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Bagchi A, Stayrook SE, Xenaki KT, Starbird CA, Doulkeridou S, El Khoulati R, Roovers RC, Schmitz KR, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Ferguson KM. Structural insights into the role and targeting of EGFRvIII. Structure 2024:S0969-2126(24)00195-3. [PMID: 38908376 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a well-known oncogenic driver in lung and other cancers. In glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the EGFR deletion variant III (EGFRvIII) is frequently found alongside EGFR amplification. Agents targeting the EGFR axis have shown limited clinical benefits in GBM and the role of EGFRvIII in GBM is poorly understood. To shed light on the role of EGFRvIII and its potential as a therapeutic target, we determined X-ray crystal structures of a monomeric EGFRvIII extracellular region (ECR). The EGFRvIII ECR resembles the unliganded conformation of EGFR, including the orientation of the C-terminal region of domain II. Domain II is mostly disordered, but the ECR structure is compact. We selected a nanobody with preferential binding to EGFRvIII relative to EGFR and structurally defined an epitope on domain IV that is occluded in the unliganded intact EGFR. These findings suggest new avenues for EGFRvIII targeting in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrish Bagchi
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven E Stayrook
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Katerina T Xenaki
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, the Netherlands
| | - Chrystal A Starbird
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Sofia Doulkeridou
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, the Netherlands
| | - Rachid El Khoulati
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, the Netherlands
| | - Rob C Roovers
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, the Netherlands
| | - Karl R Schmitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, the Netherlands
| | - Kathryn M Ferguson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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A Head Start: CAR-T Cell Therapy for Primary Malignant Brain Tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2020; 21:73. [PMID: 32725495 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-020-00772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Oncology is the midst of a therapeutic renaissance. The realization of immunotherapy as an efficacious and expanding treatment option has empowered physicians and patients alike. However, despite these remarkable advances, we have only just broached the potential immunotherapy has to offer and have yet to successfully expand these novel modalities to the field of neuro-oncology. In recent years, exciting results in preclinical studies of immune adjuvants, oncolytic viruses, or cell therapy have been met with only fleeting signs of response when taken to early phase trials. Although many have speculated why these innovative approaches result in impaired outcomes, we are left empty-handed in a field plagued by a drought of new therapies. Herein, we will review the recent advances across cellular therapy for primary malignant brain tumors, an approach that lends itself to overcoming the inherent resistance mechanisms which have impeded the success of prior treatment attempts.
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Nakazawa T, Natsume A, Nishimura F, Morimoto T, Matsuda R, Nakamura M, Yamada S, Nakagawa I, Motoyama Y, Park YS, Tsujimura T, Wakabayashi T, Nakase H. Effect of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated PD-1-Disrupted Primary Human Third-Generation CAR-T Cells Targeting EGFRvIII on In Vitro Human Glioblastoma Cell Growth. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040998. [PMID: 32316275 PMCID: PMC7227242 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), which is the most common malignant brain tumor, is resistant to standard treatments. Immunotherapy might be a promising alternative for the treatment of this cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is an artificially modified fusion protein that can be engineered to direct the specificity and function of T cells against tumor antigens. However, the antitumor effects of EGFRvIII-targeting CAR-T (EvCAR-T) cells in GBM are limited. The inhibitory effect is induced by the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on activated EvCAR-T cells and its ligands on GBM cells. In the present study, PD-1-disrupted EvCAR-T cells were established using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). The sgRNA/Cas9 expression vectors designed precisely disrupted the target region of PD-1 and inhibited the expression of PD-1 in EvCAR-T cells. The PD-1-disrupted EvCAR-T cells had an in vitro growth inhibitory effect on EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells without altering the T-cell phenotype and the expression of other checkpoint receptors. In the future, the in vivo antitumor effect of this vector should be evaluated in order to determine if it could be applied clinically for improving the efficacy of EvCAR-T cell-based adoptive immunotherapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nakazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
- Grandsoul Research Institute for Immunology, Inc., Uda 633-2221, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-744-22-3051
| | - Atsushi Natsume
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (A.N.); (T.W.)
| | - Fumihiko Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Takayuki Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
- Clinic Grandsoul Nara, Uda 633-2221, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Yasushi Motoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Young-Soo Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
| | | | - Toshihiko Wakabayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (A.N.); (T.W.)
| | - Hiroyuki Nakase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (F.N.); (T.M.); (R.M.); (M.N.); (S.Y.); (I.N.); (Y.M.); (Y.-S.P.); (H.N.)
