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John EM, Koo J, Phipps AI, Longacre TA, Kurian AW, Ingles SA, Wu AH, Hines LM. Reproductive characteristics, menopausal status, race and ethnicity, and risk of breast cancer subtypes defined by ER, PR and HER2 status: the Breast Cancer Etiology in Minorities study. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:88. [PMID: 38822357 PMCID: PMC11143591 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer differ by subtype defined by joint estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 expression status. Racial and ethnic differences in the incidence of breast cancer subtypes suggest etiologic heterogeneity, yet data are limited because most studies have included non-Hispanic White women only. METHODS We analyzed harmonized data for 2,794 breast cancer cases and 4,579 controls, of whom 90% self-identified as African American, Asian American or Hispanic. Questionnaire data were pooled from three population-based studies conducted in California and data on tumor characteristics were obtained from the California Cancer Registry. The study sample included 1,530 luminal A (ER-positive and/or PR-positive, HER2-negative), 442 luminal B (ER-positive and/or PR-positive, HER2-positive), 578 triple-negative (TN; ER-negative, PR-negative, HER2-negative), and 244 HER2-enriched (ER-negative, PR-negative, HER2-positive) cases. We used multivariable unconditional logistic regression models to estimate subtype-specific ORs and 95% confidence intervals associated with parity, breast-feeding, and other reproductive characteristics by menopausal status and race and ethnicity. RESULTS Subtype-specific associations with reproductive factors revealed some notable differences by menopausal status and race and ethnicity. Specifically, higher parity without breast-feeding was associated with higher risk of luminal A and TN subtypes among premenopausal African American women. In contrast, among Asian American and Hispanic women, regardless of menopausal status, higher parity with a breast-feeding history was associated with lower risk of luminal A subtype. Among premenopausal women only, luminal A subtype was associated with older age at first full-term pregnancy (FTP), longer interval between menarche and first FTP, and shorter interval since last FTP, with similar OR estimates across the three racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Subtype-specific associations with reproductive factors overall and by menopausal status, and race and ethnicity, showed some differences, underscoring that understanding etiologic heterogeneity in racially and ethnically diverse study samples is essential. Breast-feeding is likely the only reproductive factor that is potentially modifiable. Targeted efforts to promote and facilitate breast-feeding could help mitigate the adverse effects of higher parity among premenopausal African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 3145 Porter Drive, Suite E223, Palo Alto, CA, 94504, USA.
| | - Jocelyn Koo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Amanda I Phipps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Teri A Longacre
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lisa M Hines
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
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2
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Results from epidemiologic studies on age at last birth (ALB) and the risk of developing breast cancer were inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the association between ALB and the risk of developing breast cancer quantitatively. METHODS Relevant articles published up to May 2019 were identified by searching systematically in PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wan Fang Med Online. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline model. RESULTS Fourteen studies with 132 133 cases and 1 314 005 participants were eligible for this meta-analysis. The pooled RR (95% CI) of breast cancer for the highest vs. the lowest stratification of ALB was 1.22 (1.04-1.42). In the subgroup analysis, significant positive associations were also found in studies conducted in Europe (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.38), studies with results adjusted for parity (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04-1.54), and studies with results adjusted for age at first birth (RR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.08-1.74). The results of the dose-response analysis indicated that the departure from linearity was NS between ALB and the risk of breast cancer (Pnonlinearity = 0.711), but the linear associations were NS. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggested that ALB was positively associated with the risk of breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer increased gradually with the ALB for women. Our findings may have implications for family planning.
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Ye DM, Li Q, Yu T, Wang HT, Luo YH, Li WQ. Clinical and epidemiologic factors associated with breast cancer and its subtypes among Northeast Chinese women. Cancer Med 2019; 8:7431-7445. [PMID: 31642614 PMCID: PMC6885867 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer has increased dramatically in China. We evaluated the clinical and epidemiologic factors associated with breast cancer, and its stage in a case‐control study of Northeast Chinese women. We also examined whether these factors were differentially distributed among molecular subtypes of breast cancer in a case‐only analysis. We identified 1118 breast cancer patients and 2284 healthy women from Cancer Hospital of Medical University between January 2014 and December 2017. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We found that postmenopausal women had a decreased risk of breast cancer (multivariate‐adjusted OR = 0.33, 95% CI:0.25‐0.43), and tended to have breast cancer of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐overexpressing (multivariate‐adjusted OR = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.49‐5.97) and triple‐negative (multivariate‐adjusted OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.02‐4.56) subtypes, compared with the luminal B subtype. Women with history of abortion had an increased risk of breast cancer (multivariate‐adjusted OR = 4.70, 95% CI: 3.60‐6.14). Women with high breast density and high Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) scores of lesions tended to have breast cancer of advanced stage, but were not differentially distributed among its molecular subtypes. In conclusion, postmenopausal women had decreased risk of breast cancer, and tended to have nonluminal subtype, while women with history of abortion had increased risk of breast cancer. Women with high breast density and BIRADS scores of lesions tended to have advanced stage breast cancer. We provide evidence on the epidemiologic factors for breast cancer and its subtypes, which may help with breast cancer risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Man Ye
- Department of Medical Imaging, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of pathology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Tian Wang
- The First Clinical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Hong Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, P. R. China
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4
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Minami Y, Nishino Y, Kawai M, Tada H, Kanemura S, Miyashita M, Ishida T, Kakugawa Y. Reproductive history and breast cancer survival: a prospective patient cohort study in Japan. Breast Cancer 2019; 26:687-702. [PMID: 30993643 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-019-00972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive factors may influence breast cancer progression and patient survival; however, evidence has been limited. METHODS The associations of reproductive factors with tumor characteristics and patient survival were analyzed among 1468 breast cancer patients diagnosed during 1997-2013 at a single institute in Japan. The patients were followed until 2016. During a median follow-up period of 8.6 years, 272 all-cause and 199 breast cancer deaths were documented. RESULTS In case-case comparisons, later age at menarche was inversely associated with advanced tumors. Nulliparous patients tended to have receptor-positive [estrogen receptor (ER)+ or progesterone receptor (PR)+] tumors. Conversely, the Cox proportional-hazards model including adjustment for tumor characteristics revealed U-shaped relationship between parity number and the risk of all-cause death among the patients overall [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.10 for nulliparous, 1.28 for 2, and 1.50 for ≥ 3 vs. one child]. According to hormone receptor, later age at menarche and later age at last birth were positively associated with the risk of all-cause death among patients with ER- and PR- cancer (menarche, HR = 2.18 for ≥ 15 vs. ≤ 12 years, ptrend = 0.03; last birth, HR = 3.10 for ≥ 35 vs. ≤ 29 years, ptrend = 0.01). A shorter time since last birth was associated with the risk of death among receptor-positive patients (HR = 5.72 for ≤ 4 vs. ≥ 10 years, ptrend = 0.004). CONCLUSION The results indicate that the timing of menarche and parity have significant effects on patient survival, providing clues for understanding the association between women's life course and breast cancer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Minami
- Division of Community Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan. .,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan. .,Center for Preventive Medicine, Osaki Citizen Hospital, 2-3-15 Senjuji-machi, Furukawa, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6174, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Nishino
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kawai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center Hospital, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1239, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tada
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Seiki Kanemura
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan
| | - Minoru Miyashita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kakugawa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center Hospital, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1239, Japan
