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Alonazi AS, Bin Dayel AF, Albuaijan DA, Bin Osfur AS, Hakami FM, Alzayed SS, Almotairi AR, Khan MR, Alharbi HM, Ali RA, Alamin MA, Alghibiwi HK, Alrasheed NM, Alhosaini KA. Cardioprotective Effects of the GRK2 Inhibitor Paroxetine on Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Remodeling by Modulating NF-κB Mediated Prohypertrophic and Profibrotic Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17270. [PMID: 38139099 PMCID: PMC10743803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac remodeling is associated with cardiovascular disease and can lead to heart failure. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is upregulated in the hypertrophic heart. Moreover, the expression of the G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is increased and linked to the progression of heart failure. The inhibitory effects of paroxetine on GRK2 have been established. However, its protective effect on IκBα/NFκB signaling has not been elucidated. This study investigated the cardioprotective effect of paroxetine in an animal model of cardiac hypertrophy (CH), focusing on its effect on GRK2-mediated NF-κB-regulated expression of prohypertrophic and profibrotic genes. Wistar albino rats were administered normal saline, paroxetine, or fluoxetine, followed by isoproterenol to induce CH. The cardioprotective effects of the treatments were determined by assessing cardiac injury, inflammatory biomarker levels, histopathological changes, and hypertrophic and fibrotic genes in cardiomyocytes. Paroxetine pre-treatment significantly decreased the HW/BW ratio (p < 0.001), and the expression of prohypertrophic and profibrotic genes Troponin-I (p < 0.001), BNP (p < 0.01), ANP (p < 0.001), hydroxyproline (p < 0.05), TGF-β1 (p < 0.05), and αSMA (p < 0.01) as well as inflammatory markers. It also markedly decreased pIκBα, NFκB(p105) subunit expression (p < 0.05) and phosphorylation. The findings suggest that paroxetine prevents pathological cardiac remodeling by inhibiting the GRK2-mediated IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S. Alonazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Anfal F. Bin Dayel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Danah A. Albuaijan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Alhanouf S. Bin Osfur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Fatemah M. Hakami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Shaden S. Alzayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Ahmad R. Almotairi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad R. Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Hana M. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Rehab A. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Maha A. Alamin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Hanan K. Alghibiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Nouf M. Alrasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
| | - Khaled A. Alhosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.B.D.)
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Alrasheed NM, Alammari RB, Alshammari TK, Alamin MA, Alharbi AO, Alonazi AS, Bin Dayel AF, Alrasheed NM. α1A Adrenoreceptor blockade attenuates myocardial infarction by modulating the integrin-linked kinase/TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:153. [PMID: 36964489 PMCID: PMC10037904 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is considered a public health problem. According to the World Health Organization, MI is a leading cause of death and comorbidities worldwide. Activation of the α1A adrenergic receptor is a contributing factor to the development of MI. Tamsulosin, an α1A adrenergic blocker, has gained wide popularity as a medication for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Limited evidence from previous studies has revealed the potential cardioprotective effects of tamsulosin, as its inhibitory effect on the α1A adrenoceptor protects the heart by acting on the smooth muscle of blood vessels, which results in hypotension; however, its effect on the infarcted heart is still unclear. The mechanisms of the expected cardioprotective effects mediated by tamsulosin are not yet understood. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a mediator of fibrosis, is considered an attractive therapeutic target for remodeling after MI. The role of α1A adrenoceptor inhibition or its relationships with integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and TGF-β/small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling pathways in attenuating MI are unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether tamsulosin attenuates MI by modulating an ILK-related TGF-β/Smad pathway. Methods Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, ISO, TAM, and ISO + TAM. ISO (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was injected on Days 20 and 21 to induce MI. Tamsulosin (0.8 mg/kg, orally) was administered for 21 days, prior to ISO injection for 2 consecutive days. Heart-to-body weight ratios and cardiac and fibrotic biomarker levels were subsequently determined. ILK, TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, and collagen III protein expression levels were determined using biomolecular methods. Results Tamsulosin significantly attenuated the relative heart-to-body weight index (p < 0.5) and creatine kinase-MB level (p < 0.01) compared with those in the ISO control group. While ISO resulted in superoxide anion production and enhanced oxidative damage, tamsulosin significantly prevented this damage through antioxidant defense mechanisms, increasing glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels (p < 0.05) and decreasing lipid peroxide oxidation levels (p < 0.01). The present data revealed that tamsulosin reduced TGF-β/p-Smad2/3 expression and enhanced ILK expression. Conclusion Tamsulosin may exert a cardioprotective effect by modulating the ILK-related TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Thus, tamsulosin may be a useful therapeutic approach for preventing MI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-023-03188-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal M. Alrasheed
