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Beaty MW, Quezado M, Sobel ME, Duray P, Merino MJ. Loss of Heterozygosity on Chromosome 1 and 9 and Hormone Receptor Analysis of Metastatic Malignant Melanoma Presenting in Breast. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 13:9-18. [PMID: 15735850 DOI: 10.1177/106689690501300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM), the most common metastatic solid tumor to involve the breast, may present as a diagnostic problem, frequently requiring the use of ancillary studies for accurate diagnosis. The implication of hormonal interplay is strong since metastatic MM to the breast is seen nearly always in women. However, the role of hormonal status as a predisposing factor in the development of this entity is largely unresolved. A number of chromosomal loci, including ip36 and 9p2l-22, appear to harbor critical genes important to melanoma tumorigenesis, and additionally chromosome 9q22.3-31. We wanted to know if metastatic MM in breast showed chromosome lp and 9p genetic alterations (loss of heterozygosity) similar to those that occur in primary cutaneous MM, and whether additional 9q LOH changes are present. Hormonal receptor status of the metastatic MM was also determined. We identified 20 patients with known MM metastatic to the breast, which we analyzed with the following genetic markers: D9S12 (9q22.3), D9S171 (9p21), IFNA (9p22), and DlS450 (ip). Visually directed microdissection was performed on archival histologic slides containing both tumor and adjacent normal breast epithelium, followed by single-step DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for evaluation of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the above-listed markers. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was performed on 10 of the cases. Twelve of the 20 cases contained DNA suitable for PCR amplification following direct visualization microdissection. Four of 8 (50%) informative cases showed LOH at 9p21 with D9S171. Ten cases were heterozygous for IFNA, with 2 cases (20%) showing LOH at this locus. These particular cases also showed LOH at 9p21. One of 9 (11%) informative cases showed LOH for DlS450 (Ip36). Five cases were heterozygous for D9S12, and 2 1-22 (50%) and lp36 (11%), as previously described in primary cutaneous MM. Additional LOH was observed at the 9q22.3-31 locus (40%). We suggest this locus to be investigated for harboring potential genes important in the tumorigenesis of cutaneous MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Beaty
- Laboratory of Pathology, Surgical Pathology Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lidral AC, Liu H, Bullard SA, Bonde G, Machida J, Visel A, Uribe LMM, Li X, Amendt B, Cornell RA. A single nucleotide polymorphism associated with isolated cleft lip and palate, thyroid cancer and hypothyroidism alters the activity of an oral epithelium and thyroid enhancer near FOXE1. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3895-907. [PMID: 25652407 PMCID: PMC4476440 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three common diseases, isolated cleft lip and cleft palate (CLP), hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer all map to the FOXE1 locus, but causative variants have yet to be identified. In patients with CLP, the frequency of coding mutations in FOXE1 fails to account for the risk attributable to this locus, suggesting that the common risk alleles reside in nearby regulatory elements. Using a combination of zebrafish and mouse transgenesis, we screened 15 conserved non-coding sequences for enhancer activity, identifying three that regulate expression in a tissue specific pattern consistent with endogenous foxe1 expression. These three, located -82.4, -67.7 and +22.6 kb from the FOXE1 start codon, are all active in the oral epithelium or branchial arches. The -67.7 and +22.6 kb elements are also active in the developing heart, and the -67.7 kb element uniquely directs expression in the developing thyroid. Within the -67.7 kb element is the SNP rs7850258 that is associated with all three diseases. Quantitative reporter assays in oral epithelial and thyroid cell lines show that the rs7850258 allele (G) associated with CLP and hypothyroidism has significantly greater enhancer activity than the allele associated with thyroid cancer (A). Moreover, consistent with predicted transcription factor binding differences, the -67.7 kb element containing rs7850258 allele G is significantly more responsive to both MYC and ARNT than allele A. By demonstrating that this common non-coding variant alters FOXE1 expression, we have identified at least in part the functional basis for the genetic risk of these seemingly disparate disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huan Liu
- Dows Research Institute, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | | | - Greg Bonde
- Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Junichiro Machida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA and Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiao Li
- Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brad Amendt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Fernández LP, López-Márquez A, Santisteban P. Thyroid transcription factors in development, differentiation and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:29-42. [PMID: 25350068 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the thyroid transcription factors (TTFs), NKX2-1, FOXE1, PAX8 and HHEX, has considerably advanced our understanding of thyroid development, congenital thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. The TTFs are fundamental to proper formation of the thyroid gland and for maintaining the functional differentiated state of the adult thyroid; however, they are not individually required for precursor cell commitment to a thyroid fate. Although knowledge of the mechanisms involved in thyroid development has increased, the full complement of genes involved in thyroid gland specification and the signals that trigger expression of the genes that encode the TTFs remain unknown. The mechanisms involved in thyroid organogenesis and differentiation have provided clues to identifying the genes that are involved in human congenital thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Mutations in the genes that encode the TTFs, as well as polymorphisms and epigenetic modifications, have been associated with thyroid pathologies. Here, we summarize the roles of the TTFs in thyroid development and the mechanisms by which they regulate expression of the genes involved in thyroid differentiation. We also address the implications of mutations in TTFs in thyroid diseases and in diseases not related to the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Arístides López-Márquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Kimura S. Thyroid-specific transcription factors and their roles in thyroid cancer. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:710213. [PMID: 21687604 PMCID: PMC3112524 DOI: 10.4061/2011/710213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain, forkhead domain, and paired domain-containing transcription factors play a major role in development, tissue-specific gene expression, and tissue homeostasis in organs where they are expressed. Recently, their roles in stem cell and cancer biology are emerging. In the thyroid, NKX2-1, FOXE1, and PAX8 transcription factors are responsible for thyroid organogenesis and expression of thyroid-specific genes critical for thyroid hormone synthesis. In contrast to their known roles in gene regulation, thyroid development and homeostasis, their involvement in stem cell, and/or cancer biology are still elusive. In order to further understand the nature of thyroid cancer, it is critical to determine their roles in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common human malignancy in populations of European origin, and Australia has the highest incidence of basal cell carcinoma in the world. Great advances in the understanding of the genetics of this cancer have occurred in recent years. Mutations of the patched 1 gene (PTCH1) lead to basal cell carcinoma predisposition in Gorlin syndrome. PTCH1 is part of the hedgehog signalling pathway, and derangements within this pathway are now known to be important in the carcinogenesis of many different cancers including sporadic basal cell carcinoma. The molecular biology of the hedgehog pathway is discussed, and mouse models of basal cell carcinoma based on this pathway are explored. New developments in non-surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma are based on this knowledge. Other genes of importance to basal cell carcinoma development include the tumour suppressor gene P53 and the melanocortin-1 receptor gene. In addition, we discuss molecules of possible importance such as the glutathione-S-transferases, DNA repair genes, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, Brahma and connexins. Evidence of familial aggregation of this cancer is explored and supports the possibility of genetic predisposition to this common malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E de Zwaan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Cabral LS, Festa Neto C, Sanches JA, Ruiz IRG. Genomic instability in human actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:523-8. [PMID: 21655741 PMCID: PMC3093780 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the repetitive DNA patterns of human actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas to determine the genetic alterations that are associated with malignant transformation. INTRODUCTION Cancer cells are prone to genomic instability, which is often due to DNA polymerase slippage during the replication of repetitive DNA and to mutations in the DNA repair genes. The progression of benign actinic keratoses to malignant squamous cell carcinomas has been proposed by several authors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eight actinic keratoses and 24 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), which were pair-matched to adjacent skin tissues and/or leucocytes, were studied. The presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) and the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in chromosomes 6 and 9 were investigated using nine PCR primer pairs. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA patterns were also evaluated using eight primers. RESULTS MSI was detected in two (D6S251, D9S50) of the eight actinic keratosis patients. Among the 8 patients who had squamous cell carcinoma-I and provided informative results, a single patient exhibited two LOH (D6S251, D9S287) and two instances of MSI (D9S180, D9S280). Two LOH and one example of MSI (D6S251) were detected in three out of the 10 patients with squamous cell carcinoma-II. Among the four patients with squamous cell carcinoma-III, one patient displayed three MSIs (D6S251, D6S252, and D9S180) and another patient exhibited an MSI (D9S280). The altered random amplified polymorphic DNA ranged from 70% actinic keratoses, 76% squamous cell carcinoma-I, and 90% squamous cell carcinoma-II, to 100% squamous cell carcinoma-III. DISCUSSION The increased levels of alterations in the microsatellites, particularly in D6S251, and the random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints were statistically significant in squamous cell carcinomas, compared with actinic keratoses. CONCLUSION The overall alterations that were observed in the repetitive DNA of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas indicate the presence of a spectrum of malignant progression.
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Venza I, Visalli M, Tripodo B, Lentini M, Teti D, Venza M. Investigation into FOXE1
genetic variations in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:681-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Venza I, Visalli M, Tripodo B, De Grazia G, Loddo S, Teti D, Venza M. FOXE1 is a target for aberrant methylation in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:1093-7. [PMID: 19845668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cancer-related genes are silenced by promoter hypermethylation in skin cancers. However, to date the somatic epigenetic events that occur in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumorigenesis have not been well defined. OBJECTIVES To examine epigenetic abnormalities of FOXE1, a gene located on chromosome 9q22, a region frequently lost in SCC. METHODS We investigated the methylation status of FOXE1 in 60 cases of cutaneous SCC by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and comparatively examined mRNA and protein expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS We found a higher frequency of FOXE1 promoter hypermethylation in SCCs (55%), as compared with the adjacent uninvolved skin (12%) and blood control samples (9.5%). FOXE1 methylation was frequently seen in association with a complete absence of or downregulated gene expression. Treatment with the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in profound reactivation of FOXE1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that FOXE1 is a crucial player in development of cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Venza
- Department of Surgical Specialities, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 1 (Gazzi) 98125, Messina, Italy