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Kuramitsu S, Yamamichi A, Ohka F, Motomura K, Hara M, Natsume A. Adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma: progress and possibilities. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:1393-1404. [PMID: 28000534 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma have a very poor prognosis. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) is defined as the collection of circulating or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, their selection, modification, expansion and activation, and their re-administration to patients in order to induce antitumor activity. Although various ACTs have been attempted, most failed to improve the outcome. Immune checkpoint blockade antibodies and T cell engineering with tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors suggest the emergence of a new era of immunotherapy. Here, we summarize approaches with ACTs using genetically modified T cells, which have been improved by enhancing their antitumor activity, and discuss strategies to develop these therapies. The mechanisms by which gliomas modulate and evade the immune system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Kuramitsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akane Yamamichi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Fumiharu Ohka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuya Motomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahito Hara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Natsume
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Ellwanger K, Reusch U, Fucek I, Knackmuss S, Weichel M, Gantke T, Molkenthin V, Zhukovsky EA, Tesar M, Treder M. Highly Specific and Effective Targeting of EGFRvIII-Positive Tumors with TandAb Antibodies. Front Oncol 2017; 7:100. [PMID: 28596941 PMCID: PMC5442391 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To harness the cytotoxic capacity of immune cells for the treatment of solid tumors, we developed tetravalent, bispecific tandem diabody (TandAb) antibodies that recognize EGFRvIII, the deletion variant III of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and CD3 on T-cells, thereby directing immune cells to eliminate EGFRvIII-positive tumor cells. Using phage display, we identified scFv antibodies selectively binding to EGFRvIII. These highly EGFRvIII-specific, fully human scFv were substantially improved by affinity maturation, achieving KDs in the picomolar range, and were used to construct a set of bispecific EGFRvIII-targeting TandAbs with a broad range of binding and cytotoxic properties. These antibodies exhibited an exquisite specificity for a distinguished epitope in the N-terminal portion of EGFRvIII, as shown on recombinant antigen in Western Blot, SPR, and ELISA, as well as on antigen-expressing cells in FACS assays, and did not bind to the wild-type EGFR. High-affinity EGFRvIII/CD3 TandAbs were most potent in killing assays, displaying cytotoxicity toward EGFRvIII-expressing CHO, F98 glioma, or human DK-MG cells with EC50 values in the range of 1-10 pM in vitro. They also demonstrated dose-dependent growth control in vivo in an EGFRvIII-positive subcutaneous xenograft tumor model. Together with the tumor-exclusive expression of EGFRvIII, the EGFRvIII/CD3 TandAbs' high specificity and strictly target-dependent activation with no off-target activity provide an opportunity to target tumor cells and spare normal tissues, thereby reducing the side effects associated with other anti-EGFR therapies. In summary, EGFRvIII/CD3 TandAbs are highly attractive therapeutic antibody candidates for selective immunotherapy of EGFRvIII-positive tumors.
