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Kanno K, Nakayama K, Razia S, Islam SH, Farzana ZU, Sonia SB, Yamashita H, Ishikawa M, Ishibashi T, Imamura K, Kiyono T, Kyo S. Association between KRAS and PIK3CA Mutations and Progesterone Resistance in Endometriotic Epithelial Cell Line. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3579-3594. [PMID: 38666954 PMCID: PMC11049223 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although endometriosis is a benign disease, it is associated with cancer-related gene mutations, such as KRAS or PIK3CA. Endometriosis is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory factors that cause severe pain. In a previous study, we demonstrated that KRAS or PIK3CA mutations are associated with the activation of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in a patient-derived immortalized endometriotic cell line, HMOsisEC10. In this study, we investigated the effects of these mutations on progesterone resistance. Since the HMOsisEC10 had suppressed progesterone receptor (PR) expression, we transduced PR-B to HMOsisEc10 cell lines including KRAS mutant and PIK3CA mutant cell lines. We conducted a migration assay, invasion assay, and MTT assay using dienogest and medroxyprogestrone acetate. All cell lines showed progesterone sensitivity with or without mutations. Regarding inflammatory factors, real-time quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the KRAS mutation cell line exhibited no suppression of Cox-2 and mPGES-1 on progesterone treatment, whereas IL-6, MCP-1, VEGF, and CYP19A1 were significantly suppressed by progesterone in both mutated cell lines. Our results suggest that KRAS mutation and PIK3CA mutation in endometriotic cells may not be associated with progesterone resistance in terms of aggressiveness. However, KRAS mutations may be associated with progesterone resistance in the context of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kanno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan; (K.K.); (S.H.I.); (Z.U.F.); (S.B.S.); (H.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Nagoya 464-8547, Japan;
| | - Sultana Razia
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan;
| | - Sohel Hasibul Islam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan; (K.K.); (S.H.I.); (Z.U.F.); (S.B.S.); (H.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Zahan Umme Farzana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan; (K.K.); (S.H.I.); (Z.U.F.); (S.B.S.); (H.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Shahataj Begum Sonia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan; (K.K.); (S.H.I.); (Z.U.F.); (S.B.S.); (H.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Hitomi Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan; (K.K.); (S.H.I.); (Z.U.F.); (S.B.S.); (H.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Masako Ishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan; (K.K.); (S.H.I.); (Z.U.F.); (S.B.S.); (H.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Tomoka Ishibashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Nagoya 464-8547, Japan;
| | - Kayo Imamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unnan City Hospital, Unnan 699-1221, Japan;
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Project for Prevention of HPV-Related Cancer, National Cancer Center, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan;
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan; (K.K.); (S.H.I.); (Z.U.F.); (S.B.S.); (H.Y.); (M.I.)
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Zhang L, Mohankumar K, Martin G, Mariyam F, Park Y, Han SJ, Safe S. Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Are NR4A1 Antagonists and Suppress Endometriosis in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad133. [PMID: 37652054 PMCID: PMC10502789 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) plays an important role in endometriosis progression; levels of NR4A1 in endometriotic lesions are higher than in normal endometrium, and substituted bis-indole analogs (NR4A1) antagonists suppress endometriosis progression in mice with endometriosis. In addition, the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin are natural products that directly bind NR4A1 and significantly repress the intrinsic NR4A1-dependent transcriptional activity in human endometriotic epithelial and stromal cells and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. NR4A1 knockdown and inhibition of NR4A1 by kaempferol and quercetin suppressed proliferation of human endometriotic epithelial cells and Ishikawa cells by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor/c-Myc/survivin-mediated growth-promoting and survival pathways, The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and αSMA/CTGF/COL1A1/FN-mediated fibrosis signaling but increasing Thioredoxin domain Containing 5/SESN2-mediated oxidative/estrogen receptors stress signaling. In human endometriotic stromal cells, NR4A1 knockdown and inhibition of NR4A1 by kaempferol and quercetin primarily inhibited mTOR signaling by suppressing proliferation of human endometrial stromal cells. In addition, kaempferol and quercetin treatment also effectively suppressed the growth of endometriotic lesions in mice with endometriosis compared with the vehicle without any body weight changes. Therefore, kaempferol and quercetin are NR4A1 antagonists with potential as nutritional therapy for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gregory Martin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fuada Mariyam
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Maurya VK, Szwarc MM, Fernandez-Valdivia R, Lonard DM, Song Y, Joshi N, Fazleabas AT, Lydon JP. Early growth response 1 transcription factor is essential for the pathogenic properties of human endometriotic epithelial cells. Reproduction 2022; 164:41-54. [PMID: 35679138 PMCID: PMC9339520 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although a non-malignant gynecological disorder, endometriosis displays some pathogenic features of malignancy, such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion and adaptation to hypoxia. Current treatments of endometriosis include pharmacotherapy and/or surgery, which are of limited efficacy and often associated with adverse side effects. Therefore, to develop more effective therapies to treat this disease, a broader understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that underpin endometriosis needs to be attained. Using immortalized human endometriotic epithelial and stromal cell lines, we demonstrate that the early growth response 1 (EGR1) transcription factor is essential for cell proliferation, migration and invasion, which represent some of the pathogenic properties of endometriotic cells. Genome-wide transcriptomics identified an EGR1-dependent transcriptome in human endometriotic epithelial cells that potentially encodes a diverse spectrum of proteins that are known to be involved in tissue pathologies. To underscore the utility of this transcriptomic data set, we demonstrate that carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), a homeostatic regulator of intracellular pH, is not only a molecular target of EGR1 but is also important for maintaining many of the cellular properties of human endometriotic epithelial cells that are also ascribed to EGR1. Considering therapeutic intervention strategies are actively being developed for EGR1 and CAIX in the treatment of other pathologies, we believe EGR1 and its transcriptome (which includes CA9) will offer not only a new conceptual framework to advance our understanding of endometriosis but will also furnish new molecular vulnerabilities to be leveraged as potential therapeutic options in the future treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K. Maurya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria M. Szwarc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - David M. Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Niraj Joshi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Asgerally T. Fazleabas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - John P. Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to JP Lydon;
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Development of Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma from Benign Ovarian Serous Cystadenoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061506. [PMID: 35326657 PMCID: PMC8946187 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC) is thought to progress from benign cystadenoma in a stepwise fashion via serous borderline tumors (SBTs). This hypothesis is based on pathological and molecular evidence obtained following the genetic analysis of clinical samples from LGSOCs, SBTs, and cystadenomas. However, there have been no reports on the occurrence of LGSOCs following the introduction of oncogenes into benign serous cystadenoma cells. This study successfully developed an in vitro carcinogenic model of LGSOCs by introducing oncogenic KRAS and PIK3CA gene mutations in immortalized HOVs-cyst-1 cells from serous cystadenomas. The established mouse xenograft tumors resulting from the inoculation of HOVs-cyst-1 cells with KRAS and PIK3CA mutations exhibited the micropapillary invasive pattern of LGSOCs with low nuclear atypia without alveoli. Abstract Despite the knowledge about numerous genetic mutations essential for the progression of low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC), the specific combination of mutations required remains unclear. Here, we aimed to recognize the oncogenic mutations responsible for the stepwise development of LGSOC using immortalized HOVs-cyst-1 cells, developed from ovarian serous cystadenoma cells, and immortalized via cyclin D1, CDK4R24C, and hTERT gene transfection. Furthermore, oncogenic mutations, KRAS and PIK3CA, were individually and simultaneously introduced in immortalized HOV-cyst-1 cells. Cell functions were subsequently analyzed via in vitro assays. KRAS or PIK3CA double mutant HOV-cyst-1 cells exhibited higher cell proliferation and migration capacity than the wild-type cells, or those with either a KRAS or a PIK3CA mutation, indicating that these mutations play a causative role in LGSOC tumorigenesis. Moreover, KRAS and PIK3CA double mutants gained tumorigenic potential in nude mice, whereas the cells with a single mutant exhibited no signs of tumorigenicity. Furthermore, the transformation of HOV-cyst-1 cells with KRAS and PIK3CA mutants resulted in the development of tumors that were grossly and histologically similar to human LGSOCs. These findings suggest that simultaneous activation of the KRAS/ERK and PIK3CA/AKT signaling pathways is essential for LGSOC development.