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Genomic instability, mutations and expression analysis of the tumour suppressor genes p14ARF, p15INK4b, p16INK4a and p53 in actinic keratosis. Cancer Lett 2008; 264:145-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Heitzer E, Lassacher A, Quehenberger F, Kerl H, Wolf P. UV fingerprints predominate in the PTCH mutation spectra of basal cell carcinomas independent of clinical phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2872-81. [PMID: 17597822 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) shows a wide interpatient variation in lesion accrual. To determine whether certain tumorigenic fingerprints and potentially predisposing patched (PTCH) tumor suppressor single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are distributed differently among sporadic BCC patients, we compared the PTCH mutation spectra in early-onset BCC (first lesion at age < 35 years), regular BCC (first lesion at age > or = 35 years and < 10 lesions), and multiple BCC (> or = 10 lesions). The PTCH gene was mutated in 29 of 60 cases (48%). Most of the PTCH mutations bore the UV fingerprint (i.e., C --> T or tandem CC --> TT transitions at dipyrimidine sites). However, neither the proportion nor the spectra of exonic PTCH mutations differed significantly among the three groups. A large number of SNPs (IVS10+99C/T, IVS11-51G/C, 1665T/C, 1686C/T, IVS15+9G/C, IVS16-80G/C, IVS17+21G/A, and 3944C/T or its combinations) were also detected, but again their incidence did not differ significantly among the groups. Interestingly, expression of the IVS16-80G/C and the IVS17+21G/A genotype did not achieve the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in patients with regular and/or early-onset BCC. These data suggest that a (UV-) mutated PTCH gene is important for sporadic BCC formation independent of clinical phenotype and that the IVS16-80G/C and/or IVS17+21G/A SNP site might be important for tumorigenesis in certain BCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heitzer
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Danaee H, Karagas MR, Kelsey KT, Perry AE, Nelson HH. Allelic loss at Drosophila patched gene is highly prevalent in Basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1152-8. [PMID: 16484983 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human homolog of the Drosophila Patched gene (PTCH), located at chromosome 9q22.3, is frequently altered in both nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, and sporadic basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). However, alteration of the PTCH gene locus has been poorly studied in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We analyzed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at five markers in and around the PTCH gene in 276 keratinocyte tumors from a population-based study in New Hampshire. We found a high prevalence of any 9q22.3 LOH in both BCC (75.5%) and SCC (60.8%), with BCC being significantly more likely to have LOH than SCC (P<0.009). The PTCH gene was specifically lost in 60% of BCC, and 50% of SCC tumors. Among SCC tumors, 9q22 LOH was significantly more likely to occur in those who tend to burn (P<0.05), and this association was strongest for tumors that occurred on sun-exposed areas of the body (P<0.04). Additionally, 9q22 LOH occurred more frequently in SCC tumors associated with a history of severe sunburns (P<0.08). Thus, in our large, population-based sample, 9q22 loss, including PTCH, was highly prevalent in both BCC and SCC. Overall, these data support the hypothesis that PTCH loss is a common, early lesion for SCC and BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Danaee
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bose S, Morgan LJ, Booth DR, Goudie DR, Ferguson-Smith MA, Richards FM. The elusive multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma (MSSE) gene: further mapping, analysis of candidates, and loss of heterozygosity. Oncogene 2006; 25:806-12. [PMID: 16170343 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The MSSE gene predisposes to multiple invasive but self-healing skin tumours (multiple self-healing epitheliomata). MSSE was previously mapped to chromosome 9q22-q31 and a shared haplotype in affected families suggested a founder mutation. We have refined the MSSE critical region (<1 cM, <1 Mb) between the zinc-finger gene ZNF169 and the Fanconi anaemia gene FANCC. By genetic mapping we have excluded ZNF169 and FANCC as well as PTCH (PATCHED) and TGFBR1 (transforming growth factor beta receptor type-1) genes. The CDC14B cell cycle phosphatase gene also lies in the region but screening of the complete coding region revealed no mutation in MSSE patients. Somatic cell hybrids created by haploid conversion of an MSSE patient's cells enabled screening of the MSSE chromosome 9 and showed no CDC14B deletion or mutation that abrogates CDC14B mRNA expression. Thus, CDC14B is unlikely to be the MSSE gene. We also report the first molecular analysis of MSSE tumours showing loss of heterozygosity of the MSSE region, with loss of the normal allele, providing the first evidence that MSSE is a tumour suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bose
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are DNA tumour viruses that induce hyperproliferative lesions in cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. The relationship between HPV and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is important clinically since NMSC is the most common form of malignancy among fair-skinned populations. It is well established that solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is the major risk factor for developing NMSC, but a pathogenic role for HPV in the development of NMSC has also been proposed. Recent molecular studies reveal a likely role for HPV infection in skin carcinogenesis as a co-factor in association with UV. This review summarizes the literature describing these data, highlights some of the important findings derived from these studies, and speculates on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baki Akgül
- Skin Tumour Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London
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Yung A, Newton-Bishop JA. A case of Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome associated with multiple genital trichoepitheliomas. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:682-4. [PMID: 16120174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Butani AK, Butani A, Arbesfeld DM, Schwartz RA. Premalignant and early squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Plast Surg 2005; 32:223-35. [PMID: 15814119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced precancerous neoplasm confined to the epidermis. The AK is the initial manifestation of a continuum of clinical and histologic abnormalities that progresses to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Bowen's disease, also known as squamous cell carcinoma in situ, represents early SCC confined to the epidermis. More than half of all SCCs contain p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations. Like SCCs, the vast majority of AKs and Bowen's disease lesions are asymptomatic. Each AK and suspicious lesion should be treated before it progresses to invasive SCC. Destructive modalities, such as cryosurgery using liquid nitrogen and electrodesiccation and curettage, usually performed by a dermatologist, are the mainstays of therapy.