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Wallace TR, Tarullo SE, Crump LS, Lyons TR. Studies of postpartum mammary gland involution reveal novel pro-metastatic mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5. [PMID: 30847405 PMCID: PMC6400586 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2019.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum involution is the process by which the lactating mammary gland returns to the pre-pregnant state after weaning. Expression of tumor-promotional collagen, upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases, infiltration of M2 macrophages, and remodeling of blood and lymphatic vasculature are all characteristics shared by the involuting mammary gland and breast tumor microenvironment. The tumor promotional nature of the involuting mammary gland is perhaps best evidenced by cases of postpartum breast cancer (PPBC), or those cases diagnosed within 10 years of most recent childbirth. Women with PPBC experience more aggressive disease and higher risk of metastasis than nulliparous patients and those diagnosed outside the postpartum window. Semaphorin 7a (SEMA7A), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and collagen are all expressed in the involuting mammary gland and, together, predict for decreased metastasis free survival in breast cancer. Studies investigating the role of these proteins in involution have been important for understanding their contributions to PPBC. Postpartum involution thus represents a valuable model for the identification of novel molecular drivers of PPBC and classical cancer hallmarks. In this review, we will highlight the similarities between involution and cancer in the mammary gland, and further define the contribution of SEMA7A/COX-2/collagen interplay to postpartum involution and breast tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah E Tarullo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lyndsey S Crump
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,University of Colorado Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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6
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Nichols HB, Schoemaker MJ, Cai J, Xu J, Wright LB, Brook MN, Jones ME, Adami HO, Baglietto L, Bertrand KA, Blot WJ, Boutron-Ruault MC, Dorronsoro M, Dossus L, Eliassen AH, Giles GG, Gram IT, Hankinson SE, Hoffman-Bolton J, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Kitahara CM, Larsson SC, Linet M, Merritt MA, Milne RL, Pala V, Palmer JR, Peeters PH, Riboli E, Sund M, Tamimi RM, Tjønneland A, Trichopoulou A, Ursin G, Vatten L, Visvanathan K, Weiderpass E, Wolk A, Zheng W, Weinberg CR, Swerdlow AJ, Sandler DP. Breast Cancer Risk After Recent Childbirth: A Pooled Analysis of 15 Prospective Studies. Ann Intern Med 2019; 170:22-30. [PMID: 30534999 PMCID: PMC6760671 DOI: 10.7326/m18-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parity is widely recognized as protective for breast cancer, but breast cancer risk may be increased shortly after childbirth. Whether this risk varies with breastfeeding, family history of breast cancer, or specific tumor subtype has rarely been evaluated. Objective To characterize breast cancer risk in relation to recent childbirth. Design Pooled analysis of individual-level data from 15 prospective cohort studies. Setting The international Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Participants Women younger than 55 years. Measurements During 9.6 million person-years of follow-up, 18 826 incident cases of breast cancer were diagnosed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for breast cancer were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Compared with nulliparous women, parous women had an HR for breast cancer that peaked about 5 years after birth (HR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.63 to 1.99]) before decreasing to 0.77 (CI, 0.67 to 0.88) after 34 years. The association crossed over from positive to negative about 24 years after birth. The overall pattern was driven by estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer; no crossover was seen for ER-negative cancer. Increases in breast cancer risk after childbirth were pronounced when combined with a family history of breast cancer and were greater for women who were older at first birth or who had more births. Breastfeeding did not modify overall risk patterns. Limitations Breast cancer diagnoses during pregnancy were not uniformly distinguishable from early postpartum diagnoses. Data on human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) oncogene overexpression were limited. Conclusion Compared with nulliparous women, parous women have an increased risk for breast cancer for more than 20 years after childbirth. Health care providers should consider recent childbirth a risk factor for breast cancer in young women. Primary Funding Source The Avon Foundation, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Breast Cancer Now and the UK National Health Service, and the Institute of Cancer Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel B. Nichols
- University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Jianwen Cai
- University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jiawei Xu
- University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Mark N. Brook
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - William J. Blot
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1018, Institut Gustave Roussy Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- Public Health Direction and Biodonostia Research Institute and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Laure Dossus
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - A. Heather Eliassen
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Council Victoria and University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Inger T. Gram
- University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Susan E. Hankinson
- University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | | | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Cari M. Kitahara
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susanna C. Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martha Linet
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melissa A. Merritt
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Cancer Council Victoria and University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valeria Pala
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julie R. Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rulla M. Tamimi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Giske Ursin
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Vatten
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Clarice R. Weinberg
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Dale P. Sandler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina
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7
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John EM, Hines LM, Phipps AI, Koo J, Longacre TA, Ingles SA, Baumgartner KB, Slattery ML, Wu AH. Reproductive history, breast-feeding and risk of triple negative breast cancer: The Breast Cancer Etiology in Minorities (BEM) study. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:2273-2285. [PMID: 29330856 PMCID: PMC5893409 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Few risk factors have been identified for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which lacks expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). This more aggressive subtype disproportionately affects some racial/ethnic minorities and is associated with lower survival. We pooled data from three population-based studies (558 TNBC and 5,111 controls) and examined associations of TNBC risk with reproductive history and breast-feeding. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariable logistic regression. For younger women, aged <50 years, TNBC risk was increased two-fold for parous women who never breast-fed compared to nulliparous women (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.12-3.63). For younger parous women, longer duration of lifetime breast-feeding was associated with a borderline reduced risk (≥24 vs. 0 months: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.26-1.04, Ptrend = 0.06). Considering the joint effect of parity and breast-feeding, risk was increased two-fold for women with ≥3 full-term pregnancies (FTPs) and no or short-term (<12 months) breast-feeding compared to women with 1-2 FTPs and breast-feeding ≥12 months (OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.22-5.35). None of these associations were observed among older women (≥50 years). Differences in reproductive patterns possibly contribute to the ethnic differences in TNBC incidence. Among controls aged <50 years, the prevalence of no or short-term breast-feeding and ≥3 FTPs was highest for Hispanics (22%), followed by African Americans (18%), Asian Americans (15%) and non-Hispanic whites (6%). Breast-feeding is a modifiable behavioral factor that may lower TNBC risk and mitigate the effect of FTPs in women under age 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M. John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA 94538
- Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisa M. Hines
- University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Department of Biology, Colorado Springs, CO 80918
| | - Amanda I. Phipps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jocelyn Koo
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA 94538
| | - Teri A. Longacre
- Department of Pathology and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sue A. Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Kathy B. Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | | | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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8
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Crivellari D, Lombardi D, Scuderi C, Spazzapan S, Magri MD, Giorda G, Berretta M, Veronesi A. Breast Cancer and Pregnancy. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 88:187-92. [PMID: 12195755 DOI: 10.1177/030089160208800302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of breast cancer during pregnancy is a rare event, but the young age of the patient together with the emotional impact for both the family and the doctors make therapeutic choices usually very difficult. Until recently, the occurrence of pregnancy associated breast cancer was thought to hold a grave prognosis and therapeutic abortion was very often advised in common practice. The hormonal environment with the increase in estrogens and progesterone was the main factor for the fear of tumor stimulation. The course of breast cancer, however, does not appear to be adversely affected by continuation of pregnancy. In the last years it was realized that potentially curative therapies can be administered even when pregnancy is continued. Of course in the medical literature there is no randomized clinical trial helping in taking decision in this setting; however, a significant experience already exists in some institutions and can guide management in these difficult cases. The aim of our review is to give an answer to questions usually coming from various specialists who collaborate with the oncologists in treating these patients and furthermore to try and find some basic guidelines which can be used in the information of the patients regarding previous experience in this field. The problem of a pregnancy after treatment for breast cancer is also analyzed, as this aspect is an emerging issue in clinical oncology. The decision should be evaluated for each single patient, taking into account the prognosis of the patient and her desire of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Crivellari
- Division of Medical Oncology C, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy.
