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Liu N, Li Y, Luo G, Jiang M, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhang L. SIRT6 suppresses colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis and autophagy through transcriptionally down-regulating Survivin. Mitochondrion 2024:101932. [PMID: 38986922 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
SIRT6, an evolutionarily conserved histone deacetylase, has been identified as a novel direct downstream target of Akt/FoxO3a and a tumor suppressor in colon cancer in our previous research. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which SIRT6 hinders tumor development remain unclear. To ascertain whether SIRT6 directly impacts Survivin transcription, a ChIP assay was conducted using an anti-SIRT6 antibody to isolate DNA. YM155 was synthesized to explore Survivin's role in mitochondrial apoptosis, autophagy and tumor progression. Our investigation into the regulation of Survivin involved real-time fluorescence imaging in living cells, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and xenograft mouse assays. In this current study, we delved into the role of SIRT6 in colon cancer and established that activated SIRT6 triggers mitochondrial apoptosis by reducing Survivin expression. Subsequent examinations revealed that SIRT6 directly binds to the Survivin promoter, impeding its transcription. Notably, direct inhibition of Survivin significantly impeded colon cancer proliferation by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. More interestingly, Survivin inhibition reactivated the Akt/FoxO3a pathway and elevated SIRT6 levels, establishing a positive feedback loop. Our results identify Survivin as a novel downstream transcriptional target of SIRT6 that fosters tumor growth and holds promise as a prospective target for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Luo
- Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meimei Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Respirology & Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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2
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Taeb S, Rostamzadeh D, Amini SM, Rahmati M, Eftekhari M, Safari A, Najafi M. MicroRNAs targeted mTOR as therapeutic agents to improve radiotherapy outcome. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:233. [PMID: 38965615 PMCID: PMC11229485 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that regulate genes and are involved in various biological processes, including cancer development. Researchers have been exploring the potential of miRNAs as therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Specifically, targeting the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway with miRNAs has shown promise in improving the effectiveness of radiotherapy (RT), a common cancer treatment. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of miRNAs targeting mTOR as therapeutic agents to enhance RT outcomes in cancer patients. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the specific miRNAs that target mTOR and their impact on radiosensitivity for personalized cancer treatment approaches. The review also discusses the role of mTOR in cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, and immune response, as well as its association with oncogenesis. It highlights the different ways in which miRNAs can potentially affect the mTOR pathway and their implications in immune-related diseases. Preclinical findings suggest that combining mTOR modulators with RT can inhibit tumor growth through anti-angiogenic and anti-vascular effects, but further research and clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of using miRNAs targeting mTOR as therapeutic agents in combination with RT. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential of miRNAs targeting mTOR to enhance RT efficacy in cancer treatment and emphasizes the need for further research to translate these findings into improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Davoud Rostamzadeh
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Amini
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Eftekhari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arash Safari
- Department of Radiology, Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- Medical Biology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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3
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Feng Q, Liu Q, Liu Z, Xu J, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Lu G, Xu G, Wu D, Wang F, Liu B, Wang W, Ding X. USP9X inhibits metastasis in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and immune infiltration. Transl Oncol 2024; 47:101950. [PMID: 38964032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a highly invasive pulmonary malignancy with an extremely poor prognosis. The results of previous studies suggest that ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9X (USP9X) contributes to the progression of numerous types of cancer. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and functions of USP9X in the metastasis of PSC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detect USP9X expression levels in PSC tissues and cells. Wound healing, transwell, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tube formation, and aortic ring assays were used to examine the function and mechanism of USP9X in the metastasis of PSC. RESULTS Expression of USP9X was markedly decreased and significantly correlated with metastasis and prognosis of patients with PSC. Then we revealed that USP9X protein levels were negatively associated with the levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and the migration of PSC cells. It was confirmed that USP9X in PSC cells reduced VEGF secretion and inhibited tubule formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. USP9X was detected to downregulate MMP9. Meanwhile, MMP9 was positively related to EMT, angiogenesis and was negatively related to immune infiltration in the public databases. USP9X was significantly negatively associated with the expression of MMP9, EMT markers, CD31, and positively associated with CD4, and CD8 in PSC tissues. CONCLUSION The present study reveals the vital role of USP9X in regulating EMT, angiogenesis and immune infiltration and inhibiting metastasis of PSC via downregulating MMP9, which provides a new effective therapeutic target for PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zi Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Xu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangxian Lu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangjuan Xu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biao Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xinyuan Ding
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Minicipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.
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4
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Jiang M, Wu W, Xiong Z, Yu X, Ye Z, Wu Z. Targeting autophagy drug discovery: Targets, indications and development trends. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116117. [PMID: 38295689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a vital role in sustaining cellular homeostasis and its alterations have been implicated in the etiology of many diseases. Drugs development targeting autophagy began decades ago and hundreds of agents were developed, some of which are licensed for the clinical usage. However, no existing intervention specifically aimed at modulating autophagy is available. The obstacles that prevent drug developments come from the complexity of the actual impact of autophagy regulators in disease scenarios. With the development and application of new technologies, several promising categories of compounds for autophagy-based therapy have emerged in recent years. In this paper, the autophagy-targeted drugs based on their targets at various hierarchical sites of the autophagic signaling network, e.g., the upstream and downstream of the autophagosome and the autophagic components with enzyme activities are reviewed and analyzed respectively, with special attention paid to those at preclinical or clinical trials. The drugs tailored to specific autophagy alone and combination with drugs/adjuvant therapies widely used in clinical for various diseases treatments are also emphasized. The emerging drug design and development targeting selective autophagy receptors (SARs) and their related proteins, which would be expected to arrest or reverse the progression of disease in various cancers, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders, are critically reviewed. And the challenges and perspective in clinically developing autophagy-targeted drugs and possible combinations with other medicine are considered in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Wayne Wu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Zijie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Biology, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Zihong Ye
- Department of Biology, China Jiliang University, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, China Jiliang University, China.
