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Chen Z, Downing S, Tzanakakis ES. Four Decades After the Discovery of Regenerating Islet-Derived (Reg) Proteins: Current Understanding and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:235. [PMID: 31696115 PMCID: PMC6817481 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived (Reg) proteins have emerged as multifunctional agents with pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, differentiation-inducing and bactericidal properties. Over the last 40 years since first discovered, Reg proteins have been implicated in a gamut of maladies including diabetes, various types of cancer of the digestive tract, and Alzheimer disease. Surprisingly though, a consensus is still absent on the regulation of their expression, and molecular underpinning of their function. Here, we provide a critical appraisal of recent findings in the field of Reg protein biology. Specifically, the structural characteristics are reviewed particularly in connection with established or purported functions of different members of the Reg family. Moreover, Reg expression patterns in different tissues both under normal and pathophysiological conditions are summarized. Putative receptors and cascades reported to relay Reg signaling inciting cellular responses are presented aiming at a better appreciation of the biological activities of the distinct Reg moieties. Challenges are also discussed that have hampered thus far the rapid progress in this field such as the use of non-standard nomenclature for Reg molecules among various research groups, the existence of multiple Reg members with significant degree of homology and possibly compensatory modes of action, and the need for common assays with robust readouts of Reg activity. Coordinated research is warranted going forward, given that several research groups have independently linked Reg proteins to diseased states and raised the possibility that these biomolecules can serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Shawna Downing
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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Xie MJ, Motoo Y, Iovanna JL, Su SB, Ohtsubo K, Matsubara F, Sawabu N. Overexpression of pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48:459-64. [PMID: 12757156 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022520212447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) is almost absent in normal pancreas, but is strongly induced in acute pancreatitis. PAP mRNA is also expressed in cancer cells, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, the clinicopathological significance of PAP in human pancreatic cancer is not clear. We examined PAP expression in pancreatic tissues from individuals with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemistry. PAP was overexpressed in 79% (30 of 38) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 19% (7 of 36) of chronic pancreatitis, and 29% (2 of 7) of mucinous cystadenoma. PAP was found in malignant ductular structures in pancreatic carcinomas as well as in benign proliferating ductules and acinar cells in chronic pancreatitis. It was not expressed in normal pancreas. The incidence of PAP overexpression was significantly higher in pancreatic cancer than in the other pancreatic diseases (P < 0.01). PAP overexpression was significantly correlated with nodal involvement, distant metastasis (P < 0.05), and short survival (P < 0.01) in pancreatic cancer. These results suggest that overexpression of PAP in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma indicates tumor aggressiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Proportional Hazards Models
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jue Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Genter MB, Burman DM, Vijayakumar S, Ebert CL, Aronow BJ. Genomic analysis of alachlor-induced oncogenesis in rat olfactory mucosa. Physiol Genomics 2002; 12:35-45. [PMID: 12419858 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00120.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alachlor induces olfactory mucosal tumors in rats in a highly ordered temporal process. We used GeneChip analysis to test the hypothesis that histological progression and oncogenic transformation are accompanied by gene expression changes that might yield clues as to the molecular pathogenesis of tumor formation. Acute alachlor exposure caused upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, carboxypeptidase Z, and other genes related to extracellular matrix homeostasis. Heme oxygenase was upregulated acutely and maintained elevated expression. Expression of ebnerin, related to the putative human tumor suppressor gene DMBT1, progressively increased in alachlor-treated olfactory mucosa. Progression from adenomas to adenocarcinoma was correlated with upregulation of genes in the wnt signaling pathway. Activated wnt signaling was confirmed by immunohistochemical localization of beta-catenin to nuclei of adenocarcinomas, but not earlier lesions. These observations suggest that initiation and progression of alachlor-induced olfactory mucosal tumors is associated with alterations in extracellular matrix components, induction of oxidative stress, upregulation of ebnerin, and final transformation to a malignant state by wnt pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Genter
- Departmet of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
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Motoo Y, Watanabe H, Yamaguchi Y, Xie MJ, Mouri H, Ohtsubo K, Okai T, Wakabayashi T, Sawabu N. Pancreatitis-associated protein levels in pancreatic juice from patients with pancreatic diseases. Pancreatology 2002; 1:43-7. [PMID: 12120267 DOI: 10.1159/000055791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP), the acute-phase protein of the pancreas, is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis. Serum PAP levels were reported to be useful as an indicator of the severity, prognosis and healing of acute pancreatitis. Although PAP was originally identified in pancreatic juice, there has been no clinical report on PAP levels in pancreatic juice. This study was conducted to determine levels of PAP in pancreatic juice (PJ-PAP) in various human pancreatic diseases. METHODS PAP levels in endoscopically aspirated PJ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 86 patients with pancreatic diseases. RESULTS 55% of 22 patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) and 25% of 49 patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) were positive (> 350 ng/ml) for PJ-PAP. PJ-PAP levels were significantly higher in PC than in CP, in which PJ-PAP was also significantly higher than in 15 control subjects. There was no significant correlation between PJ-PAP and serum PAP, and combination assay of serum PAP and/or PJ-PAP detected 80% of PC cases and 44% of CP cases. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that human PAP could be detected in pancreatic juice from patients with pancreatic diseases. Determination of PAP in pancreatic juice might be helpful for early detection of pancreatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Motoo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 4-86 Yoneizumi, Kanazawa 921-8044, Japan.