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Macrophages Protect Endometriotic Cells Against Oxidative Damage Through a Cross-Talk Mechanism. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:2165-2178. [PMID: 35199318 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This aim of this study was to investigate whether macrophages protect endometriotic cells from oxidative injury and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of any protection. Endometriotic cells cultured with or without differentiated macrophages (dTHP-1 cells) were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or methemoglobin, a major component of hemoglobin species in endometriotic cyst fluid. Co-culture experiments, microarray analysis, screening and validation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), cell proliferation and viability assays, and experiments using a specific inhibitor were conducted to investigate the functional cross-talk between endometriotic cells and macrophages. Microarray analysis revealed that endometriotic cells co-cultured with dTHP-1 differentially express several genes compared with monoculture. Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting analysis identified TGF-β1 as a promising candidate gene expressed in endometriotic cells co-cultured with dTHP-1 cells. TGF-β1 stimulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in dTHP-1 cells. HO-1 expression was increased in dTHP-1 cells co-cultured with endometriotic cells compared with the dTHP-1 monoculture. Both H2O2 and methemoglobin upregulated the expression of the HO-1 protein in the dTHP-1 monoculture; moreover, co-culture with endometriotic cells further enhanced HO-1 production. The co-culture with dTHP-1 protected endometriotic cells against oxidative injury. Blockade of HO-1 abolished the protective effects of macrophages. In an oxidative stress environment, TGF-β1 produced by endometriotic cells may protect against oxidative injury through the upregulation of macrophage-derived HO-1. The cross-talk between endometriotic cells and macrophages may contribute to the progression and pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Groothuis P. Model Systems in Endometriosis Research: Translation, Translation, Translation! FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 3:809366. [PMID: 36304048 PMCID: PMC9580766 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.809366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Chadchan SB, Popli P, Ambati CR, Tycksen E, Han SJ, Bulun SE, Putluri N, Biest SW, Kommagani R. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids protect against the progression of endometriosis. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/12/e202101224. [PMID: 34593556 PMCID: PMC8500332 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, ∼196 million are afflicted with endometriosis, a painful disease in which endometrial tissue implants and proliferates on abdominal peritoneal surfaces. Theories on the origin of endometriosis remained inconclusive. Whereas up to 90% of women experience retrograde menstruation, only 10% develop endometriosis, suggesting that factors that alter peritoneal environment might contribute to endometriosis. Herein, we report that whereas some gut bacteria promote endometriosis, others protect against endometriosis by fermenting fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids. Specifically, we found that altered gut microbiota drives endometriotic lesion growth and feces from mice with endometriosis contained less of short-chain fatty acid and n-butyrate than feces from mice without endometriosis. Treatment with n-butyrate reduced growth of both mouse endometriotic lesions and human endometriotic lesions in a pre-clinical mouse model. Mechanistic studies revealed that n-butyrate inhibited human endometriotic cell survival and lesion growth through G-protein-coupled receptors, histone deacetylases, and a GTPase activating protein, RAP1GAP. Our findings will enable future studies aimed at developing diagnostic tests, gut bacteria metabolites and treatment strategies, dietary supplements, n-butyrate analogs, or probiotics for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangappa B Chadchan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pooja Popli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar R Ambati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fienberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott W Biest
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA .,Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Ma L, Andrieu T, McKinnon B, Duempelmann L, Peng RW, Wotzkow C, Müller C, Mueller MD. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to the downregulation of progesterone receptor expression in endometriosis lesions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105943. [PMID: 34144151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common, estrogen-dependent disease, in which endometrial tissue grows in the peritoneal cavity. These lesions often express low levels of progesterone receptors (PR), which potentially play an important role in the insufficient response to progestin treatment. Here, we uncover an interconnection between the downregulated PR expression and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in endometriotic lesions. The majority of ectopic epithelial glands (93.1 %, n = 67/72) display heterogeneous states of EMT by immunohistochemistry staining. Interestingly, low PR expression associated with high N-cadherin expression, a hallmark of EMT. In order to gain mechanistic insights, we performed in vitro functional assays with the endometriotic epithelial cell lines EM'osis and 12Z. TGF-β-induced EMT, marked by elevations of CDH2 and SNAI1/2, led to a significant downregulation of PR gene expression in both cell lines. In contrast, silencing of SNAI1 in EM'osis and of SNAI1 plus SNAI2 in 12Z elevated PR gene expression significantly. We found that not only in vitro, but also in the epithelial component of endometriotic lesions strong expression of SNAI1/2 concurred with weak expression of PR. In summary, these results suggested the negative correlation association of the heterogeneous states of EMT and suppressed PR expression in endometriotic lesions. Our functional assays indicate that EMT contributes to the downregulation of PR expression via the upregulation of EMT-TFs, like SNAI1 and SNAI2, which may ultimately lead to progesterone resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Ma
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 19, 3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Andrieu
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 19, 3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Brett McKinnon
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 19, 3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea Duempelmann
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 19, 3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008, Bern, Switzerland; Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Wotzkow
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael D Mueller
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 19, 3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
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Kubo K, Kamada Y, Hasegawa T, Sakamoto A, Nakatsuka M, Matsumoto T, Masuyama H. Inflammation of the adipose tissue in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to pelvic endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:3598-3606. [PMID: 34342087 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Peritoneal endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease particularly associated with macrophages. Of note, adipose tissues with fibrotic changes in the context of peritoneal endometriotic lesions are often observed during surgery. However, the characteristics of fibrotic adipose tissues in endometriosis are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory status of retroperitoneal adipose tissues adjacent to pelvic endometriotic lesions. METHODS Thirty-two patients who underwent surgical treatment were assigned to either the endometriosis (n = 16) or the control (n = 16) groups. Retroperitoneal adipose tissues around the uterus were collected from patients in both groups. Fibrosis was evaluated via Masson's trichrome staining. Macrophage infiltration, the expression of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and angiogenesis in the retroperitoneal adipose tissues were evaluated via immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression levels of cytokines was also evaluated in the adipose tissues using real-time PCR. RESULTS There was more fibrosis and angiogenesis in the adipose tissues adjacent to the endometriotic lesions with a significantly higher level of infiltration of macrophages and a predominance of the M1 type in the endometriosis group compared to the control group. In addition, FABP4 positivity in the adipose tissues of the peritoneum was significantly higher in the endometriosis group versus the control group. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of FABP4, VEGF, and proinflammatory cytokines were also significantly higher in the endometriosis group. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results showed that the adipose tissue adjacent to endometriotic lesions are inflamed with fibrosis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Kubo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ai Sakamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mikiya Nakatsuka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Gynecology, Kenporen Osaka Central Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Hossain MM, Nakayama K, Shanta K, Razia S, Ishikawa M, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Sato S, Iida K, Kanno K, Ishikawa N, Kiyono T, Kyo S. Establishment of a Novel In Vitro Model of Endometriosis with Oncogenic KRAS and PIK3CA Mutations for Understanding the Underlying Biology and Molecular Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133174. [PMID: 34202354 PMCID: PMC8269352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition that causes pelvic pain and infertility. Despite having normal histological features, several cells bear cancer-associated somatic mutations that result in local tissue invasion but rarely metastasize. Several cancer-associated genes, such as KRAS and PIK3CA, are frequently mutated in the endometriotic epithelium. However, the functional behavior and molecular pathogenesis of this disorder remain unclear. In this study, we developed an immortalized endometriotic epithelial cell line with mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA, which are genes associated with aggressive behaviors, such as increased cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. Through microarray analysis, the KRAS- and PIK3CA-specific gene signatures were identified; LOX and PTX3 were found to be responsible for this metastatic behavior. Knockdown of these two genes by siRNA markedly reduced the metastatic ability of the cells. Our findings suggest that inhibition of LOX and PTX3 may be an alternative therapeutic strategy to reduce the incidence of endometriosis. Abstract Endometriosis-harboring cancer-associated somatic mutations of PIK3CA and KRAS provides new opportunities for studying the multistep processes responsible for the functional and molecular changes in this disease. We aimed to establish a novel in vitro endometriosis model to clarify the functional behavior and molecular pathogenesis of this disorder. Immortalized HMOsisEC10 human ovarian endometriotic epithelial cell line was used in which KRAS and PIK3CA mutations were introduced. Migration, invasion, proliferation, and microarray analyses were performed using KRAS and PIK3CA mutant cell lines. In vitro assays showed that migration, invasion, and proliferation were significantly increased in KRAS and PIK3CA mutant cell lines, indicating that these mutations played causative roles in the aggressive behavior of endometriosis. Microarray analysis identified a cluster of gene signatures; among them, two significantly upregulated cancer-related genes, lysyl oxidase (LOX) and pentraxin3 (PTX3), were associated with cell proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of the two genes markedly reduced the metastatic ability of the cells. These results suggest that endometriosis with KRAS or PIK3CA mutations can significantly enhance cell migration, invasion, and proliferation by upregulating LOX and PTX3. We propose that LOX and PTX3 silencing using small molecules could be an alternative therapeutic regimen for severe endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmud Hossain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Kamrunnahar Shanta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sultana Razia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Masako Ishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Tomoka Ishibashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Hitomi Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Seiya Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Kouji Iida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Kosuke Kanno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Noriyoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Organ Pathology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Project for Prevention of HPV-Related Cancer, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (M.M.H.); (K.S.); (S.R.); (M.I.); (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (K.I.); (K.K.); (S.K.)