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Yang L, Leung ACC, Ko JMY, Lo PHY, Tang JCO, Srivastava G, Oshimura M, Stanbridge EJ, Daigo Y, Nakamura Y, Tang CMC, Lau KW, Law S, Lung ML. Tumor suppressive role of a 2.4 Mb 9q33-q34 critical region and DEC1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2005; 24:697-705. [PMID: 15580306 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The key genes involved in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain to be elucidated. Previous studies indicate extensive genomic alterations occur on chromosome 9 in ESCC. Using a monochromosome transfer approach, this study provides functional evidence and narrows down the critical region (CR) responsible for chromosome 9 tumor suppressing activity to a 2.4 Mb region mapping to 9q33-q34 between markers D9S1798 and D9S61. Interestingly, a high prevalence of allelic loss in this CR is also observed in primary ESCC tumors by microsatellite typing. Allelic loss is found in 30/34 (88%) tumors and the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) frequency ranges from 67 to 86%. Absent to low expression of a 9q32 candidate tumor suppressor gene (TSG), DEC1 (deleted in esophageal cancer 1), is detected in four Asian ESCC cell lines. Stably expressing DEC1 transfectants provide functional evidence for inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice and DEC1 expression is decreased in tumor segregants arising after long-term selection in vivo. There is 74% LOH in the DEC1 region of ESCC primary tumors. This study provides the first functional evidence for the presence of critical tumor suppressive regions on 9q33-q34. DEC1 is a candidate TSG that may be involved in ESCC development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenicity Tests
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Yang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Gomes GP, Moraes AM, Stoff HO, Ward LS. Allelic imbalance studies of chromosome 9 suggest major differences in chromosomal instability among nonmelanoma skin carcinomas. SAO PAULO MED J 2004; 122:18-21. [PMID: 15160522 PMCID: PMC11115347 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802004000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Loss of heterozygosity in the 9p21-p22 region, has been frequently described in a wide range of human malignancies, including familial melanomas. Also, losses and gains in other regions of chromosome 9 have frequently been observed and may indicate additional mechanisms for basal cell tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate allelic imbalance in the 9p21-p22 region, among basal cell carcinomas. TYPE OF STUDY Microsatellite analysis. SETTING Two dermatology services of public universities in São Paulo and the Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics of Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). PARTICIPANTS 13 patients with benign skin lesions consecutively referred to the outpatient dermatology clinics of Unicamp and Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (Unesp) and 58 with malignant skin tumours. MEAN MEASUREMENTS: We examined 13 benign cases including four of solar keratosis, three keratoachanthomas, three melanocytic nevi, two of Bowen's disease and one of neurofibroma, and 58 malignant skin tumors: 14 of squamous cell, 40 basal cell carcinomas and four melanomas. Participating patients had the main tumor and a normal portion of non-adjacent skin surgically removed. DNA was extracted from the tumor and matching normal tissue. We used four sets of primers to amplify polymorphic microsatellite repeats on chromosome 9, two of them targeting the 9p21-p22 region. RESULTS We identified eight cases (20%) of allelic imbalance among basal cell carcinomas, two cases of loss of heterozygosity and six cases of microsatellite instability in the 9p21-p22 region. Additional markers were also involved in three of these tumors. No events were detected among the benign or the other malignant cases. CONCLUSION This phenotype dependency suggests that there is a major distinction between the two most important forms of nonmelanoma skin cancers in their tendency to present microsatellite instability in chromosome 9. Since the CDKN2a/p16INK4a, p19ARF and p15INK4b tumor suppressor genes do not appear to be responsible for the observed abnormalities, other genes at 9p21-p22 may be involved in the pathogenesis and progression pathway of basal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pereira Gomes
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hayashi M, Tamura G, Kato N, Ansai SI, Kondo S, Motoyama T. Genetic analysis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas arising from different areas. Pathol Int 2003; 53:602-7. [PMID: 14507317 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) occur most frequently in sun-exposed areas of the skin, they can also arise in non-sun-exposed areas. Some risk factors for cutaneous SCC, such as ultraviolet (UV) light, are well known. However, the major factor for carcinogenesis may depend on the site of the tumor as well as the ethnicity of the patient. In this study we examined 41 Japanese cutaneous SCC cases, focusing on the area of appearance and the presence of genetic alteration, with 27 cases from sun-exposed areas, 10 from non-sun-exposed areas (excluding genital areas), and four from burn scars from sun-exposed areas. Squamous cell carcinomas arising in sun-exposed areas showed less frequent p53 gene mutations compared to SCC arising in non-sun-exposed areas. Ultraviolet light-specific mutations were found in only two cases of SCC from sun-exposed areas. Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA was detected in two cases (7.4%) of the sun-exposed areas and none of the non-sun-exposed or scar areas. The frequency of loss of heterozygosity on D5S178 in non-sun-exposed SCC was significantly higher than in sun-exposed SCC. Furthermore, the incidence of fractional allelic loss (FAL) was significantly higher in non-sun-exposed SCC than in sun-exposed SCC. Our findings suggest that sun-exposed SCC in Japan may be relatively less involved with p53 mutation, and that non-sun-exposed SCC acquire more genetic alterations than sun-exposed SCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Genes, p53
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats/radiation effects
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/virology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Skin/radiation effects
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
- Sunlight
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
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19