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Cervello M, Giannitrapani L, La Rosa M, Notarbartolo M, D'Alessandro N, Virruso L, Iovanna JL, Montalto G. Expression of HIP/PAP mRNA in human hepatoma cell lines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 963:53-8. [PMID: 12095928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempts to shed more light on the role of hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatic associated protein (HIP/PAP) in hepatoma cells. We initially examined, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the HIP/PAP transcripts present in human hepatoma cell lines of different origins and with different grades of differentiation and genetic profiles. We also used DNA sequencing analysis to investigate the structure of the HIP/PAP gene. Further investigation is necessary to define the role of HIP/PAP during the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma and to ascertain whether the use of different transcripts is helpful in regulating HIP/PAP expression in transformed liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cervello
- Istituto di Biologia dello Sviluppo, C.N.R., Palermo, Italy.
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Kazumori H, Ishihara S, Fukuda R, Kinoshita Y. Localization of Reg receptor in rat fundic mucosa. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2002; 139:101-8. [PMID: 11919548 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2002.120796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reg protein has a trophic effect on gastric mucosal cells and pancreatic islets. Recently, the Reg receptor (Reg-R) has been cloned, and Reg-Reg-R interaction has been reported in the pancreas. The aim of this study was to investigate the localization of Reg-R in rat fundic mucosa. Gene expression of Reg-R was investigated with Northern blot analysis, laser capture microdissection coupled with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization in the fundic mucosa, and the types of cells expressing this gene were determined. Reg-R mRNA expression was detected mainly in chief cells and parietal cells of the deep layers and faintly in surface epithelial cells and mucous neck cells of the proliferating zone. Our results suggest that regenerating protein may act not only as a regulator of gastric epithelial cell proliferation but also as a modifier of other multiple physiologic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kazumori
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane Medical UniversityIzumo, Japan
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Valery C, Vasseur S, Sabatier F, Iovanna JL, Dagorn JC, Grob JJ, Verrando P. Pancreatitis associated protein I (PAP-I) alters adhesion and motility of human melanocytes and melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:426-33. [PMID: 11231317 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis associated protein I is a secretory stress protein first characterized in pancreas during pancreatitis but also expressed in several tissues including hepatic, gastric, and colon cancer. Its concentration in serum can be significant. The relationship of pancreatitis associated protein I to skin cancers was investigated in normal melanocytes, melanoma tumors, and melanoma cell lines. None of them expressed pancreatitis associated protein I, even after stress induction. Adenovirus-mediated pancreatitis associated protein I expression, however, reduced cell adhesion to laminin-1 and fibronectin with a loss of integrin participation. Pancreatitis associated protein I expression stimulated haptotactic and directed migrations of some melanoma cells, but only directed migration was activated in normal melanocytes. Importantly, directed migration and spreading on fibronectin of the responsive melanoma cells were also enhanced when purified rat pancreatitis associated protein I was added to the culture medium of noninfected cells. This indicates that effects in infected cells were elicited by pancreatitis associated protein I after its secretion. Exogenous pancreatitis associated protein I can therefore modify the adhesion and motility of normal and transformed melanocytes, suggesting a potential interaction with melanoma invasivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Valery