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11
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Abstract
Endometriosis is a prevalent chronic disease that affects approximately 6% to 10% of reproductive-aged women. Although numerous researchers have endeavored to explore the etiology of endometriosis over a century, its etiology still remains an enigma. The exploration of pathophysiologic mechanism and novel therapy for endometriosis depends on ideal endometriotic models. In the previous decade, various endometriotic models have been established; therefore, we made a conclusion for available information on these models. This review summarized the common experimental models used in endometriotic studies, including their origins, characteristics, applications, and limitations. Endometriotic models played an important role in studying etiologies and novel treatments of endometriosis during the last decades. Among them, animal models and endometriotic cell lines were viewed as most common studying tools to explore the intrinsic entities of endometriosis. In addition, endometrial organoid also emerged and was regarded as an ideal studying tool for endometriosis research. Different research models collectively complement each other to advance the endometriosis research. The successful establishment of endometrial organoids means that organoids are expected to become an ideal model for studying endometriosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yue Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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12
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Romano A, Xanthoulea S, Giacomini E, Delvoux B, Alleva E, Vigano P. Endometriotic cell culture contamination and authenticity: a source of bias in in vitro research? Hum Reprod 2021; 35:364-376. [PMID: 32106286 PMCID: PMC7048714 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are the primary cell cultures and cell lines used in endometriosis research of sufficient quality? SUMMARY ANSWER Primary cells used in endometriosis research lack purity and phenotypic characterisation, and cell lines are not genotypically authenticated. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The poor reproducibility of in vitro research and the lack of authenticity of the cell lines used represent reasons of concern in the field of reproductive biology and endometriosis research. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In the present study, past in vitro research in the field of endometriosis was systematically reviewed to determine whether the appropriate quality controls were considered. In addition, we explored the performance of Paired Box 2 (Pax2) as an endometrium specific marker in endometrial and endometriotic primary cell cultures; we also characterised the most diffused endometriosis cell lines with respect to important markers including the short tandem repeat (STR) profile. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Literature review part: almost 300 published protocols describing the isolation and creation of primary cell cultures from endometriosis were reviewed. Wet-lab part: primary cells isolated from 13 endometriosis patients were analysed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and FACS for the expression of Pax2. Cell lines Z11 and Z12, the most diffused endometriosis cell lines, were characterised with respect to the expression of Pax2, steroid hormone receptors and STR profile. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE From the literature review work, we underscored the lack of sufficient cell purity and phenotypic characterisation of primary cell cultures, which present high risk of contaminations from surrounding non-endometriotic tissues. Past work based on the use of cell lines was reviewed as well, and it emerged that cell line authentication was never performed. In an effort to address these weaknesses for future research, we present data on the performance of Pax2, a suitable marker to exclude ovarian (and other non-endometrial) cell contaminations from primary cell cultures; STR profiles of cell lines Z11 and Z12 were analysed and indicated that the cells were authentic. These profiles are now available for authentication purposes to researchers wishing to perform experiments with these cells. A quality control pipeline to assure sufficient quality of in vitro research in the field of reproductive biology and endometriosis is proposed. We encourage scientists, research institutes, journal reviewers, editors and funding bodies to raise awareness of the problem and adopt appropriate policies to solve it in the future. LARGE-SCALE DATA STR profiles of cell lines Z11 and Z12 are deposited at the Cellosaurus database—web.expasy.org. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION There may be additional markers suitable to assess cell quality. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Future in vitro research in endometriosis and the reliability of outcomes can be improved by using the recommendations presented in this study. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was partly financed by the ‘Stichting Fertility Foundation’ (The Netherlands). The authors declare no existing conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Non-applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giacomini
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Bert Delvoux
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Alleva
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Paola Vigano
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, 20132, Italy
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13
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Kobayashi Y, Fukutomi T, Mita S, Watanabe M, Suzuki A. Identification of biomarkers for drug-resistant endometriosis using clinical proteomics. Hum Cell 2021; 34:394-399. [PMID: 33387360 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dienogest (DNG), is an effective and widely used progestin used in the treatment of endometriosis, yet clinically, a subset of cases show resistance to DNG treatment. During a previous investigation on the effect of DNG of cytokines and growth factor production, we incidentally found that endometriotic cyst fluid did not demonstrate inhibitory effects to DNG in a subset of cases. To clarify the mechanisms of this resistance to DNG, we performed proteomics analysis to compare the protein expression between DNG-sensitive and resistant cases. Based upon our results, several proteins were extracted that relate to neutrophil granulocyte activation marker (myeloperoxidase, lactotransferrin), inflammation (azurocidin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, etc.), and others biological processes reflecting the clinical environment of the endometriotic cyst. Among these proteins, azurocidin (AZU) is perhaps most interesting one as azurocidin is a protease that cleaves insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGFBP-1) associated with clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. We propose that the proteins extracted in the present study warrant further investigation in their relationship to carcinogenesis of endometrioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka-city, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Momoe Watanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka-city, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kosei Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Wendel JRH, Wang X, Smith LJ, Hawkins SM. Three-Dimensional Biofabrication Models of Endometriosis and the Endometriotic Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110525. [PMID: 33233463 PMCID: PMC7700676 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis occurs when endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterine cavity, leading to pelvic pain, infertility, and increased risk of ovarian cancer. The present study describes the optimization and characterization of cellular spheroids as building blocks for Kenzan scaffold-free method biofabrication and proof-of-concept models of endometriosis and the endometriotic microenvironment. The spheroid building blocks must be of a specific diameter (~500 μm), compact, round, and smooth to withstand Kenzan biofabrication. Under optimized spheroid conditions for biofabrication, the endometriotic epithelial-like cell line, 12Z, expressed high levels of estrogen-related genes and secreted high amounts of endometriotic inflammatory factors that were independent of TNFα stimulation. Heterotypic spheroids, composed of 12Z and T-HESC, an immortalized endometrial stromal cell line, self-assembled into a biologically relevant pattern, consisting of epithelial cells on the outside of the spheroids and stromal cells in the core. 12Z spheroids were biofabricated into large three-dimensional constructs alone, with HEYA8 spheroids, or as heterotypic spheroids with T-HESC. These three-dimensional biofabricated constructs containing multiple monotypic or heterotypic spheroids represent the first scaffold-free biofabricated in vitro models of endometriosis and the endometriotic microenvironment. These efficient and innovative models will allow us to study the complex interactions of multiple cell types within a biologically relevant microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian R. H. Wendel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (J.R.H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiyin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (J.R.H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Lester J. Smith
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- 3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shannon M. Hawkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (J.R.H.W.); (X.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-274-8225
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15
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Li H, Ma RQ, Cheng HY, Ye X, Zhu HL, Chang XH. Fibrinogen alpha chain promotes the migration and invasion of human endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis through focal adhesion kinase/protein kinase B/matrix metallopeptidase 2 pathway†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:779-790. [PMID: 32697296 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA), a cell adhesion molecule, contains two arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) cell adhesion sequences. Our previous study demonstrated that FGA, as an up-regulated protein in endometriosis (EM), was closely related to disease severity and involved in the development of EM. However, the biological functions and underlying mechanism of FGA in EM have not been fully understood. To explore the roles of FGA in EM, we analyzed the effects of FGA on the biological behaviors of human primary eutopic endometrial stromal cells (EuESC). The results indicated FGA knockdown suppressed the migration and invasion ability of EuESC, which also altered the distribution of cytoskeletal filamentous and cell morphology. Western blot analysis demonstrated that knockdown of FGA attenuated the migration-related protein levels of vimentin and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2), but not integrin subunit alpha V (ITGAV) and integrin subunit beta 3 (ITGB3). Meanwhile, integrin-linked transduction pathways were detected. We found FGA knockdown significantly suppressed the expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) level and protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation, without extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) dependent pathways. Treatment with the AKT inhibitor MK2206 or RGD antagonist highly decreased the effects of FGA on the migration and invasion of EuESC. RGD antagonist treatment strongly inhibited FAK- and AKT-dependent pathways, but not ERK pathways. Our data indicated that FGA may enhance the migration and invasion of EuESC through RGD sequences binding integrin and activating the FAK/AKT/MMP-2 signaling pathway. This novel finding suggests that FGA may provide a novel potential approach to the treatment of EM, which provides a new way to understand the pathogenesis of EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Gynecological Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Qiong Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Gynecological Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Gynecological Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Gynecological Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Lan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Gynecological Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Nakamura N, Terai Y, Nunode M, Kokunai K, Konishi H, Taga S, Nakamura M, Yoo M, Hayashi M, Yamashita Y, Ohmichi M. The differential expression of miRNAs between ovarian endometrioma and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:51. [PMID: 32359364 PMCID: PMC7196233 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated to play a vital role in development, differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, which miRNAs are actually associated with endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer remains controversial. Methods Serum and ascites samples were obtained from all patients. Serum samples from 5 cases of ovarian endometrioma and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer each were submitted for comprehensive miRNA microarray profiling. We investigated the differential expression of miRNAs between the two groups to confirm the pivotal role of miRNAs. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction validation of five selected miRNAs [miR-92a-3p, miR-486-5p, miR-4484, miR-6821-5p, and miR-7108-5p] was performed, and miR-486-5p expression analysis was followed by proliferation and wound healing assays, depending on the expression of miR-486-5p. Result miR-486-5p expression in serum and ascites samples from endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer patients was significantly higher than that from ovarian endometrioma patients. Moreover, the miR-486-5p level in serum and ascites samples was significantly correlated with the severity of the endometriosis. The upregulation of miR-486-5p in immortalized ovarian endometrioma cells significantly increased proliferation and migration. In contrast, the downregulation of miR-486-5p in these cells significantly decreased proliferation and migration. Conclusion miR-486-5p might function as an oncogenic miRNA in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer and could be a noninvasive biomarker to prospect the severity of ovarian endometrioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuho Nakamura