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9
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Nichols HB, Schoemaker MJ, Wright LB, McGowan C, Brook MN, McClain KM, Jones ME, Adami HO, Agnoli C, Baglietto L, Bernstein L, Bertrand KA, Blot WJ, Boutron-Ruault MC, Butler L, Chen Y, Doody MM, Dossus L, Eliassen AH, Giles GG, Gram IT, Hankinson SE, Hoffman-Bolton J, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Kirsh VA, Kitahara CM, Koh WP, Larsson SC, Lund E, Ma H, Merritt MA, Milne RL, Navarro C, Overvad K, Ozasa K, Palmer JR, Peeters PH, Riboli E, Rohan TE, Sadakane A, Sund M, Tamimi RM, Trichopoulou A, Vatten L, Visvanathan K, Weiderpass E, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zheng W, Sandler DP, Swerdlow AJ. The Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaboration: A Pooling Project of Studies Participating in the National Cancer Institute Cohort Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1360-1369. [PMID: 28600297 PMCID: PMC5581673 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cancer diagnosis among premenopausal women around the world. Unlike rates in postmenopausal women, incidence rates of advanced breast cancer have increased in recent decades for premenopausal women. Progress in identifying contributors to breast cancer risk among premenopausal women has been constrained by the limited numbers of premenopausal breast cancer cases in individual studies and resulting low statistical power to subcategorize exposures or to study specific subtypes. The Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaborative Group was established to facilitate cohort-based analyses of risk factors for premenopausal breast cancer by pooling individual-level data from studies participating in the United States National Cancer Institute Cohort Consortium. This article describes the Group, including the rationale for its initial aims related to pregnancy, obesity, and physical activity. We also describe the 20 cohort studies with data submitted to the Group by June 2016. The infrastructure developed for this work can be leveraged to support additional investigations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(9); 1360-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel B Nichols
- University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren B Wright
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Craig McGowan
- University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark N Brook
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen M McClain
- University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael E Jones
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Karolinska Institutet, MEB, University of Oslo Institute of Health and Society, Sweden, Norway
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Italy, France
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), France
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, California
| | | | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Lesley Butler
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu Chen
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Michele M Doody
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laure Dossus
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Council Victoria, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Inger T Gram
- University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Victoria A Kirsh
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cari M Kitahara
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Susanna C Larsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eiliv Lund
- UiT (University of Tromsø), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Huiyan Ma
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, California
| | | | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Council Victoria, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kotaro Ozasa
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lars Vatten
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Head, Group of Etiological Cancer Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Horn J, Vatten LJ. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors of breast cancer: a historical perspective. Int J Womens Health 2017; 9:265-272. [PMID: 28490905 PMCID: PMC5414577 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s129017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of breast cancer etiology has puzzled scientists for more than 300 years. In this brief review, we emphasize the importance of reproductive and hormonal factors in relation to the risk of breast cancer. By following the historical course of how various risk factors have been determined, this study attempts to illustrate the origin of hypotheses, their subsequent rejection, and development of new hypotheses. Starting with the contributions of Italian physicians in the 18th century and covering the activity of British epidemiologists before World War II, this review ends up with the international collaboration that became increasingly important in the second half of the 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Horn
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Lars J Vatten
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Sakai T, Sugawara Y, Watanabe I, Watanabe T, Tomata Y, Nakaya N, Tsuji I. Age at first birth and long-term mortality for mothers: the Ohsaki cohort study. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:24. [PMID: 29165118 PMCID: PMC5664584 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although maternal age at first birth has been rising in many developed countries, its long-term effects on the health of the mothers themselves are unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between maternal age at first birth and long-term mortality. Methods We conducted a cohort study of 20,624 parous Japanese women aged between 40 and 79 years in 1994 and followed up their survival for 14 years. Based on maternal age at first birth, the women were divided into four groups: ≤19 years, 20–24 years, 25–29 years, and ≥30 years. Using the 20–24 years group as a reference, hazards ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality were calculated. Results Multivariate HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.17 in the ≤19 years group, 1.09 in the 25–29 years group, and 1.33 in the ≥30 years group. A U-shaped relationship was apparent between maternal age at first birth and mortality. This relationship was also observed for mortality attributable to cancer, cardiovascular disease and other diseases. This U-shaped relationship was observed only for women born before 1935 and the birth year of the first child before 1960. Conclusion A U-shaped relationship was apparent between maternal age at first birth and mortality. As maternal age at first birth is rising worldwide, the risk it imposes appears to have significance in the context of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sakai
- Juntendo University Faculty of Health Sciences and Nursing, 3-7-33 Omiyacho, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8787, Japan.
| | - Yumi Sugawara
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ikue Watanabe
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasutake Tomata
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakaya
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tsuji
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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12
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Makama M, Drukker C, Rutgers E, Slaets L, Cardoso F, Rookus M, Tryfonidis K, Van't Veer L, Schmidt M. An association study of established breast cancer reproductive and lifestyle risk factors with tumour subtype defined by the prognostic 70-gene expression signature (MammaPrint ® ). Eur J Cancer 2017; 75:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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What Is Breast in the Bone? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101764. [PMID: 27782069 PMCID: PMC5085788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal developmental program that prolactin generates in the mammary gland is usurped in the cancerous process and can be used out of its normal cellular context at a site of secondary metastasis. Prolactin is a pleiotropic peptide hormone and cytokine that is secreted from the pituitary gland, as well as from normal and cancerous breast cells. Experimental and epidemiologic data suggest that prolactin is associated with mammary gland development, and also the increased risk of breast tumors and metastatic disease in postmenopausal women. Breast cancer spreads to the bone in approximately 70% of cases with advanced breast cancer. Despite treatment, new bone metastases will still occur in 30%–50% of patients. Only 20% of patients with bone metastases survive five years after the diagnosis of bone metastasis. The breast cancer cells in the bone microenvironment release soluble factors that engage osteoclasts and/or osteoblasts and result in bone breakdown. The breakdown of the bone matrix, in turn, enhances the proliferation of the cancer cells, creating a vicious cycle. Recently, it was shown that prolactin accelerated the breast cancer cell-mediated osteoclast differentiation and bone breakdown by the regulation of breast cancer-secreted proteins. Interestingly, prolactin has the potential to affect multiple proteins that are involved in both breast development and likely bone metastasis, as well. Prolactin has normal bone homeostatic roles and, combined with the natural “recycling” of proteins in different tissues that can be used for breast development and function, or in bone function, increases the impact of prolactin signaling in breast cancer bone metastases. Thus, this review will focus on the role of prolactin in breast development, bone homeostasis and in breast cancer to bone metastases, covering the molecular aspects of the vicious cycle.
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14
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Grand multiparity and reproductive cancer in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study Cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 27:237-47. [PMID: 26669321 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Grand multiparity is associated with reduced mortality from reproductive cancers. We aimed to separate the components of mortality, by measuring incidence of and survival after reproductive cancer onset in grand multiparous compared to other parous women. STUDY DESIGN We linked data from the population-based Jerusalem Perinatal Study Cohort, which included women aged 13-55 who delivered 1964-1976, with Israel's National Cancer Registry. We compared breast and gynecologic cancer risk and all-cause survival following a cancer diagnosis, among grand multiparae (GMPs = parity 5+, n = 8,246) versus women with parity 1-4 (n = 19,703), adjusting for reproductive and demographic variables. RESULTS Grand multiparae were at significantly lower risk of breast cancer than others (adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) = 0.62, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.54-0.71), after controlling for age at first birth, education, and other covariates. This reduction was greater among GMPs whose first birth occurred after age 30 (p-interaction = 0.0001) and for cancer occurring before age 50 years (p = 0.002). In contrast, GMPs were at greater risk of death than women with parity <5, following a breast cancer diagnosis (HRadj = 1.69, CI 1.39-2.1). Ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer incidence did not differ between the groups, but survival was reduced for GMPs with uterine cancer (HRadj = 2.48, CI 1.22-5.03). CONCLUSION Reduced reproductive cancer mortality reported among GMPs masks two opposing phenomena: decreased breast cancer risk and poorer survival after breast and uterine cancers. The latter unfavorable outcome suggests that tumors in GMPs may be particularly aggressive, having perhaps escaped protective mechanisms conferred by parity. This finding calls for heightened clinical attention in this group.