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Rahbarnia L, Farajnia S, Babaei H, Majidi J, Akbari B, Ahdi Khosroshahi S. Development of a Novel Human Single Chain Antibody Against EGFRVIII Antigen by Phage Display Technology. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 6:563-571. [PMID: 28101463 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: EGFRvIII as the most common mutant variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor is resulting from deletion of exons 2-7 in the coding sequence and junction of exons 1 and 8 through a novel glycine residue. EGFRvIII is highly expressed in glioblastoma, carcinoma of the breast, ovary, and lung but not in normal cells. The aim of the present study was identification of a novel single chain antibody against EGFRvIII as a promising target for cancer therapy. Methods: In this study, a synthetic peptide corresponding to EGFRvIII protein was used for screening a naive human scFv phage library. A novel five-round selection strategy was used for enrichment of rare specific clones. Results: After five rounds of screening, six positive scFv clones against EGFRvIII were selected using monoclonal phage ELISA, among them, only three clones had expected size in PCR reaction. The specific interaction of two of the scFv clones with EGFRvIII was confirmed by indirect ELISA. One phage clone with higher affinity in scFv ELISA was purified for further analysis. The purity of the produced scFv antibody was confirmed using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analyses. Conclusion: In the present study, a human anti- EGFRvIII scFv with high affinity was first identified from a scFv phage library. This study can be the groundwork for developing more effective diagnostic and therapeutic agents against EGFRvIII expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rahbarnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaei
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rahbarnia L, Farajnia S, Babaei H, Majidi J, Dariushnejad H, Hosseini MK. Isolation and characterization of a novel human scFv inhibiting EGFR vIII expressing cancers. Immunol Lett 2016; 180:31-38. [PMID: 27984065 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
EGFRvIII, a mutant form of epidermal growth factor receptor is highly expressed in glioblastoma, carcinoma of the breast, ovary, and lung but not in normal cells. This tumor specific antigen has emerged as a promising candidate for antibody based therapy of several cancers. The aim of the present study was isolation and characterization of a human single chain antibody against EGFRvIII as a promising target for cancer therapy. For this, a synthetic peptide corresponding to EGFRvIII protein was used for screening the naive human scFv phage library. Selection was performed using a novel screening strategy for enrichment of rare specific clones. After five rounds of screening, six positive scFv clones against EGFRvIII were selected using monoclonal phage ELISA, among them, a clone with an amber mutation in VH CDR2 coding sequence showed higher reactivity. The mutation was corrected through site directed mutagenesis and then scFv fragment was expressed after subcloning into the bacterial expression vector. Expression in BL21 pLysS resulted in a highly soluble scFv appeared in soluble fraction of E. coli lysate. Bioinformatic in silico analysis between scFv and EGFRvIII sequences confirmed specific binding of desired scFv to EGFRvIII in CDR regions. The specific reactivity of the purified scFv with native EGFRvIII was confirmed by cell based ELISA and western blot. In conclusion, human anti- EGFRvIII scFv isolated from a scFv phage library displayed high reactivity with EGFRvIII. The scFv isolated in this study can be the groundwork for developing more effective diagnostic and therapeutic agents against EGFRvIII expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rahbarnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student research committee, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Babaei
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dariushnejad
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
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Kuramitsu S, Ohno M, Ohka F, Shiina S, Yamamichi A, Kato A, Tanahashi K, Motomura K, Kondo G, Kurimoto M, Senga T, Wakabayashi T, Natsume A. Lenalidomide enhances the function of chimeric antigen receptor T cells against the epidermal growth factor receptor variant III by enhancing immune synapses. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:487-95. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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humMR1, a highly specific humanized single chain antibody for targeting EGFRvIII. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 18:304-10. [PMID: 24370392 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Production of an efficient humanized single chain antibody is reported here to specifically target EGFRvIII, a truncated receptor expressed in a wide variety of human cancers. CDR loops of MR1, a phage display-derived murine single chain antibody developed against this mutant receptor, were grafted on human frameworks that had been selected based on similarity to MR1 in terms of two distinct parameters, variable domain protein sequence and CDR canonical structures. Moreover, two point mutations were introduced in CDR-H2 and CDR-H3 loops of the humanized antibody to destroy its cross-reactivity to wild-type EGFR. The resultant antibody, referred to as humMR1, was found by MTT assay, ELISA and western blot techniques to be highly specific for EGFRvIII. The affinity of this antibody for EGFRvIII-specific 14-amino acid synthetic peptide and HC2 cells were measured to be 1.87 × 10(10) and 2.17 × 10(10)/M respectively. This humanized antibody leads to 78.5% inhibition in proliferation of EGFRvIII-overexpressing cells.