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Yoshito Terai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Misa Nunode
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kana Kokunai
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiromi Konishi
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Sayaka Taga
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | | | - Masae Yoo
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masami Hayashi
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | | | - Masahide Ohmichi
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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17
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Mohankumar K, Li X, Sung N, Cho YJ, Han SJ, Safe S. Bis-Indole-Derived Nuclear Receptor 4A1 (NR4A1, Nur77) Ligands as Inhibitors of Endometriosis. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5758064. [PMID: 32099996 PMCID: PMC7105386 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease that primarily affects women during their reproductive years, and since current hormonal therapies are of concern, new hormone-independent treatment regimens are needed. The orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1, Nur77) is expressed in patient-derived (stromal) endometriotic cells and also epithelial cell lines, and we observed that knockdown of NR4A1 in patient-derived ectopic endometrium-isolated ovarian endometrioma (ESECT)-7 and ESECT-40 cells decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the treatment of these cells with bis-indole derived NR4A1 ligands 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOH) and its buttressed 3-chloro-5-methoxy analog (DIM-C-pPhOH-3-Cl-5-OCH3) inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis and related genes. The compounds exhibit NR4A1 antagonist activities in both functional and transactivation assays whereas these effects were not observed in normal endometrial cells. We also observed that NR4A1 knockdown and treatment with NR4A1 antagonists decreased fibrosis, α-smooth muscle actin, and related pro-fibrotic genes in ESECT-7 and ESECT-40 cells, and similar results were observed in epithelial-derived endometriotic cell lines. Moreover, in an endometriosis mouse model with auto-transplantation and also in severe combined immune deficiency mice transplanted with human endometriotic cells treatment with 25 mg/kg/day DIM-C-pPhOH-3-Cl-5-OCH3 significantly inhibited growth and expansion of endometriotic lesions. Thus, bis-indole-derived NR4A1 ligands represent a novel class of drugs as nonhormonal therapy for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX US
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX US
| | - Nuri Sung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX US
| | - Yeon Jean Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX US
- Correspondence: Stephen Safe, Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466. E-mail: ; or Sang Jun Han, Department of molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX US
- Correspondence: Stephen Safe, Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466. E-mail: ; or Sang Jun Han, Department of molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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18
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Han SJ, Lee JE, Cho YJ, Park MJ, O’Malley BW. Genomic Function of Estrogen Receptor β in Endometriosis. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2495-2516. [PMID: 31504401 PMCID: PMC6773435 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) β plays a critical role in endometriosis progression because cytoplasmic ERβ stimulates proinflammatory signaling in ectopic lesions and prevents apoptosis to promote their survival. However, the role of "nuclear ERβ" in endometriosis progression is not known. This critical knowledge gap obscures our understanding of the full molecular etiology of ERβ-mediated endometriosis progression. To fill this void, we generated an ERβ-regulated transcriptome and ERβ cistrome in ectopic lesions and the eutopic endometrium of mice with endometriosis by using a new endometrium-specific FLAG-tagged human ERβ overexpression mouse model. The integration of these omics data sets revealed that ERβ stimulated the proliferation activities of ectopic lesions and the eutopic endometrium by directly upregulating MYC and E2 transcription factor target genes and genes associated with the G2/M transition. Additionally, ERβ stimulated gene expression associated with TNFα/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reactive oxygen species signaling, IL-6/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling, and hypoxia signaling and suppressed IFNα signaling in ectopic lesions to enhance endometriosis progression. ERβ also stimulated gene expression associated with the unfolded protein response and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 inhibitory signaling and suppressed TNFα/NF-κB signaling in the eutopic endometrium to cause endometriosis-associated endometrial dysfunction. Therefore, nuclear ERβ-regulated gene networks provide critical clues to understand the molecular etiology and complexity of endometriosis and endometriosis-associated endometrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Sang Jun Han, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
| | - Jiyeun E Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yeon Jean Cho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bert W O’Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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19
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Gao L, Huang Z, Lin H, Tian Y, Li P, Lin S. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Restore Functional Endometrium in the Rat Model for Severe Asherman Syndrome. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:436-444. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719118799201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lufen Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Lufen Gao and Zhongwei Huang are considered joint co-first authors for this study
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Lufen Gao and Zhongwei Huang are considered joint co-first authors for this study
| | - Haiyingjie Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuke Tian
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guadong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic
of China
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20
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Wendel JRH, Wang X, Hawkins SM. The Endometriotic Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080261. [PMID: 30087267 PMCID: PMC6115869 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with endometriosis are at increased risk of developing ovarian cancer, specifically ovarian endometrioid, low-grade serous, and clear-cell adenocarcinoma. An important clinical caveat to the association of endometriosis with ovarian cancer is the improved prognosis for women with endometriosis at time of ovarian cancer staging. Whether endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers develop from the molecular transformation of endometriosis or develop because of the endometriotic tumor microenvironment remain unknown. Additionally, how the presence of endometriosis improves prognosis is also undefined, but likely relies on the endometriotic microenvironment. The unique tumor microenvironment of endometriosis is composed of epithelial, stromal, and immune cells, which adapt to survive in hypoxic conditions with high levels of iron, estrogen, and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Understanding the unique molecular features of the endometriotic tumor microenvironment may lead to impactful precision therapies and/or modalities for prevention. A challenge to this important study is the rarity of well-characterized clinical samples and the limited model systems. In this review, we will describe the unique molecular features of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers, the endometriotic tumor microenvironment, and available model systems for endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers. Continued research on these unique ovarian cancers may lead to improved prevention and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian R Hufgard Wendel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Xiyin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Shannon M Hawkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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21
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Cho YJ, Lee JE, Park MJ, O'Malley BW, Han SJ. Bufalin suppresses endometriosis progression by inducing pyroptosis and apoptosis. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:255-269. [PMID: 29636364 PMCID: PMC5943165 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The steroid receptor coactivator (SRC)-1 isoform/estrogen receptor (ER)-β axis has an essential role in endometriosis progression. In this context, therefore, bufalin was employed as a 'tool compound' to evaluate inhibitors of SRC in alternative endometriosis treatment. Bufalin effectively suppressed the growth of primary human endometrial stroma cells isolated from endometriosis patients compared to women without endometriosis and immortalized human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells expressing the SRC-1 isoform compared to their parental cells in vitroIn vivo, compared to the vehicle, bufalin treatment significantly suppressed the growth of endometriotic lesions in mice with surgically induced endometriosis because bufalin disrupted the functional axis of SRC-1 isoform/ERβ by increasing SRC-1 isoform protein stability, hyperactivating the transcriptional activity of the SRC-1 isoform and degrading the ERβ protein by proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 2 in endometriotic lesions. Bufalin treatment elevated the apoptosis signaling in epithelial cells of endometriotic lesions. In stromal cells of endometriotic lesions, bufalin treatment increased the levels of pyroptosis markers (caspase 1 and the active form of interleukin 1β) and reduced proliferation. In addition, bufalin treatment increased the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum-stress (ERS) markers (PKR-like ER kinase, protein disulfide isomerase and binding immunoglobulin) in endometriotic lesions. Collectively, the bufalin-induced disruption of the SRC-1 isoform/ERβ axis might induce apoptosis, pyroptosis and ERS signaling in endometriotic lesions, causing the suppression of endometriosis. Therefore, future generations of SRC-modulators could be employed as an alternative medical approach for endometriosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jean Cho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeun E Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mi Jin Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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22
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Development and Characterisation of a Human Chronic Skin Wound Cell Line-Towards an Alternative for Animal Experimentation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041001. [PMID: 29584680 PMCID: PMC5979489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic skin wounds are a growing financial burden for healthcare providers, causing discomfort/immobility to patients. Whilst animal chronic wound models have been developed to allow for mechanistic studies and to develop/test potential therapies, such systems are not good representations of the human chronic wound state. As an alternative, human chronic wound fibroblasts (CWFs) have permitted an insight into the dysfunctional cellular mechanisms that are associated with these wounds. However, such cells strains have a limited replicative lifespan and therefore a limited reproducibility/usefulness. Objectives: To develop/characterise immortalised cell lines of CWF and patient-matched normal fibroblasts (NFs). Methods and Results: Immortalisation with human telomerase resulted in both CWF and NF proliferating well beyond their replicative senescence end-point (respective cell strains senesced as normal). Gene expression analysis demonstrated that, whilst proliferation-associated genes were up-regulated in the cell lines (as would be expected), the immortalisation process did not significantly affect the disease-specific genotype. Immortalised CWF (as compared to NF) also retained a distinct impairment in their wound repopulation potential (in line with CWF cell strains). Conclusions: These novel CWF cell lines are a credible animal alternative and could be a valuable research tool for understanding both the aetiology of chronic skin wounds and for therapeutic pre-screening.