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15
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Muñoz-Rodríguez JL, Vrba L, Futscher BW, Hu C, Komenaka IK, Meza-Montenegro MM, Gutierrez-Millan LE, Daneri-Navarro A, Thompson PA, Martinez ME. Differentially expressed microRNAs in postpartum breast cancer in Hispanic women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124340. [PMID: 25875827 PMCID: PMC4395255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of breast cancer transiently increases immediately following pregnancy; peaking between 3-7 years. The biology that underlies this risk window and the effect on the natural history of the disease is unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have been shown to be dysregulated in breast cancer. We conducted miRNA profiling of 56 tumors from a case series of multiparous Hispanic women and assessed the pattern of expression by time since last full-term pregnancy. A data-driven splitting analysis on the pattern of 355 miRNAs separated the case series into two groups: a) an early group representing women diagnosed with breast cancer ≤ 5.2 years postpartum (n = 12), and b) a late group representing women diagnosed with breast cancer ≥ 5.3 years postpartum (n = 44). We identified 15 miRNAs with significant differential expression between the early and late postpartum groups; 60% of these miRNAs are encoded on the X chromosome. Ten miRNAs had a two-fold or higher difference in expression with miR-138, miR-660, miR-31, miR-135b, miR-17, miR-454, and miR-934 overexpressed in the early versus the late group; while miR-892a, miR-199a-5p, and miR-542-5p were underexpressed in the early versus the late postpartum group. The DNA methylation of three out of five tested miRNAs (miR-31, miR-135b, and miR-138) was lower in the early versus late postpartum group, and negatively correlated with miRNA expression. Here we show that miRNAs are differentially expressed and differentially methylated between tumors of the early versus late postpartum, suggesting that potential differences in epigenetic dysfunction may be operative in postpartum breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Muñoz-Rodríguez
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Lukas Vrba
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Bernard W. Futscher
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Ian K. Komenaka
- Department of Surgery, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | | | | | - Adrian Daneri-Navarro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Patricia A. Thompson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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16
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Association between abortion and breast cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis based on prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:811-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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de Pedro M, Otero B, Martín B. Fertility preservation and breast cancer: a review. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:503. [PMID: 25729416 PMCID: PMC4335963 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and its incidence increases with age, with the majority of patients diagnosed after menopause. However, in 15–25% of cases, patients are premenopausal at the time of diagnosis, and about 7% of them are below the age of 40. Therefore, a considerable amount of young women are diagnosed with breast cancer during their reproductive life. Within this group, most cancer cases require cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy, which are responsible for a decrease in the patients’ reproductive function, along with their age. The efficacy of such treatments, among other factors, has led to a high five-year-survival rate, which results in an increasing number of young women who survive breast cancer before having fulfilled their reproductive wishes, especially considering the current trend to delay pregnancy until the late 30s or early 40s in developed countries. The combination of these factors justifies the importance of fertility preservation and reproductive counselling at the time of breast cancer diagnosis in young women. A wide range of fertility preservation techniques has been developed, such as ovarian suppression, oocyte and embryo cryopreservation, immature oocyte retrieval and in vitro maturation, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Early counselling and referral of these patients to fertility specialists are fundamental factors in order to maximise their chances of pregnancy. This review aims to update the knowledge about the influence of breast cancer in fertility, the influence of pregnancy and fertility preservation techniques in breast cancer patients and assessment of ovarian reserve for a better treatment choice. A special section dedicated to BRCA-mutation carriers has been included because of their specific features. A comprehensive literature search has been conducted, including publications from the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Pedro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HM Nuevo Belén University Hospital, HM Hospitales, José Silva 7, Madrid 28043, Spain
| | - Borja Otero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Belén Martín
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Getafe University Hospital, Getafe 28905, Spain
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18
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Sundaram S, Freemerman AJ, Galanko JA, McNaughton KK, Bendt KM, Darr DB, Troester MA, Makowski L. Obesity-mediated regulation of HGF/c-Met is associated with reduced basal-like breast cancer latency in parous mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111394. [PMID: 25354395 PMCID: PMC4213021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely thought that pregnancy reduces breast cancer risk, but this lacks consideration of breast cancer subtypes. While a full term pregnancy reduces risk for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) and luminal breast cancers, parity is associated with increased risk of basal-like breast cancer (BBC) subtype. Basal-like subtypes represent less than 10% of breast cancers and are highly aggressive, affecting primarily young, African American women. Our previous work demonstrated that high fat diet-induced obesity in nulliparous mice significantly blunted latency in C3(1)-TAg mice, a model of BBC, potentially through the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met oncogenic pathway. Experimental studies have examined parity and obesity individually, but to date, the joint effects of parity and obesity have not been studied. We investigated the role of obesity in parous mice on BBC. Parity alone dramatically blunted tumor latency compared to nulliparous controls with no effects on tumor number or growth, while obesity had only a minor role in further reducing latency. Obesity-associated metabolic mediators and hormones such as insulin, estrogen, and progesterone were not significantly regulated by obesity. Plasma IL-6 was also significantly elevated by obesity in parous mice. We have previously reported a potential role for stromal-derived hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) via its cognate receptor c-Met in the etiology of obesity-induced BBC tumor onset and in both human and murine primary coculture models of BBC-aggressiveness. Obesity-associated c-Met concentrations were 2.5-fold greater in normal mammary glands of parous mice. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that, parity in C3(1)-TAg mice dramatically reduced BBC latency compared to nulliparous mice. In parous mice, c-Met is regulated by obesity in unaffected mammary gland and is associated with tumor onset. C3(1)-TAg mice recapitulate epidemiologic findings such that parity drives increased BBC risk and potential microenvironmental alterations in c-Met signaling may play a role in etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sundaram
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Freemerman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Galanko
- UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kirk K. McNaughton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katharine M. Bendt
- Mouse Phase I Unit, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David B. Darr
- Mouse Phase I Unit, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Troester
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Epidemiology, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liza Makowski
- UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Anderson WF, Rosenberg PS, Prat A, Perou CM, Sherman ME. How many etiological subtypes of breast cancer: two, three, four, or more? J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju165. [PMID: 25118203 PMCID: PMC4148600 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, divisible into a variable number of clinical subtypes. A fundamental question is how many etiological classes underlie the clinical spectrum of breast cancer? An etiological subtype reflects a grouping with a common set of causes, whereas a clinical subtype represents a grouping with similar prognosis and/or prediction. Herein, we review the evidence for breast cancer etiological heterogeneity. We then evaluate the etiological evidence with mRNA profiling data. A bimodal age distribution at diagnosis with peak frequencies near ages 50 and 70 years is a fundamental characteristic of breast cancer for important tumor features, clinical characteristics, risk factor profiles, and molecular subtypes. The bimodal peak frequencies at diagnosis divide breast cancer overall into a "mixture" of two main components in varying proportions in different cancer populations. The first breast cancer tends to arise early in life with modal age-at-diagnosis near 50 years and generally behaves aggressively. The second breast cancer occurs later in life with modal age near 70 years and usually portends a more indolent clinical course. These epidemiological and molecular data are consistent with a two-component mixture model and compatible with a hierarchal view of breast cancers arising from two main cell types of origin. Notwithstanding the potential added value of more detailed categorizations for personalized breast cancer treatment, we suggest that the development of better criteria to identify the two proposed etiologic classes would advance breast cancer research and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Anderson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Biostatistics Branch (WFA, PSR), and Division of Cancer Prevention (MES), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (AP); Department of Genetics and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (CMP).
