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Mohammed O, Gizaw ST, Degef M. Potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers of gastric cancer. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2261. [PMID: 39040881 PMCID: PMC11260885 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC), a malignant epithelial tumor, is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Therapeutic strategies for GC, despite the biggest challenges, can significantly improve survival rates through early detection and effective screening methods. Aim To provide brief information on the necessity of multiple specific diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers for GC. Methods This review was conducted using a variety of search engines, including PubMed Central, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and others. Results Some potential biomarkers that provide essential information include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), DNA methylation, claudin 18.2, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), microRNAs, and serum pepsinogens. Conclusion Multiple tumor markers are essential for screening, tumor identification, staging, prognostic assessment, and monitoring recurrence after therapy due to the absence of a single tumor indicator for diagnosing, prognosticating, and predicting GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Mohammed
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo UniversityDessieEthiopia
| | - Solomon Tebeje Gizaw
- Department of Medical BiochemistrySchool of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, AAUAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Maria Degef
- Department of Medical BiochemistrySchool of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, AAUAddis AbabaEthiopia
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2
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Bregni G, Beck B. Toward Targeted Therapies in Oesophageal Cancers: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1522. [PMID: 35326673 PMCID: PMC8946490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Oesophageal cancer occurs as squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or adenocarcinoma (EAC). Prognosis for patients with either ESCC or EAC is poor, with less than 20% of patients surviving more than 5 years after diagnosis. A major progress has been made in the development of biomarker-driven targeted therapies against breast and lung cancers, as well as melanoma. However, precision oncology for patients with oesophageal cancer is still virtually non-existent. In this review, we outline the recent advances in oesophageal cancer profiling and clinical trials based on targeted therapies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bregni
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Benjamin Beck
- Welbio and FNRS Investigator at IRIBHM, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Fogli S, Tabbò F, Capuano A, Re MD, Passiglia F, Cucchiara F, Scavone C, Gori V, Novello S, Schmidinger M, Danesi R. The expanding family of c-Met inhibitors in solid tumors: a comparative analysis of their pharmacologic and clinical differences. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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4
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Zhao S, Wu W, Jiang H, Ma L, Pan C, Jin C, Mo J, Wang L, Wang K. Selective Inhibitor of the c-Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: No Beneficial Effect With the Use of Tivantinib? Front Immunol 2021; 12:731527. [PMID: 34804015 PMCID: PMC8600564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a formidable health challenge worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of 2.4% in patients with distant metastases. The hepatocyte growth factor/cellular-mesenchymal-epithelial transition (HGF/c-Met) signaling pathway represents an encouraging therapeutic target for progressive HCC. Tivantinib, a non-adenosine triphosphate-competitive c-Met inhibitor, showed an attractive therapeutic effect on advanced HCC patients with high MET-expression in phase 2 study but failed to meet its primary endpoint of prolonging the overall survival (OS) in two phase 3 HCC clinical trials. Seven clinical trials have been registered in the "ClinicalTrials.gov" for investigating the safety and efficacy of tivantinib in treating advanced or unresectable HCC. Eight relevant studies have been published with results. The sample size ranged from 20 to 340 patients. The methods of tivantinib administration and dosage were orally 120/240/360 mg twice daily. MET overexpression was recorded at 34.6% to 100%. Two large sample phase 3 studies (the METIV-HCC study of Australia and European population and the JET-HCC study of the Japanese population) revealed that tivantinib failed to show survival benefits in advanced HCC. Common adverse events with tivantinib treatment include neutropenia, ascites, rash, and anemia, etc. Several factors may contribute to the inconsistency between the phase 2 and phase 3 studies of tivantinib, including the sample size, drug dosing, study design, and the rate of MET-High. In the future, high selective MET inhibitors combined with a biomarker-driven patient selection may provide a potentially viable therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Weizhou Wu
- Department of Urology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Chengyi Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Chong Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Jinggang Mo
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Liezhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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Novel Biomarkers of Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Current Research and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225660. [PMID: 34830815 PMCID: PMC8616337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastric cancer is characterized by poor survival rates despite surgery and chemotherapy. Current research focuses on biomarkers to improve diagnosis and prognosis, and to enable targeted treatment strategies. The aim of our review was to give an overview over the wide range of novel biomarkers in gastric cancer. These biomarkers are targets of a specific treatment, such as antibodies against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Other promising biomarkers for targeted therapies that have shown relevance in clinical trials are vascular endothelial growth factor, programmed cell death protein 1, and Claudin 18.2. There is a vast number of biomarkers based on DNA, RNA, and protein expression, as well as detection of circulating tumor cells and the immune tumor microenvironment. Abstract Overall survival of gastric cancer remains low, as patients are often diagnosed with advanced stage disease. In this review, we give an overview of current research on biomarkers in gastric cancer and their implementation in treatment strategies. The HER2-targeting trastuzumab is the first molecular targeted agent approved for gastric cancer treatment. Other promising biomarkers for targeted therapies that have shown relevance in clinical trials are VEGF and Claudin 18.2. Expression of MET has been shown to be a negative prognostic factor in gastric cancer. Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with immune checkpoint inhibitors has proven efficacy in advanced gastric cancer. Recent technology advances allow the detection of circulating tumor cells that may be used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators and for therapy monitoring in gastric cancer patients. Prognostic molecular subtypes of gastric cancer have been identified using genomic data. In addition, transcriptome profiling has allowed a comprehensive characterization of the immune and stromal microenvironment in gastric cancer and development of novel risk scores. These prognostic and predictive markers highlight the rapidly evolving field of research in gastric cancer, promising improved treatment stratification and identification of molecular targets for individualized treatment in gastric cancer.