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Ohno M, Ohkuri T, Kosaka A, Tanahashi K, June CH, Natsume A, Okada H. Expression of miR-17-92 enhances anti-tumor activity of T-cells transduced with the anti-EGFRvIII chimeric antigen receptor in mice bearing human GBM xenografts. J Immunother Cancer 2013; 1:21. [PMID: 24829757 PMCID: PMC4019893 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expression of miR-17-92 enhances T-cell survival and interferon (IFN)-γ production. We previously reported that miR-17-92 is down-regulated in T-cells derived from glioblastoma (GBM) patients. We hypothesized that transgene-derived co-expression of miR17-92 and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in T-cells would improve the efficacy of adoptive transfer therapy against GBM. Methods We constructed novel lentiviral vectors for miR-17-92 (FG12-EF1a-miR-17/92) and a CAR consisting of an epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII)-specific, single-chain variable fragment (scFv) coupled to the T-cell receptor CD3ζ chain signaling module and co-stimulatory motifs of CD137 (4-1BB) and CD28 in tandem (pELNS-3C10-CAR). Human T-cells were transduced with these lentiviral vectors, and their anti-tumor effects were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Results CAR-transduced T-cells (CAR-T-cells) exhibited potent, antigen-specific, cytotoxic activity against U87 GBM cells that stably express EGFRvIII (U87-EGFRvIII) and, when co-transduced with miR-17-92, exhibited improved survival in the presence of temozolomide (TMZ) compared with CAR-T-cells without miR-17-92 co-transduction. In mice bearing intracranial U87-EGFRvIII xenografts, CAR-T-cells with or without transgene-derived miR-17-92 expression demonstrated similar levels of therapeutic effect without demonstrating any uncontrolled growth of CAR-T-cells. However, when these mice were re-challenged with U87-EGFRvIII cells in their brains, mice receiving co-transduced CAR-T-cells exhibited improved protection compared with mice treated with CAR-T-cells without miR-17-92 co-transduction. Conclusion These results warrant the development of novel CAR-T-cell strategies that incorporate miR-17-92 to improve therapeutic potency, especially in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masasuke Ohno
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 1.19E Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan ; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 1.19E Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 1.19E Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kuniaki Tanahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Carl H June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Atsushi Natsume
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideho Okada
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 1.19E Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA ; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Safdari Y, Farajnia S, Asgharzadeh M, Khalili M. Antibody humanization methods – a review and update. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2013; 29:175-86. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2013.801235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gan HK, Cvrljevic AN, Johns TG. The epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII): where wild things are altered. FEBS J 2013; 280:5350-70. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui K. Gan
- Tumour Targeting Program; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Heidelberg Victoria Australia
| | - Anna N. Cvrljevic
- Oncogenic Signaling Laboratory; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Terrance G. Johns
- Oncogenic Signaling Laboratory; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
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Ohno M, Natsume A, Ichiro Iwami K, Iwamizu H, Noritake K, Ito D, Toi Y, Ito M, Motomura K, Yoshida J, Yoshikawa K, Wakabayashi T. Retrovirally engineered T-cell-based immunotherapy targeting type III variant epidermal growth factor receptor, a glioma-associated antigen. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2518-24. [PMID: 20880333 PMCID: PMC11158542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The isotype of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is often identified in glioblastomas. Previously, we created a mouse monoclonal antibody, 3C10 (IgG2b), that specifically recognized EGFRvIII, and a recombinant single-chain variable fragment of 3C10. The aim of the current study was to develop genetically engineered T cells, termed T-bodies, that express a chimeric receptor consisting of the 3C10 single-chain variable fragment coupled to signaling modules such as the CD3zeta (ζ) chain, for the treatment of tumors expressing mutant EGFR. After successful construction of the chimeric 3C10/CD3ζ T-cell receptor, its expression on the T-body was observed using western blotting and flow cytometry. The specificity of the T-body for EGFRvIII was evaluated using an interferon-gamma Elispot assay and a standard (51) Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the systemically delivered T-body infiltrated the intrabrain tumor and significantly delayed tumor growth. These results indicate that the T-body expressing the chimeric 3C10/CD3ζ T-cell receptor specifically recognized glioma cells expressing EGFRvIII. In conclusion, T-body-based immunotherapy appears to be a promising approach for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masasuke Ohno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya Center for Cell Therapy, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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Kamath S, Buolamwini JK. Targeting EGFR and HER-2 receptor tyrosine kinases for cancer drug discovery and development. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:569-94. [PMID: 16788977 DOI: 10.1002/med.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional anticancer therapy using cytotoxic drugs lacks selectivity and is prone to toxicity and drug resistance. Anticancer therapies targeting aberrant growth factor receptor signaling are gaining interest. The erbB receptor family belongs to the type I, the receptor tyrosine kinases class, and comprises EGFR, HER-2, HER-3, and HER-4. It has been targeted for solid tumor therapy, including breast, ovarian, colon, head-and-neck, and non-small-cell lung cancers. This review summarizes structural aspects of this class of growth factor receptors, their oncogenic expression, and various pharmacological interventions including biological products and small molecules that inhibit these enzymes. We have also discussed various mutations that occur in EGFR and their consequences on anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantaram Kamath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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16
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Muramatsu H, Yoshikawa K, Hayashi T, Takasu S, Kawada Y, Uchida K, Sato S, Takahashi T, Saga S, Ueda R. Production and characterization of an active single-chain variable fragment antibody recognizing CD25. Cancer Lett 2005; 225:225-36. [PMID: 15978327 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The alpha subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2Ralpha, CD25) is a potential target in therapeutic approaches for hematolopoietic malignancies expressing CD25 on their cell surface, such as adult T cell leukemia/lymphomas. Recent reports have demonstrated that depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells with anti-CD25 antibodies may enhance host tumor immunity. We previously raised a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb), Ta60b mAb (IgG1kappa), specifically recognizing CD25, and an attempt was made here to produce a single chain Fv fragment (scFv) from this mAb as an initial step to development of scFv-based therapeutics. cDNA fragments encoding for the variable regions of the light and heavy chains of the Ta60b mAb were thus isolated by polymerase chain reaction-mediated cloning, and, an expression vector constructed to express Ta60b scFv fused with the maltose binding protein (MBP) in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. The soluble form of MBP-Ta60b fused scFv could be extracted and affinity-purified with an amylose/agarose column, allowing its immunoreactivity to be analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mixed hemadsorption assay, and fluorescence activated cell sorting. In addition, binding activity was studied by competitive ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. The results showed that Ta60b scFv obtained from periplasm retains good reactivity, although its KD value was 4-fold lower than that of the whole Ta60b antibody, suggesting possible clinical use for treatment of patients with CD25-expressing tumors and also for enhancing anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Muramatsu
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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17
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Takasu S, Takahashi T, Okamoto S, Oriuchi N, Nakayashiki N, Okamoto K, Muramatsu H, Hayashi T, Nakahara N, Mizuno M, Wakabayashi T, Higuchi T, Endo K, Kozaki K, Miyaishi O, Saga S, Ueda R, Yoshida J, Yoshikawa K. Radioimmunoscintigraphy of intracranial glioma xenograft with a technetium-99m-labeled mouse monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing type III mutant epidermal growth factor receptor. J Neurooncol 2003; 63:247-56. [PMID: 12892230 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024320516341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The type III mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed on the cell surface of a subset of glioma, but not of normal tissues. In this study, we investigated the in vivo kinetics of 3C10 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb), specifically recognizing the type III mutant EGFR (EGFRvIII), using athymic nude mice bearing the intracranial glioma xenograft overexpressing the EGFRvIII. Human glioma cell line, U87MG, expressing the wild type EGFR and the transfectant, named U87MG x deltaEGFR, expressing the EGFRvIII, were transplanted subcutaneously or intracranially to nude mice. 3C10 mAb labeled with a technetium-99m (99mTc) was intravenously injected into these nude mice and then the mice were sacrificed at 24 h later, and the 99mTc-uptake by xenografts and major normal organs was measured to determine the biodistribution of mAb. Furthermore, at 3, 6 and 24 h after injection of 99mTc-labeled 3C10 mAb, whole-body scintigraphy was obtained with a gamma camera to localize the tumor site. 3C10 mAb significantly accumulated to U87MG x deltaEGFR xenografts transplanted subcutaneously or intracranially in nude mice, showing high tumor-to-blood ratio of 10.30 and 4.01, respectively. In contrast, uptake of control antibody in the intracranial tumor was as low as 0.43. In scintigrams, intracranially transplanted U87MG x deltaEGFR xenografts were detectable at 3 h after injection of 99mTc-labeled 3C10 mAb. These results suggest that intravenously injected 3C10 mAb specifically accumulated to the subcutaneous or intracranial glioma xenograft expressing the EGFRvIII and 3C10 mAb is a potential diagnostic and therapeutic agent for patients with gliomas expressing the EGFRvIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuntaro Takasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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18
