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Wang B, Wang J, Liu C, Li C, Meng T, Chen J, Liu Q, He W, Liu Z, Zhou Y. Ferroptosis: Latest evidence and perspectives on plant-derived natural active compounds mitigating doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39030835 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapy drug widely used in clinical settings, acting as a first-line treatment for various malignant tumors. However, its use is greatly limited by the cardiotoxicity it induces, including doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC). The mechanisms behind DIC are not fully understood, but its potential biological mechanisms are thought to include oxidative stress, inflammation, energy metabolism disorders, mitochondrial damage, autophagy, apoptosis, and ferroptosis. Recent studies have shown that cardiac injury induced by DOX is closely related to ferroptosis. Due to their high efficacy, availability, and low side effects, natural medicine treatments hold strong clinical potential. Currently, natural medicines have been shown to mitigate DOX-induced ferroptosis and ease DIC through various functions such as antioxidation, iron ion homeostasis correction, lipid metabolism regulation, and mitochondrial function improvement. Therefore, this review summarizes the mechanisms of ferroptosis in DIC and the regulation by natural plant products, with the expectation of providing a reference for future research and development of inhibitors targeting ferroptosis in DIC. This review explores the mechanisms of ferroptosis in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) and summarizes how natural plant products can alleviate DIC by inhibiting ferroptosis through reducing oxidative stress, correcting iron ion homeostasis, regulating lipid metabolism, and improving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiameng Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Changxing Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Chengjia Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Tianwei Meng
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qingnan Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wang He
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yabin Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Wei J, Zhang L, Wu K, Yu J, Gao F, Cheng J, Zhang T, Zhou X, Zong Y, Huang X, Jiang C. R-(+)-WIN55212-2 protects pericytes from ischemic damage and restores retinal microcirculatory patency after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115197. [PMID: 37572634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoids are vasoactive substances that act as key regulators of arterial tone in the blood vessels supplying peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the potential of R-(+)-WIN55212-2 (WIN), a cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (CB1), as a treatment for retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats were subjected to retinal I/R injury by increasing intraocular pressure in the anterior chamber. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control, I/R, vehicle (pre-treated with dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] via intraperitoneal injection), and experimental (pre-treated with WIN at a dose of 1 ml/kg via intraperitoneal injection). The rats were sacrificed at different time points of reperfusion (1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, and 1 day) after inducing retinal I/R injury, and their retinas were collected for analysis. Oxygen-glucose deprived/reperfusion (OGD/R) was performed by initially perfusing the retinas with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), then switching to an OGD solution to simulate ischemia, followed by another perfusion with ACSF. Pericyte contraction and the "no-reflow" phenomenon were observed using infrared differential interference contrast (IR-DIC) microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and nitric oxide (NO) detection were used to explore the potential mechanism. KEY RESULTS In both the OGD/R and I/R models, retinal pericytes exhibited persistent contraction even after reperfusion. The ability of WIN to regulate the tone of retinal pericytes and capillaries was specifically blocked by the BKCa inhibitor iberiotoxin (100 nM). WIN demonstrated a protective effect against retinal I/R injury by preserving blood flow in vessels containing pericytes. Pretreatment with WIN alleviated the persistent contraction and apoptosis of retinal pericytes in I/R-induced rats, accompanied by a reduction in intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration. The expression of CB1 decreased in a time-dependent manner in the I/R group. After I/R injury, endothelium-derived nitric oxide (eNOS) levels were reduced at all time points, which was successfully reversed by WIN therapy except for the 1 day group. Additionally, the downregulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and BKCa expression at 3 hours, 6 hours, and 1 day after I/R injury was restored by pretreatment of WIN. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS WIN exerted its protective effects on retinal I/R injury by inhibiting the contraction and apoptosis of pericytes through the CB1-eNOS-cGMP-BKCa signaling pathway, thus ameliorated the occlusion of retinal capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaicheng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujiao Zhou
- Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Zong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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Guntur D, Olschewski H, Enyedi P, Csáki R, Olschewski A, Nagaraj C. Revisiting the Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium (BKCa) Channels in the Pulmonary Circulation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1629. [PMID: 34827626 PMCID: PMC8615660 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium ion concentrations, controlled by ion pumps and potassium channels, predominantly govern a cell's membrane potential and the tone in the vessels. Calcium-activated potassium channels respond to two different stimuli-changes in voltage and/or changes in intracellular free calcium. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels assemble from pore forming and various modulatory and auxiliary subunits. They are of vital significance due to their very high unitary conductance and hence their ability to rapidly cause extreme changes in the membrane potential. The pathophysiology of lung diseases in general and pulmonary hypertension, in particular, show the implication of either decreased expression and partial inactivation of BKCa channel and its subunits or mutations in the genes encoding different subunits of the channel. Signaling molecules, circulating humoral molecules, vasorelaxant agents, etc., have an influence on the open probability of the channel in pulmonary arterial vascular cells. BKCa channel is a possible therapeutic target, aimed to cause vasodilation in constricted or chronically stiffened vessels, as shown in various animal models. This review is a comprehensive collation of studies on BKCa channels in the pulmonary circulation under hypoxia (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction; HPV), lung pathology, and fetal to neonatal transition, emphasising pharmacological interventions as viable therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Guntur
- Experimental Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Péter Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (P.E.); (R.C.)
| | - Réka Csáki
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (P.E.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Experimental Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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Lei H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Cheng T, Mi R, Xu X, Zu X, Zhang W. Herba Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong): A Review of Its Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 68:694-712. [PMID: 32741910 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herba Cistanche, known as Rou Cong Rong in Chinese, is a very valuable Chinese herbal medicine that has been recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Rou Cong Rong has been extensively used in clinical practice in traditional herbal formulations and has also been widely used as a health food supplement for a long time in Asian countries such as China and Japan. There are many bioactive compounds in Rou Cong Rong, the most important of which are phenylethanoid glycosides. This article summarizes the up-to-date information regarding the phytochemistry, pharmacology, processing, toxicity and safety of Rou Cong Rong to reveal its pharmacodynamic basis and potential therapeutic effects, which could be of great value for its use in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Lei
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | | | - Rui Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xike Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
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The new organic nitrate 2-nitrate-1,3-diocthanoxypropan (NDOP) induces nitric oxide production and vasorelaxation via activation of inward-rectifier potassium channels (K IR). Nitric Oxide 2020; 104-105:61-69. [PMID: 33038483 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases are coupled to decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and there is a constant search for novel and better NO-donors. Here we synthesized and characterized the cardiovascular effects of the new organic nitrate 2-nitrate-1,3-dioctanoxypropan (NDOP). METHODS A combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments was performed in C57BL/6 mice and Wistar rats. Thus, the ability of NDOP in donating NO in a cell-free system and in vascular smooth muscles cells (VSMC) and its ability to induce vasorelaxation in aortic rings from mice were evaluated. In addition, changes in blood pressure and heart rate to different doses of NDOP were evaluated in conscious rats. Finally, acute pre-clinical toxicity to oral administration of NDOP was assessed in mice. RESULTS In cell-free system, NDOP increased NO levels, which was dependent on xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). NDOP also increased NO levels in VSMC, which was not influenced by endothelial NO synthase. Furthermore, incubation with the XOR inhibitor febuxostat blunted the vasorelaxation in aortic ring preparations. In conscious rats, NDOP elicited dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure accompanied with increased heart rate. In vessel preparations, NDOP (10-8-10-3 mol/L) induced endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, which was inhibited by the NO scavengers 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide and hydroxocobalamin or by inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase using H- [1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. To investigate if NDOP acts through potassium channels, selective blockers were used. Inhibition of BKCa, Kv or KATP subtypes of potassium channels had no effect, but inhibition of inward-rectifier potassium channels (KIR) significantly reduced NDOP-mediated vasorelaxation. Lastly, NDOP showed low toxicity (LD50 ~5000 mg/kg). CONCLUSION Bioactivation of NDOP involves functional XOR, and this new organic nitrate elicits vasorelaxation via NO-cGMP-PKG signaling and activation of KIR channels. Future studies should further characterize the underlying mechanism and evaluate the therapeutic benefits of chronic NDOP treatment in relevant cardiovascular disease models.