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5
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Kim D, Orr MJ, Yu X, Munshi HH, Wang A, Trudeau C, Kwong AJ, Cheng SY, Scheidt KA. Synthesis and Structural Optimization of ATG4B Inhibitors for the Attenuation of Autophagy in Glioblastoma. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:258-264. [PMID: 38352843 PMCID: PMC10860193 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a prevalent malignant CNS tumor, presents a therapeutic challenge because of resistance to standard treatments, including radiation therapy and temozolomide. Both modalities induce autophagy, thereby paradoxically promoting tumor survival. The cysteine protease ATG4B is implicated in this cellular process, which highlights the enzyme as a viable therapeutic target for glioblastoma. We have developed streamlined syntheses for ATG4B inhibitor NSC185058, its derivatives, and fluorogenic ATG4B substrate pim-FG-PABA-AMC. We leveraged these findings to rapidly identify novel compound MJO445, which demonstrates markedly greater potency biochemically and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton
R. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Feinberg
School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Meghan J. Orr
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Feinberg
School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Yu
- Ken
& Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- The
Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive
Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Hasan H. Munshi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin Wang
- Feinberg
School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Claire Trudeau
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ada J. Kwong
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Ken
& Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- The
Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive
Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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6
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Safaroghli-Azar A, Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) classes: From cell signaling to endocytic recycling and autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175827. [PMID: 37269974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid signaling is defined as any biological signaling action in which a lipid messenger binds to a protein target, converting its effects to specific cellular responses. In this complex biological pathway, the family of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) represents a pivotal role and affects many aspects of cellular biology from cell survival, proliferation, and migration to endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, metabolism, and autophagy. While yeasts have a single isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammals possess eight PI3K types divided into three classes. The class I PI3Ks have set the stage to widen research interest in the field of cancer biology. The aberrant activation of class I PI3Ks has been identified in 30-50% of human tumors, and activating mutations in PIK3CA is one of the most frequent oncogenes in human cancer. In addition to indirect participation in cell signaling, class II and III PI3Ks primarily regulate vesicle trafficking. Class III PI3Ks are also responsible for autophagosome formation and autophagy flux. The current review aims to discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the latest discoveries regarding PI3Ks-mediated cell biological processes. Also, we unravel the mechanisms by which pools of the same phosphoinositides (PIs) derived from different PI3K types act differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Everix L, Seane EN, Ebenhan T, Goethals I, Bolcaen J. Introducing HDAC-Targeting Radiopharmaceuticals for Glioblastoma Imaging and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:227. [PMID: 37259375 PMCID: PMC9967489 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in multimodality therapy for glioblastoma (GB) incorporating surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy, the overall prognosis remains poor. One of the interesting targets for GB therapy is the histone deacetylase family (HDAC). Due to their pleiotropic effects on, e.g., DNA repair, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and cell cycle, HDAC inhibitors have gained a lot of attention in the last decade as anti-cancer agents. Despite their known underlying mechanism, their therapeutic activity is not well-defined. In this review, an extensive overview is given of the current status of HDAC inhibitors for GB therapy, followed by an overview of current HDAC-targeting radiopharmaceuticals. Imaging HDAC expression or activity could provide key insights regarding the role of HDAC enzymes in gliomagenesis, thus identifying patients likely to benefit from HDACi-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Everix
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Elsie Neo Seane
- Department of Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 7530, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility (PCIF), (NuMeRI) NPC, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/Preclinical Drug Development Platform (PCDDP), North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Ingeborg Goethals
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Bolcaen
- Radiation Biophysics Division, SSC laboratory, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa
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8
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Roy A, Bera S, Saso L, Dwarakanath BS. Role of autophagy in tumor response to radiation: Implications for improving radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:957373. [PMID: 36172166 PMCID: PMC9510974 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.957373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved, lysosome-involved cellular process that facilitates the recycling of damaged macromolecules, cellular structures, and organelles, thereby generating precursors for macromolecular biosynthesis through the salvage pathway. It plays an important role in mediating biological responses toward various stress, including those caused by ionizing radiation at the cellular, tissue, and systemic levels thereby implying an instrumental role in shaping the tumor responses to radiotherapy. While a successful execution of autophagy appears to facilitate cell survival, abortive or interruptions in the completion of autophagy drive cell death in a context-dependent manner. Pre-clinical studies establishing its ubiquitous role in cells and tissues, and the systemic response to focal irradiation of tumors have prompted the initiation of clinical trials using pharmacologic modifiers of autophagy for enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy. However, the outcome from the Phase I/II trials in many human malignancies has so far been equivocal. Such observations have not only precluded the advancement of these autophagy modifiers in the Phase III trial but have also raised concerns regarding their introduction as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. This warrants a thorough understanding of the biology of the cancer cells, including its spatio-temporal context, as well as its microenvironment all of which might be the crucial factors that determine the success of an autophagy modifier as an anticancer agent. This review captures the current understanding of the interplay between radiation induced autophagy and the biological responses to radiation damage as well as provides insight into the potentials and limitations of targeting autophagy for improving the radiotherapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Academy Degree College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
| | - Soumen Bera
- B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Bilikere S. Dwarakanath
- Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research Institute, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
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9
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Hörnschemeyer J, Kirschstein T, Reichart G, Sasse C, Venus J, Einsle A, Porath K, Linnebacher M, Köhling R, Lange F. Studies on Biological and Molecular Effects of Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors on Human Glioblastoma Cells and Organotypic Brain Slices. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081258. [PMID: 36013437 PMCID: PMC9409734 DOI: 10.3390/life12081258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations in several major signaling pathways—including the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR and the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway—could be found. We therefore aimed to investigate the biological and molecular effects of small-molecule kinase inhibitors that may interfere with those pathways. For this purpose, patient-derived glioblastoma cells were challenged with dactolisib, ipatasertib, MK-2206, regorafenib, or trametinib. To determine the effects of the small-molecule kinase inhibitors, assays of cell proliferation and apoptosis and immunoblot analyses were performed. To further investigate the effects of ipatasertib on organotypic brain slices harboring glioblastoma cells, the tumor growth was estimated. In addition, the network activity in brain slices was assessed by electrophysiological field potential recordings. Multi-kinase inhibitor regorafenib and both MK-2206 and dactolisib were very effective in all preclinical tumor models, while with respect to trametinib, two cell lines were found to be highly resistant. Only in HROG05 cells, ipatasertib showed anti-tumoral effects in vitro and in organotypic brain slices. Additionally, ipatasertib diminished synchronous network activity in organotypic brain slices. Overall, our data suggest that ipatasertib was only effective in selected tumor models, while especially regorafenib and MK-2206 presented a uniform response pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hörnschemeyer
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gesine Reichart
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christin Sasse
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Venus
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Einsle
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Clinic for General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Falko Lange
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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10
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Pan Z, Chen Y, Pang H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xie X, He G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel dual inhibitors of heat shock protein 90/mammalian target of rapamycin (Hsp90/mTOR) against bladder cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114674. [PMID: 35987020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel class of thieno [2,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives containing resorcinol and morpholine fragments as Hsp90/mTOR dual inhibitors was designed, synthesized, and evaluated. In vitro anti-tumor assay results: the obtained compounds demonstrated effectiveness in suppressing the enzymatic activities of the Hsp90 and mTOR and inhibiting the proliferation of J82, T24, and SW780 cancer cell lines. Among these dual inhibitors, the most potent compound 17o, confirmed remarkable inhibitory activities on Hsp90, mTOR, and SW780 cell. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulation and a panel of mechanism studies revealed that inhibitor 17o suppressed the proliferation of SW780 cells through the over-activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway regulated by mTOR inhibition and apoptosis regulated by the mitochondrial pathway. In subcutaneous J82 xenograft models, the compound 17o also presented considerable in vivo anti-tumor activity. Therefore, our investigations highlight that a new-found dual Hsp90/mTOR inhibitor by rational drug design strategies could be a promising lead compound for targeted bladder cancer therapy and deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Pan
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Haiying Pang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xin Xie
- College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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11
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Perspective on the Use of DNA Repair Inhibitors as a Tool for Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071821. [PMID: 35406593 PMCID: PMC8997380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current routine treatment for glioblastoma (GB), the most lethal high-grade brain tumor in adults, aims to induce DNA damage in the tumor. However, the tumor cells might be able to repair that damage, which leads to therapy resistance. Fortunately, DNA repair defects are common in GB cells, and their survival is often based on a sole backup repair pathway. Hence, targeted drugs inhibiting essential proteins of the DNA damage response have gained momentum and are being introduced in the clinic. This review gives a perspective on the use of radiopharmaceuticals targeting DDR kinases for imaging in order to determine the DNA repair phenotype of GB, as well as for effective radionuclide therapy. Finally, four new promising radiopharmaceuticals are suggested with the potential to lead to a more personalized GB therapy. Abstract Despite numerous innovative treatment strategies, the treatment of glioblastoma (GB) remains challenging. With the current state-of-the-art therapy, most GB patients succumb after about a year. In the evolution of personalized medicine, targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is gaining momentum, for example, to stratify patients based on specific biomarkers. One of these biomarkers is deficiencies in DNA damage repair (DDR), which give rise to genomic instability and cancer initiation. However, these deficiencies also provide targets to specifically kill cancer cells following the synthetic lethality principle. This led to the increased interest in targeted drugs that inhibit essential DDR kinases (DDRi), of which multiple are undergoing clinical validation. In this review, the current status of DDRi for the treatment of GB is given for selected targets: ATM/ATR, CHK1/2, DNA-PK, and PARP. Furthermore, this review provides a perspective on the use of radiopharmaceuticals targeting these DDR kinases to (1) evaluate the DNA repair phenotype of GB before treatment decisions are made and (2) induce DNA damage via TRT. Finally, by applying in-house selection criteria and analyzing the structural characteristics of the DDRi, four drugs with the potential to become new therapeutic GB radiopharmaceuticals are suggested.