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Saridaki Z, Liloglou T, Zafiropoulos A, Koumantaki E, Zoras O, Spandidos DA. Mutational analysis of CDKN2A genes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:638-48. [PMID: 12752119 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmelanoma skin cancers [squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and basal cell carcinomas (BCC)] are the most common neoplasias of the Caucasian population. OBJECTIVES The purpose of our study was to determine the involvement of CDKN2A genes in the development of sporadic nonmelanoma skin cancer in Greek patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Allelic imbalance analysis was performed in 22 SCC and five Bowen's disease specimens. Mutational analysis was performed on exons 1alpha, 1beta and 2 of the CDKN2A locus in 22 SCC, five Bowen's disease and 39 BCC specimens. Exon 1alpha was additionally screened in 28 BCC specimens to complete the mutational analysis of a previous study. RESULTS Overall, 52% (14 of 27) of the SCC and Bowen's disease specimens exhibited loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in at least one microsatellite marker, whereas, only two of 27 (7%) exhibited microsatellite instability. LOH in 9p appears to be equally involved in both BCC and SCC tumours. Exons 1alpha, 1beta and 2 of the CDKN2A locus were screened for mutations. A Val28Gly substitution in exon 1alpha and a CCC-->TTT (Ala57Val and Arg58Ter) substitution in exon 2, resulting in a change in the amino acid sequence, are reported for the first time in two SCCs, the latter being indicative of a combination of an ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced mutation and a point mutation. A previously described polymorphism of CDKN2A, the gene for p16INK4a, Ala148Thr, was also detected in an allelic frequency of 3.72%. No mutation was found in any of the five Bowen's disease specimens, or in exon 1beta of CDKN2A, also the gene for p14ARF. CONCLUSIONS Mutations and the high incidence of 9p LOH detected in our SCC samples imply that inactivation of CDKN2A genes, via allelic loss and/or mutation (probably UV-induced) may play a significant role in nonmelanoma skin cancer development, particularly in the more aggressive SCC type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Saridaki
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71100, Crete, Greece
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20
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Ling G, Ahmadian A, Persson A, Undén AB, Afink G, Williams C, Uhlén M, Toftgård R, Lundeberg J, Pontén F. PATCHED and p53 gene alterations in sporadic and hereditary basal cell cancer. Oncogene 2001; 20:7770-8. [PMID: 11753655 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2001] [Revised: 08/22/2001] [Accepted: 09/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that disruption of the hedgehog-patched pathway is a key event in development of basal cell cancer. In addition to patched gene alterations, p53 gene mutations are also frequent in basal cell cancer. We determined loss of heterozygosity in the patched and p53 loci as well as sequencing the p53 gene in tumors both from sporadic and hereditary cases. A total of 70 microdissected samples from tumor and adjacent skin were subjected to PCR followed by fragment analysis and DNA sequencing. We found allelic loss in the patched locus in 6/8 sporadic basal cell cancer and 17/19 hereditary tumors. All sporadic and 7/20 hereditary tumors showed p53 gene mutations. Loss of heterozygosity in the p53 locus was rare in both groups. The p53 mutations detected in hereditary tumors included rare single nucleotide deletions and unusual double-base substitutions compared to the typical ultraviolet light induced missense mutations found in sporadic tumors. Careful microdissection of individual tumors revealed genetically linked subclones with different p53 and/or patched genotype providing an insight on time sequence of genetic events. The high frequency and co-existence of genetic alterations in the patched and p53 genes suggest that both these genes are important in the development of basal cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ling
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, University Hospital, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Leonard N, Chaggar R, Jones C, Takahashi M, Nikitopoulou A, Lakhani SR. Loss of heterozygosity at cylindromatosis gene locus, CYLD, in sporadic skin adnexal tumours. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54:689-92. [PMID: 11533075 PMCID: PMC1731526 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.54.9.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM The gene for familial cylindromatosis (CYLD) has been localised to chromosome 16q, and has recently been cloned. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 16q has also been demonstrated in sporadic cylindromas. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CYLD plays a role in the development of other skin appendage tumours. METHODS A total of 55 cases of skin adnexal tumours, comprising 12 different types, and a control group of 14 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) were studied. Three microsatellites (D16S407 (16p), D16S304 (16q), and D16S308 (16q)) were analysed for LOH after microdissection from paraffin wax embedded sections using laser capture microdissection. RESULTS In keeping with previous data, a proportion of cylindromas exhibited LOH at markers on 16q, but not at 16p. The skin adnexal tumours showing a similar pattern included apocrine hydrocystomas, eccrine spiradenomas, and sebaceous adenoma. One case of syringoma showed LOH at 16q, and a further case at 16p, but not 16q. One case of eccrine hydrocystoma showed loss at 16p, but not 16q. The remaining tumours were either negative or non-informative. All tumours in the control group were either negative or non-informative, except for a single case of BCC showing LOH at 16q. CONCLUSION CYLD may be involved in the development of skin adnexal tumours other than cylindromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leonard
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
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22
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O'Connor DP, Kay EW, Leader M, Murphy GM, Atkins GJ, Mabruk MJ. A high degree of chromosomal instability at 13q14 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas: indication for a role of a tumour suppressor gene other than Rb. Mol Pathol 2001; 54:165-9. [PMID: 11376129 PMCID: PMC1187056 DOI: 10.1136/mp.54.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Loss of function of the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumour suppressor gene, located on chromosome 13, is common in many inherited and sporadic forms of cancer. Inactivation of its gene product by oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) plays a key role in the genesis of cervical cancer. It has been shown previously that non-melanoma skin cancers of renal transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients with skin cancer also frequently harbour potentially oncogenic HPV types. This study aimed to examine the integrity of the Rb gene in histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from renal transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients with skin cancer. METHODS Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the Rb locus was examined in 13 histologically confirmed SCCs using the D13S153 microsatellite marker, which is located in exon 2 of the Rb gene. Loss of a second marker, D13S118, distal telomerically to the Rb gene at 13q14.3 was also analysed. RESULTS Of the 13 HPV associated SCCs examined 11 were informative (two SCCs were homozygous for both microsatellite markers). LOH at the D13S153 locus was found in four of the 10 informative SCCs and LOH at the D13S118 locus was found in five of the 11 informative cases. Overall, seven of the 11 informative cases showed LOH at one or other locus. This represents a high degree of chromosomal instability in these tumours. The expression of the Rb gene product in the 11 informative cases was analysed immunohistochemically. Expression of Rb was detected in 10 of the 11 SCCs examined. No correlation between the HPV status of the tumours and the expression of Rb was found. Although the only SCC not to express Rb also demonstrated LOH at the D13S153 locus, the remaining SCCs that had LOH at 13q14 were able to express RB: CONCLUSION Another tumour suppressor gene located at 13q14 might be responsible for the genesis of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P O'Connor