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Wang ZJ, Zhu YY, Yi X, Zhou ZS, He YJ, Zhou Y, Qi ZH, Jin DN, Zhao LX, Luo XD. Bioguided isolation, identification and activity evaluation of antifungal compounds from Acorus tatarinowii Schott. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113119. [PMID: 32679258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE As a traditional folk medicine, Acorus tatarinowii Schott was used to treat digestive diseases, such as diarrhea, which may be related to Candida albicans infection; however according to literature surveys, there have been few studies of A. tatarinowii focusing on its antimicrobial activity, and almost all describe investigations using crude extracts or fractions. AIM OF THE STUDY The aims of the current study were to isolate and identify antifungal fractions of A. tatarinowii based on their antifungal activity, explore the preliminary mechanism of 60% ethanol elution (AT60) by metabonomics, and evaluate the antifungal activity of AT60 in vivo and in vitro, to provide natural resources against fungal infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS As a pilot evaluation of activity, A. tatarinowii fractions and compounds with antifungal bioactivity were isolated by bioactive-guided column chromatography, and identified by LC-QTOF-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The antifungal effects of the active ingredients against resistant C. albicans were evaluated by in vivo and in vitro colony forming unit assays. The mechanism underlying the activity of AT60 against C. albicans was explored using an LC-QTOF-based metabonomics approach and fluorescence microscopy imaging. RESULTS AT60 showed better activity against C. albicans than the same dose of the first line antifungal drugs, fluconazole and itraconazole (positive control drugs). Subsequent phytochemical investigation of AT60 identified twenty-five known compounds, six of which were isolated: asaraldehyde (7), 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol (12), α-asarone (14), β-asarone (15), γ-asarone (18), acotatarone C (19). Further, the compounds α-asarone (14) and acotatarone C (19) may be responsible for the antifungal activity, and exhibit synergistic effects. Metabonomics analysis indicated that AT60 can inhibit biofilm formation by regulating the C. albicans protein kinase C pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that A. tatarinowii has potent bioactivity against C. albicans in vitro and in vivo, and can be considered an antifungal botanic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Heng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Ni Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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Gai X, Lin P, He Y, Lu D, Li Z, Liang Y, Ma Y, Cairang N, Zuo M, Bao Y, Gazang Z, Wu X. Echinacoside prevents hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by regulating the pulmonary artery function. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 144:237-244. [PMID: 33070843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a progressive and irreversible disease that reduces survival. Echinacoside is a phenylethanoid glycoside from Tibetan herbs known for its vasorelaxant effect and for inhibiting the proliferation of rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of echinacoside on HPH. Sprague Dawley rats were housed in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber (4500 m) for 28 days to obtain the HPH model. Echinacoside (3.75, 7.5, 15, 30 and 40 mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection from the 1st to the 28th day. The mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), right ventricular hypertrophy index, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell concentration and morphological change of pulmonary arteries were evaluated. Vascular perfusion assay was used to assess the pulmonary artery function. Echinacoside reduced mPAP, hemoglobin, hematocrit, right ventricular hypertrophy index and mean wall thickness% of pulmonary arteries in HPH rats. It significantly increased maximum vasoconstriction percentage of pulmonary arteries induced by noradrenaline in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, it improved the responsiveness of pulmonary arteries to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. Therefore, Echinacoside might be an effective treatment against HPH, since it regulated pulmonary artery endothelium and smooth muscle layer function and improved the remodeling of pulmonary artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Gai
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China.