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Colapietro A, Yang P, Rossetti A, Mancini A, Vitale F, Chakraborty S, Martellucci S, Marampon F, Mattei V, Gravina GL, Iorio R, Newman RA, Festuccia C. The Botanical Drug PBI-05204, a Supercritical CO2 Extract of Nerium Oleander, Is Synergistic With Radiotherapy in Models of Human Glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:852941. [PMID: 35401175 PMCID: PMC8984197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.852941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common as well as one of the most malignant types of brain cancer. Despite progress in development of novel therapies for the treatment of GBM, it remains largely incurable with a poor prognosis and a very low life expectancy. Recent studies have shown that oleandrin, a unique cardiac glycoside from Nerium oleander, as well as a defined extract (PBI-05204) that contains this molecule, inhibit growth of human glioblastoma, and modulate glioblastoma patient-derived stem cell-renewal properties. Here we demonstrate that PBI-05204 treatment leads to an increase in vitro in the sensitivity of GBM cells to radiation in which the main mechanisms are the transition from autophagy to apoptosis, enhanced DNA damage and reduced DNA repair after radiotherapy (RT) administration. The combination of PBI-05204 with RT was associated with reduced tumor progression evidenced by both subcutaneous as well as orthotopic implanted GBM tumors. Collectively, these results reveal that PBI-05204 enhances antitumor activity of RT in preclinical/murine models of human GBM. Given the fact that PBI-05204 has already been examined in Phase I and II clinical trials for cancer patients, its efficacy when combined with standard-of-care radiotherapy regimens in GBM should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Colapietro
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alessandra Rossetti
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Flora Vitale
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Sharmistha Chakraborty
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Rieti, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Environmental Pathology, University Hub “Sabina Universitas”, Rieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Rieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Iorio
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Robert A. Newman
- Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc., San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert A. Newman, ; Claudio Festuccia,
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- *Correspondence: Robert A. Newman, ; Claudio Festuccia,
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13
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Radiotherapy as a tool to elicit clinically actionable signalling pathways in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:114-131. [PMID: 34819622 PMCID: PMC9004227 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A variety of targeted anticancer agents have been successfully introduced into clinical practice, largely reflecting their ability to inhibit specific molecular alterations that are required for disease progression. However, not all malignant cells rely on such alterations to survive, proliferate, disseminate and/or evade anticancer immunity, implying that many tumours are intrinsically resistant to targeted therapies. Radiotherapy is well known for its ability to activate cytotoxic signalling pathways that ultimately promote the death of cancer cells, as well as numerous cytoprotective mechanisms that are elicited by cellular damage. Importantly, many cytoprotective mechanisms elicited by radiotherapy can be abrogated by targeted anticancer agents, suggesting that radiotherapy could be harnessed to enhance the clinical efficacy of these drugs. In this Review, we discuss preclinical and clinical data that introduce radiotherapy as a tool to elicit or amplify clinically actionable signalling pathways in patients with cancer.
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14
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Zhu L, Zhao Y, Yu L, He X, Wang Y, Jiang P, Yu R, Li W, Dong B, Wang X, Dong Y. Overexpression of ADAM9 decreases radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cell by activating autophagy. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5516-5528. [PMID: 34528498 PMCID: PMC8806855 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1965694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and a metalloprotease (ADAM)9 upregulated within human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, but its effect on HCC radiosensitivity remains unknown. The present work aimed to examine the effect of ADAM9 on HCC radiosensitivity and to reveal its possible mechanism, which may be helpful in identifying a potential therapeutic strategy. Changes in ADAM9 expression after X-ray irradiation were identified using western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. ADAM9 stable knockdown and overexpression cell lines were constructed using lentivirus packaging. The radiosensitivity of HCC cells with altered ADAM9 expression was examined by CCK-8 assays, subcutaneous tumorigenesis experiments, and clone formation assays. This study also determined how autophagy affected HCC cell radiosensitivity. Furthermore, ADAM9, p62 and Bax expressions in HCC tissues that were removed after radiotherapy were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship among the levels of these molecules was statistically analyzed. The level of ADAM9expression in HCC cells increased after X-ray irradiation. Through CCK-8 assays, subcutaneous tumorigenesis experiments, and clone formation assays, this work discovered the increased MHCC97H cell radiosensitivity after ADAM9 knockdown, and the radiosensitivity of Huh7 cells decreased after the overexpression of ADAM9. Furthermore, ADAM9 induced HCC cell autophagy via downregulating Nrf2 expression, while autophagy inhibition or induction reversed the effects of altered ADAM9 expression on radiosensitivity. Moreover, ADAM9 level showed a negative correlation with Bax and p62 expression within HCC tissues after radiotherapy. Taken together, ADAM9 decreased the radiosensitivity of HCC cells, and autophagy mediated this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Zhu
- Department Of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department Of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department Of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinjia He
- Department Of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yingju Wang
- Center Of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated To Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Radiotherapy Technology Center Of The Affiliated Hospital Of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jimo District People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Radiotherapy Technology Center Of The Affiliated Hospital Of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Radiotherapy Technology Center Of The Affiliated Hospital Of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Radiotherapy Technology Center Of The Affiliated Hospital Of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yinying Dong
- Department Of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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15
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Borsari C, De Pascale M, Wymann MP. Chemical and Structural Strategies to Selectively Target mTOR Kinase. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2744-2759. [PMID: 34114360 PMCID: PMC8518124 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is implicated in cancer and neurological disorder, which identifies mTOR inhibition as promising strategy for the treatment of a variety of human disorders. First-generation mTOR inhibitors include rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogs) which act as allosteric inhibitors of TORC1. Structurally unrelated, ATP-competitive inhibitors that directly target the mTOR catalytic site inhibit both TORC1 and TORC2. Here, we review investigations of chemical scaffolds explored for the development of highly selective ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKi). Extensive medicinal chemistry campaigns allowed to overcome challenges related to structural similarity between mTOR and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family. A broad region of chemical space is covered by TORKi. Here, the investigation of chemical substitutions and physicochemical properties has shed light on the compounds' ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). This work provides insights supporting the optimization of TORKi for the treatment of cancer and central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Borsari
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Martina De Pascale
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Matthias P. Wymann
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
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16
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Mardanshahi A, Gharibkandi NA, Vaseghi S, Abedi SM, Molavipordanjani S. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors enhance radiosensitivity in cancer cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1-14. [PMID: 34357550 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiotherapy is one of the most common types of cancer treatment modalities. Radiation can affect both cancer and normal tissues, which limits the whole delivered dose. It is well documented that radiation activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT signaling pathway; hence, the inhibition of this pathway enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a regulator that is involved in autophagy, cell growth, proliferation, and survival. CONCLUSION The inhibition of mTOR as a downstream mediator of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway represents a vital option for more effective cancer treatments. The combination of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors with radiation can increase the radiosensitivity of malignant cells to radiation by autophagy activation. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the impact of such inhibitors on the cell response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mardanshahi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nasrin Abbasi Gharibkandi
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Samaneh Vaseghi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Abedi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sajjad Molavipordanjani
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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17
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Raimundo L, Calheiros J, Saraiva L. Exploiting DNA Damage Repair in Precision Cancer Therapy: BRCA1 as a Prime Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143438. [PMID: 34298653 PMCID: PMC8303227 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemical inhibition of central DNA damage repair (DDR) proteins has become a promising approach in precision cancer therapy. In particular, BRCA1 and its DDR-associated proteins constitute important targets for developing DNA repair inhibiting drugs. This review provides relevant insights on DDR biology and pharmacology, aiming to boost the development of more effective DDR targeted therapies. Abstract Precision medicine aims to identify specific molecular alterations, such as driver mutations, allowing tailored and effective anticancer therapies. Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are the prototypical example of targeted therapy, exploiting the inability of cancer cells to repair DNA damage. Following the concept of synthetic lethality, PARPi have gained great relevance, particularly in BRCA1 dysfunctional cancer cells. In fact, BRCA1 mutations culminate in DNA repair defects that can render cancer cells more vulnerable to therapy. However, the efficacy of these drugs has been greatly affected by the occurrence of resistance due to multi-connected DNA repair pathways that may compensate for each other. Hence, the search for additional effective agents targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) is of crucial importance. In this context, BRCA1 has assumed a central role in developing drugs aimed at inhibiting DNA repair activity. Collectively, this review provides an in-depth understanding of the biology and regulatory mechanisms of DDR pathways, highlighting the potential of DDR-associated molecules, particularly BRCA1 and its interconnected partners, in precision cancer medicine. It also affords an overview about what we have achieved and a reflection on how much remains to be done in this field, further addressing encouraging clues for the advance of DDR targeted therapy.