| | - Philip S Rosenberg
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Biostatistics Branch (WFA, PSR), and Division of Cancer Prevention (MES), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (AP); Department of Genetics and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (CMP)
| | - Aleix Prat
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Biostatistics Branch (WFA, PSR), and Division of Cancer Prevention (MES), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (AP); Department of Genetics and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (CMP)
| | - Charles M Perou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Biostatistics Branch (WFA, PSR), and Division of Cancer Prevention (MES), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (AP); Department of Genetics and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (CMP)
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Biostatistics Branch (WFA, PSR), and Division of Cancer Prevention (MES), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (AP); Department of Genetics and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (CMP)
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20
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Fornetti J, Martinson HA, Betts CB, Lyons TR, Jindal S, Guo Q, Coussens LM, Borges VF, Schedin P. Mammary gland involution as an immunotherapeutic target for postpartum breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:213-28. [PMID: 24952477 PMCID: PMC4363120 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum mammary gland involution has been identified as tumor-promotional and is proposed to contribute to the increased rates of metastasis and poor survival observed in postpartum breast cancer patients. In rodent models, the involuting mammary gland microenvironment is sufficient to induce enhanced tumor cell growth, local invasion, and metastasis. Postpartum involution shares many attributes with wound healing, including upregulation of genes involved in immune responsiveness and infiltration of tissue by immune cells. In rodent models, treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ameliorates the tumor-promotional effects of involution, consistent with the immune milieu of the involuting gland contributing to tumor promotion. Currently, immunotherapy is being investigated as a means of breast cancer treatment with the purpose of identifying ways to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Here we review evidence for postpartum mammary gland involution being a uniquely defined 'hot-spot' of pro-tumorigenic immune cell infiltration, and propose that immunotherapy should be explored for prevention and treatment of breast cancers that arise in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fornetti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Holly A. Martinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Courtney B. Betts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem cells, and Development, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Traci R. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Qiuchen Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Virginia F. Borges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem cells, and Development, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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21
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Huang Z, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Gao YT, Zheng Y, Dai Q, Lu W, Zheng W, Shu XO. Associations of reproductive time events and intervals with breast cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:186-95. [PMID: 24323821 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While there is clear evidence for an association between later age at first live birth and increased breast cancer risk, associations with the timing of other reproductive events are less clear. As breast tissues undergo major structural and cellular changes during pregnancy, we examined associations between reproductive time events and intervals with breast cancer risk among parous women from the population-based Shanghai Breast Cancer Study (SBCS). Unconditional logistic regression was used to evaluate associations with breast cancer risk for 3,269 cases and 3,341 controls. In addition to later age at first live birth, later ages at first pregnancy and last pregnancy were significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk (p-trend = 0.002, 0.015, 0.008, respectively); longer intervals from menarche to first or last live birth were also associated with increased risk (p-trend < 0.001, =0.018, respectively). Analyses stratified by menopausal status and estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) status revealed that associations for later age at first pregnancy or live birth and longer intervals from menarche to first or last live birth occurred among premenopausal women and ER+/PR+ breast cancers, whereas the association for later age at last pregnancy occurred among postmenopausal women and women with ER+/PR- or ER-/PR+ breast cancers. Because of the high correlation with other reproductive variables, models did not include adjustment for age at first live birth; when included, the significance of all associations was attenuated. These findings suggest that while reproductive time events and intervals play an important role in breast cancer etiology, contributions may differ by menopausal status and hormone receptor status of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhezhou Huang
- Division of Epidemiology Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Department of Cancer Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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22
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Niemiec J, Adamczyk A, Małecki K, Ambicka A, Ryś J. Tumor grade and matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression in stromal fibroblasts help to stratify the high-risk group of patients with early breast cancer identified on the basis of st Gallen recommendations. Clin Breast Cancer 2013; 13:119-28. [PMID: 23375518 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is still being discussed if the assessment of basal markers or if adhesion molecules expression contributes additional prognostic information to the classic prognostic factors and hence should be included into standard morphologic reports. PATIENTS AND METHODS The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic significance of: (i) classification recommended by St Gallen experts (ii) tumor grade, expression of (iii) basal markers, (iv) adhesion molecules, and (v) matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in patients with T1-T2 N0M0 chemotherapy-naive ductal breast cancer. RESULTS In 79 patients with tumors characterized by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2) phenotype and MIB-1 labeling index (MIB-l) LI ≤ 15% (low-risk group) cumulative 17-year breast cancer-specific survival probability was 100% and was significantly higher than in 95 patients from the high-risk group (ER(-)/PgR(-)/HER2(-) or HER2(+) or MIB-1 LI > 15%) (72.5%). We found that MMP-2 fibroblast expression indicated 2 subgroups with significantly different survival rates in women with grade 3 tumor (88.9% for MMP-2 positivity and 56.0% for negativity). Cox multivariate analysis revealed that both grade 3 combined with stromal fibroblast MMP-2(-) and a high-risk group according to St Gallen recommendations are independent negative prognostic factors that influence survival of patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, we have shown for the first time that MMP-2(-) in stromal fibroblasts might indicate poor survivors in the group of patients with grade 3 tumors and that the cumulative effect of both above-mentioned parameters might be helpful in selecting the high-risk individuals from the group of patients with luminal B subtype/HER2(+)/triple negative phenotype identified according to St Gallen recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Niemiec
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Centre of Oncology, Cracow, Poland.
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23
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Cruz GI, Martínez ME, Natarajan L, Wertheim BC, Gago-Dominguez M, Bondy M, Daneri-Navarro A, Meza-Montenegro MM, Gutierrez-Millan LE, Brewster A, Schedin P, Komenaka IK, Castelao JE, Carracedo A, Redondo CM, Thompson PA. Hypothesized role of pregnancy hormones on HER2+ breast tumor development. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 137:237-46. [PMID: 23135573 PMCID: PMC4054812 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence rates have declined among older but not younger women; the latter are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancers carrying a poor prognosis. Epidemiological evidence supports an increase in breast cancer incidence following pregnancy with risk elevated as much as 10 years post-partum. We investigated the association between years since last full-term pregnancy at the time of diagnosis (≤10 or >10 years) and breast tumor subtype in a case series of premenopausal Hispanic women (n = 627). Participants were recruited in the United States, Mexico, and Spain. Cases with known estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status, with one or more full-term pregnancies ≥1 year prior to diagnosis were eligible for this analysis. Cases were classified into three tumor subtypes according to hormone receptor (HR+ = ER+ and/or PR+; HR- = ER- and PR-) expression and HER2 status: HR+/HER2-, HER2+ (regardless of HR), and triple negative breast cancer. Case-only odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for HER2+ tumors in reference to HR+/HER2- tumors. Participants were pooled in a mixed-effects logistic regression model with years since pregnancy as a fixed effect and study site as a random effect. When compared to HR+/HER2- cases, women with HER2+ tumors were more likely be diagnosed in the post-partum period of ≤10 years (OR = 1.68; 95 % CI, 1.12-2.52). The effect was present across all source populations and independent of the HR status of the HER2+ tumor. Adjusting for age at diagnosis (≤45 or >45 years) did not materially alter our results (OR = 1.78; 95 % CI, 1.08-2.93). These findings support the novel hypothesis that factors associated with the post-partum breast, possibly hormonal, are involved in the development of HER2+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna I. Cruz
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - María Elena Martínez
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Abenaa Brewster
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ian K. Komenaka
- Maricopa Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - J. Esteban Castelao
- Oncology and Genetics Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Genomic Medicine Group, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen M. Redondo
- Oncology and Genetics Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Genomic Medicine Group, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia A. Thompson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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24
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Fredslund SO, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Breast cancer in the Arctic--changes over the past decades. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:19155. [PMID: 22901290 PMCID: PMC3422501 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.19155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to review the current literatures on breast cancer (BC) in the Arctic, especially the trends in incidence during the last decades and the possible explanations. The design of this study is a literature review. The scientific literature concerning BC were reviewed, especially focusing on the Arctic and the special conditions that exist in this region. Breast cancer incidence is increasing all over the world, including in the Arctic. The enormous transition in health conditions and lifestyle in the Arctic might be contributing to the known risk factors. In Greenland, the age at menarche has diminished by 3 years during the course of 100 years, and the number of children per women as well as the duration of breastfeeding is decreasing. Obesity and intake of saturated fat is increasing and the intake of traditional food rich in unsaturated fat and vitamin D decreasing. Smoking and alcohol consumption in the Arctic has been relatively high but is now decreasing. More focus on genetic susceptibility in relation to BC has identified the specific BRCA1 founder mutation in the Greenlandic population, which might appear to be an important risk factor. However, the known established risk factors alone cannot account for the increasing trend observed. Studies suggest that environmental contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including perfluorinated compounds increase the risk of BC possibly in conjunction with certain genetic polymorphisms involved in carcinogen activation. The lipophilic POPs such as polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides are found at very high levels in the Arctic population. Several factors can explain the increasing incidence of BC in the Arctic. The transition in lifestyle and health conditions unfortunately increases the known risk factors of BC. Moreover, the population of the Arctic might show up to be especially vulnerable because of the contemporary high burden of POPs and genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Overvad Fredslund
- Department of Public Health, Centre of Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Abstract