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Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ, Firuzi O. Combination of HGF/MET-targeting agents and other therapeutic strategies in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103234. [PMID: 33497758 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MET receptor has emerged as a druggable target across several human cancers. Agents targeting MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) including small molecules such as crizotinib, tivantinib and cabozantinib or antibodies including rilotumumab and onartuzumab have proven their values in different tumors. Recently, capmatinib was approved for treatment of metastatic lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping. In this review, we critically examine the current evidence on how HGF/MET combination therapies may take advantage of synergistic effects, overcome primary or acquired drug resistance, target tumor microenvironment, modulate drug metabolism or tackle pharmacokinetic issues. Preclinical and clinical studies on the combination of HGF/MET-targeted agents with conventional chemotherapeutics or molecularly targeted treatments (including EGFR, VEGFR, HER2, RAF/MEK, and PI3K/Akt targeting agents) and also the value of biomarkers are examined. Our deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying successful pharmacological combinations is crucial to find the best personalized treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Chen CP, Ke TW, Cheng R, Wang JY. Ramucirumab in the second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: a narrative review of literature from clinical trials. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:5645-5654. [PMID: 35117928 PMCID: PMC8798650 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The development of new anti-angiogenic agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways has greatly expanded the therapeutic options for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Although these new agents have considerably improved survival outcomes compared with conventional chemotherapeutic regimens, the optimal integration of these drugs into the management of patients with mCRC continues to develop. One particular challenge is the identification of patient subgroups that will benefit from treatment with a specific targeted agent. In RAISE, a phase III randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, the VEGF receptor 2 antagonist ramucirumab in combination with fluorouracil plus leucovorin and irinotecan demonstrated efficacy as a second-line treatment for patients with mCRC. Ramucirumab is approved for the treatment of patients with mCRC in Taiwan but, due to lack of reimbursement, is often reserved for use as a third-line or later treatment. This narrative review of prespecified and post-hoc analyses of the RAISE study data, and data from other ramucirumab trials and real-world studies, summarizes the efficacy and tolerability of ramucirumab in the second-line treatment of different subpopulations of patients with mCRC. The aim was to identify patients most likely to benefit from treatment with second-line ramucirumab, with a view to illustrating the potential benefit of integrating this regimen into Taiwanese or Asian treatment practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao-Wei Ke
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | | | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
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8
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Dai HI, Vugmeyster Y, Mangal N. Characterizing Exposure-Response Relationship for Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in Immuno-Oncology and Beyond: Challenges, Perspectives, and Prospects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:1156-1170. [PMID: 32557643 PMCID: PMC7689749 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent data from immuno-oncology clinical studies have shown the exposure-response (E-R) relationship for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was often confounded by various factors due to the complex interplay of patient characteristics, disease, drug exposure, clearance, and treatment response and presented challenges in characterization and interpretation of E-R analysis. To tackle the challenges, exposure relationships for therapeutic mAbs in immuno-oncology and oncology are reviewed, and a general framework for an integrative understanding of E-R relationship is proposed. In this framework, baseline factors, drug exposure, and treatment response are envisioned to form an interconnected triangle, driving the E-R relationship and underlying three components that compose the apparent relationship: exposure-driven E-R, baseline-driven E-R, and response-driven E-R. Various strategies in data analysis and study design to decouple those components and mitigate the confounding effect are reviewed for their merits and limitations, and a potential roadmap for selection of these strategies is proposed. Specifically, exposure metrics based on a single-dose pharmacokinetic model can be used to mitigate response-driven E-R, while multivariable analysis and/or case control analysis of data obtained from multiple dose levels in a randomized study may be used to account for the baseline-driven E-R. In this context, the importance of collecting data from multiple dose levels, the role of prognostic factors and predictive factors, the potential utility of clearance at baseline and its change over time, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Isaac Dai
- Clinical Pharmacology/Quantitative Pharmacology/Translational Medicine, EMD Serono (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Yulia Vugmeyster
- Clinical Pharmacology/Quantitative Pharmacology/Translational Medicine, EMD Serono (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Naveen Mangal
- Clinical Pharmacology/Quantitative Pharmacology/Translational Medicine, EMD Serono (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Billerica, MA, USA
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9
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Progress on treatment of MET signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2020; 25:1450-1458. [PMID: 32440811 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-020-01702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MET activation includes gene mutation, amplification, and protein overexpression. Clinical evidence suggests that MET activation is both a primary oncogenic driver in lung cancer, and a secondary driver after acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Several small molecule TKIs have already shown to be effective in the MET pathway. However, the activation form and the diagnostic criteria of MET oncogene are still controversial, especially in patients resistant to EGFR TKIs or ALK TKIs. With the development of new MET inhibitors, a quantity of emerging trials has focused on the mechanism of acquired resistance to MET TKIs and therapeutic strategies after resistance.