| | - Yanfeng He
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
| | - Zhanqiang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
| | - Yongxin Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Yuhua Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Nanjia Cairang
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Mingli Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Yi Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Zhaxi Gazang
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Xuehua Wu
- People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
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A Novel Mechanism of Sildenafil Improving the Excessive Proliferation and H2S Production in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 74:355-363. [PMID: 31356554 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of pulmonary arterial vasoactive mediators or excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) might result in contraction or remodeling of pulmonary blood vessels, leading to related lung diseases. Recent studies suggest that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous vasodilator generated in the blood vessels by the enzymes cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), could induce the vasodilation, thus improving contraction or remodeling-induced lung diseases. In this study, we hypothesized that PASMCs could produce H2S and relax the pulmonary artery, and its mechanism is related to CSE, CBS, and TRPV4 channels by affecting both the excessive proliferation and pulmonary vasoconstriction in PASMCs. We found that the sildenafil treatment could remarkably promote H2S production and control the proliferation in PASMCs; meanwhile, the protein levels of CSE and CBS and the intracellular concentration of calcium could also be increased by sildenafil. Moreover, the effects of sildenafil could be reversed by a CBS inhibitor or a CSE inhibitor, indicating that sildenafil could affect CSE and CBS to modulate the production of H2S and the proliferation in rat PASMCs. Together, we demonstrated a new mechanism for sildenafil to modulate the synthesis of H2S and cell proliferation in PASMCs by affecting CSE and CBS. TRPV4-dependent Ca events and BMP4 may also be involved.
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Echinacoside‑induced nitric oxide production in endothelial cells: Roles of androgen receptor and the PI3K‑Akt pathway. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1195-1202. [PMID: 31985022 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinacoside (ECH) is a natural compound with an endothelium‑dependent vasodilatory effect. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important vasorelaxant released from endothelial cells. In order to examine the molecular mechanism of ECH‑induced NO production in endothelial cells, the present study investigated the involvement of androgen receptor (AR) and the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Using the fluorescent probe DAF‑FM, the production of NO was found to be significantly increased, and eNOS was phosphorylated at Ser1177 in a concentration‑dependent manner under 0.01‑10 µM ECH treatment in HUVECs. In addition, NO production and eNOS phosphorylation induced by ECH were diminished when pretreated with the AR antagonist nilutamide, or when transfected with AR small interfering RNAs. Furthermore, the ECH‑induced phosphorylation of the Akt at Ser473 was abrogated by 5 µM wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor). These data indicated that ECH stimulated NO production via the AR‑dependent activation of eNOS in HUVECs, and that the PI3K/Akt pathway may be involved in eNOS phosphorylation induced by ECH.
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Herrera EA, Ebensperger G, Hernández I, Sanhueza EM, Llanos AJ, Reyes RV. The role of nitric oxide signaling in pulmonary circulation of high- and low-altitude newborn sheep under basal and acute hypoxic conditions. Nitric Oxide 2019; 89:71-80. [PMID: 31063821 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is the main vasodilator agent that drives the rapid decrease of pulmonary vascular resistance for the respiratory onset during the fetal to neonatal transition. Nevertheless, the enhanced NO generation by the neonatal pulmonary arterial endothelium does not prevent development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in species without an evolutionary story at high altitude. Therefore, this study aims to describe the limits of the NO function at high-altitude during neonatal life in the sheep as an animal model without tolerance to perinatal hypoxia. We studied the effect of blockade of NO synthesis with l-NAME in the cardiopulmonary response of lowland (580 m) and highland (3600 m) newborn lambs basally and under an episode of acute hypoxia. We also determined the pulmonary expression of proteins that mediate the actions of the NO vasodilator pathway in the pulmonary vasoactive tone and remodeling. We observed an enhanced nitrergic function in highland lambs under basal conditions, evidenced as a markedly greater increase in basal mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and resistance (PVR) under blockade of NO synthesis. Further, acute hypoxic challenge in lowland lambs infused with l-NAME markedly increased their mPAP and PVR to values greater than baseline, whilst in highland animals under NO synthesis blockade, these variables did not show additional increase in response to low PO2. Highland animals showed increased pulmonary RhoA expression, decreased PSer188-RhoA fraction, increased PSer311-p65-NFқβ fraction and up-regulated smooth muscle α-actin, relative to lowland controls. Taken together our data suggest that NO-mediated vasodilation is important to keep a low pulmonary vascular resistance under basal conditions and acute hypoxia at low-altitude. At high-altitude, the enhanced nitrergic signaling partially prevents excessive pulmonary hypertension but does not protect against acute hypoxia. The decreased vasodilator efficacy of nitrergic tone in high altitude lambs could be in part due to increased RhoA signaling that opposes to NO action in the hypoxic pulmonary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio A Herrera
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile; International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Germán Ebensperger
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile; International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Ismael Hernández
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Emilia M Sanhueza
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Aníbal J Llanos
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile; International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Roberto V Reyes
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile; International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile.