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18
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Li L, Liu WL, Su L, Lu ZC, He XS. The Role of Autophagy in Cancer Radiotherapy. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 13:31-40. [PMID: 31400274 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666190809154518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy, a pathway for lysosomal-mediated cellular degradation, is a catabolic process that recycles intracellular components to maintain metabolism and survival. It is classified into three major types: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Autophagy is a dynamic and multistep process that includes four stages: nucleation, elongation, autophagosome formation, and fusion. Interestingly, the influence of autophagy in cancer development is complex and paradoxical, suppressive, or promotive in different contexts. Autophagy in cancer has been demonstrated to serve as both a tumour suppressor and promoter. Radiotherapy is a powerful and common strategy for many different types of cancer and can induce autophagy, which has been shown to modulate sensitivity of cancer to radiotherapy. However, the role of autophagy in radiation treatment is controversial. Some reports showed that the upregulation of autophagy was cytoprotective for cancer cells. Others, in contrast, showed that the induction of autophagy was advantageous. Here, we reviewed recent studies and attempted to discuss the various aspects of autophagy in response to radiotherapy of cancer. Thus, we could decrease the viability of cancer cell and increase the sensibility of cancer cells to radiation, providing a new basis for the application of autophagy in clinical tumor radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China, No. 28, West Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Ling Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China, No. 28, West Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lei Su
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China, No. 28, West Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhou-Cheng Lu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiu-Sheng He
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China, No. 28, West Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China
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19
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Wang J, Tan S, Yan PP, Xiao X, Zhang H, Zhang SQ, Li W, Cao YX, Wang HY. Irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor Z25h exhibits pronounced inhibition on non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cell line Hcc827. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:417-426. [PMID: 33079732 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is frequently activated in lung cancer. In our previous study, a new class of compounds containing pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold with an acrylamide moiety was designed as irreversible EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors to overcome acquired EGFR-T790M resistance. In this study, we selected the most promising compound Z25h to further investigate its effects and the underlying mechanism against non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. Four different non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cell lines were selected to test the antiviability profile of Z25h, and Hcc827 was the most sensitive to the drug treatment. Z25h caused cell cycle arrest at G0-G1 phase, and triggered strong early apoptosis in Hcc827 cells at 0.1 μM and late apoptosis in A549, H1975 and H1299 cells at 10 μM by 48 h treatment. Z25h inhibited the activation of EGFR and its downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the four tested cell lines, leading to the inhibition of cellular biosynthetic and metabolic processes and the promotion of apoptotic process. However, the effect of Z25h on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway varies from cell lines. In addition, Z25h sensitized H1975 cells to X-ray radiation, and it also enhanced the radiation effect on A549 cells, while no obvious effect of Z25h was observed on the cell viability inhibition of H1299 cells induced by radiation. Hereby, Z25h might be considered as a potential therapeutic drug candidate for non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Tan
- Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ping-Ping Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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20
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Talukdar S, Das SK, Emdad L, Fisher PB. Autophagy and senescence: Insights from normal and cancer stem cells. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 150:147-208. [PMID: 33858596 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process, which allows cells to adapt to metabolic stress through the degradation and recycling of intracellular components to generate macromolecular precursors and produce energy. Autophagy is also critical in maintaining cellular/tissue homeostasis, as well preserving immunity and preventing human disease. Deregulation of autophagic processes is associated with cancer, neurodegeneration, muscle and heart disease, infectious diseases and aging. Research on a variety of stem cell types establish that autophagy plays critical roles in normal and cancer stem cell quiescence, activation, differentiation, and self-renewal. Considering its critical function in regulating the metabolic state of stem cells, autophagy plays a dual role in the regulation of normal and cancer stem cell senescence, and cellular responses to various therapeutic strategies. The relationships between autophagy, senescence, dormancy and apoptosis frequently focus on responses to various forms of stress. These are interrelated processes that profoundly affect normal and abnormal human physiology that require further elucidation in cancer stem cells. This review provides a current perspective on autophagy and senescence in both normal and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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21
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Vazquez N, Lopez A, Cuello V, Persans M, Schuenzel E, Innis-Whitehouse W, Keniry M. NVP-BEZ235 or JAKi Treatment leads to decreased survival of examined GBM and BBC cells. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100340. [PMID: 33636591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells almost universally harbor constitutively active Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase (PI3K) Pathway activity via mutation of key signaling components and/or epigenetic mechanisms. Scores of PI3K Pathway inhibitors are currently under investigation as putative chemotherapeutics. However, feedback and stem cell mechanisms induced by PI3K Pathway inhibition can lead to reduced treatment efficacy. To address therapeutic barriers, we examined whether JAKi would reduce stem gene expression in a setting of PI3K Pathway inhibition in order to improve treatment efficacy. We targeted the PI3K Pathway with NVP-BEZ235 (dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor) in combination with the Janus Kinase inhibitor JAKi in glioblastoma (GBM) and basal-like breast cancer (BBC) cell lines. We examined growth, gene expression, and apoptosis in cells treated with NVP-BEZ235 and/or JAKi. Growth and recovery assays showed no significant impact of dual treatment with NVP-BEZ235/JAKi compared to NVP-BEZ235 treatment alone. Gene expression and flow cytometry revealed that single and dual treatments induced apoptosis. Stem gene expression was retained in dual NVP-BEZ235/JAKi treatment samples. Future in vivo studies may give further insight into the impact of combined NVP-BEZ235/JAKi treatment in GBM and BBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftali Vazquez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Alma Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Victoria Cuello
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Michael Persans
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Erin Schuenzel
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Wendy Innis-Whitehouse
- School of Medicine, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Megan Keniry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States.
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22
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Khan I, Baig MH, Mahfooz S, Rahim M, Karacam B, Elbasan EB, Ulasov I, Dong JJ, Hatiboglu MA. Deciphering the Role of Autophagy in Treatment of Resistance Mechanisms in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031318. [PMID: 33525678 PMCID: PMC7865981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process essential for cellular energy consumption, survival, and defense mechanisms. The role of autophagy in several types of human cancers has been explicitly explained; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of autophagy in glioblastoma remains ambiguous. Autophagy is thought to be a “double-edged sword”, and its effect on tumorigenesis varies with cell type. On the other hand, autophagy may play a significant role in the resistance mechanisms against various therapies. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms deriving the autophagy-mediated therapeutic resistance and designing improved treatment strategies for glioblastoma. In this review, we discuss autophagy mechanisms, specifically its pro-survival and growth-suppressing mechanisms in glioblastomas. In addition, we try to shed some light on the autophagy-mediated activation of the cellular mechanisms supporting radioresistance and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. This review also highlights autophagy’s involvement in glioma stem cell behavior, underlining its role as a potential molecular target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Sadaf Mahfooz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Moniba Rahim
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India;
| | - Busra Karacam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Elif Burce Elbasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Vatan Street, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jae-June Dong
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-J.D.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Mustafa Aziz Hatiboglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Vatan Street, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (J.-J.D.); (M.A.H.)