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Sbracia M, McKinnon B, Scarpellini F, Marconi D, Rossi G, Simmilion C, Mueller MD, Barnea ER, Mueller M. PreImplantation Factor in endometriosis: A potential role in inducing immune privilege for ectopic endometrium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184399. [PMID: 28902871 PMCID: PMC5597204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterised by the growth of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells outside the uterine cavity. In addition to Sampson’s theory of retrograde menstruation, endometriosis pathogenesis is facilitated by a privileged inflammatory microenvironment, with T regulatory FoxP3+ expressing T cells (Tregs) being a significant factor. PreImplantation Factor (PIF) is a peptide essential for pregnancy recognition and development. An immune modulatory function of the synthetic PIF analog (sPIF) has been successfully confirmed in multiple animal models. We report that PIF is expressed in the epithelial ectopic cells in close proximity to FoxP3+ stromal cells. We provide evidence that PIF interacts with FoxP3+ cells and modulates cell viability, dependent on cell source and presence of inflammatory mediators. Our finding represent a novel PIF-based mechanism in endometriosis that has potential for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sbracia
- Hungaria Center for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Brett McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Scarpellini
- Hungaria Center for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marconi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cedric Simmilion
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael D. Mueller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eytan R. Barnea
- SIEP- The Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy, Cherry Hill, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Research and Development, BioIncept LLC, Cherry Hill, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (ERB)
| | - Martin Mueller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (ERB)
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24
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Hapangama DK, Kamal A, Saretzki G. Implications of telomeres and telomerase in endometrial pathology. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:166-187. [PMID: 27979878 PMCID: PMC5850744 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic chromosomal ends are linear and are protected by nucleoprotein complexes known as telomeres. The complex structural anatomy and the diverse functions of telomeres as well as the unique reverse transcriptase enzyme, telomerase that maintains telomeres are under intensive scientific scrutiny. Both are involved in many human diseases including cancer, but also in ageing and chronic disease such as diabetes. Their intricate involvement in many cellular processes and pathways is being dynamically deciphered in many organs including the endometrium. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the topic of telomeres and telomerase and their potential role in providing plausible explanations for endometrial aberrations related to common gynaecological pathologies. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review outlines the recent major findings in telomere and telomerase functions in the context of endometrial biology. It highlights the contemporary discoveries in hormonal regulation, normal endometrial regeneration, stem cells and common gynaecological diseases such as endometriosis, infertility, recurrent reproductive failure and endometrial cancer (EC). SEARCH METHODS The authors carried out systematic PubMed (Medline) and Ovid searches using the key words: telomerase, telomeres, telomere length, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, telomeric RNA component, with endometrium, hormonal regulation, endometrial stem/progenitor cells, endometrial regeneration, endometriosis, recurrent miscarriage, infertility, endometrial hyperplasia, EC and uterine cancer. Publications used in this review date from 1995 until 31st June 2016. OUTCOMES The human endometrium is a unique somatic organ, which displays dynamic telomerase activity (TA) related to the menstrual cycle. Telomerase is implicated in almost all endometrial pathologies and appears to be crucial to endometrial stem cells. In particular, it is vital for normal endometrial regeneration, providing a distinct route to formulate possible curative, non-hormonal therapies to treat chronic endometrial conditions. Furthermore, our current understanding of telomere maintenance in EC is incomplete. Data derived from other malignancies on the role of telomerase in carcinogenesis cannot be extrapolated to EC because unlike in other cancers, TA is already present in proliferating healthy endometrial cells. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Since telomerase is pivotal to endometrial regeneration, further studies elucidating the role of telomeres, telomerase, their associated proteins and their regulation in normal endometrial regeneration as well as their role in endometrial pathologies are essential. This approach may allow future development of novel treatment strategies that are not only non-hormonal but also potentially curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hapangama
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L8 7SS, UK.,Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Crown Street, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
| | - A Kamal
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L8 7SS, UK.,The National Center for Early Detection of Cancer, Oncology Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - G Saretzki
- Institute for Ageing and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
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25
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Dienogest inhibits C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 expression in human endometriotic epithelial cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 214:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Greaves E, Critchley HOD, Horne AW, Saunders PTK. Relevant human tissue resources and laboratory models for use in endometriosis research. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017; 96:644-658. [PMID: 28233896 PMCID: PMC5485163 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrium‐like tissue outside the uterus, most commonly on the pelvic peritoneum and ovaries. Although it may be asymptomatic in some women, in others it can cause debilitating pain, infertility or other symptoms including fatigue. Current research is directed both at understanding the complex etiology and pathophysiology of the disorder and at the development of new nonsurgical approaches to therapy that lack the unwanted side effects of current medical management. Tools for endometriosis research fall into two broad categories; patient‐derived tissues, and fluids (and cells isolated from these sources) or models based on the use of cells or animals. In this review, we discuss the literature that has reported data from the use of these tools in endometriosis research and we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each. Although many different models are reported in the literature, hypothesis‐driven research will only be facilitated with careful experimental design and selection of the most appropriate human tissue from patients with and without endometriosis and combinations of physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo laboratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Greaves
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hilary O D Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew W Horne
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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A novel method to generate single-cell-derived cancer-associated fibroblast clones. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1409-1419. [PMID: 28364361 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) communicate with cancer cells to play important roles in tumor progression. However, CAFs have heterogeneous phenotypes and functions. To understand how much of this heterogeneity relates to different biological responses, a more efficient method of generating single-cell-derived CAF clones is required. METHOD We transduced two primary CAF cultures (CAFs-608 and CAFs-621) from lung adenocarcinoma with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), mutant forms of cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4R24C) independently and in combination (hTERT/CDK4R24C). After live imaging of each sorted-single cell, we evaluated the numbers of successfully established clones from CAFs-hTERT, CAFs-CDK4R24C, and CAFs-hTERT/CDK4R24C. Furthermore, we examined the expression levels of genes associated with tumor promoting pathways in established clones by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Overexpression of hTERT and CDK4R24C efficiently extended the lifespan of both CAFs-608 and CAFs-621. The number of established CAF clones was highest for CAFs-hTERT/CDK4R24C, with 57 and 62 clones established from CAFs-608 and CAFs-621, respectively. Conversely, 16 and 11 CAFs-hTERT clones were derived from CAFs-608 and CAFs-621, respectively and 10 and 8 CAFs-CDK4R24C clones were from CAFs-608 and CAFs-621, respectively. TGF-b, ATCA2, and HSF1 mRNA levels differed in individual clones established from CAFs-hTERT/CDK4R24C. The expression levels of ATCA2 and HSF1 were much higher in one clone than in the other established clones and the parental CAFs. CONCLUSION Our results show that combined exogenous expression of hTERT and mutant CDK4 is an effective method to generate single-cell-derived CAF clones. This provides an innovative and suitable approach to investigate the heterogeneous function and phenotype of CAFs.