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Modjtahedi H, Moscatello DK, Box G, Green M, Shotton C, Lamb DJ, Reynolds LJ, Wong AJ, Dean C, Thomas H, Eccles S. Targeting of cells expressing wild-type EGFR and type-III mutant EGFR (EGFRvIII) by anti-EGFR MAb ICR62: a two-pronged attack for tumour therapy. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:273-80. [PMID: 12673691 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With a view to their use in cancer therapy, we have produced rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against 5 distinct epitopes (A-E) on the external domain of the wild-type human EGF receptor (EGFR). Here, we have investigated the relative binding and anti-tumour activity of our anti-EGFR MAbs against HC2 20d2/c cells, which have been engineered to overexpress the type-III mutated form of the human EGFR (EGFRvIII). We found that anti-EGFR MAbs that are the most effective antagonists of EGFR ligands (e.g., ICR16, ICR62 and ICR80) also bind to cells that overexpress the EGFRvIII. Although these antibodies are potent inhibitors of the growth of cells which express wild-type EGFR, they did not directly inhibit the growth in vitro of EGFRvIII expressing HC2 20d2/c cells, or the constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of this receptor. However, in the presence of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the rat IgG2b MAb ICR62 induced strong antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HC2 20d2/c cells in culture. Interestingly, MAb ICR62 also inhibited very effectively experimental lung metastases of HC2 20d2/c cells in athymic nude mice. Our results suggest that anti-EGFR MAb ICR62, which binds to the EGFRvIII, may have potential in the treatment of tumors which overexpress the EGFRvIII via immunological mechanisms such as ADCC. Since tumours that are EGFRvIII positive may also overexpress the wild-type EGFR, the use of anti-EGFR MAbs that target both wild-type and mutant receptors may have advantages over those that target only1form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmout Modjtahedi
- Division of Oncology, Postgraduate Medical School, Guildford, United Kingdom.
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19
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Jungbluth AA, Stockert E, Huang HJS, Collins VP, Coplan K, Iversen K, Kolb D, Johns TJ, Scott AM, Gullick WJ, Ritter G, Cohen L, Scanlan MJ, Cavenee WK, Old LJ, Cavanee WK. A monoclonal antibody recognizing human cancers with amplification/overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:639-44. [PMID: 12515857 PMCID: PMC141049 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.232686499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has attracted considerable attention as a target for cancer therapy. Wild-type (wt)EGFR is amplified/overexpressed in a number of tumor types, and several mutant forms of the coding gene have been found, with DeltaEGFR, a deletion mutation lacking exons 2-7 of the external domain, being the most common and particularly associated with glioblastoma. We generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against NR6(DeltaEGFR) (mouse fibroblast line NR6 transfected with DeltaEGFR). mAb 806 with selective reactivity for NR6(DeltaEGFR) in mixed hemadsorption assays, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry was analyzed in detail and compared with mAbs 528 (anti-wtEGFR) and DH8.3 (anti-DeltaEGFR). In xenograft tumors and molecularly pretyped glioblastomas, the reactivity pattern was as follows: 528 reactive with amplified and nonamplified wtEGFR; DH8.3 reactive with DeltaEGFR; and 806 reactive with amplified/overexpressed wtEGFR (with or without DeltaEGFR). In normal tissues, 528 but not DH8.3 or 806 was widely reactive with many organs, e.g., liver expressing high EGFR levels. In glioblastoma and non-CNS tumor panels, 806 was reactive with a high proportion of glioblastomas and a substantial number of epithelial cancers of lung and of head and neck. DH8.3 reactivity was restricted to DeltaEGFR-positive glioblastoma. Thus, 806 represents a category of mAbs that recognizes tumors with EGFR amplification/overexpression but not normal tissues or tumors with normal EGFR levels. Our study also indicates that DeltaEGFR is restricted to glioblastoma, in contrast to other reports that this mutation is found in tumors outside the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim A Jungbluth
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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20