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad B. Alammari
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Pharm D. Student, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani K. Alshammari
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A. Alamin
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer O. Alharbi
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma S. Alonazi
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Anfal F. Bin Dayel
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf M. Alrasheed
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
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Lu Q, Guo P, Guo J, Ares I, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: A new strategy for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107702. [PMID: 33022300 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathogenic factor of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which seriously affects people's life, and health and causes huge economic losses. Increasing evidence has shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can regulate the progression of cardiac fibrosis. For the first time, this review systematically summarizes the literature on cardiac fibrosis from the perspective of PPARs from 2010 to 2020. Moreover, the role of each PPARs in cardiac fibrosis was clarified in this scientific revision from the perspectives of pharmacologically active substances, known agonists, natural extract compounds, and nucleic-acid-based drugs in different CVD models. Furthermore, the combination of multiple PPARs on the treatment of cardiac fibrosis is discussed. This scientific review provides new ideas for targeting PPARs in the treatment of cardiac fibrosis and provides strategies for the development of new, safe, and effective pharmacological antagonists against cardiac fibrosis based on PPAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Lu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Pu Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jingchao Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Ravindran S, Gopalakrishnan S, Kurian GA. Beneficial effect of sodium thiosulfate extends beyond myocardial tissue in isoproterenol model of infarction: Implication for nootropic effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22606. [PMID: 32865837 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the common negative impacts in the management of acute myocardial infarction is cognitive decline. Using the rat model of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction, we assessed the cardioprotective effect of sodium thiosulfate (STS) and its influence on cognition. STS treatment reduced the cardiac infarct size by 75%, injury markers (lactate dehydrogenase: 60%, creatine kinase-muscle/brain: 44%) release in the blood, maintain the heart rate within a normal range (365 ± 10 bpm) and minimize postinfarction hypertrophic changes in comparison with the ISO group. At the cellular level, the heart from these rats had reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) (25%), caspase-9 (60%), and improved mitochondrial function (restored electron transport chain function and copy number) compared to ISO hearts. The brain of STS-treated rats also showed a reduction in ROS (45%), caspase-9 (37%), and improved mitochondrial function relative to the brain of the ISO group, particularly limited to the striatum region, and these rats showed improved cognitive ability. Predominantly, the STS treatment reduced the reference memory defects observed in comparison to rats challenged by ISO. Furthermore, elevated circulating mitochondrial DNA and ATP were found in ISO-challenged rats, which indicate the cardiac mitochondria linked damage-associated patterns were restored to the sham level when pretreated with STS. We found increased H2 S, a well-known metabolite of STS with a neuroprotective role in the brain after STS administration, hinting at a possible secondary defense mechanism. In conclusion, the STS mediated cardioprotection and its nootropic effects are primarily mediated via the improvement of mitochondrial function and reduction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ravindran
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gino A Kurian
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Randomized controlled trial of landiolol, a short-acting beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker, illustrating changes in high-molecular weight adiponectin levels after elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart Vessels 2020; 35:1510-1517. [PMID: 32533314 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) has cardioprotective properties and bisoprolol has been reported to increase myocardial APN expression and reduce myocardial damage. Administration of landiolol, which has a higher cardio-selectivity and shorter half-life than bisoprolol, during the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may increase serum APN and high-molecular weight (HMW)-APN, an active form of APN, in patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP). We recruited 70 patients with SAP and randomized them to intravenous landiolol during PCI (N = 35) or control group (N = 35). The primary endpoint was serum APN and HMW-APN level 3 days after PCI. There was no difference in the primary endpoint between the landiolol and control groups (8.93 ± 5.24 vs. 10.18 ± 5.81 μg/mL, p = 0.35 and 3.36 ± 2.75 vs. 4.28 ± 3.13 μg/mL, p = 0.20) for APN and HMW-APN levels, respectively. APN and HMW-APN level were significantly decreased 1 day after PCI [-0.55 ± 0.92 μg/mL (9.87-9.32 μg/mL), p < 0.001 and -0.20 ± 0.45 μg/mL (3.89-3.69 μg/mL), p < 0.001, respectively]. Additionally, the absolute change in HMW-APN was significantly smaller in the landiolol group compared to the control group (-0.08 ± 0.27 vs. -0.31 ± 0.55 μg/mL, p = 0.031). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that use of landiolol was an independent predictor of change in HMW-APN (β = 0.276, p = 0.014). Serum APN and HMW-APN level 3 days after PCI were similar between patients treated with and without landiolol. APN and HMW-APN decreased 1 day after PCI in the SAP and landiolol mitigated decrease in HMW-APN.