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Li Z, Qu Z, Wang Y, Qin M, Zhang H. miR-101-3p sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to irradiation. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:413-423. [PMID: 33336000 PMCID: PMC7712473 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs regulate radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether miR-101-3p is correlated with radiosensitivity of NSCLC. According to our results, miR-101-3p was downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, miR-101-3p was decreased in A549 cells’ response to irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. Upregulation of miR-101-3p decreased survival fraction and colony formation rate and increased irradiation-induced apoptosis in irradiation-resistant cells, while miR-101-3p depletion had the opposite effects in irradiation-sensitive cells. Furthermore, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a target gene of miR-101-3p. The expressions of mTOR, p-mTOR, and p-S6 were curbed by overexpression of miR-101-3p in A549R cells, which was enhanced by repression of miR-101-3p in A549 cells. Intriguingly, elevation in mTOR abated miR-101-3p upregulation-induced increase in irradiation sensitivity in irradiation-resistant cell line. In contrast, rapamycin undermined miR-101-3p inhibitor-mediated reduction of irradiation sensitivity in irradiation-sensitive cell line. Besides, miR-101-3p overexpression enhanced the efficacy of radiation in an NSCLC xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, miR-101-3p sensitized A549 cells to irradiation via inhibition of mTOR-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Li
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhenjie Qu
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gerontology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Meilin Qin
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
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Silva VR, Neves SP, Santos LDS, Dias RB, Bezerra DP. Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities of Autophagy in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113461. [PMID: 33233671 PMCID: PMC7699739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is a physiological process characterized by the degradation of the cell components through lysosomes due to stimuli/stress. In this study, we review the challenges and therapeutic opportunities that autophagy presents in the treatment of cancer. We discussed the results of several studies that evaluated autophagy as a therapeutic strategy in cancer, both through the modulation of therapeutic resistance and the death of cancer cells. Moreover, we discussed the role of autophagy in the biology of cancer stem cells and the inhibition of this process as a strategy to overcome resistance and progression of cancer stem cells. Abstract Autophagy is a physiological cellular process that is crucial for development and can occurs in response to nutrient deprivation or metabolic disorders. Interestingly, autophagy plays a dual role in cancer cells—while in some situations, it has a cytoprotective effect that causes chemotherapy resistance, in others, it has a cytotoxic effect in which some compounds induce autophagy-mediated cell death. In this review, we summarize strategies aimed at autophagy for the treatment of cancer, including studies of drugs that can modulate autophagy-mediated resistance, and/or drugs that cause autophagy-mediated cancer cell death. In addition, the role of autophagy in the biology of cancer stem cells has also been discussed.
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Vieira de Castro J, Gonçalves CS, Hormigo A, Costa BM. Exploiting the Complexities of Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Insights for Cancer Initiation and Therapeutic Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155278. [PMID: 32722427 PMCID: PMC7432229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in the 2000s revolutionized the cancer research field, raising new questions regarding the putative cell(s) of origin of this tumor type, and partly explaining the highly heterogeneous nature of glioblastoma (GBM). Increasing evidence has suggested that GSCs play critical roles in tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to conventional therapies. The remarkable oncogenic features of GSCs have generated significant interest in better defining and characterizing these cells and determining novel pathways driving GBM that could constitute attractive key therapeutic targets. While exciting breakthroughs have been achieved in the field, the characterization of GSCs is a challenge and the cell of origin of GBM remains controversial. For example, the use of several cell-surface molecular markers to identify and isolate GSCs has been a challenge. It is now widely accepted that none of these markers is, per se, sufficiently robust to distinguish GSCs from normal stem cells. Finding new strategies that are able to more efficiently and specifically target these niches could also prove invaluable against this devastating and therapy-insensitive tumor. In this review paper, we summarize the most relevant findings and discuss emerging concepts and open questions in the field of GSCs, some of which are, to some extent, pertinent to other cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vieira de Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.V.d.C.); (C.S.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Céline S. Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.V.d.C.); (C.S.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Adília Hormigo
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY 10029-6574, USA;
| | - Bruno M. Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.V.d.C.); (C.S.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-1-253-604-872
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Wanigasooriya K, Tyler R, Barros-Silva JD, Sinha Y, Ismail T, Beggs AD. Radiosensitising Cancer Using Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K), Protein Kinase B (AKT) or Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1278. [PMID: 32443649 PMCID: PMC7281073 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is routinely used as a neoadjuvant, adjuvant or palliative treatment in various cancers. There is significant variation in clinical response to radiotherapy with or without traditional chemotherapy. Patients with a good response to radiotherapy demonstrate better clinical outcomes universally across different cancers. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway upregulation has been linked to radiotherapy resistance. We reviewed the current literature exploring the role of inhibiting targets along this pathway, in enhancing radiotherapy response. We identified several studies using in vitro cancer cell lines, in vivo tumour xenografts and a few Phase I/II clinical trials. Most of the current evidence in this area comes from glioblastoma multiforme, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. The biological basis for radiosensitivity following pathway inhibition was through inhibited DNA double strand break repair, inhibited cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis and autophagy as well as tumour microenvironment changes. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition consistently demonstrated radiosensitisation of all types of cancer cells. Single pathway component inhibitors and other inhibitor combinations yielded variable outcomes especially within early clinical trials. There is ample evidence from preclinical studies to suggest that direct pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway components can radiosensitise different types of cancer cells. We recommend that future in vitro and in vivo research in this field should focus on dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Early clinical trials are needed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of these dual inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy in brain, lung, head and neck, breast, prostate and rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun Wanigasooriya
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.D.B.-S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.B.)
- The New Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (R.T.); (T.I.)
| | - Robert Tyler
- The New Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (R.T.); (T.I.)
| | - Joao D. Barros-Silva
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.D.B.-S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Yashashwi Sinha
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.D.B.-S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.B.)
- The New Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (R.T.); (T.I.)
| | - Tariq Ismail
- The New Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (R.T.); (T.I.)
| | - Andrew D. Beggs
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.D.B.-S.); (Y.S.); (A.D.B.)
- The New Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK; (R.T.); (T.I.)
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Feng YQ, Gu SX, Chen YS, Gao XD, Ren YX, Chen JC, Lu YY, Zhang H, Cao S. Virtual Screening and Optimization of Novel mTOR Inhibitors for Radiosensitization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1779-1798. [PMID: 32440103 PMCID: PMC7220363 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s249156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy has an ameliorative effect on a wide variety of tumors, but hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is insensitive to this treatment. Overactivated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important part in the resistance of HCC to radiotherapy; thus, mTOR inhibitors have potential as novel radiosensitizers to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy for HCC. Methods A lead compound was found based on pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking, and optimized according to the differences between the ATP-binding pockets of mTOR and PI3K. The radiosensitizing effect of the optimized compound (2a) was confirmed by colony formation assays and DNA double-strand break assays in vitro. The discovery and preclinical characteristics of this compound are described. Results The key amino acid residues in mTOR were identified, and a precise virtual screening model was constructed. Compound 2a, with a 4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold, exhibited promising potency against mTOR (mTOR IC50=7.1 nmol/L (nM)) with 126-fold selectivity over PI3Kα. Moreover, 2a significantly enhanced the sensitivity of HCC to radiotherapy in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion A new class of selective mTOR inhibitors was developed and their radiosensitization effects were confirmed. This study also provides a basis for developing mTOR-specific inhibitors for use as radiosensitizers for HCC radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Shou Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Dong Gao
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Department, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Ying Lu
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Department, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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The resveratrol analogue, HS‑1793, enhances the effects of radiation therapy through the induction of anti‑tumor immunity in mammary tumor growth. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1405-1416. [PMID: 32236622 PMCID: PMC7170036 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy can induce the infiltration of immune suppressive cells which are involved in promoting tumor progression and recurrence. A number of natural products with immunomodulating abilities have been gaining attention as complementary cancer treatments. This attention is partly due to therapeutic strategies which have proven to be ineffective as a result of tumor-induced immunosuppressive cells found in the tumor microenvironment. The present study investigated whether HS-1793, a resveratrol analogue, can enhance the anti-tumor effects by inhibiting lymphocyte damage and immune suppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), during radiation therapy. FM3A cells were used to determine the role of HS-1793 in the radiation-induced tumor immunity of murine breast cancer. HS-1793 treatment with radiation significantly increased lymphocyte proliferation with concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation and reduced the DNA damage of lymphocytes in irradiated tumor-bearing mice. The administration of HS-1793 also decreased the number of Tregs, and reduced interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β secretion in irradiated tumor-bearing mice. In addition, HS-1793 treatment inhibited CD206+ TAM infiltration in tumor tissue when compared to the controls or irradiation alone. Mechanistically, HS-1793 suppressed tumor growth via the activation of effector T cells in irradiated mice. On the whole, the findings of the present study reveal that HS-1793 treatment improves the outcome of radiation therapy by enhancing antitumor immunity. Indeed, HS-1793 appears to be a good therapeutic candidate for use in combination with radiotherapy in breast cancer.
