Real Time RT-PCR. Serum and mucosal IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were assessed using immunometric assays. Fecal lactoferrin concentrations were determined by quantitative ELISA. After a median follow-up of 23 months (IQR 20-24 months) each patient underwent a global assessment of their clinical condition and disease activity status. RESULTS Six patients were diagnosed with relapsing/chronic pouchitis during the follow-up period. Mucosal TLR2 and TLR4 expression was higher in the chronic/relapsing pouchitis group than in the no or only one episode of pouchitis group (P = 0.036 and P = 0.016, respectively). The number of colony forming units (CFU) of mucosa-associated Clostridiaceae spp. was higher in the former than in the latter group (P = 0.031). Clostridiaceae were associated to a significant risk of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [OR: 14 (95% CI 0.887-224.021), P = 0.045]. CONCLUSION Chronic/relapsing pouchitis is associated to higher mucosal TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Mucosal colonization by Clostridiaceae spp seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic/relapsing pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Oncological Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), Padova, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the recent studies which have enhanced our appreciation of the composition of the microbiota in the human small intestine and its relevance to the health of the host. RECENT FINDINGS In the past number of years, the composition of the microorganisms present in our small intestines has been the subject of greater scrutiny than ever before. These investigations have been possible as a consequence of the development and utilization of new molecular tools which have revolutionized the field of microbial ecology and have focused predominantly on the small intestinal microbiota associated with pediatric celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and pouchitis. The impact of invasive procedures, such as small bowel transplant, ileostomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis, on the ileal microbiota has also been investigated. SUMMARY The ever greater appreciation of the link between the small intestinal microbiota and the health status of the host has the potential to lead to the development of new strategies to alter this microbiota in a targeted way to prevent or treat specific disorders.
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Goodhand JR, Alazawi W, Rampton DS. Systematic review: Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:428-41. [PMID: 21198703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing concern about the apparently rising incidence and worsening outcome of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We have systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, endoscopic features, treatment and outcome of CDI complicating IBD. AIM To systematically review: clostridium difficile & inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Structured searches of Pubmed up to September 2010 for original, cross-sectional, cohort and case-controlled studies were undertaken. RESULTS Of 407 studies, 42 met the inclusion criteria: their heterogeneity precluded formal meta-analysis. CDI is commoner in active IBD, particularly ulcerative colitis, than in controls. Certainty about a temporal trend to its increasing incidence in IBD is compromised by possible detection bias and miscoding. Risk factors include immunosuppressants and antibiotics, the latter less commonly than in controls. Endoscopy rarely shows pseudomembranes and is unhelpful for diagnosing CDI in IBD. There are no controlled therapeutic trials of CDI in IBD. In large studies, outcome of CDI in hospitalised IBD patients appears worse than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The complication of IBD by Clostridium difficile infection has received increasing attention in the past decade, but whether its incidence is really increasing or its outcome worsening remains unproven. Therapeutic trials of Clostridium difficile infection in IBD are lacking and are needed urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Goodhand
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary's University, London, UK
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Kariv R, Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PGK, Lopez R, Shen B. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5:34-40. [PMID: 21272802 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is becoming prevalent in general population as well as in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for CDI in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and to assess outcome of UC in patients following CDI. METHODS UC inpatients or outpatients who had positive results for C. difficile toxins A and B between 2000 and 2006 were identified (N=39) and matched for age and gender to UC patients who were negative C. difficile toxins and had never been diagnosed with CDI (N=39). Records were reviewed for adverse clinical outcome, defined as colectomy within 3 months of C. difficile testing. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze multivariable association to identify risk factors for CDI and for adverse clinical outcome. RESULTS A total of 78 subjects were analyzed, 60% were males. Median age was 39. Among 39 patients with CDI, 20 (47.2%) were diagnosed as outpatients, 50% failed treatment with the first antibiotic monotherapy, and 21.2% had recurrent infection. Antibiotic exposure within 30 days prior to C. difficile testing was found to be associated with an increased risk for CDI with an odds ratio of 12.0 (95% CI 1.2, 124.2) Subsequent colectomy within 3 months after CDI diagnosis, was not associated with CDI in both univariable and multivariable analyses. After adjusting for CDI, lack of 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) in the treatment regimen was significantly associated with colectomy with an odds ratio of 3.3 (95% CI: 1.2, 9.4). There was no UC- or CDI-associated mortality in this case series. CONCLUSIONS Recent antibiotic exposure was a risk factor for CDI in UC patients. Interestingly, CDI does not seem to adversely affect short-term adverse clinical outcome (colectomy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Kariv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PGK, Shen B. Risks and benefits of ileal pouch–anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/thy.10.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Navaneethan U, Shen B. Diagnosis and management of pouchitis and ileoanal pouch dysfunction. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2010; 12:485-94. [PMID: 20890738 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-010-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the surgical treatment of choice for patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) or UC with dysplasia and for the majority of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. However, UC patients with IPAA are susceptible to inflammatory and noninflammatory sequelae, such as pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, cuffitis, and irritable pouch syndrome, in addition to common surgery-associated complications, which adversely affect the surgical outcome and compromise health-related quality of life. Pouchitis is the most frequent long-term complication of IPAA in patients with UC, with a cumulative prevalence of up to 50%. Pouchitis may be classified based on the etiology into idiopathic and secondary types, and the management is often different. Pouchoscopy is the most important tool for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis in patients with pouch dysfunction. Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for active pouchitis. Some patients may develop dependency on antibiotics, requiring long-term maintenance therapy. Although management of antibiotic-dependent or antibiotic-refractory pouchitis has been challenging, secondary etiology for pouchitis should be evaluated and modified, if possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Navaneethan
- The Pouchitis Clinic, Digestive Disease Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PGK, Shen B. Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: Understanding the evolving relationship. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:4892-904. [PMID: 20954275 PMCID: PMC2957597 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i39.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is the leading identifiable cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. While there is an alarming trend of increasing incidence and severity of CDI in the United States and Europe, superimposed CDI in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has drawn considerable attention in the gastrointestinal community. The majority of IBD patients appear to contract CDI as outpatients. C. difficile affects disease course of IBD in several ways, including triggering disease flares, sustaining activity, and in some cases, acting as an “innocent” bystander. Despite its wide spectrum of presentations, CDI has been reported to be associated with a longer duration of hospitalization and a higher mortality in IBD patients. IBD patients with restorative proctocolectomy or with diverting ileostomy are not immune to CDI of the small bowel or ileal pouch. Whether immunomodulator or corticosteroid therapy for IBD should be continued in patients with superimposed CDI is controversial. It appears that more adverse outcomes was observed among patients treated by a combination of immunomodulators and antibiotics than those treated by antibiotics alone. The use of biologic agents does not appear to increase the risk of acquisition of CDI. For CDI in the setting of underlying IBD, vancomycin appears to be more efficacious than metronidazole. Randomized controlled trials are required to clearly define the appropriate management for CDI in patients with IBD.
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