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Johns TG, Stockert E, Ritter G, Jungbluth AA, Huang HJS, Cavenee WK, Smyth FE, Hall CM, Watson N, Nice EC, Gullick WJ, Old LJ, Burgess AW, Scott AM. Novel monoclonal antibody specific for the de2-7 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that also recognizes the EGFR expressed in cells containing amplification of the EGFR gene. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:398-408. [PMID: 11920591 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In some respects, the EGFR appears to be an attractive target for tumor-targeted antibody therapy: it is overexpressed in many types of epithelial tumor and inhibition of signaling often induces an anti-tumor effect. The use of EGFR specific antibodies, however, may be limited by uptake in organs that have high endogenous levels of the wild type EGFR such as the liver. The de2-7 EGFR (or EGFRvIII) is a naturally occurring extracellular truncation of the EGFR found in a number of tumor types including glioma, breast, lung and prostate. Antibodies directed to this tumor specific variant of the EGFR provide an alternative targeting strategy, although the lower proportion of tumors that express the de2-7 EGFR restricts this approach. We describe a novel monoclonal antibody (MAb 806) that potentially overcomes the difficulties associated with targeting the EGFR expressed on the surface of tumor cells. MAb 806 bound to de2-7 EGFR transfected U87MG glioma cells (U87MG.Delta 2-7) with high affinity (approximately 1 x 10(9) M(-1)), but did not bind parental cells that express the wild type EGFR. Consistent with this observation, MAb 806 was unable to bind a soluble version of the wild type EGFR containing the extracellular domain. In contrast, immobilization of this extracellular domain to ELISA plates induced saturating and dose response binding of MAb 806, suggesting that MAb 806 can bind the wild type EGFR under certain conditions. MAb 806 also bound to the surface of A431 cells, which due to an amplification of the EGFR gene express large amounts of the EGFR. Interestingly, MAb 806 only recognized 10% of the total EGFR molecules expressed by A431 cells and the binding affinity was lower than that determined for the de2-7 EGFR. MAb 806 specifically targeted U87MG.Delta 2-7 and A431 xenografts grown in nude mice with peak levels in U87MG.Delta 2-7 xenografts detected 8 h after injection. No specific targeting of parental U87MG xenografts was observed. Following binding to U87MG.Delta 2-7 cells, MAb 806 was rapidly internalized by macropinocytosis and subsequently transported to lysosomes, a process that probably contributes to the early targeting peak observed in the xenografts. Thus, MAb 806 can be used to target tumor cells containing amplification of the EGFR gene or de2-7 EGFR but does not bind to the wild type EGFR when expressed on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance G Johns
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Australia.
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Pedersen MW, Meltorn M, Damstrup L, Poulsen HS. The type III epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Biological significance and potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Ann Oncol 2001; 12:745-60. [PMID: 11484948 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011177318162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor occur frequently in a number of human tumours including gliomas, non-small-cell lung carcinomas, ovarian carcinomas and prostate carcinomas. The type III epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (variously named EGFRvIII, de2-7 EGFR or AEGFR), which lacks a portion of the extracellular ligand binding domain, is the most common. Here, we review the current status with regard to the role of EGFRvIII in human cancers. A detailed discussion of the formation of EGFRvIII and its structure at the protein level are likewise included along with a discussion of its more functional roles. The design and use (preclinical and clinical) of small molecule inhibitors, antibodies, and antisense oligonucleotides against wild-type EGFR are considered in detail as these strategies can be directly adapted to target EGFRvIII. Finally, the status of EGFRvIII targeted therapy is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Centre, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Landry RC, Klimowicz AC, Lavictoire SJ, Borisova S, Kottachchi DT, Lorimer IA, Evans SV. Antibody recognition of a conformational epitope in a peptide antigen: Fv-peptide complex of an antibody fragment specific for the mutant EGF receptor, EGFRvIII. J Mol Biol 2001; 308:883-93. [PMID: 11352579 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epitope mapping studies and the determination of the structure to 1.8 A resolution have been carried out for the antigen-binding fragment MR1 in complex with peptide antigen. MR1 is specific for the novel fusion junction of the mutant epidermal growth factor receptor EGFRvIII and has been reported to have a high degree of specificity for the mutant EGFRvIII over the wild-type EGF receptor. The structure of the complex shows that the peptide antigen residue side-chains found by epitope mapping studies to be critical for recognition are accommodated in pockets on the surface of the Fv. However, the most distinctive portion of the peptide antigen, the novel fusion glycine residue, makes no contact to the Fv and does not contribute directly to the epitope. The specificity of MR1 lies in the ability of this glycine residue to assume the restricted conformation needed to form a type II' beta-hairpin turn more easily, and demonstrates that a peptide antigen can be used to generate a conformational epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Landry
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
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23