Most young breast cancer survivors consider reproductive issues to be of great importance, but many questions remain undervalued and unanswered. Overall, available data support the safety and feasibility of pregnancy and breastfeeding after breast cancer. The accuracy of the evidence is however limited by: i) the retrospective and frequently incomplete population-based nature of the data, ii) data not representing the entire population, iii) patient-related effects, iv) underpowered sample size, and v) lack of control for biological factors and risk determinants. We review the available evidence in light of these limitations which outline the need for prospective data collection and focused priority research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Pagani
- Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland, Breast Unit of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale san Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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26
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Alsaker MDK, Opdahl S, Romundstad PR, Vatten LJ. Association of time since last birth, age at first birth and parity with breast cancer survival among parous women: a register-based study from Norway. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:174-81. [PMID: 22511284 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive factors that have a well-documented effect on breast cancer risk may also influence the prognosis of the disease, but previous studies on breast cancer survival have yielded conflicting results. We combined information from two population-based registries and obtained information on 16,970 parous women with invasive breast cancer. Cox regression analysis was used to assess breast cancer survival in relation to age at diagnosis, age at first birth, time since last birth and parity. We stratified the analyses by age at diagnosis (<50 and ≥ 50 years) as an approximation for menopausal age. In women diagnosed before 50 years of age, breast cancer survival was reduced with younger age at diagnosis (p for trend <0.001), whereas in women diagnosed at 50 years or later, survival was reduced with older age at diagnosis (p for trend 0.011). For breast cancer diagnosed before 50 years, survival was poorer in women with four or more births compared to women with one or two births (hazard ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-1.6). A short time since last birth was associated with reduced survival (p for trend 0.05), but adjustment for stage and grade attenuated the association. Among women diagnosed at 50 years or later, we found no association with survival for any of the reproductive factors. In summary, reproductive factors were associated with survival from breast cancer diagnosed before but not after age 50 years. Young women had a particularly poor prognosis throughout the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam D K Alsaker
- Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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27
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Pilewskie M, Gorodinsky P, Fought A, Hansen N, Bethke K, Jeruss J, Scholtens D, Khan SA. Association between recency of last pregnancy and biologic subtype of breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 19:1167-73. [PMID: 21997350 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancers (BCs) diagnosed after a recent pregnancy display features associated with poor prognosis, including hormone receptor negativity, but other tumor markers have not been examined. We sought to define the tumor marker profile of these cancers, including HER-2 and p53 expression, and examine the time interval over which this adverse profile is observed, relative to last pregnancy. METHODS A prospectively maintained database was reviewed to identify women with a BC diagnosis between 1998 to 2011. Parous women were categorized on the basis of the interval between pregnancy and BC diagnosis; 0-2 years, >2-5 years, >5-10 years, and >10-15 years. Tumor characteristics of parous cases were compared to those of nulliparous BC patients, who were frequency matched by age. RESULTS A total of 175 parous and 114 nulliparous women were identified. Women who were 0-2 years from last parity at the time of BC diagnosis were the only group who were more likely than control women to have grade 3 tumors (P<0.01), positive lymph nodes (P=0.02), and triple negative tumors (P=0.01, odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.2-8.5). There was no difference noted in HER-2 or p53 status relative to interval from pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS BC diagnosed within 2 years of pregnancy is more likely to have poor prognostic features and to be triple negative. More work is needed to delineate the time frame of pregnancy-associated BC and to define them on a molecular level, so as to devise better prevention and therapy for this devastating problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pilewskie
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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28
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Bakkum-Gamez JN, Laughlin SK, Jensen JR, Akogyeram CO, Pruthi S. Challenges in the gynecologic care of premenopausal women with breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86:229-40. [PMID: 21307388 PMCID: PMC3046944 DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2010.0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Premenopausal women with a new diagnosis of breast cancer are faced with many challenges. Providing health care for issues such as gynecologic comorbidities, reproductive health concerns, and vasomotor symptom control can be complicated because of the risks of hormone treatments and the adverse effects of adjuvant therapies. It is paramount that health care professionals understand and be knowledgeable about hormonal and nonhormonal treatments and their pharmacological parameters so they can offer appropriate care to women who have breast cancer, with the goal of improving quality of life. Articles for this review were identified by searching the PubMed database with no date limitations. The following search terms were used: abnormal uterine bleeding, physiologic sex steroids, endometrial ablation, hysteroscopic sterilization, fertility preservation in endometrial cancer, tranexamic acid and breast cancer, menorrhagia treatment and breast cancer, abnormal uterine bleeding and premenopausal breast cancer, levonorgestrel IUD and breast cancer, tamoxifen and gynecologic abnormalities, tamoxifen metabolism, hormones and breast cancer risk, contraception and breast cancer, pregnancy and breast cancer, and breast cancer and infertility treatment.
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29
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30
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Saadat M. Offspring sex ratio at birth and maternal breast cancer risk: A case-control study and meta-analysis of literature. EXCLI JOURNAL 2010; 9:76-81. [PMID: 29255390 PMCID: PMC5698895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether offspring sex ratio at birth (SRB) was associated with maternal breast cancer risk, the present case-control study and a meta-analysis of literature were done. A total of 389 female breast cancer patients who had at least one offspring participated in the study. From general population 356 healthy female were selected as a control group. Control subjects were frequency matched with patients according to age and number of offspring. Among control group, 1324 offspring (666 males, 658 females) and within families of the breast cancer patients 1326 offspring (648 males, 678 females) were identified. There was no difference for SRB between breast cancer patients and control subjects (P>0.05). Meta-analysis was performed using 7 eligible studies. There was significant heterogeneity between studies (P<0.05). In overall the SRB was negatively associated with the maternal breast cancer risk (OR=0.95; 95 % CI: 0.92-0.99, P=0.02). Menopausal status of the patients was not associated with offspring SRB (P=0.07). Further researches are needed to determine the possible association between gender of offspring and maternal breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Mostafa Saadat, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran, E-mail: and
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31
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McCready J, Arendt LM, Rudnick JA, Kuperwasser C. The contribution of dynamic stromal remodeling during mammary development to breast carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:205. [PMID: 20584344 PMCID: PMC2917019 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease whose prognosis varies depending upon the developmental stage of the breast tissue at diagnosis. Notably, breast cancers associated with pregnancy exhibit increased rates of metastasis and poorer long-term survival compared to those diagnosed after menopause. However, postmenopausal breast cancers associated with obesity exhibit a more aggressive behavior and confer decreased overall patient survival compared to those diagnosed in non-obese individuals. Since the mammary gland is a dynamic tissue that undergoes significant changes throughout a woman's lifetime, especially during pregnancy and following menopause, we present evidence to support the notion that changes occurring throughout development within the mammary stromal compartment may account for some of the biological differences in breast cancer subtypes and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McCready
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Sackler School, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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32
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Fertility preservation for cancer patients: a review. Obstet Gynecol Int 2010; 2010:160386. [PMID: 20379357 PMCID: PMC2850134 DOI: 10.1155/2010/160386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility can arise as a consequence of treatment of oncological conditions. The parallel and continued improvement in both the management of oncology and fertility cases in recent times has brought to the fore-front the potential for fertility preservation in patients being treated for cancer. Oncologists must be aware of situations where their treatment will affect fertility in patients who are being treated for cancer and they must also be aware of the pathways available for procedures such as cryopreservation of gametes and/or embryos. Improved cancer care associated with increased cure rates and long term survival, coupled with advances in fertility treatment means that it is now imperative that fertility preservation is considered as part of the care offered to these patients. This can only be approached within a multidisciplinary setting. There are obvious challenges that still remain to be resolved, especially in the area of fertility preservation in prepubertal patients. These include ethical issues, such as valid consent and research in the area of tissue retrieval, cryopreservation, and transplantation.
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33
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Pregnancy characteristics and maternal breast cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:967-89. [PMID: 20224871 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The short- and long-term effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk are well documented. Insight into potential biological mechanisms for these associations may be gained by studying breast cancer risk and pregnancy characteristics (e.g., preeclampsia, twining), which may reflect hormone levels during pregnancy. To date, no review has synthesized the published literature for pregnancy characteristics and maternal breast cancer using systematic search methods. We conducted a systematic search to identify all published studies. Using PUBMED (to 31 July 2009), 42 relevant articles were identified. Several studies suggest that multiple births may be associated with a lowered breast cancer risk of about 10-30%, but results were inconsistent across 18 studies. The majority of 13 studies suggest about a 20-30% reduction in risk with preeclampsia and/or gestational hypertension. Six of seven studies reported no association for infant sex and breast cancer risk. Data are sparse and conflicting for other pregnancy characteristics such as gestational age, fetal growth, pregnancy weight gain, gestational diabetes, and placental abnormalities. The most consistent findings in a generally sparse literature are that multiple births and preeclampsia may modestly reduce breast cancer risk. Additional research is needed to elucidate associations between pregnancy characteristics, related hormonal profiles, and breast cancer risk.
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Khosrotehrani K, Aractingi S. Fetal cell microchimerism in cancer: a meaningful event? Future Oncol 2009; 5:1441-8. [PMID: 19903071 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of pregnancy on the occurrence and evolution of maternal tumors has been long debated. Breast carcinomas or melanomas have been suspected to be more severe during gestation. Recently, many investigators have described the transfer and persistence of fetal cells in maternal circulation and tissues during and after pregnancy. These fetal microchimeric cells have been described in a variety of maternal injured tissues where they displayed the host-tissue phenotype. Given the wide variety of injury and tissue types described, cancer has appeared as a potential situation that could be influenced by fetal microchimeric cells. This new unexplored effect of gestation on tumor course has been hypothesized as either protective against cancer, via the activity of allogenic fetal cells, or as promoting cancer, via a supportive role of fetal microchimeric cells in the tumor stroma. In this review, we will detail recent data supporting these hypotheses.