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Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 Enhances Radiosensitivity of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) Cell Lines Due to Suppressed Double-Strand Break (DSB) Repair by Non-Homologous End Joining. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020467. [PMID: 32085396 PMCID: PMC7072694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently altered in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) and overstimulation is associated with poor prognosis. PI3K drives Akt activation and constitutive signaling acts pro-proliferative, supports cell survival, DNA repair, and contributes to radioresistance. Since the small molecule NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235) is a potent dual inhibitor of this pathway, we were interested whether BEZ235 could be an efficient radiosensitizer. The 50 nM BEZ235 was found to abrogate endogenous and irradiation-induced phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473). The anti-proliferative capacity of the drug resulted in an increase in G1-phase cells. Repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) was strongly suppressed. Reduction in DSB repair was only apparent in G1- but not in G2-phase cells, suggesting that BEZ235 primarily affects non-homologous end joining. This finding was confirmed using a DSB repair reporter gene assay and could be attributed to an impaired phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs (S2056). Cellular radiosensitivity increased strongly after BEZ235 addition in all HNSCC cell lines used, especially when irradiated in the G0 or G1 phase. Our data indicate that targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by BEZ235 with concurrent radiotherapy may be considered an effective strategy for the treatment of HNSCC, regardless of the HPV and Akt status.
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Konings K, Vandevoorde C, Baselet B, Baatout S, Moreels M. Combination Therapy With Charged Particles and Molecular Targeting: A Promising Avenue to Overcome Radioresistance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:128. [PMID: 32117774 PMCID: PMC7033551 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays a central role in the treatment of cancer patients. Over the past decades, remarkable technological progress has been made in the field of conventional radiotherapy. In addition, the use of charged particles (e.g., protons and carbon ions) makes it possible to further improve dose deposition to the tumor, while sparing the surrounding healthy tissues. Despite these improvements, radioresistance and tumor recurrence are still observed. Although the mechanisms underlying resistance to conventional radiotherapy are well-studied, scientific evidence on the impact of charged particle therapy on cancer cell radioresistance is restricted. The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential role that charged particles could play to overcome radioresistance. This review will focus on hypoxia, cancer stem cells, and specific signaling pathways of EGFR, NFκB, and Hedgehog as well as DNA damage signaling involving PARP, as mechanisms of radioresistance for which pharmacological targets have been identified. Finally, new lines of future research will be proposed, with a focus on novel molecular inhibitors that could be used in combination with charged particle therapy as a novel treatment option for radioresistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Konings
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Department of Nuclear Medicine, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium
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Gao L, Zheng H, Cai Q, Wei L. Autophagy and Tumour Radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1207:375-387. [PMID: 32671760 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important component of cancer treatment modalities. With the rapid development of three-dimensional conformal, intensity-modulated, image-guided radiotherapy and the efficacy of radiotherapy continues to improve. Autophagy, as a catabolic process, is characterized by the formation of a double-membrane vesicle. Radiotherapy is known to induce autophagy in both cancer and normal cells. Here, we reviewed the interaction of radiotherapy and autophagy in the process of cancer treatment. The potential role of autophagy modification in enhancing radiotherapy treatment will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifei Zheng
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanyu Cai
- Department of Radiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Chen YH, Wang CW, Wei MF, Tzeng YS, Lan KH, Cheng AL, Kuo SH. Maintenance BEZ235 Treatment Prolongs the Therapeutic Effect of the Combination of BEZ235 and Radiotherapy for Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081204. [PMID: 31430901 PMCID: PMC6721476 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that administration of NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235), a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, before radiotherapy (RT) enhanced the radiotherapeutic effect in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we evaluated whether maintenance BEZ235 treatment, after combinatorial BEZ235 + RT therapy, prolonged the antitumor effect in CRC. K-RAS mutant CRC cells (HCT116 and SW480), wild-type CRC cells (HT29), and HCT116 xenograft tumors were separated into the following six study groups: (1) untreated (control); (2) RT alone; (3) BEZ235 alone; (4) RT + BEZ235; (5) maintenance BEZ235 following RT + BEZ235 (RT + BEZ235 + mBEZ235); and (6) maintenance BEZ235 following BEZ235 (BEZ235 + mBEZ235). RT + BEZ235 + mBEZ235 treatment significantly inhibited cell viability and increased apoptosis in three CRC cell lines compared to the other five treatments in vitro. In the HCT116 xenograft tumor model, RT + BEZ235 + mBEZ235 treatment significantly reduced the tumor size when compared to the other five treatments. Furthermore, the expression of mTOR signaling molecules (p-rpS6 and p-eIF4E), DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair-related molecules (p-ATM and p-DNA-PKcs), and angiogenesis-related molecules (VEGF-A and HIF-1α) was significantly downregulated after RT + BEZ235 + mBEZ235 treatment both in vitro and in vivo when compared to the RT + BEZ235, RT, BEZ235, BEZ235 + mBEZ235, and control treatments. Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), 53BP1, and γ-H2AX expression in the HCT116 xenograft tissue and three CRC cell lines were significantly upregulated after RT + BEZ235 + mBEZ235 treatment. Maintenance BEZ235 treatment in CRC cells prolonged the inhibition of cell viability, enhancement of apoptosis, attenuation of mTOR signaling, impairment of the DNA-DSB repair mechanism, and downregulation of angiogenesis that occurred due to concurrent BEZ235 and RT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Wang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Wei
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Shin Tzeng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hsueh Lan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Hsin Kuo
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Ryskalin L, Gaglione A, Limanaqi F, Biagioni F, Familiari P, Frati A, Esposito V, Fornai F. The Autophagy Status of Cancer Stem Cells in Gliobastoma Multiforme: From Cancer Promotion to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153824. [PMID: 31387280 PMCID: PMC6695733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor featuring rapid cell proliferation, treatment resistance, and tumor relapse. This is largely due to the coexistence of heterogeneous tumor cell populations with different grades of differentiation, and in particular, to a small subset of tumor cells displaying stem cell-like properties. This is the case of glioma stem cells (GSCs), which possess a powerful self-renewal capacity, low differentiation, along with radio- and chemo-resistance. Molecular pathways that contribute to GBM stemness of GSCs include mTOR, Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt/β-catenin. Remarkably, among the common biochemical effects that arise from alterations in these pathways, autophagy suppression may be key in promoting GSCs self-renewal, proliferation, and pluripotency maintenance. In fact, besides being a well-known downstream event of mTOR hyper-activation, autophagy downregulation is also bound to the effects of aberrantly activated Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in GBM. As a major orchestrator of protein degradation and turnover, autophagy modulates proliferation and differentiation of normal neuronal stem cells (NSCs) as well as NSCs niche maintenance, while its failure may contribute to GSCs expansion and maintenance. Thus, in the present review we discuss the role of autophagy in GSCs metabolism and phenotype in relationship with dysregulations of a variety of NSCs controlling pathways, which may provide novel insights into GBM neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Frati
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
- Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
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Meng W, Wang B, Mao W, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li Q, Zhang C, Ma J. Enhanced efficacy of histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat combined with dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 against glioblastoma. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2019; 81:93-102. [PMID: 30962658 PMCID: PMC6433629 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.81.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Despite multiple treatment strategies, the prognosis is still poor. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combination treatment of GBM with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor panobinostat and dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor BEZ235. GBM cells were exposed to panobinostat and BEZ235 treatment alone or in combination, after which cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were detected. Furthermore, the inhibitory mechanisms were investigated by Caspase-Glo assay, Western blot and qPCR analysis. We found that combination treatment with panobinostat and BEZ235 synergistically inhibited cell viability, markedly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in GBM cells. Mechanistically, cotreatment with panobinostat and BEZ235 increased caspase 3/7 activity, suppressed proliferation- and antiapoptosis-related markers and AKT signaling in GBM cells. Cotreatment with panobinostat and BEZ235 warrants further evaluation in GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baocheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Mao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenran Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ding AS, Routkevitch D, Jackson C, Lim M. Targeting Myeloid Cells in Combination Treatments for Glioma and Other Tumors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1715. [PMID: 31396227 PMCID: PMC6664066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells constitute a significant part of the immune system in the context of cancer, exhibiting both immunostimulatory effects, through their role as antigen presenting cells, and immunosuppressive effects, through their polarization to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages. While they are rarely sufficient to generate potent anti-tumor effects on their own, myeloid cells have the ability to interact with a variety of immune populations to aid in mounting an appropriate anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, myeloid therapies have gained momentum as a potential adjunct to current therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), dendritic cell vaccines, oncolytic viruses, and traditional chemoradiation to enhance therapeutic response. In this review, we outline critical pathways involved in the recruitment of the myeloid population to the tumor microenvironment and in their polarization to immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive phenotypes. We also emphasize existing strategies of modulating myeloid recruitment and polarization to improve anti-tumor immune responses. We then summarize current preclinical and clinical studies that highlight treatment outcomes of combining myeloid targeted therapies with other immune-based and traditional therapies. Despite promising results from reports of limited clinical trials thus far, there remain challenges in optimally harnessing the myeloid compartment as an adjunct to enhancing anti-tumor immune responses. Further large Phase II and ultimately Phase III clinical trials are needed to elucidate the treatment benefit of combination therapies in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Wang W, Xiong Y, Ding X, Wang L, Zhao Y, Fei Y, Zhu Y, Shen X, Tan C, Liang Z. Cathepsin L activated by mutant p53 and Egr-1 promotes ionizing radiation-induced EMT in human NSCLC. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:61. [PMID: 30732622 PMCID: PMC6367810 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation (IR) is one of the major clinical therapies of cancer, although it increases the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), unexpectedly. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this role are not completely understood. METHODS We used NSCLC cell lines as well as tumor specimens from 78 patients with NSCLC to evaluate p53, Cathepsin L (CTSL) and EMT phenotypic changes. Xenograft models was also utilized to examine the roles of mutant p53 (mut-p53) and CTSL in regulating IR-induced EMT of NSCLC. RESULTS Expression of CTSL was markedly increased in human NSCLC tissues with mutant p53 (mut-p53), and p53 mutation positively correlated with metastasis of NSCLC patients. In human non-small cell lung cancer cell line, H1299 cells transfected with various p53 lentivirus vectors, mut-p53 could promote the invasion and motility of cells under IR, mainly through the EMT. This EMT process was induced by elevating intranuclear CTSL which was regulated by mut-p53 depending on Early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1) activation. In the subcutaneous tumor xenograft model, IR promoted the EMT of the cancer cells in the presence of mut-p53, owing to increase expression and nuclear transition of its downstream protein CTSL. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data reveal the role of the mut-p53/Egr-1/CTSL axis in regulating the signaling pathway responsible for IR-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yajie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xinyuan Ding
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yao Fei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Caihong Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China.