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11
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Ji S, Li S, Zhao X, Kang N, Cao K, Zhu Y, Peng P, Fan J, Xu Q, Yang S, Liu Y. Protective role of phenylethanoid glycosides, Torenoside B and Savatiside A, in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3755-3767. [PMID: 30988761 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study assessed the efficacy of two phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), Torenoside B (TB) and Savatiside A (SA), in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The effects of TB and SA compounds were first assessed following amyloid beta (Aβ)25-35 induction in SH-SY5Y cells at a range of concentrations. Their effects on cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by performing MTT and dichlorofluorescin diacetate assays, respectively. The concentration of intracellular Ca2+ was determined using Fluo-3AM to stain SH-SY5Y cells. SA and TB treatments were also assessed in Aβ25-35-induced mice. Y-maze and Morris water maze methods were utilized to assess murine learning and memory capability. The pathological changes of murine hippocampi was determined using H&E and Nissl staining. In addition, biochemical parameters associated with intracellular reactive oxygen pathways including Maleic dialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Calnexin were also assessed. TB and SA treatment in Aβ25-35-induced SH-SY5Y cells resulted in the restoration of cell morphology, an increase of SOD and GSH-Px activity, a decrease in ROS, Ca2+ and MDA content, and a decrease in Calnexin expression. Furthermore, SA or TB treatment administered to Aβ25-35-induced mice improved their spatial/non-spatial learning and memory capabilities. The efficacy of treatment was also supported by a marked change in the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 areas of murine hippocampi, as well as an increase of SOD and GSH-Px activity. Treatment also resulted in a decrease in MDA content, AchE activity and Calnexin expression in murine hippocampal tissue. As potential AD treatment drugs, SA and TB compounds have been demonstrated to alleviate the oxidative stress induced by Aβ25-35 via the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis and Calnexin, preventing AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Patent Examination Cooperation (Jiangsu) Center of the Patent Office, SIPO, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Naixin Kang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Keke Cao
- Shenzhen Yuanxing Gene-Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Suzhou Yihua Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Qiongming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China.,Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
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Reyes RV, Díaz M, Ebensperger G, Herrera EA, Quezada SA, Hernandez I, Sanhueza EM, Parer JT, Giussani DA, Llanos AJ. The role of nitric oxide in the cardiopulmonary response to hypoxia in highland and lowland newborn llamas. J Physiol 2018; 596:5907-5923. [PMID: 29369354 PMCID: PMC6265547 DOI: 10.1113/jp274340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Perinatal hypoxia causes pulmonary hypertension in neonates, including humans. However, in species adapted to hypoxia, such as the llama, there is protection against pulmonary hypertension. Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilatator with an established role in the cardiopulmonary system of many species, but its function in the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response in the newborn llama is unknown. Therefore, we studied the role of NO in the cardiopulmonary responses to acute hypoxia in high- and lowland newborn llamas. We show that high- compared to lowland newborn llamas have a reduced pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to acute hypoxia. Protection against excessive pulmonary vasoconstriction in the highland llama is mediated via enhancement of NO pathways, including increased MYPT1 and reduced ROCK expression as well as Ca2+ desensitization. Blunting of pulmonary hypertensive responses to hypoxia through enhanced NO pathways may be an adaptive mechanism to withstand life at high altitude in the newborn llama. ABSTRACT Llamas are born in the Alto Andino with protection against pulmonary hypertension. The physiology underlying protection against pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses to acute hypoxia in highland species is unknown. We determined the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the cardiopulmonary responses to acute hypoxia in high- and lowland newborn llamas. The cardiopulmonary function of newborn llamas born at low (580 m) or high altitude (3600 m) was studied under acute hypoxia, with and without NO blockade. In pulmonary arteries, we measured the reactivity to potassium and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and