- Laboratoire d'Investigation des Maladies de la Peau LIMP, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Kazumori H, Ishihara S, Hoshino E, Kawashima K, Moriyama N, Suetsugu H, Sato H, Adachi K, Fukuda R, Watanabe M, Takasawa S, Okamoto H, Fukui H, Chiba T, Kinoshita Y. Neutrophil chemoattractant 2 beta regulates expression of the Reg gene in injured gastric mucosa in rats. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1610-22. [PMID: 11113082 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.20262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regenerating (Reg) protein has a trophic effect on gastric mucosal cells. We have shown that Reg gene expression is increased in enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells during the healing of damaged gastric mucosa around mucosal erosion. This study was designed to explore the stimulants of Reg expression during the healing of gastric mucosal damage. METHODS Time course changes of the expression of genes for various proinflammatory cytokines and Reg were investigated after induction of gastric mucosal lesions in rats. The direct effect of proinflammatory cytokines on Reg gene expression and Reg protein production were investigated in vitro using counterflow elutriation-enriched rat ECL cells. CXC receptor 2 (CXCR-2) expression was investigated in ECL cells by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Reg gene expression was also investigated in rats treated by the neutralizing antibody of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC-2 beta). RESULTS During healing, the gene expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and Reg was markedly augmented. Among the proinflammatory cytokines, CINC-2 beta is the only cytokine in which augmented expression preceded the increase of Reg gene expression. In rats treated with CINC-2 beta neutralizing antibody, the augmentation of Reg gene expression was significantly inhibited. When ECL cells were incubated with these proinflammatory cytokines, CINC-2 beta dose-dependently increased Reg messenger RNA and Reg protein in ECL cells. CXCR-2 was identified in isolated ECL cells. CONCLUSIONS CINC-2 beta, expressed in damaged gastric mucosa, stimulates the production of Reg protein in ECL cells via CXCR-2 and may be involved in the accelerated healing of injured gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kazumori
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan
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Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatic associated protein (HIP/PAP) is expressed and secreted by proliferating ductules as well as by hepatocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1525-33. [PMID: 10550309 PMCID: PMC1866987 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatic associated protein (HIP/PAP) gene was identified because of its increased expression in 25% of human hepatocellular carcinoma. HIP/PAP protein, a C-type lectin, binds laminin, acts as an adhesion molecule for hepatocytes, and has also been described as an acute phase secretory protein during acute pancreatitis in humans and rats. We investigated HIP/PAP protein expression in patients with various liver diseases associated with ductular reaction. At the same time, we analyzed patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, and tested HIP/PAP protein levels in sera to establish the pattern of secretion. Our data show that HIP/PAP expression was not restricted to hepatocellular carcinoma, but was also detected in cholangiocarcinoma cells as well as in reactive non-malignant bile ductules. In contrast, HIP/PAP protein expression was undetectable in normal mature hepatocytes, but some ductular cells localized at the interface of portal tracts with parenchyma were HIP/PAP immunoreactive in normal liver. Finally, we present evidence that HIP/PAP serum levels were increased in 21/28 (75%) patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and in 25/51 (49%) patients with nonmalignant cirrhosis. Altogether, these results suggest that HIP/PAP protein may be implicated in hepatocytic and cholangiolar differentiation and proliferation.