- Pathology Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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23
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Saridaki Z, Koumantaki E, Liloglou T, Sourvinos G, Papadopoulos O, Zoras O, Spandidos DA. High frequency of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome region 9p21-p22 but lack of p16INK4a/p19ARF mutations in greek patients with basal cell carcinoma of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:719-25. [PMID: 10998150 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin is the most common neoplasia in humans. Previous studies have shown the existence of allelic imbalance (loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability) in BCC on several human chromosomes. Chromosome region 9p21-p22 harbors the CDKN2a/p16INK4a, p19ARF, and p15INK4b tumor suppressor genes. To determine the contribution of these genes to the development of basal cell carcinomas we looked for evidence of allelic imbalance in 67 sporadic basal cell carcinoma specimens from Greek patients and screened 28 of them presenting loss of heterozygosity at 9p21-p22 for germline mutations in p16INK4a and p19ARF genes. Chromosome regions 17q21 and 17p13 were also screened for allelic imbalance in all the 67 basal cell carcinoma specimens. Overall, 69% (46 of 67) of the specimens displayed loss of heterozygosity in at least one microsatellite marker, whereas only six of the 67 (9%) exhibited microsatellite instability. For the 9p21-p22 locus the overall frequency of loss of heterozygosity reached 55% (37 of 67) and is the highest reported. The overall frequency of loss of heterozygosity for the 17q21 locus is 34% (22 of 64) and for the 17p13 locus is 11% (seven of 65). Two of the 28 loss of heterozygosity positive cases were heterozygous for a previously described polymorphism, Ala148Thr, in exon 2 of the CDKN2a gene. This is the first demonstration of polymorphism in the CDKN2a gene in human basal cell carcinomas. No sequence variation in exon 1beta of the p19ARF gene was found. Our results provide evidence of a significantly high occurrence of loss of heterozygosity for the 9p21-p22 locus; however, lack of p16INK4a/p19ARF mutation suggests that these genes seem not to be implicated by mutational inactivation in the development of basal cell carcinoma. Other(s), yet unidentified, tumor suppressor gene(s) located in this locus may be related to this specific type of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Saridaki
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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24
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Dezawa M, Fujii K, Kita K, Nomura J, Sugita K, Adachi-Usami E, Suzuki N. Increase in nucleoli after x-radiation of fibroblasts of patients with Gorlin syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1999; 134:585-91. [PMID: 10595785 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gorlin syndrome (GS) is an autosomal dominant disorder in which patients are abnormally susceptible to ionizing radiation with radiotherapeutic doses. Radiogenic basal cell carcinomas may develop with a short latent period in patients. The mechanisms underlying the abnormal radiosusceptibility of cells in patients with GS has not been well characterized. In this study we report an increase in the number of nucleoli in fibroblast cells from 3 patients with GS after x-radiation. In GS fibroblasts, the increase in nucleolus number concomitant with the increase of ribonucleoprotein immunoreactive aggregates within the nucleus was observed after x-radiation, whereas significant change was not found in normal fibroblasts derived from healthy donors. This increase disappeared when cells were cultured with the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D after x-radiation but not when they were cultured with cycloheximide or aphydicolin, which are protein and DNA synthesis inhibitors, respectively. Ultraviolet exposure did not induce remarkable changes in the GS nucleoli. Thus the increase in nucleoli was induced after x-radiation of GS fibroblasts, and this increase seemed to be related to RNA synthesis metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dezawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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25
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Tojo M, Mori T, Kiyosawa H, Honma Y, Tanno Y, Kanazawa KY, Yokoya S, Kaneko F, Wanaka A. Expression of sonic hedgehog signal transducers, patched and smoothened, in human basal cell carcinoma. Pathol Int 1999; 49:687-94. [PMID: 10504535 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) patients, mutations of a gene, patched (ptc), which encodes a putative signal transducer of sonic hedgehog protein (SHH), were found and are thought to be one of the major causes of BCNS. The SHH signaling pathway is an important developmental pathway, and ptc protein (PTC) is a suppressive component serving as a receptor for the secreted SHH. Another transmembrane protein, smoothened (SMO), forms a complex with PTC and regulates this signaling pathway. Recent transgenic studies have strengthened the importance of the SHH signaling system in the etiology of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). In this study, we examined the expression patterns of mRNA for ptc and smo in two different BCC subtypes and normal skin. We found that the expressions of ptc and smo mRNA were enhanced in the tumor nests of the nodular BCC, especially at the advancing portions, but were under the detectable level in the superficial BCC cases examined, indicating that ptc and smo mRNA expressions might be associated with BCC tumor progression and divide the BCC histologic types into two subtypes, superficial and nodular types. In addition, no obvious signals for ptc and smo mRNA were detected in the normal human epidermis, appendages, or seborrheic keratosis, indicating that the abnormal proliferation of follicular epithelial cells caused by ptc, smo and/or other genetic changes, which also cause ptc and smo overexpressions, might result in BCC tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tojo
- Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a genetic mechanism by which a heterozygous somatic cell becomes either homozygous or hemizygous because the corresponding wild-type allele is lost. LOH has today been recognized as a major cause of malignant growth. This article gives a comprehensive review of skin disorders in which an origin from LOH has been either documented at the molecular level or postulated on the basis of clinical evidence. LOH has been shown to cause basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma, but this mechanism can likewise be taken as an important model to explain the origin of many other skin diseases such as benign hamartomas; type 2 segmental manifestation of autosomal dominant skin disorders; a pronounced segmental manifestation of acquired skin disorders with a polygenic background, superimposed on symmetric lesions of the usual type; paired mutant patches in the form of either allelic or nonallelic twin spotting; and the exceptional familial occurrence of some nevi, reflecting paradominant transmission. completion of this learning activity, readers should be familiar with the mechanism of LOH and its general significance for the biology of plants, animals, and humans. Participants should understand that this mechanism plays a crucial role not only in cutaneous malignant growth but also in the development of benign skin disorders, and they should be able to examine such diseases with a prepared mind to gain a better understanding of their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Happle
- Department of Dermatology, Philipp University of Marburg, Germany
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27
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Odeberg J, Ahmadian A, Williams C, Uhlén M, Pontén F, Lundeberg J. Context-dependent Taq-polymerase-mediated nucleotide alterations, as revealed by direct sequencing of the ZNF189 gene: implications for mutation detection. Gene 1999; 235:103-9. [PMID: 10415338 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported on the genetic organisation of a novel Krüppel-like zinc finger, ZNF189, located to 9q22-q31. In that study we found no mutations in the coding sequence when using ZNF189 as a candidate gene for sporadic basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer. Here, by direct sequencing of the proximal promotor of ZNF189, mutations were found to appear in a small hot-spot region in over 50% of analysed tumour samples, the majority being G to A substitutions. The hot-spot region spans a 24bp G-rich region. Repeated analyses of the original sample lysates fail to confirm each of these mutations; and frequently new mutations appear at neighbouring positions. Subsequent analysis with serial dilutions of genomic DNA and a cosmid harbouring the wild-type ZNF189 gene demonstrate that these sequence-specific alterations arise in the outer PCR-amplification when 50 copies or less of template are used. Although the mechanism of how these context-specific alterations arise is not proven, the results demonstrate a previously unreported type of PCR-mediated sequence-specific alteration that easily could have been interpreted as being of clinical relevance. The phenomena observed show that mutations detected by direct sequencing can be caused by PCR-introduced alterations. Consequently, this should be of general caution in mutation analysis of disease gene candidates when using small amounts of template, such as microdissected biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Odeberg
- Department of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Meléndez B, Santos J, Fernández-Piqueras J. Loss of heterozygosity at the proximal-mid part of mouse chromosome 4 defines two novel tumor suppressor gene loci in T-cell lymphomas. Oncogene 1999; 18:4166-9. [PMID: 10435599 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in our laboratory reported frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on mouse chromosome 4 in T-cell lymphomas, identifying three candidate tumor suppressor regions (TLSR1-3). To determine the possible existence of other tumor suppressor gene loci on the proximal-mid part of chromosome 4 and to clarify whether the p16(INK4a) (alpha and beta) and p15(INK4b) genes are the inactivation targets of deletion at TLSR1, we have tested 73 gamma-radiation-induced T-cell lymphomas of F1 hybrid mice by LOH analysis. Frequent LOH was found at the INK4a and INK4b loci and the surrounding markers D4Mit77, D4Mit245 and D4Wsm1. In addition, we identified two distinct regions of significant allelic losses in the proximal-mid part of chromosome 4, defined by the markers D4Mit116 (TLSR4) and D4Mit21 (TLSR5). Taken together, this evidence and our previous data indicate the existence of at least five different candidate sites for tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 4, thus revealing a main role for this chromosome in the development of mouse T-cell lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Chromosome Mapping
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gamma Rays/adverse effects
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genes, p16
- Genetic Testing
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice/genetics
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Sequence Deletion
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- B Meléndez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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29
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Odeberg J, Røsok O, Gudmundsson GH, Ahmadian A, Roshani L, Williams C, Larsson C, Pontén F, Uhlén M, Asheim HC, Lundeberg J. Cloning and characterization of ZNF189, a novel human Krüppel-like zinc finger gene localized to chromosome 9q22-q31. Genomics 1998; 50:213-21. [PMID: 9653648 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A 3-kb-long cDNA encoding a Krüppel-like human zinc finger protein was isolated and mapped to chromosome 9q22-q31. The ZNF189 gene encodes a protein with 16 zinc fingers at its C-terminus and belongs to the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB)-containing group of zinc finger proteins. Four differently spliced cDNA transcripts, differing at the 5' coding region where a KRAB A repressor domain is encoded, were isolated. In addition, Northern blot analysis indicates the presence of two additional unidentified splice variants. Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences shows that the ZNF189 gene spans approximately 11 kb and is organized into at least four exons, the large 3'-end exon coding for the complete zinc finger domain and the 3' untranslated region. ZNF189 is expressed in all tissues and cell types currently investigated, at varying levels, but with a tissue- or cell-type-restricted expression pattern for the different splice variants. ZNF189 is conserved in the genome of several mammalian species. Direct sequencing of the ZNF189 gene in microdissected tumor biopsies of sporadic basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma reveals no mutations in the coding sequence or at exon/intron boundaries.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Exons/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA Splicing
- Repressor Proteins