in lung we determined the content of cGMP and the expression of the NO-related proteins: BKCa, PDE5, PSer92-PDE5, PKG-1, ROCK1 and 2, MYPT1, PSer695-MYPT1, PThr696-MYPT1, MLC20 and PSer19-MLC20. Pulmonary vascular remodelling was evaluated by morphometry and based on α-actin expression. High- compared to lowland newborn llamas showed lower in vivo pulmonary arterial pressor responses to acute hypoxia. This protection involved enhanced NO function, as NO blockade reverted the effect and the pulmonary arterial dilatator response to SNP was significantly enhanced in highland neonates. The pulmonary expression of ROCK2 and the phosphorylation of MLC20 were lower in high-altitude llamas. Conversely, MYPT1 was up-regulated whilst PSer695-MYPT1 and PThr695-MYPT1 did not change. Enhanced NO-dependent mechanisms were insufficient to prevent pulmonary arterial remodelling. Combined, the data strongly support that in the highland newborn llama reduced ROCK, increased MYPT1 expression and Ca2+ desensitization in pulmonary tissue allow an enhanced NO biology to limit hypoxic pulmonary constrictor responses. Blunting of hypoxic pulmonary hypertensive responses may be an adaptive mechanism to life at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto V. Reyes
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de la Hipoxia, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS)Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Marcela Díaz
- Departamento de Promoción de la Salud de la Mujer y el Recién Nacido, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Stress y Adaptación Vascular, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Germán Ebensperger
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Stress y Adaptación Vascular, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS)Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Laboratorio de Función y Reactividad Vascular, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Sebastián A. Quezada
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de la Hipoxia, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Ismael Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de la Hipoxia, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Emilia M. Sanhueza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Fisiopatología del Desarrollo, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Julian T. Parer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeUK
| | - Aníbal J. Llanos
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS)Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Fisiopatología del Desarrollo, Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
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Tsantan Sumtang Alleviates Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension by Inhibiting Proliferation of Pulmonary Vascular Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9504158. [PMID: 30622966 PMCID: PMC6304203 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9504158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a severe condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality in people living at high altitude. Tsantan Sumtang, a traditional Tibetan medicine, has been routinely used for the treatment of cardiopyretic disease, as well as stenocardia. Interestingly, our previous research found that Tsantan Sumtang improved HPH in rats maintaining in a hypobaric chamber. We performed a series of experiments to test the indexes of vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling, the key pathophysiological characteristics of HPH. Our results showed that Tsantan Sumtang relaxed noradrenaline (NE)-precontracted rat pulmonary artery rings in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. The PGI2-cAMP (prostaglandin I2-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) pathway, NO-cGMP (nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate) pathway, and the opening of K+ channels (inward rectifier K+ channels, large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, and voltage-dependent K+ channels) might play major roles in the vasorelaxation effect. In vivo, the administration of Tsantan Sumtang resulted in a substantial decrease in the rat mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and the right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI). The reduction of thickness of small pulmonary arterial wall and the WT% (the ratio of the vascular wall thickness to the vascular diameter) were observed. The smooth muscle muscularization of the arterials was alleviated by Tsantan Sumtang treatment at the same time. Tsantan Sumtang also reduced remodeling of pulmonary arterioles by suppressing the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) through inhibition of p27Kip1 degradation. Therefore, Tsantan Sumtang could be applied as a preventative medication for HPH, which would be a new use for this traditional medicine.