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Motoo Y, Satomura Y, Mouri I, Mouri H, Ohtsubo K, Sakai J, Fujii T, Taga H, Yamaguchi Y, Watanabe H, Okai T, Sawabu N. Serum levels of pancreatitis-associated protein in digestive diseases with special reference to gastrointestinal cancers. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44:1142-7. [PMID: 10389686 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026620006078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The serum levels of pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) were measured in 196 patients with digestive diseases and 15 healthy subjects by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum PAP levels were significantly elevated in the patients with gastric, colorectal, biliary tract, hepatocellular, or pancreatic cancers compared with the healthy subjects. After curative resection of the tumor, serum PAP levels were significantly decreased. The serum PAP levels were not related to clinicopathological factors except for the tumor size of pancreatic cancer. There were some cases of PAP-positive and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 -negative gastric and colorectal cancers. The serum PAP levels were also significantly elevated in the patients with acute pancreatitis compared with those in not only the healthy subjects but also the patients with chronic pancreatitis. The peak PAP levels were significantly correlated with the severity of acute pancreatitis and reflected the clinical healing of the disease. The peak of serum PAP was significantly delayed compared with those of other pancreatic enzymes. These results suggest that the increase of serum PAP levels in patients with gastrointestinal cancers reflects an ectopic expression of PAP in cancer cells and that increased serum levels of PAP in acute pancreatitis are correlated with the disease severity and are prolonged than those of other pancreatic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Motoo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
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Rechreche H, Montalto G, Mallo GV, Vasseur S, Marasa L, Soubeyran P, Dagorn JC, Iovanna JL. pap, reg Ialpha and reg Ibeta mRNAs are concomitantly up-regulated during human colorectal carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 1999; 81:688-94. [PMID: 10328217 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990531)81:5<688::aid-ijc3>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have established the phenotype of a colorectal tumor by partial sequencing of 2166 transcripts that were eventually arrayed on high-density filters. These filters were used for differential screening with mRNAs of colorectal cancer and normal adjacent mucosa to characterize genes whose expression is altered in colorectal carcinoma. Three genes encoding related proteins, PAP, reg Ialpha and reg Ibeta, were over-expressed in cancer. Northern-blot analysis confirmed that their expression was very low in normal colonic epithelial cells, but elevated in 75% of tumors. Western blotting with specific antibodies to pap and reg Ialpha revealed in tumors a single band of the expected size ( 15-16 kDa), demonstrating synthesis of the proteins. Pap was localized by immunohistochemistry to the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. In cancerous tissue, many cells showed a strong staining signal, but the proportion of stained cells was variable among patients. In normal mucosa, staining was light and restricted to a few cells scattered in the epithelium. Similar results were obtained with antibodies against reg Ialpha. No significant relationship was found between concentrations of pap, reg Ialpha or reg Ibeta and clinical outcome. We looked at potential effectors of pap/reg gene over-expression by testing, in 2 adenocarcinoma cell lines, the efficacy of the pap promoter at driving a reporter gene; strong induction was observed upon exposure to IFNgamma and IL-6. By analogy with observations in hepatocellular carcinoma, our results suggest that prevention of PAP/reg expression in normal colon cells by silencing their gene promoters is relieved during colon carcinogenesis, allowing their up-regulation by mediators such as cytokines.
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PAAJANEN HANNU, NORDBACK ISTO. Pancreatitis-associated proteins: experimental and clinical studies. Addict Biol 1999; 4:13-6. [PMID: 20575765 DOI: 10.1080/13556219971795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Various novel biochemical markers indicate pancreatic cellular injury more accurately than serum amylase or lipase. One of these is a non-enzymatic secretory protein called pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP).The main function of PAP is unclear at present but it may be an acute phase protein in the defence reactions of pancreatic cells. The protein was characterized in 1984 as a serum marker of pancreatitis. The serum PAP is expressed 6 hours after the induction of pancreatitis, and it increases to maximal levels within 2-4 days: PAP is not sufficiently sensitive for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in the emergency room. The sensitivity and specificity of PAP in the differentiation of severe from mild pancreatitis is between 60-70%. This is not superior to serum CRP assays or CT scans. PAP increases in pancreatic cellular injury without pancreatitis (subclinical cell damage, graft rejection) where PAP may have a diagnostic role.
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Motoo Y, Itoh T, Su SB, Nakatani MT, Watanabe H, Okai T, Sawabu N. Expression of pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) mRNA in gastrointestinal cancers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1998; 23:11-6. [PMID: 9520086 DOI: 10.1007/bf02787498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) mRNA is expressed in some cases of gastric and colorectal cancers resulting from an ectopic expression in dedifferentiated cancer cells. BACKGROUND The PAP gene is identical to the hepatoma-intestine-pancreas (HIP) gene, which is expressed in hepatoma. Expression in cancer might be another characteristic of PAP. METHODS Fresh surgical specimens of 100 gastrointestinal cancers, 14 benign digestive diseases, and six normal organs were studied with nonisotopic in situ hybridization (ISH) using biotin-labeled cDNA probe. RESULTS PAP mRNA was detected in 10% (6/60) of gastric cancers, 21.4% (6/28) of colorectal cancers, 20.0% (1/5) of pancreatic cancers and 0% of biliary tract (three), esophageal (one), and hepatocellular cancers (three). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detected PAP mRNA in these ISH-positive cases. PAP mRNA was not detected in noncancerous portions, benign disease tissues, or normal organs except for the small intestine. There was no relationship between PAP mRNA expression and any clinicopathological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Motoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
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