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10
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Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Saso L, Firuzi O. HGF/MET pathway aberrations as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in human cancers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:533-566. [PMID: 31512514 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1653821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. MET tyrosine kinase receptor [MET, c-MET, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor] pathway activation is associated with the appearance of several hallmarks of cancer. The HGF/MET pathway has emerged as an important actionable target across many solid tumors; therefore, biomarker discovery becomes essential in order to guide clinical intervention and patient stratification with the aim of moving towards personalized medicine. The focus of this review is on how the aberrant activation of the HGF/MET pathway in tumor tissue or the circulation can provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and predictive biomarkers of drug response. Many meta-analyses have shown that aberrant activation of the MET pathway in tumor tissue, including MET gene overexpression, gene amplification, exon 14 skipping and other activating mutations, is almost invariably associated with shorter survival and poor prognosis. Most meta-analyses have been performed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast, head and neck cancers as well as colorectal, gastric, pancreatic and other gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, several studies have shown the predictive value of MET biomarkers in the identification of patients who gain the most benefit from HGF/MET targeted therapies administered as single or combination therapies. The highest predictive values have been observed for response to foretinib and savolitinib in renal cancer, as well as tivantinib in NSCLC and colorectal cancer. However, some studies, especially those based on MET expression, have failed to show much value in these stratifications. This may be rooted in lack of standardization of methodologies, in particular in scoring systems applied in immunohistochemistry determinations or absence of oncogenic addiction of cancer cells to the MET pathway, despite detection of overexpression. Measurements of amplification and mutation aberrations are less likely to suffer from these pitfalls. Increased levels of MET soluble ectodomain (sMET) in circulation have also been associated with poor prognosis; however, the evidence is not as strong as it is with tissue-based biomarkers. As a diagnostic biomarker, sMET has shown its value in distinguishing cancer patients from healthy individuals in prostate and bladder cancers and in melanoma. On the other hand, increased circulating HGF has also been presented as a valuable prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in many cancers; however, there is controversy on the predictive value of HGF as a biomarker. Other biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and tumor HGF levels have also been briefly covered. In conclusion, HGF/MET aberrations can provide valuable diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers and represent vital assets for personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus , Pisa , Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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11
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Decoding and targeting the molecular basis of MACC1-driven metastatic spread: Lessons from big data mining and clinical-experimental approaches. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:365-379. [PMID: 31430556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the key issue impacting cancer patient survival and failure or success of cancer therapies. Metastatic spread is a complex process including dissemination of single cells or collective cell migration, penetration of the blood or lymphatic vessels and seeding at a distant organ site. Hundreds of genes involved in metastasis have been identified in studies across numerous cancer types. Here, we analyzed how the metastasis-associated gene MACC1 cooperates with other genes in metastatic spread and how these coactions could be exploited by combination therapies: We performed (i) a MACC1 correlation analysis across 33 cancer types in the mRNA expression data of TCGA and (ii) a comprehensive literature search on reported MACC1 combinations and regulation mechanisms. The key genes MET, HGF and MMP7 reported together with MACC1 showed significant positive correlations with MACC1 in more than half of the cancer types included in the big data analysis. However, ten other genes also reported together with MACC1 in the literature showed significant positive correlations with MACC1 in only a minority of 5 to 15 cancer types. To uncover transcriptional regulation mechanisms that are activated simultaneously with MACC1, we isolated pan-cancer consensus lists of 1306 positively and 590 negatively MACC1-correlating genes from the TCGA data and analyzed each of these lists for sharing transcription factor binding motifs in the promotor region. In these lists, binding sites for the transcription factors TELF1, ETS2, ETV4, TEAD1, FOXO4, NFE2L1, ELK1, SP1 and NFE2L2 were significantly enriched, but none of them except SP1 was reported in combination with MACC1 in the literature. Thus, while some of the results of the big data analysis were in line with the reported experimental results, hypotheses on new genes involved in MACC1-driven metastasis formation could be generated and warrant experimental validation. Furthermore, the results of the big data analysis can help to prioritize cancer types for experimental studies and testing of combination therapies.