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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NVP-BEZ235 Attenuated Cell Proliferation and Migration in the Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavities and p70S6K Inhibition Mimics its Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113546. [PMID: 30423811 PMCID: PMC6274880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NVP-BEZ235 or BEZ235 is a dual inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian-target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) and is promising for cancer treatment. Because it targets more than one downstream effector, a dual approach is promising for cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of NVP-BEZ235 in treating oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Two human OSCC cell lines, SCC-4 and SCC-25, were used in this study. PI3K-AKT signaling, proliferation, and cell migratory and invasion capabilities of OSCC cells were examined. In NVP-BEZ235-treated SCC-4 and SCC-25 cells, the phosphorylation of 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K), but not mTOR, decreased within 24 h. NVP-BEZ235 inhibited OSCC-cell proliferation, migration, and invasion possibly by directly deregulating the phosphorylation of p70S6K. The phospho-p70S6K inhibitor mimicked the effects of NVP-BEZ235 for preventing proliferation and weakening the migratory and invasion abilities of SCC-4 and SCC-25 cells. This study further confirmed the effect of NVP-BEZ235 on OSCC cells and provided a new strategy for controlling the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells using the phopho-p70S6K inhibitor.
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Meng W, Wang B, Mao W, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li Q, Zhang C, Tang Y, Ma J. Enhanced efficacy of histone deacetylase inhibitor combined with bromodomain inhibitor in glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:241. [PMID: 30285808 PMCID: PMC6167847 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most malignant primary brain cancer in adults. Despite multimodality treatment, the prognosis is still poor. Therefore, further work is urgently required to discover novel therapeutic strategies for GBM treatment. Methods The synergistic effects of cotreatment with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor panobinostat and bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 or OTX015 were validated using cell viability assays in GBM cell lines. Furthermore, the inhibitory mechanisms were investigated via an EdU proliferation assay, an apoptosis assay, qPCR, Western blot and RNAseq analyses. Results We found that the cotreatment with panobinostat and JQ1 or OTX015 synergistically inhibited cell viability in GBM cells. The cotreatment with panobinostat and JQ1 or OTX015 markedly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in GBM cells. Compared with treatment with each drug alone, the cotreatment with panobinostat and JQ1 induced more profound caspase 3/7 activation and cytotoxicity. Mechanistic investigation showed that combination of panobinostat with JQ1 or OTX015 results in stronger repression of GBM-associated oncogenic genes or pathways as well as higher induction of GBM-associated tumor-suppressive genes. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that HDAC inhibitor and bromodomain inhibitor had synergistical efficacy against GBM cells. The cotreatment with HDAC inhibitor and bromodomain inhibitor warrants further attention in GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Baocheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Mao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenran Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Tang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor, suppresses the growth of FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and has a synergistic effect with Cisplatin. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:57. [PMID: 29760955 PMCID: PMC5945618 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NVP-BEZ235 is a dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. A dual approach targeting more than one downstream effector is a promising strategy for treating cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NVP-BEZ235 in treating FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC), either alone or in combination with cisplatin. We found mTOR expression was higher in patients with HSCC. In the in vitro study, treatment with NVP-BEZ235 alone attenuated cell proliferation and suppressed p-p70S6K and p-4E-BP1 expression in FaDu cells. When NVP-BEZ235 was combined with Cisplatin, apoptosis was induced more effectively than with either drug alone. In mice with a FaDu xenograft, cotreatment with NVP-BEZ235 and Cisplatin engendered synergistic effects and produced a greater antitumor response than did treatment with either drug alone. Resected tumor samples also showed decreased p-p70S6K expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that NVP-BEZ235 inhibits HSCC growth through phospho-p70S6K suppression and has a synergistic effect with Cisplatin in treating HSCC. The data also provide a strategy for more effective HSCC treatment.