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Bin-Jaliah I, Hussein AM, Sakr HF, Eid EA. Effects of low dose of aliskiren on isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial infarction in rats. Physiol Int 2018; 105:127-144. [PMID: 29975120 DOI: 10.1556/2060.105.2018.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of aliskiren (Ali) (direct renin inhibitor) on serum cardiac enzymes (LDH and CK-MB), electrocardiography (ECG) changes, myocardial oxidative stress markers (MDA, CAT, and GSH) and the expression of Bcl2, HO-1, and Nrf2 genes in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI). A total of 40 male albino rats were allocated into four groups, (1) normal control (NC) group, (2) Ali group (rats received Ali at 10 mg/kg/day p.o. for 5 days), (3) ISO group (rats received ISO 150 mg/kg i.p. for two consecutive days at 24 h intervals), and (4) Ali + ISO group (rats received ISO + Ali at 10 mg/kg/day p.o. for 5 days from the 2nd dose of ISO). ISO group showed significant rise in serum cardiac enzymes (CK-MB and LDH), myocardial damage scores, myocardial MDA, HO-1, myocardial Nrf2 expression with significant reduction in myocardial antioxidants (CAT and GSH), and Bcl2 expression compared to the normal group (p < 0.05). ECG showed ST segment elevation, prolonged QT interval and QRS complex, and increased heart rate in ISO group. Co-administration of Ali and ISO caused significant increase in cardiac enzymes and morphology with increase in MDA, serum K, and creatinine with significant decrease in Bcl2, HO-1, and Nrf2 without significant changes in ECG parameters compared to ISO group. We concluded that low dose of Ali seems to exacerbate the myocardial injury in ISO-MI, which might be due to the enhanced oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bin-Jaliah
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University , Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Hussein
- 2 Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - H F Sakr
- 2 Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt.,3 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat, Oman
| | - E A Eid
- 4 Internal Medicine Department, Delta University for Science and Technology , Gamasa, Egypt
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Ashokkumar R, Jamuna S, Sakeena Sadullah M, Niranjali Devaraj S. Vitexin protects isoproterenol induced post myocardial injury by modulating hipposignaling and ER stress responses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:731-737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rathinavel A, Sankar J, Mohammed Sadullah SS, Niranjali Devaraj S. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins protect myocardium by mitigating left ventricular remodeling in isoproterenol-induced postmyocardial infarction. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 32:51-59. [PMID: 29059499 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is a major pathophysiological process during post-myocardial infarction (MI). The activation, differentiation, and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts regulate the expression of ECM proteins. The signaling by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-4), an extracellular ligand of the TGF-β family, has recently been identified as an essential pathway in regulating cardiovascular dysfunctions including myocardial fibrosis. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) are well known for their cardioprotective activity. The primary aim of the study was to investigate BMP-4-mediated ECM turnover in cardiac fibrosis during isoproterenol-induced post-MI and its downregulation by OPC. Myocardial injury was evaluated by assaying serum markers LDH and CK. Oxidative stress and the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels were assessed to support the cardioprotective nature of OPC. The total collagen level was analyzed by measuring hydroxyproline levels. The ISO-induced group showed a significant decrease in the levels of antioxidants due to severe oxidative stress and increased expression of BMP-4 which reflects the increased expression of MMP 2 and 9 with a concomitant increase and deposition of fibrillary collagens type I and III responsible for the fibrotic scar formation as evidenced in the histological analysis.BMP-4 activation, thus, is strongly associated with cardiac fibrosis which was downregulated upon OPC supplementation. This study provides an evidence supporting the antifibrotic effect of OPC via regulation of BMP-4-mediated ECM turnover and also substantiates the remarkable antioxidant efficacy of OPC against isoproterenol induced severe oxidative stress and subsequent post-MI cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashokkumar Rathinavel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - Jamuna Sankar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Is Critical to Cardiac Fibrosis. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:2198645. [PMID: 27293418 PMCID: PMC4880703 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2198645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which plays a central role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that PPARγ agonists have potential to reduce inflammation, influence the balance of immune cells, suppress oxidative stress, and improve endothelial function, which are all involved in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis. Thus, in this review we discuss the role of PPARγ in various cardiovascular conditions associated with cardiac fibrosis, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion injury, atrial fibrillation, and several other cardiovascular disease (CVD) conditions, and summarize the developmental status of PPARγ agonists for the clinical management of CVD.
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Michel MC, Brunner HR, Foster C, Huo Y. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in animal models of vascular, cardiac, metabolic and renal disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:1-81. [PMID: 27130806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) in various animal models of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac function, hypertrophy and fibrosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and renal function and morphology. Those of azilsartan and telmisartan have been included comprehensively whereas those of other ARBs have been included systematically but without intention of completeness. ARBs as a class lower blood pressure in established hypertension and prevent hypertension development in all applicable animal models except those with a markedly suppressed renin-angiotensin system; blood pressure lowering even persists for a considerable time after discontinuation of treatment. This translates into a reduced mortality, particularly in models exhibiting marked hypertension. The retrieved data on vascular, cardiac and renal function and morphology as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed to address three main questions: 1. Can ARB effects on blood vessels, heart, kidney and metabolic function be explained by blood pressure lowering alone or are they additionally directly related to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system? 2. Are they shared by other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, e.g. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors? 3. Are some effects specific for one or more compounds within the ARB class? Taken together these data profile ARBs as a drug class with unique properties that have beneficial effects far beyond those on blood pressure reduction and, in some cases distinct from those of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The clinical relevance of angiotensin receptor-independent effects of some ARBs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Dept. Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Dept. Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany.
| | | | - Carolyn Foster
- Retiree from Dept. of Research Networking, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Yong Huo
- Dept. Cardiology & Heart Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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