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12
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Hou W, Yuan Q, Yuan X, Wang Y, Mo W, Wang H, Yu M. A novel tetravalent bispecific antibody targeting programmed death 1 and tyrosine-protein kinase Met for treatment of gastric cancer. Invest New Drugs 2018; 37:876-889. [PMID: 30511201 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Redirecting T cells to tumor cells using bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is emerging as a potent cancer therapy. The main concept of this strategy is to cross-link tumor cells and T cells by simultaneously binding to cell surface tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and the CD3ƹ chain. However, immune checkpoint programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells or other myeloid cells upreglulated remarkablely after the treatment of CD3-binding BsAbs, leads to the generation of suppressed microenvironment for immune evasion and tumor progression. Although this resistance could be partially reversed by anti-PD-L1 treatment, targeting two pathways through one antibody-based molecule may provide a strategic advantage over the combination of BsAbs and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Methods We developed two novel BsAbs PD-1/c-Met DVD-Ig and IgG-scFv both targeting PD-1 to restore the immune effector function of T cells and engaging them to tumor cells via binding to cellular-mesenchymal to epithelial transition factor (c-Met). Binding activities, T cell activation and proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell Cytotoxicity and cytokine release were measured using LDH release assay and ELISA, respectively. Anti-tumor response in vivo was evaluated by generate xenograft models in NOD-SCID mice. Results These bispecific antibodies exhibited effective antitumor activity against high- and low- c-Met-expressing gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and mediated strong tumor growth inhibition in human gastric cancer xenograft models. Conclusion The engagement of the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade to c-Met-overexpressing cancer cells is a promising strategy for the treatment of gastric cancer and potentially other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238 No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyun Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238 No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238 No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238 No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Mo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238 No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238 No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, P.O. Box #238 No. 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Li S, Xu HX, Wu CT, Wang WQ, Jin W, Gao HL, Li H, Zhang SR, Xu JZ, Qi ZH, Ni QX, Yu XJ, Liu L. Angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer: current research status and clinical implications. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:15-36. [PMID: 30168025 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Although the standard of care in pancreatic cancer has improved, prognoses for patients remain poor with a 5-year survival rate of < 5%. Angiogenesis, namely, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is an important event in tumor growth and hematogenous metastasis. It is a dynamic and complex process involving multiple mechanisms and is regulated by various molecules. Inhibition of angiogenesis has been an established therapeutic strategy for many solid tumors. However, clinical outcomes are far from satisfying for pancreatic cancer patients receiving anti-angiogenic therapies. In this review, we summarize the current status of angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer research and explore the reasons for the poor efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies, aiming to identify some potential therapeutic targets that may enhance the effectiveness of anti-angiogenic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua-Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chun-Tao Wu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - He-Li Gao
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shi-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Xu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zi-Hao Qi
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Quan-Xing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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14
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Abbas M, Faggian A, Sintali DN, Khan GJ, Naeem S, Shi M, Dingding C. Current and future biomarkers in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1688-1700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Smit EF, Garon EB, Reck M, Cappuzzo F, Bidoli P, Cohen RB, Gao L, O'Brien LM, Lee P, Zimmermann A, Ferry DR, Melemed AS, Pérol M. Exposure-response relationship for ramucirumab from the randomized, double-blind, phase 3 REVEL trial (docetaxel versus docetaxel plus ramucirumab) in second-line treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:77-86. [PMID: 29721850 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ramucirumab plus docetaxel improved survival in REVEL, a randomized phase 3 trial for patients with Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer after standard platinum-based chemotherapy. This exploratory analysis evaluated the exposure-response relationship of ramucirumab from REVEL. METHODS Patients received ramucirumab (10 mg/kg) or placebo plus docetaxel (75 mg/m2) every 3 weeks. Pharmacokinetic samples were collected. A population pharmacokinetic analysis predicted ramucirumab minimum concentration after first-dose administration (Cmin,1) and average concentration at steady state (Cave,ss). Predicted Cmin,1 and Cave,ss were used to evaluate the relationship between