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Nakayashiki N, Yoshikawa K, Nakamura K, Hanai N, Okamoto K, Okamoto S, Mizuno M, Wakabayashi T, Saga S, Yoshida J, Takahashi T. Production of a single-chain variable fragment antibody recognizing type III mutant epidermal growth factor receptor. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91:1035-43. [PMID: 11050475 PMCID: PMC5926257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III deletion mutant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a potential target in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for those glioblastomas characterized by its expression. We previously raised a mouse monoclonal antibody, 3C10 (IgG2b) specifically recognizing this mutant EGFR. In this study, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody was produced. Partial determination of its N-terminal amino acid sequence and preparation of adequate primers for variable heavy chain (V(H)) and variable light chain (V(L)) genes were performed to allow cloning by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The genes cloned were assembled with a linker, (Gly4Ser)3, and ligated into a bacterial expression vector to express the scFv as cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. After appropriate refolding, the antibody activity of the V(H)-V(L) scFv was examined in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 3C10 scFv showed a selective reactivity with the mutant peptide, similarly to the parental 3C10 antibody. A mouse transfectant expressing the type III mutant EGFR and a glioblastoma with type III deletion-mutant EGFR were positively stained by immunofluorescence. By Biacore analysis, the affinity (K(A)) of the parental 3C10 for the mutant peptide was 9.7 x 10(7) M(-1), while that of 3C10 scFv was 2.45 - 2.48 x 10(7) M(-1), being approximately 4-fold weaker. The results together suggested that the scFv antibody retained the appropriate structure to recognize a conformational epitope of the mutant receptor, similarly to the parental antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakayashiki
- Second Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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24
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Feldkamp MM, Lala P, Lau N, Roncari L, Guha A. Expression of activated epidermal growth factor receptors, Ras-guanosine triphosphate, and mitogen-activated protein kinase in human glioblastoma multiforme specimens. Neurosurgery 1999; 45:1442-53. [PMID: 10598712 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199912000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a common event in the molecular pathogenesis of high-grade astrocytic tumors, occurring in 50% of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cases. A subset of GBMs also express a constitutively phosphorylated truncated receptor (EGFRvIII). Expression of transfected EGFRvIII in cells has been reported to activate the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and to provide a growth advantage. Novel therapeutic agents targeting signal transduction pathways are entering early clinical trials; determination of which GBMs express EGFRvIII might help identify patients who might benefit from these biological agents. METHODS A cohort of 15 flash-frozen surgical specimens (12 GBMs, 2 gliosarcomas, and 1 adult low-grade glioma) were evaluated for EGFR and EGFRvIII expression and for EGFR activation status using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, Western blotting, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Levels of activated Ras-guanosine triphosphate were measured using a nonradioactive luciferase-based technique. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was determined using a myelin basic protein assay. IHC analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed, pathological specimens. Normal control samples included white matter specimens distal to tumors (n = 5), a sample obtained during a lobectomy for treatment of epilepsy (n = 1), and cultured fetal human astrocytes (n = 1). RESULTS We demonstrated higher levels of activated Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase in GBM specimens, compared with normal brain tissue or the low-grade glioma. There was a very good correlation between results obtained using specialized molecular techniques and those obtained using routine IHC techniques. Screening for EGFRvIII expression may be of prognostic importance, because patients with EGFRvIII-positive tumors exhibited shorter life expectancies (mean survival time for patients with EGFRvIII-positive tumors, 4.5 +/- 0.6 mo; mean survival time for patients with EGFRvIII-negative tumors, 11.2 +/- 0.9 mo). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that routine IHC techniques using commercially available antibodies are capable of identifying which GBM specimens express EGFRvIII and whether the EGFRs are activated. Such a molecular classification of GBMs might allow us to determine which patients might benefit from biologically targeted therapies. In addition, characterization of specimens with respect to their EGFRvIII status seems to be of prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Feldkamp
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Kolibaba KS, Druker BJ. Protein tyrosine kinases and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1333:F217-48. [PMID: 9426205 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K S Kolibaba
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA
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