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28
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Chowdhury SR, Reimer A, Sharan M, Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Eulalio A, Prusty BK, Fraunholz M, Karunakaran K, Rudel T. Chlamydia preserves the mitochondrial network necessary for replication via microRNA-dependent inhibition of fission. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1071-1089. [PMID: 28330939 PMCID: PMC5379946 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are intracellular pathogens that depend on the host for their survival and development. Chowdhury et al. demonstrate that Chlamydia trachomatis infection can prevent mitochondrial fission in primary cells by reducing DRP1 abundance via miR-30c–dependent inhibition of p53. Obligate intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis depend on metabolites of the host cell and thus protect their sole replication niche by interfering with the host cells’ stress response. Here, we investigated the involvement of host microRNAs (miRNAs) in maintaining the viability of C. trachomatis–infected primary human cells. We identified miR-30c-5p as a prominently up-regulated miRNA required for the stable down-regulation of p53, a major suppressor of metabolite supply in C. trachomatis–infected cells. Loss of miR-30c-5p led to the up-regulation of Drp1, a mitochondrial fission regulator and a target gene of p53, which, in turn, severely affected chlamydial growth and had a marked effect on the mitochondrial network. Drp1-induced mitochondrial fragmentation prevented replication of C. trachomatis even in p53-deficient cells. Additionally, Chlamydia maintain mitochondrial integrity during reactive oxygen species–induced stress that occurs naturally during infection. We show that C. trachomatis require mitochondrial ATP for normal development and hence postulate that they preserve mitochondrial integrity through a miR-30c-5p–dependent inhibition of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasija Reimer
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malvika Sharan
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana Eulalio
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karthika Karunakaran
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Kobayashi Y, Osanai K, Tanaka K, Nishigaya Y, Matsumoto H, Momomura M, Hashiba M, Mita S, Kyo S, Iwashita M. Endometriotic cyst fluid induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human immortalized epithelial cells derived from ovarian endometrioma. Redox Rep 2016; 22:361-366. [PMID: 27866464 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1258448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endometriotic cyst fluid (ECF) contains a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and endometriotic cysts are exposed to strong oxidative stress, which may cause malignant transformation. In this study, ROS production by ECF was clinically analysed. METHODS Human immortalized epithelial cells derived from ovarian endometrioma (EMosis-CC/TERT 1) were treated with ECF. In addition, ROS production in EMosis-CC/TERT 1 was measured, and its clinical significance was analysed. RESULTS A total of 38 ECF samples were obtained from patients diagnosed with endometriotic cysts. In EMosis-CC/TERT1, significantly higher levels of ROS were induced by ECF than by the vehicle control and ferric nitrilotriacetate. There were no significant differences in ROS production by laterality and preoperative serum CA125 values. There were several patients whose cyst sizes were approximately 5 cm and had relatively high ROS production. Production of ROS by ECF was relatively higher in patients older than 40 years of age than in those younger than 40. DISCUSSION Our study revealed that ROS are highly produced by ECF in EMosis-CC/TERT1 cells; therefore, exposure to ECF induced strong oxidative stress. Development of a therapeutic strategy to reduce ROS production might be useful for preventing malignant transformation of endometriotic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Kobayashi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kyorin University School of Medicine , Mitaka , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kiyono Osanai
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kyorin University School of Medicine , Mitaka , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kei Tanaka
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kyorin University School of Medicine , Mitaka , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nishigaya
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kyorin University School of Medicine , Mitaka , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hironori Matsumoto
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kyorin University School of Medicine , Mitaka , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mai Momomura
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kyorin University School of Medicine , Mitaka , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masamichi Hashiba
- b Development Research , Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Shizuka Mita
- b Development Research , Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shimane University School of Medicine , Izumo , Shimane , Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Iwashita
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kyorin University School of Medicine , Mitaka , Tokyo , Japan
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30
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Kocbek V, Grandi G, Blank F, Wotzkow C, Bersinger NA, Mueller MD, Kyo S, McKinnon BD. TNFα-induced IKKβ complex activation influences epithelial, but not stromal cell survival in endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 2016; 22:768-777. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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31
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Han SJ, Jung SY, Wu SP, Hawkins SM, Park MJ, Kyo S, Qin J, Lydon JP, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ, DeMayo FJ, O'Malley BW. Estrogen Receptor β Modulates Apoptosis Complexes and the Inflammasome to Drive the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis. Cell 2016; 163:960-74. [PMID: 26544941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in estrogen-mediated cellular signaling play an essential role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In addition to higher estrogen receptor (ER) β levels, enhanced ERβ activity was detected in endometriotic tissues, and the inhibition of enhanced ERβ activity by an ERβ-selective antagonist suppressed mouse ectopic lesion growth. Notably, gain of ERβ function stimulated the progression of endometriosis. As a mechanism to evade endogenous immune surveillance for cell survival, ERβ interacts with cellular apoptotic machinery in the cytoplasm to inhibit TNF-α-induced apoptosis. ERβ also interacts with components of the cytoplasmic inflammasome to increase interleukin-1β and thus enhance its cellular adhesion and proliferation properties. Furthermore, this gain of ERβ function enhances epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling, thereby increasing the invasion activity of endometriotic tissues for establishment of ectopic lesions. Collectively, we reveal how endometrial tissue generated by retrograde menstruation can escape immune surveillance and develop into sustained ectopic lesions via gain of ERβ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Verna and Marrs McLean, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - San-Pin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shannon M Hawkins
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mi Jin Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University, School of Medical Science, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Verna and Marrs McLean, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sophia Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Maida Y, Takakura M, Nishiuchi T, Yoshimoto T, Kyo S. Exosomal transfer of functional small RNAs mediates cancer-stroma communication in human endometrium. Cancer Med 2015; 5:304-14. [PMID: 26700550 PMCID: PMC4735775 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted from a variety of cell types. Recent evidence indicates that human cells communicate with each other by exchanging exosomes. Cancer cells closely interact with neighboring stromal cells, and together they cooperatively promote disease via bidirectional communication. Here, we investigated whether exosomes can play roles in intercellular communication between cancer cells and neighboring fibroblasts. Endometrial fibroblasts were isolated from normal endometrial tissues and from endometrial cancer tissues, and cell-to-cell transfer of endometrial cancer cell line Ishikawa-derived exosomes was examined. The isolated fibroblasts were cultured in conditioned media from CD63-GFP-expressing Ishikawa cells, and we found that GFP-positive exosomes were transferred from Ishikawa cells to the fibroblasts. Next, we introduced a shRNA for a luciferase gene into Ishikawa cells. This shRNA was encapsulated into exosomes, was transferred to the fibroblasts, and then downregulated luciferase expression in the fibroblasts. The mature microRNAs naturally expressed in Ishikawa-derived exosomes were also transported into the endometrial fibroblasts, and they altered the microRNA expression profiles of the fibroblasts. These results indicated that endometrial cancer cells could transmit small regulatory RNAs to endometrial fibroblasts via exosomes. Our findings document a previously unknown mode of intercellular communication between cancer cells and related fibroblasts in human endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Maida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Institute for Gene Research, Kanazawa University Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tanihiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Ono YJ, Hayashi M, Tanabe A, Hayashi A, Kanemura M, Terai Y, Ohmichi M. Estradiol-mediated hepatocyte growth factor is involved in the implantation of endometriotic cells via the mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the peritoneum. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E950-9. [PMID: 25852006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00573.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of endometriosis, a chronic painful gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue located outside of the uterus and often adhering to the peritoneum, is known to be estrogen dependent. However, the precise pathophysiology of endometriosis remains elusive. Recent studies indicate that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human endometrial cells is important for the progression of endometriosis, and another previous study has implicated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in endometriosis progression. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of estradiol in the regulation of HGF production and progression of peritoneal endometriosis, focusing on the interactions between the peritoneum and endometriotic cells. Consequently, estradiol was found to promote the proliferation, invasion, and migration of immortalized human endometrial epithelial cells (hEECs) via HGF upregulation, and the estradiol-induced direct binding of estrogen receptor-α to the HGF promoter was confirmed on a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Estradiol also induced the EMT in hEECs by promoting HGF production. Furthermore, human mesothelial cells underwent the mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) during culture with estradiol-stimulated hEEC conditioned medium. Importantly, estradiol itself did not induce the MMT, and the estradiol-stimulated hEEC-conditioned medium in the presence of HGF antibodies reversed the MMT process. These results, which were obtained using immortalized hEECs, indicate that estradiol-induced HGF production may play a crucial role in the peritoneal implantation of human endometriotic cells by exerting proliferative and invasive effects via the EMT in hEECs and promoting the MMT in mesothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro J Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Kanemura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Terai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Ohmichi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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Sinreih M, Anko M, Kene NH, Kocbek V, Rižner TL. Expression of AKR1B1, AKR1C3 and other genes of prostaglandin F2α biosynthesis and action in ovarian endometriosis tissue and in model cell lines. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 234:320-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ichioka M, Mita S, Shimizu Y, Imada K, Kiyono T, Bono Y, Kyo S. Dienogest, a synthetic progestin, down-regulates expression of CYP19A1 and inflammatory and neuroangiogenesis factors through progesterone receptor isoforms A and B in endometriotic cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 147:103-10. [PMID: 25533385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dienogest (DNG) is a selective progesterone receptor (PR) agonist and oral administration of DNG is used for the treatment of endometriosis. DNG is considered to act on PR to down-regulate pathophysiological factors associated with endometriosis. PR exists as two major isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, and their physiological functions are mostly distinct. It was suggested that PR isoform expression patterns are altered in endometriosis, but it is unknown whether the pharmacological effects of DNG are exerted through PR-A, PR-B or both. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacological effects of DNG through these PR isoforms on the expression of CYP19A1 which encodes aromatase and inflammatory and neuroangiogenesis factors associated with the pain and progression of endometriosis. We used immortalized human endometriotic epithelial cell lines that specifically express PR-A or PR-B in a spheroid cell culture system, and treated them with DNG. We evaluated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of CYP19A1, prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthase (cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal PGE2 synthase (mPGES)-1), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1) and neuroangiogenesis factors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, PGE2 production was measured by enzyme immunoassay. We found that DNG down-regulated mRNA expression of CYP19A1, COX-2, mPGES-1, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, NGF and VEGF, and PGE2 production in human endometriotic epithelial cell lines that specifically express either PR-A or PR-B. These results demonstrate that DNG activates both PR-A and PR-B and down-regulates the expression of pathophysiological factors associated with pain and progression of endometriosis. Our results suggest that DNG exerts therapeutic efficacy against the pain and progression of endometriosis regardless of PR isoform expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ichioka
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan
| | - Shizuka Mita
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imada
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Virology, National Cancer Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yukiko Bono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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Ono YJ, Tanabe A, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto H, Hayashi A, Tanaka T, Sasaki H, Hayashi M, Terai Y, Ohmichi M. A low-testosterone state associated with endometrioma leads to the apoptosis of granulosa cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115618. [PMID: 25536335 PMCID: PMC4275210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although endometriosis is suspected to be a cause of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), the mechanism(s) underlying this process have not been elucidated. Recently, androgens were shown to promote oocyte maturation and to play a role in folliculogenesis. In addition, several reports have documented low testosterone levels in the follicular fluid obtained from endometriosis patients. We therefore examined whether the low levels of serum testosterone are associated with the apoptosis of granulosa cells in follicles obtained from endometriosis patients. Serum samples were collected from 46 patients with endometriosis and from 62 patients without endometriosis who received assisted reproductive therapy. Specimens of the ovaries obtained from 10 patients with endometrioma were collected using laparoscopy. The mean serum testosterone concentration in the patients with endometriosis was significantly lower than that observed in the patients without endometriosis. Furthermore, high expression of a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 member, BimEL, in the follicles was found to be associated with a low serum testosterone level. We clarified the underlying mechanisms using a basic approach employing human immortalized granulosa cells derived from a primary human granulosa cell tumor, the COV434 cell line. The in vitro examination demonstrated that testosterone inhibited apoptosis induced by sex steroids depletion via the PI3K/Akt-FoxO3a pathway in the COV434 cells. In conclusion, we elucidated the mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic effects of testosterone on granulosa cells, and found that a low-testosterone status is a potentially important step in the development of premature ovarian insufficiency in patients with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro J. Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Terai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Ohmichi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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Uegaki T, Taniguchi F, Nakamura K, Osaki M, Okada F, Yamamoto O, Harada T. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) may be effective therapeutic targets for treating endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2014; 30:149-58. [PMID: 25376458 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the role of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) in human endometriotic tissues and a mouse model of endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER Four IAP proteins were expressed in endometriotic tissue indicating IAPs may be a key factor in the pathogenesis and progression of endometriosis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Overexpression of IAPs protects against a number of proapoptotic stimuli. IAPs (c-IAP1, c-IAP2, XIAP and Survivin) are expressed in human ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) from ovarian endometriomas. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Forty-eight women with or without ovarian endometrioma are included in this study. BALB/c mice (n = 24) were used for the mouse endometriosis model. Mice with surgically induced endometriosis were treated with an IAP antagonist (BV6) for 4 weeks. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Human ectopic endometrial tissues from chocolate cysts and eutopic endometrial tissue were collected. ESCs were enzymatically isolated from these tissues. ESC proliferation was examined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IAPs expression in tissue derived from eutopic endometria and chocolate cysts was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. A homologous mouse endometriosis model was established by transplanting donor mouse uterine tissue into the abdominal cavities of recipient mice. After treating the mice with BV6 (i.p. 10 mg/ml), the extent of endometriosis-like lesions in mice was measured and proliferative activity assessed by Ki67 staining. All experiments were repeated a minimum of three times. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE IAP (c-IAP1, c-IAP2, XIAP and Survivin) mRNA and protein in human ectopic endometrial tissues were expressed at higher levels than in eutopic endometrial tissues (P < 0.05). All four IAPs proteins were expressed in mouse endometriosis-like implants. BV6 inhibited BrdU incorporation of human ESCs (P < 0.05 versus control). BV6 also decreased the total number, weight, surface area and Ki67 positive cells in the endometriosis-like lesions in the mice (P < 0.05 versus control). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Endometriotic lesions were surgically induced in mice by transplanting mouse uterine tissue only, not human pathological endometriotic tissue. Furthermore, the effects of BV6 on human ESCs and mouse endometriosis-like lesions may differ between the species. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data support the hypothesis that IAPs are involved in the development of endometriosis, and therefore an inhibitor of IAPs has potential as a novel treatment for endometriosis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by KAKENHI (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid: to F.T.; 21592098 and to T.H.; 24659731) and Yamaguchi Endocrine Research Foundation. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uegaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Fuminori Taniguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Nakamura
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Futoshi Okada
- Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamoto
- Dermatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tasuku Harada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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Ono YJ, Terai Y, Tanabe A, Hayashi A, Hayashi M, Yamashita Y, Kyo S, Ohmichi M. Decorin induced by progesterone plays a crucial role in suppressing endometriosis. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:203-16. [PMID: 25244916 PMCID: PMC4198121 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dienogest, a synthetic progestin, has been shown to be effective against endometriosis, although it is still unclear as to how it affects the ectopic endometrial cells. Decorin has been shown to be a powerful endogenous tumor repressor acting in a paracrine fashion to limit tumor growth. Our objectives were to examine the direct effects of progesterone and dienogest on the in vitro proliferation of the human ectopic endometrial epithelial and stromal cell lines, and evaluate as to how decorin contributes to this effect. We also examined DCN mRNA expression in 50 endometriosis patients. The growth of both cell lines was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by both decorin and dienogest. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, it was noted that progesterone and dienogest directly induced the binding of the decorin promoter in the EMOsis cc/TERT cells (immortalized human ovarian epithelial cells) and CRL-4003 cells (immortalized human endometrial stromal cells). Progesterone and dienogest also led to significant induced cell cycle arrest via decorin by promoting production of p21 in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Decorin also suppressed the expression of MET in both cell lines. We confirmed that DCN mRNA expression in patients treated with dienogest was higher than that in the control group. In conclusion, decorin induced by dienogest appears to play a crucial role in suppressing endometriosis by exerting anti-proliferative effects and inducing cell cycle arrest via the production of p21 human ectopic endometrial cells and eutopic endometrial stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Joshua Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOsaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshito Terai
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOsaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOsaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOsaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masami Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOsaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOsaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOsaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahide Ohmichi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOsaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Nakayama K, Kyo S. PI3KCA in ovarian clear cell carcinoma-reply. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2515. [PMID: 25257578 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan 6938501.