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Huang L, Dai L, Xu W, Zhang S, Yan D, Shi X. Identification of expression quantitative trait loci of MTOR associated with the progression of glioma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:665-671. [PMID: 29387238 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) encodes a key modulator of cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the dysregulation of MTOR is involved in the development and progression of several types of cancer, including glioma. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to examine whether the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of MTOR are associated with the progression of glioma. Candidate eQTLs of MTOR were obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression eQTL Browser. The Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox model were used to analyze the progression-free survival time of glioma patients. Based on the analysis of 138 glioma patients, one eQTL of MTOR, rs4845964, was demonstrated to be significantly associated with the progression of glioma in a dominant manner. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for patients with the AG or AA genotype at rs4845964 were 2.82 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.27-6.27; P=0.0111] and 2.79 (95% CI, 1.10-7.07; P=0.0312), respectively, compared with those with the GG genotype. When the rs4845964 AG and AA genotypes were combined for analysis, the HR was 2.70 (95% CI, 1.25-5.82; P=0.0114) vs. the GG genotype. Stratified analyses revealed similar associations between the rs4845964 genotypes and the progression of glioma in all subgroups (following stratification by age, sex and tumor grade). These results demonstrate for the first time that the MTOR eQTL rs4845964 is associated with the progression of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Huang
- The First Department of Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Lian Dai
- Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated People's Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Wenshen Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The First Department of Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Danfang Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xi Shi
- The First Department of Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
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Valdés-Rives SA, Casique-Aguirre D, Germán-Castelán L, Velasco-Velázquez MA, González-Arenas A. Apoptotic Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma and Therapeutic Implications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7403747. [PMID: 29259986 PMCID: PMC5702396 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7403747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most hostile type of brain cancer. Its aggressiveness is due to increased invasion, migration, proliferation, angiogenesis, and a decreased apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the role of key regulators of apoptosis in GBM and glioblastoma stem cells. Given their importance in the etiology and pathogenesis of GBM, these signaling molecules may represent potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Anahi Valdés-Rives
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Diana Casique-Aguirre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Liliana Germán-Castelán
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Unidad Periférica de Investigación en Biomedicina Translacional, ISSSTE C.M.N. 20 de Noviembre, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Yang F, Gao JY, Chen H, Du ZH, Zhang XQ, Gao W. Targeted inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase impairs cell proliferation, survival, and invasion in colon cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4413-4422. [PMID: 28979133 PMCID: PMC5602681 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s145601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in the world, and its metastasis and drug resistance are challenging for its effective treatment. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the targeting of PI3K in colon cancer cells HT-29 and HCT-116 in vitro. Methods In HT-29 and HCT-116 cells, BEZ235, a dual inhibitor of PI3K/mTOR, and shRNAtarget to PI3KCA were used to inhibit PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The inhibition efficiency of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8, Transwell, and flow cytometry assays. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins (cleavage caspase 3, Bcl-2, Bax, and Bim) were also detected. Results We found that in HT-29 and HCT-116 cells, the treatment of BEZ235 (1 μM) and PI3KCA knockdown inhibited the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of HT-29 and HCT-116 cells. In addition, we confirmed that knockdown of BEZ235 and PI3KCA induced cell apoptosis through the upregulated levels of cleavage caspase 3 and Bax and downregulated expression of Bcl-2 and Bim. Conclusion Our results indicated that targeted inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway impaired cell proliferation, survival, and invasion in human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Jun-Yi Gao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical College, Weifang
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Zhen-Hua Du
- Department of Pathology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | | | - Wei Gao
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Xin Y, Jiang F, Yang C, Yan Q, Guo W, Huang Q, Zhang L, Jiang G. Role of autophagy in regulating the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2147-2157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Decrock E, Hoorelbeke D, Ramadan R, Delvaeye T, De Bock M, Wang N, Krysko DV, Baatout S, Bultynck G, Aerts A, Vinken M, Leybaert L. Calcium, oxidative stress and connexin channels, a harmonious orchestra directing the response to radiotherapy treatment? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1099-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Tam SY, Wu VWC, Law HKW. Influence of autophagy on the efficacy of radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:57. [PMID: 28320471 PMCID: PMC5359955 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important catabolic process in which cells digest and recycle their own cytoplasmic contents for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Interestingly, autophagy could play both pro-death and pro-survival roles in influencing the development of cancer via various signal pathways. As radiotherapy is one of the main treatment modalities for cancer, we reviewed the effect of autophagy modulations on radiosensitivity and radiotherapy efficacy in various cancer types. The future development of autophagy modifications for improving radiotherapy efficacy and cancer prognosis will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Yau Tam
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Wing Cheung Wu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Helen Ka Wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Martin AR, Ronco C, Demange L, Benhida R. Hypoxia inducible factor down-regulation, cancer and cancer stem cells (CSCs): ongoing success stories. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:21-52. [PMID: 30108689 PMCID: PMC6071925 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00432f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cancers, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an over-expressed transcription factor, which regulates a large set of genes involved in tumour vascularization, metastases, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) formation and self-renewal. This protein has been identified as a relevant target in oncology and several HIF-1 modulators are now marketed or in advanced clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to summarize the advances in the understanding of its regulation and its inhibition, from the medicinal chemist point of view. To this end, we selected in the recent literature relevant examples of "hit" compounds, including small-sized organic molecules, pseudopeptides and nano-drugs, exhibiting in vitro and/or in vivo both anti-HIF-1 and anti-tumour activities. Whenever possible, a particular emphasis has been dedicated to compounds that selectively target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 - 06108 Nice , France . ; ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| | - Cyril Ronco
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 - 06108 Nice , France . ; ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| | - Luc Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 - 06108 Nice , France . ; ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
- UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques , Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , 4 avenue de l'Observatoire , Paris Fr-75006 , France
- UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères , 45 rue des Saints Pères , Paris Fr-75006 , France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 - 06108 Nice , France . ; ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
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Zhao YD, Zhang QB, Chen H, Fei XF, Shen YT, Ji XY, Ma JW, Wang AD, Dong J, Lan Q, Huang Q. Research on human glioma stem cells in China. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1918-1926. [PMID: 29239340 PMCID: PMC5745848 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on human glioma stem cells began early in the 21st century and since then has become a rapidly growing research field with the number of publications increasing year by year. The research conducted by our diverse group of investigators focused primarily on cell culture techniques, molecular regulation, signaling pathways, cancer treatment, the stem cell microenvironment and the cellular origin and function of glioma stem cells. In particular, we put forward our view that there are inverse or forward transformations among neural stem cells, glial cells and glioma stem cells in glioma tissues under certain conditions. Based on the background of the progress of international research on human glioma stem cells, we aim to share our progress and current findings of human glioma stem cell research in China with colleagues around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province; Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province; Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi-Feng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province; Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Tian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Wei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ai-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Chen J, Shao R, Li F, Monteiro M, Liu JP, Xu ZP, Gu W. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway dual inhibitor BEZ235 suppresses the stemness of colon cancer stem cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:1317-26. [PMID: 26399781 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide with high mortality. A major issue in colon cancer treatment is drug-resistance and metastasis that have been ascribed to the cancer stem cells. In this study, colon cancer stem cells were isolated through sphere culture and verified with the cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, and CD24. It was demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was highly activated in the colon cancer stem cells and that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by the inhibitor BEZ235 suppressed the colon cancer stem cell proliferation with reduced stemness indicated by CD133 and Lgr5 expressions. Treatment with insulin as a known activator of the PI3K/Akt pathway increased CD133 expression and decreased the effects of BEZ235 on colon cancer proliferation and survival. The data presented here collectively suggest that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway underpins the stemness of colon cancer stem cells and BEZ235 is potentially a good drug candidate for treatment of colon cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Renfu Shao
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezhi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Michael Monteiro
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Aging Research Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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Ronco C, Martin AR, Demange L, Benhida R. ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2 and WEE1 inhibitors in cancer and cancer stem cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 8:295-319. [PMID: 30108746 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00439c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA inevitably undergoes a high number of damages throughout the cell cycle. To preserve the integrity of the genome, cells have developed a complex enzymatic machinery aimed at sensing and repairing DNA lesions, pausing the cell cycle to provide more time to repair, or induce apoptosis if damages are too severe. This so-called DNA-damage response (DDR) is yet considered as a major source of resistance to DNA-damaging treatments in oncology. Recently, it has been hypothesized that cancer stem cells (CSC), a sub-population of cancer cells particularly resistant and with tumour-initiating ability, allow tumour re-growth and cancer relapse. Therefore, DDR appears as a relevant target to sensitize cancer cells and cancer stem cells to classical radio- and chemotherapies as well as to overcome resistances. Moreover, the concept of synthetic lethality could be particularly efficiently exploited in DDR. Five kinases play pivotal roles in the DDR: ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2 and WEE1. Herein, we review the drugs targeting these proteins and the inhibitors used in the specific case of CSC. We also suggest molecules that may be of interest for preclinical and clinical researchers studying checkpoint inhibition to sensitize cancer and cancer stem cells to DNA-damaging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Ronco
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| | - Anthony R Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| | - Luc Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques , 4 avenue de l'Observatoire , Paris Fr-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères , 45 rue des Saints Pères , France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
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Ong PS, Wang LZ, Dai X, Tseng SH, Loo SJ, Sethi G. Judicious Toggling of mTOR Activity to Combat Insulin Resistance and Cancer: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:395. [PMID: 27826244 PMCID: PMC5079084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), via its two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTORC1, and mTORC2, plays a central role in the regulation of cellular growth, metabolism, and migration. A dysregulation of the mTOR pathway has in turn been implicated in several pathological conditions including insulin resistance and cancer. Overactivation of mTORC1 and disruption of mTORC2 function have been reported to induce insulin resistance. On the other hand, aberrant mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling via either genetic alterations or increased expression of proteins regulating mTOR and its downstream targets have contributed to cancer development. These underlined the attractiveness of mTOR as a therapeutic target to overcome both insulin resistance and cancer. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the notion of intermittent, low dose rapamycin for treating insulin resistance. It further highlights recent data on the continuous use of high dose rapamycin analogs and related second generation mTOR inhibitors for cancer eradication, for overcoming chemoresistance and for tumor stem cell suppression. Within these contexts, the potential challenges associated with the use of mTOR inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shi Ong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Z Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shang Jun Loo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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