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Mahobiya A, Singh TU, Rungsung S, Kumar T, Chandrasekaran G, Parida S, Kumar D. Kaempferol-induces vasorelaxation via endothelium-independent pathways in rat isolated pulmonary artery. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:863-874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Fu Z, Fan X, Wang X, Gao X. Cistanches Herba: An overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics property. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 219:233-247. [PMID: 29054705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cistanches Herba is an Orobanchaceae parasitic plant. As a commonly used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), its traditional functions include treating kidney deficiency, impotence, female infertility and senile constipation. Chemical analysis of Cistanches Herba revealed that phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids, lignans, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides were the main constituents. Pharmacological studies demonstrated that Cistanches Herba exhibited neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hormonal balancing, anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotection, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-tumor effects, etc. The aim of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized information on the phytochemistry, pharmacological research and pharmacokinetics studies of the major constituents of Cistanches Herba. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature search was conducted by systematic searching multiple electronic databases including SciFinder, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and CNKI. Information was also collected from journals, local magazines, books, monographs. RESULTS To date, more than 100 compounds have been isolated from this genus, include phenylethanoid glycosides, carbohydrates, lignans, iridoids, etc. The crude extracts and isolated compounds have exhibited a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic effects, such as neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotection, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor effects. The phenylethanoid glycosides, echinacoside and acteoside have attracted the most attention for their significantly neuropharmacology effects. Pharmacokinetic studies of echinacoside and acteoside also have also been summarized. CONCLUSION Phenylethanoid glycosides have demonstrated wide pharmacological actions and have great clinical value if challenges such as poor bioavailability, fast and extensive metabolism are addressed. Apart from phenylethanoid glycosides, other constituents of Cistanches Herba, their pharmacological activities and underlying mechanisms are also need to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Metdicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Metdicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Metdicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Liao PL, Li CH, Tse LS, Kang JJ, Cheng YW. Safety assessment of the Cistanche tubulosa health food product Memoregain ®: Genotoxicity and 28-day repeated dose toxicity test. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:581-588. [PMID: 29886232 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of Cistanches Herba, known as "Ginseng of the desert", have been extensively studied. In this study, we aimed to assess the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of the Cistanche tubulosa health food product Memoregain® using in vitro and in vivo tests. Ames tests using five strains of Salmonella typhimurium showed no signs of increased reverse mutation upon exposure to Memoregain® up to a concentration of 5 mg/plate. Exposure of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells to Memoregain® did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in vitro. Moreover, Memoregain® treatment did not affect the proportions of immature to total erythrocytes or the number of micronuclei in the immature erythrocytes of ICR mice. Additionally, after 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity tests (0, 0.15, 0.3, and 0.5g/kg body weight) in rats, no observable adverse effects were found. These toxicological assessments supported the safety of Memoregain® for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Liao
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Shan Tse
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jaw-Jou Kang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Abstract
Following its initial description over a century ago, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) continues to challenge researchers committed to understanding its pathobiology and finding a cure. The last two decades have seen major developments in our understanding of the genetics and molecular basis of PAH that drive cells within the pulmonary vascular wall to produce obstructive vascular lesions; presently, the field of PAH research has taken numerous approaches to dissect the complex amalgam of genetic, molecular and inflammatory pathways that interact to initiate and drive disease progression. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of PAH pathology and the role that genetic factors and environmental influences share in the development of vascular lesions and abnormal cell function. We also discuss how animal models can assist in elucidating gene function and the study of novel therapeutics, while at the same time addressing the limitations of the most commonly used rodent models. Novel experimental approaches based on application of next generation sequencing, bioinformatics and epigenetics research are also discussed as these are now being actively used to facilitate the discovery of novel gene mutations and mechanisms that regulate gene expression in PAH. Finally, we touch on recent discoveries concerning the role of inflammation and immunity in PAH pathobiology and how they are being targeted with immunomodulatory agents. We conclude that the field of PAH research is actively expanding and the major challenge in the coming years is to develop a unified theory that incorporates genetic and mechanistic data to address viable areas for disease modifying drugs that can target key processes that regulate the evolution of vascular pathology of PAH.
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