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan 6938501
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Lawrenson K, Lee N, Torres HAM, Lee JM, Brueggmann D, Rao PN, Noushmehr H, Gayther SA. Src as a novel therapeutic target for endometriosis. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:100-7. [PMID: 24972189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common condition that is associated with an increased risk of developing ovarian carcinoma. Improved in vitro models of this disease are needed to better understand how endometriosis, a benign disease, can undergo neoplastic transformation, and for the development of novel treatment strategies to prevent this progression. METHODS We describe the generation and in vitro characterization of novel TERT immortalized ovarian endometriosis epithelial cell lines (EEC16-TERT). RESULTS Expression of TERT alone was sufficient to immortalize endometriosis epithelial cells. TERT immortalization induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and perturbation in the expression of genes involved in the development of ovarian cancer. EEC16-TERT was non-tumorigenic when xenografted into immunocompromised mice but grew in anchorage-independent growth assays in an epidermal growth factor and hydrocortisone dependent manner. Colony formation in agar was abolished by inhibition of Src, and the Src pathway was found to be activated in human endometriosis lesions. CONCLUSIONS This new in vitro model system mimics endometriosis and the early stages of neoplastic transformation in the development of endometriosis associated ovarian cancer. We demonstrate the potential clinical relevance of this model by identifying Src activation as a novel pathway in endometriosis that could be targeted therapeutically, perhaps as a novel strategy to manage endometriosis clinically, or to prevent the development of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Keck School of Medicine, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Nathan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Keck School of Medicine, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Hugo A M Torres
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa (NAP) denominado Centro de Biologia Sistêmica Integrada (CISBi), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janet M Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Keck School of Medicine, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Doerthe Brueggmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California/Keck School of Medicine, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - P Nagesh Rao
- Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen University of California Los Angeles, 22-26 Rehab Cntr, 1000 Veteran Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa (NAP) denominado Centro de Biologia Sistêmica Integrada (CISBi), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Simon A Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Keck School of Medicine, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Bono Y, Kyo S, Kiyono T, Mizumoto Y, Nakamura M, Maida Y, Takakura M, Fujiwara H. Concurrent estrogen action was essential for maximal progestin effect in oral contraceptives. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:1337-43. [PMID: 24656887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of estrogen contained in oral contraceptives (OCs) on the action of progestin on ovarian endometrioma epithelial cells. DESIGN Experimental in vitro study and immunohistochemical analysis. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Patients who underwent surgery due to ovarian endometrioma. INTERVENTION(S) Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Telomerase-immortalized epithelial cells derived from ovarian endometrioma were treated with norethindorone (NET; 80 nmol/L) or levonorgestrel (LNG; 20 nmol/L) with or without 17β-ethynylestradiol (EE; 0.6 nmol/L) for 96 hours, and the cell growth was monitored. Estrogen receptor (ER) α, progesterone receptor (PR) A, and PRB expressions in clinical samples of ovarian endometrioma epithelial cells were analyzed with the use of immunohistochemistry. RESULT(S) NET or LNG effectively suppressed cell growth, and addition of EE significantly enhanced the growth suppression. This EE-mediated enhancement of cell growth suppression was observed only in cells that expressed ERα and therefore was ERα dependent. Western blot analysis revealed that expression of PRB was significantly induced by the addition of EE. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that ERα expression and PRB expression are significantly correlated, indicating that progestin-sensitive cells with PRB expression are predisposed to react with estrogen stimulation. CONCLUSION(S) These findings suggest that EE contained in OCs plays a supportive role in progestin-induced growth inhibition of ovarian endometrioma epithelial cells. In the absence of estrogen priming, concurrent estrogen action was essential for rapid induction of PR to achieve maximal progestin effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Bono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Virology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasunari Mizumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Maida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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Brueggmann D, Templeman C, Starzinski-Powitz A, Rao NP, Gayther SA, Lawrenson K. Novel three-dimensional in vitro models of ovarian endometriosis. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:17. [PMID: 24502583 PMCID: PMC4015880 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. It affects 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. This chronic condition commonly leads to consequences such as pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, infertility and an elevated risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Despite the prevalence of endometriosis and its impact on women’s lives, there are relatively few in vitro and in vivo models available for studying the complex disease biology, pathophysiology, and for use in the preclinical development of novel therapies. The goal of this study was to develop a novel three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model of ovarian endometriosis and to test whether it is more reflective of endometriosis biology than traditional two dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Methods A novel ovarian endometriosis epithelial cell line (EEC16) was isolated from a 34-year old female with severe endometriosis. After characterization of cells using in vitro assays, western blotting and RNA-sequencing, this cell line and a second, already well characterized endometriosis cell line, EEC12Z, were established as in vitro 3D spheroid models. We compared biological features of 3D spheroids to 2D cultures and human endometriosis lesions using immunohistochemistry and real-time semi-quantitative PCR. Results In comparison to normal ovarian epithelial cells, EEC16 displayed features of neoplastic transformation in in vitro assays. When cultured in 3D, EEC16 and EEC12Z showed differential expression of endometriosis-associated genes compared to 2D monolayer cultures, and more closely mimicked the molecular and histological features of human endometriosis lesions. Conclusions To our knowledge, this represents the first report of an in vitro spheroid model of endometriosis. 3D endometriosis models represent valuable experimental tools for studying EEC biology and the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon A Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Keck School of Medicine, Harlyne Norris Research Tower, NRT2517G, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Kashiyama T, Oda K, Ikeda Y, Shiose Y, Hirota Y, Inaba K, Makii C, Kurikawa R, Miyasaka A, Koso T, Fukuda T, Tanikawa M, Shoji K, Sone K, Arimoto T, Wada-Hiraike O, Kawana K, Nakagawa S, Matsuda K, McCormick F, Aburatani H, Yano T, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Antitumor activity and induction of TP53-dependent apoptosis toward ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma by the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor DS-7423. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87220. [PMID: 24504419 PMCID: PMC3913610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DS-7423, a novel, small-molecule dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is currently in phase I clinical trials for solid tumors. Although DS-7423 potently inhibits PI3Kα (IC50 = 15.6 nM) and mTOR (IC50 = 34.9 nM), it also inhibits other isoforms of class I PI3K (IC50 values: PI3Kβ = 1,143 nM; PI3Kγ = 249 nM; PI3Kδ = 262 nM). The PI3K/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinomas (OCCA) through various mutations that activate PI3K-AKT signaling. Here, we describe the anti-tumor effect of DS-7423 on a panel of nine OCCA cell lines. IC50 values for DS-7423 were <75 nM in all the lines, regardless of the mutational status of PIK3CA. In mouse xenograft models, DS-7423 suppressed the tumor growth of OCCA in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a decrease in S-phase cell populations in all the cell lines and an increase in sub-G1 cell populations following treatment with DS-7423 in six of the nine OCCA cell lines tested. DS-7423-mediated apoptosis was induced more effectively in the six cell lines without TP53 mutations than in the three cell lines with TP53 mutations. Concomitantly with the decreased phosphorylation level of MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog), the level of phosphorylation of TP53 at Ser46 was increased by DS-7423 in the six cell lines with wild-type TP53, with induction of genes that mediate TP53-dependent apoptosis, including p53AIP1 and PUMA at 39 nM or higher doses. Our data suggest that the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor DS-7423 may constitute a promising molecular targeted therapy for OCCA, and that its antitumor effect might be partly obtained by induction of TP53-dependent apoptosis in TP53 wild-type OCCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kashiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Shiose
- Oncology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Hirota
- Oncology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Inaba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chinami Makii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kurikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Miyasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Koso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Fukuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Shoji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Arimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mita S, Shimizu Y, Sato A, Notsu T, Imada K, Kyo S. Dienogest inhibits nerve growth factor expression induced by tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin-1β. Fertil Steril 2013; 101:595-601. [PMID: 24289989 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dienogest (DNG), a selective P receptor (PR) agonist, is used to treat endometriosis. To investigate whether DNG affects nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, we stimulated human endometrial epithelial cells (hEECs) with inflammatory cytokines. DESIGN Prospective basic research study using immortalized hEEC lines. SETTING Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan. PATIENT(S) None. INTERVENTION(S) Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) In immortalized hEECs, NGF production induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was evaluated in the presence or absence of the synthetic progestin DNG or endogenous P. The NGF messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were measured using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ELISA, respectively. The NGF bioactivity in the culture medium was measured by assaying neurite outgrowth of PC-12 cells. RESULT(S) Tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β induced NGF mRNA and protein and increased NGF bioactivity in the culture medium. These activities were inhibited by DNG in a hEEC line that stably expresses PR. In contrast, in an hEEC line that constitutively expresses faint levels of PR, no inhibitory effect of DNG on NGF mRNA was detected. The NGF mRNA was also inhibited in hEEC lines that express only PR-A or only PR-B. CONCLUSION(S) Nerve growth factor is one of the key mediators that generates the pain associated with endometriosis. Dienogest inhibits NGF expression through PR-A and PR-B in hEEC, which may contribute to the pharmacological mechanisms of how DNG relieves pain in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Mita
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Sato
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Tatsuto Notsu
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imada
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Abstract
An in vitro syngeneic model of neoplastic progression of murine ovarian surface epithelial (MOSE) cells represents a valid and significant model that allows for investigations into early mechanisms that impact tumorigenesis. Importantly, MOSE cells representing different stages of neoplastic transformation can be implanted back into immunocompetent mice to investigate host microenvironmental interactions that impact peritoneal dissemination and suppress immune surveillance mechanisms. Here we describe the isolation of MOSE cells that undergo spontaneous transformation upon repeated passage in cell culture. We also provide detailed in vitro assays for 3-D culturing of MOSE cells for characterizing anchorage-independent and invasive growth properties of these cells. Cell lines derived from this model have provided numerous insights into genetic, epigenetic, and biomechanical changes associated with neoplastic progression, as well as the immune responses associated with peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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