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Zinc Fingers/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J Odeberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Eklund LK, Lindström E, Undén AB, Lundh-Rozell B, Ståhle-Bäckdahl M, Zaphiropoulos PG, Toftgård R, Söderkvist P. Mutation analysis of the human homologue of Drosophila patched and the xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A genes in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Mol Carcinog 1998; 21:87-92. [PMID: 9496908 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199802)21:2<87::aid-mc2>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human homologue of Drosophila patched (PTCH), located at chromosome 9q22.3, was recently identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene for familial and sporadic basal cell carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin display allelic loss in this chromosomal region, which, in addition to the PTCH gene, contains the DNA repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA). Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum are predisposed to non-melanoma skin tumors because of deficient excision repair of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage. Mutation analysis by single-strand conformation analysis and direct DNA sequencing of all 23 exons of the PTCH gene and all six exons of the XPA gene in 14 SCCs did not reveal structural alterations in any of these genes. Additionally, analysis of PTCH expression by in situ hybridization in SCCs revealed no evidence of upregulation of PTCH mRNA, confirming the lack of mutations in this gene. These findings suggest that another, yet to be identified gene or genes on chromosome 9q are involved in SCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Eklund
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping University, Sweden
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31
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced precancerous neoplasm confined to the epidermis. It is the initial manifestation of a continuum of clinical and histologic abnormalities that progresses to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a disorder that accounts for thousands of preventable deaths in America each year. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work is to describe the actinic keratosis. METHODS This effort was performed by a literature review and analysis. RESULTS Like SCCs, the vast majority of AKs are asymptomatic. Although some actinic keratoses may become clinically inapparent, possibly either due to immune rejection or simply having their external surface unknowingly scraped off, an untreated AK represents a potentially curable fatal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Each AK should be treated before it progresses to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Destructive modalities such as cryosurgery using liquid nitrogen and electrodesiccation and curettage are the mainstays of therapy. Each case must be individualized. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, participant should be able to: 1. Understand the concept of an actinic keratosis. 2. Learn how to recognize its clinical manifestations. 3. Be aware of the danger it poses as an easily curable papulonodule that may become a fatal cancer.
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Gailani MR, Bale AE. Developmental genes and cancer: role of patched in basal cell carcinoma of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:1103-9. [PMID: 9262247 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.15.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many genes originally identified because of their role in embryonic development are also important in postnatal control of cell growth and differentiation. Mutations in some of these genes have been shown to cause cancer. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is the most common cancer in humans. More than 750000 new cases are diagnosed annually, and the incidence is rising. BCCs are slow-growing, locally invasive tumors that rarely metastasize but can result in extensive morbidity through local recurrence and tissue destruction. Epidemiologic studies suggest that sunlight (particularly UVB radiation) is a strong risk factor for BCC formation, although other factors are also involved. The nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), a rare genetic disorder, is characterized by predisposition to BCCs and other tumors as well as to a wide range of developmental defects. NBCCS maps to chromosome 9q22.3, and loss of heterozygosity at this site in both sporadic and hereditary BCCs suggests that it functions as a tumor suppressor. The gene for NBCCS was recently cloned and is the human homologue of the Drosophila gene "patched." Genetic studies in Drosophila show that patched is part of the hedgehog signaling pathway, which is important in determining embryonic patterning and cell fate in multiple structures of the developing embryo. Human patched is mutated in both hereditary and sporadic BCCs, and inactivation of this gene is probably a necessary, if not sufficient, step for BCC formation. Delineation of the biochemical pathway in which patched functions may lead to rational medical therapy for BCCs and possibly for other tumors associated with NBCCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gailani
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Chadwick BP, Obermayr F, Frischauf AM. FKHL15, a new human member of the forkhead gene family located on chromosome 9q22. Genomics 1997; 41:390-6. [PMID: 9169137 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
FKHL15 was isolated from a cDNA library enriched for transcripts from 9q22. Isolation and sequencing of a 3.5-kb cDNA clone identified a putative 376-amino-acid protein with greater than 80% homology over a 100-amino-acid stretch to the forkhead DNA-binding domain. The FKHL15 gene contains a region rich in alanine residues, frequently associated with transcriptional repression. The forkhead genes are believed to play important roles in development and differentiation in many different organisms and have also been implicated in the development of some tumors. The map position of FKHL15 on 9q22 places the gene within the candidate regions for the cancer predisposition syndrome multiple self-healing squamous epitheliomata and the degenerative neurological disorder hereditary sensory neuropathy type I. This is a region frequently lost in squamous cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Chadwick
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kraemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hahn H, Wicking C, Zaphiropoulous PG, Gailani MR, Shanley S, Chidambaram A, Vorechovsky I, Holmberg E, Unden AB, Gillies S, Negus K, Smyth I, Pressman C, Leffell DJ, Gerrard B, Goldstein AM, Dean M, Toftgard R, Chenevix-Trench G, Wainwright B, Bale AE. Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Cell 1996; 85:841-51. [PMID: 8681379 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1389] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), pits of the palms and soles, jaw keratocysts, a variety of other tumors, and developmental abnormalities. NBCCS maps to chromosome 9q22.3. Familial and sporadic BCCs display loss of heterozygosity in this region, consistent with the gene being a tumor suppressor. A human sequence (PTC) with strong homology to the Drosophila segment polarity gene, patched, was isolated from a YAC and cosmid contig of the NBCCS region. Mutation analysis revealed alterations of PTC in NBCCS patients and in related tumors. We propose that a reduction in expression of the patched gene can lead to the developmental abnormalities observed in the syndrome and that complete loss of patched function contributes to transformation of certain cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hahn
- Centre for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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