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Grossesse après cancer infiltrant du sein : expérience du CHRU de Strasbourg et revue de littérature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 36:757-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rouzier R, Chauveaud A, Ancel PY, Brun JL, Mir O, Morice P, Frydman R, Treluyer JM, Uzan S. Structuration nationale pour la prise en charge des cancers en cours de grossesse : réseau CALG (cancers associés à la grossesse). ONCOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-008-0901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alter G, Dribe M, Van Poppel F. Widowhood, family size, and post-reproductive mortality: a comparative analysis of three populations in nineteenth-century Europe. Demography 2008; 44:785-806. [PMID: 18232211 DOI: 10.1353/dem.2007.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Researchers from a number of disciplines have offered competing theories about the effects oJ childbearing on parents 'postreproductive longevity. The "disposable soma theory" argues that investments in somatic maintenance increase longevity but reduce childbearing. "Maternal depletion" models suggest that the rigors of childrearing increase mortality in later years. Other researchers consider continued childbearing a sign of healthy aging and a predictor of future longevity. Empirical studies have produced inconsistent and contradictory results. Our focus is on the experience of widowhood, which has been ignored in previous studies. We hypothesize that the death of a spouse is a stressful event with long-term consequences for health, especially for women with small children. Data are drawn from historical sources in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands from 1766 to 1980. Postreproductive mortality was highest among young widows with larger families in all three samples. Age at last birth had little or no effect. We conclude that raising children under adverse circumstances can have long-lasting, harmful effects on a mother's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Alter
- Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research and Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.
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Lesieur B, Vercambre M, Dubernard G, Khosrotehrani K, Uzan S, Aractingi S, Rouzier R. Risque de cancer du sein lié à la grossesse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Reproductive history in relation to breast cancer risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 19:391-401. [PMID: 18080775 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate reproductive history risk factors in breast cancer among Hispanic (HISP) women in the U.S. southwest, a population with approximately 33% lower breast cancer incidence than non-Hispanic whites (NHW). METHODS Population-based case-control study of HISP (796 cases, 919 controls) and NHW (1,525 cases, 1,596 controls) women. RESULTS 19.3% of HISP women reported five or more births and had a reduced risk of breast cancer, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50, 0.98) compared to those with one or two births. Breast cancer risk for HISP increased with older age at first birth, p trend = 0.008. Parity and age at first birth associations were specific to ER positive tumors. HISP women who had given birth within five years had higher breast cancer risk than women with 16-25 years since a birth, OR 2.62 (95% CI: 1.44, 4.78); the trend with years since last birth was stronger than for NHWs, p interaction = 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive history influences on breast cancer risk among HISP were similar to associations reported for NHWs. Differences in the prevalence of reproductive risk factors would explain an estimated 6.6% lower breast cancer incidence for HISP compared to NHWs.
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Effets paradoxaux de la grossesse sur le cancer du sein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 35:449-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Albrektsen G, Heuch I, Thoresen S, Kvåle G. Family history of breast cancer and short-term effects of childbirths on breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1468-74. [PMID: 16642468 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The long-term protective effect of a pregnancy on breast cancer risk is preceded by a short-term adverse effect, possibly reflecting a promoting effect of pregnancy hormones. In the present study, we explore whether a family history of breast cancer modifies time-related effects of pregnancies, with special emphasis on the transient increase in risk of breast cancer shortly after birth. Our study cohort comprises 1,067,289 Norwegian women aged 20-74 years. The mean follow-up time was 18 years. Incidence rate ratios were estimated by Poisson regression analyses of person-years at risk. Of the 7,377 women diagnosed with breast cancer during follow-up, a total of 828 (11%) had a mother or a sister with breast cancer diagnosis. Women with a family history of breast cancer had a 2-3-fold higher risk of breast cancer than did women without any affected family member, highest for those with a relative diagnosed before they were 50 years. Similar to women without a familial excess risk, increasing parity was associated with an overall protective effect among women with a familial predisposition, regardless of age at diagnosis of the relative. Whereas women with no familial excess risk experienced a transient increase in risk mainly after late age births, women with a family history of breast cancer experienced an adverse effect of pregnancies also at younger ages. The present results give further support to the hypothesis that the adverse effect of a term birth can be explained by a promoting effect of pregnancy hormones.
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Andrieu N, Goldgar DE, Easton DF, Rookus M, Brohet R, Antoniou AC, Peock S, Evans G, Eccles D, Douglas F, Noguès C, Gauthier-Villars M, Chompret A, Van Leeuwen FE, Kluijt I, Benitez J, Arver B, Olah E, Chang-Claude J. Pregnancies, breast-feeding, and breast cancer risk in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study (IBCCS). J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:535-44. [PMID: 16622123 PMCID: PMC2094011 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiparity, young age at first childbirth, and breast-feeding are associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in the general population. The breast cancer predisposition gene, BRCA1, regulates normal cell differentiation. Because mammary gland cells divide and differentiate during pregnancy, reproductive factors may influence breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers differently than they do in noncarriers. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 1601 women in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study cohort, all of whom carried a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Information on reproductive factors was obtained from a questionnaire. At the time of interview 853 subjects were classified with breast cancer. Data were analyzed by using a weighted cohort approach. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of breast cancer between parous and nulliparous women. Among parous women, an increasing number of full-term pregnancies was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the risk of breast cancer (Ptrend = .008); risk was reduced by 14% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6% to 22%) for each additional birth. This association was the same for carriers of mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 and was restricted to women older than 40 years. In BRCA2 mutation carriers, first childbirth at later ages was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer compared with first childbirth before age 20 years (20-24 years, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.33 [95% CI = 0.93 to 5.83]; 25-29 years, HR = 2.68 [95% CI = 1.02 to 7.07]; > or = 30 years, HR = 1.97 [95% CI = 0.67 to 5.81]), whereas in BRCA1 mutation carriers, first childbirth at age 30 years or later was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer compared with first childbirth before age 20 years (HR = 0.58 [95% CI = 0.36 to 0.94]). Neither history of interrupted pregnancies (induced abortions or miscarriage) nor history of breast-feeding was statistically significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers older than 40 years show a similar reduction in breast cancer risk with increasing parity as non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Andrieu
- INSERM, Emi00-06, Service de Biostatistique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Andrieu N, Goldgar DE, Easton DF, Rookus M, Brohet R, Antoniou AC, Peock S, Evans G, Eccles D, Douglas F, Noguès C, Gauthier-Villars M, Chompret A, Van Leeuwen FE, Kluijt I, Benitez J, Arver B, Olah E, Chang-Claude J. Pregnancies, breast-feeding, and breast cancer risk in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study (IBCCS). J Natl Cancer Inst 2006. [PMID: 16622123 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj132.pmid:16622123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiparity, young age at first childbirth, and breast-feeding are associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in the general population. The breast cancer predisposition gene, BRCA1, regulates normal cell differentiation. Because mammary gland cells divide and differentiate during pregnancy, reproductive factors may influence breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers differently than they do in noncarriers. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 1601 women in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study cohort, all of whom carried a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Information on reproductive factors was obtained from a questionnaire. At the time of interview 853 subjects were classified with breast cancer. Data were analyzed by using a weighted cohort approach. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of breast cancer between parous and nulliparous women. Among parous women, an increasing number of full-term pregnancies was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the risk of breast cancer (Ptrend = .008); risk was reduced by 14% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6% to 22%) for each additional birth. This association was the same for carriers of mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 and was restricted to women older than 40 years. In BRCA2 mutation carriers, first childbirth at later ages was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer compared with first childbirth before age 20 years (20-24 years, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.33 [95% CI = 0.93 to 5.83]; 25-29 years, HR = 2.68 [95% CI = 1.02 to 7.07]; > or = 30 years, HR = 1.97 [95% CI = 0.67 to 5.81]), whereas in BRCA1 mutation carriers, first childbirth at age 30 years or later was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer compared with first childbirth before age 20 years (HR = 0.58 [95% CI = 0.36 to 0.94]). Neither history of interrupted pregnancies (induced abortions or miscarriage) nor history of breast-feeding was statistically significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers older than 40 years show a similar reduction in breast cancer risk with increasing parity as non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Andrieu
- INSERM, Emi00-06, Service de Biostatistique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Freund C, Mirabel L, Annane K, Mathelin C. [Breastfeeding and breast cancer]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 33:739-44. [PMID: 16139543 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the impact of pregnancy and lactation on the risk of breast cancer and possibility of breastfeeding after breast cancer treatment. A Pubmed search was carried out for publications in English or French from 1974 through 2004, related to breast cancer, pregnancy and breastfeeding. There is a transient increase in risk of breast cancer in the first three to four years after pregnancy, whereas during lifetime, the risk seems lower than in nulliparity. Lactation reduced the risk for breast cancer. This protective effect seems greater for women who had extended periods of breastfeeding during their lifetime, particularly in case of BRCA1 mutation. Various physiopathological mechanisms are involved in the protective effect of breastfeeding: anovulation, cellular differentiation of the mammary cells and excretion in the milk of breast carcinogens. After breast cancer treatment, there is no evidence that breastfeeding increases the risk of breast cancer recurrence, nor that it carries any health risk to the newborn. Women previously treated for breast cancer and free of recurrence are allowed to breastfeed their children. Beneficial effects of breastfeeding for the mother and the newborn should lead physicians and midwives to encourage prolonged breastfeeding in their medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Freund
- Ecole de sages-femmes de la faculté de médecine de Strasbourg, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Abstract
This article addresses a challenging diagnostic and treatment dilemma encountered in the care of pregnant women-breast cancer. The treatment of a breast cancer is significantly affected by an ongoing pregnancy and may result in an increased risk for a poor outcome in the mother. The definition, incidence, mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer associated with pregnancy and the normal physiologic and endocrine changes in the breast during pregnancy that contribute to the difficulty encountered by practitioners in diagnosing and treating the disorder are reviewed. The risks associated with pregnancy after breast cancer treatment and the effect of pregnancy on lifetime risk for breast cancer in the general population and for women with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Leslie
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2211 Lomas Boulevard NE, ACC-4, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Abstract
PRECIS Breast masses discovered during pregnancy should receive thorough evaluation. Delay in the diagnosis of breast cancer in pregnancy may cause increased mortality and should be avoided. As women delay childbearing, the incidence of breast cancer during pregnancy may increase. This article aims to review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the pregnant breast cancer patient. In addition, the impact of pregnancy on subsequent breast cancer development in high-risk groups, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and patients with a prior history of breast cancer, is discussed. SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: We conducted a PubMed search using the words breast, cancer, carcinoma, and pregnancy. We also searched for abstracts presented at the American Society for Clinical Oncology meetings using the words breast cancer and pregnancy. Observational studies were not pooled because of the disparity of the data. We reviewed 117 articles and three abstracts referring to breast cancer in pregnancy. RESULT A thorough breast examination at the first antenatal visit, before the physiologic changes in breast parenchyma obscure a possible mass, is essential. The work-up of masses detected during pregnancy should not be postponed until after delivery. Delays in diagnosis may contribute to the higher proportion of patients with advanced stage at presentation. The prognosis of the pregnant breast cancer patient is similar to her stage-matched nonpregnant counterparts in most series. Radiation therapy is contraindicated during pregnancy; this limits breast conservation to cases presenting during the third trimester. Some chemotherapies can be administered during the second and third trimesters. Therapeutic abortion is not necessary, although women with high-risk disease may find this preferable. Women with a history of breast cancer should be reassured that subsequent pregnancy is not known to increase the risk of recurrence. Women with a history of BRCA1/2 mutations should not be advised that early pregnancy decreases their breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Physicians should aggressively pursue work-up in women with a palpable breast mass because early diagnosis may improve the prognosis of breast cancer during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Psyrri
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8032, USA
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Hill DA, Gilbert E, Dores GM, Gospodarowicz M, van Leeuwen FE, Holowaty E, Glimelius B, Andersson M, Wiklund T, Lynch CF, Van't Veer M, Storm H, Pukkala E, Stovall M, Curtis RE, Allan JM, Boice JD, Travis LB. Breast cancer risk following radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: modification by other risk factors. Blood 2005; 106:3358-65. [PMID: 16051739 PMCID: PMC1895063 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of genetic and other risk factors in the development of breast cancer after radiotherapy (RT) for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has not been determined. We analyzed data from a breast cancer case-control study (105 patients, 266 control subjects) conducted among 3 817 survivors of HL diagnosed at age 30 years or younger in 6 population-based cancer registries. Odds ratios (ORs) and excess relative risks (ERRs) were calculated using conditional regression. Women who received RT exposure (> or = 5 Gy radiation dose to the breast) had a 2.7-fold increased breast cancer risk (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.2), compared with those given less than 5 Gy. RT exposure (> or = 5 Gy) was associated with an OR of 0.8 (95% CI, 0.2-3.4) among women with a first- or second-degree family history of breast or ovarian cancer, and 5.8 (95% CI, 2.1-16.3) among all other women (interaction P = .03). History of a live birth appeared to increase the breast cancer risk associated with RT among women not treated with ovarian-damaging therapies. Breast cancer risk following RT varied little according to other factors. The additional increased relative risk of breast cancer after RT for HL is unlikely to be larger among women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer than among other women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Hill
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Albrektsen G, Heuch I, Hansen S, Kvåle G. Breast cancer risk by age at birth, time since birth and time intervals between births: exploring interaction effects. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:167-75. [PMID: 15597097 PMCID: PMC2361726 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In a Norwegian, prospective study we investigated breast cancer risk in relation to age at, and time since, childbirth, and whether the timing of births modified the risk pattern after delivery. A total of 23 890 women of parity 5 or less were diagnosed with breast cancer during follow-up of 1.7 million women at ages 20–74 years. Results, based on Poisson regression analyses of person-years at risk, showed long-term protective effects of the first, as well as subsequent, pregnancies and that these were preceded by a short-term increase in risk. The magnitude and timing of this adverse effect differed somewhat by birth order, maternal age at delivery and birth spacing. No transient increase in risk was seen shortly after a first birth below age 25 years, but an early first birth did not prevent a transient increase in risk after subsequent births. In general, the magnitude of the adverse effect was strongest after pregnancies at age 30 years or older. A wide birth interval was also related to a more pronounced adverse effect. Increasing maternal age at the first and second childbirth was associated with an increase in risk in the long run, whereas no such long-term effect was seen with age at higher order births.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Albrektsen
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Johannes Brunsgt. 12, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
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Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, Wakai K, Suzuki S, Nishio K, Lin Y, Niwa Y, Kondo T, Yamamoto A, Tokudome S, Toyoshima H, Tamakoshi A. Impact of menstrual and reproductive factors on breast cancer risk in Japan: results of the JACC study. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:57-62. [PMID: 15649257 PMCID: PMC11159810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer among Japanese women, a traditionally low-risk population, has increased substantially. To evaluate the association of reproductive factors with breast cancer risk, we examined 38,159 Japanese women, aged 40-79 years, who responded to a questionnaire on reproductive and other lifestyle factors from 1988 to 1990 in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. During an average 7.6 years of follow-up, we documented 151 incidents of breast cancers. Cox proportional hazards modeling was employed to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). There was a significant decline in the risk of breast cancer with increasing parity among parous women (trend P=0.01). Women with four or more parities had a 69% lower risk than uniparous women, a reduced risk was also evident among menopausal women. Breast cancer risk tended to rise with increasing age at first delivery (trend P=0.05), the association being very apparent among menopausal women (trend P=0.02). Compared to the women who had their first delivery before age 25, those who delayed this event until after age 34 had an RR of 2.12 (95% CI: 0.72-6.21) and 3.33 (1.07-10.3) among the overall subjects and the menopausal, respectively. There was no apparent association of breast cancer risk with age at menarche or menopause. Our study concerning reproductive risk factors suggests that breast cancer in Japan is similar to that in Western countries, and that reproductive factors, particularly the number of parity and age at first delivery, might be important in the etiology of breast cancer among Japanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tamakoshi
- Department of Public Health/Health Information Dynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550.
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