ramucirumab exposure and efficacy and safety, respectively. Exposure-efficacy was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses; exposure-safety was assessed by ordered categorical analyses. RESULTS Analyses included 376 patients treated with ramucirumab plus docetaxel and 366 patients treated with placebo plus docetaxel (364 for safety population). After adjusting for corresponding prognostic factors, the association between overall survival (OS) and Cmin,1 was statistically significant (p = 0.0110), although progression-free survival (PFS) showed a marginal association (p = 0.0515). At high ramucirumab exposures (Cmin,1), greater improvements (smaller hazard ratios) were seen for OS and PFS when stratified by Cmin,1 exposure quartiles. A statistically significant correlation was observed between ramucirumab Cave,ss and grade ≥ 3 febrile neutropenia and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS An association was observed between ramucirumab exposure and efficacy. Higher ramucirumab exposure was associated with improved clinical outcomes and increased toxicity in this analysis. Two exposure-response prospective randomized trials are being conducted to address causation (NCT02443883 and NCT02514551), with encouraging preliminary results (Ajani et al. in Ann Oncol 28:abstr 698P, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert F Smit
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Edward B Garon
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA/Translational Research in Oncology-US Network, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Reck
- Lungen Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | | | - Paolo Bidoli
- Nuovo Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Ling Gao
- Eli Lilly and Company, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | | | - Pablo Lee
- Eli Lilly and Company, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maurice Pérol
- Département de Cancérologie Médicale Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
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16
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Phase I Trial of Anti-MET Monoclonal Antibody in MET-Overexpressed Refractory Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:140-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Geng F, Wang Z, Yin H, Yu J, Cao B. Molecular Targeted Drugs and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018. [PMID: 28622036 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, colorectal cancer is the fourth most common type of tumor all over the world. When diagnosed, ∼50%-60% of tumors have metastasized, thus resulting in a grim prognosis. Chemotherapy is regarded as standard treatment for patients with colorectal cancer, however, limitations of chemotherapy cannot be ignored, such as low selectivity, insufficient concentrations in tumor tissues, and systemic toxicity. Recently, six targeted drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), including bevacizumab, aflibercept, regorafenib, cetuximab, and panitumumab. The development of these drugs marked significant advancement in the field of mCRC therapy. The addition of biologic agents to chemotherapy has prolonged the median overall survival. Now, many investigational drugs are under clinical trials, of which programmed death (PD)-1/L1 has drawn much attention. In this review, new biologic agents under clinical trials such as MEK/MET/RAS/RAF/PD-1 inhibitors with potentials for mCRC treatment are concluded by describing targeted drugs approved by FDA, to offer new insights into global trends and future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Geng
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China .,2 Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yin
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Junxian Yu
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- 2 Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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18
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Park CK, Park JS, Kim HS, Rha SY, Hyung WJ, Cheong JH, Noh SH, Lee SK, Lee YC, Huh YM, Kim H. Receptor tyrosine kinase amplified gastric cancer: Clinicopathologic characteristics and proposed screening algorithm. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72099-72112. [PMID: 27765925 PMCID: PMC5342148 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although targeted therapy for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of advanced gastric cancers (AGCs) has been in the spotlight, guidelines for the identification of RTK-amplified gastric cancers (RA-GCs) have not been established. In this study, we investigate clinicopathologic characteristics of RA-GCs and propose a screening algorithm for their identification. We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, MSH6, key RTKs (EGFR, HER2, MET), and p53, in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus encoding RNA, and silver in situ hybridization (SISH) for EGFR, HER2, and MET using tissue microarrays of 993 AGCs. On IHC, 157 (15.8%) 61, (6.15%), and 85 (8.56%) out of 993 cases scored 2+ or 3+ for EGFR, HER2, and MET, respectively. On SISH, 31.2% (49/157), 80.3% (49/61), and 30.6% (26/85) of 2+ or 3+ cases on IHC showed amplification of the corresponding genes. Of the 993 cases, 104 were classified as RA-GCs. RA-GC status correlated with older age (P < 0.001), differentiated histology (P = 0.001), intestinal or mixed type by Lauren classification (P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.026), and mutant-pattern of p53 (P < 0.001). The cases were divided into four subgroups using two classification systems, putative molecular classification and histologic-molecular classification, based on Lauren classification, IHC, and SISH results. The histologic-molecular classification showed higher sensitivity for identification of RA-GCs and predicted patient prognosis better than the putative molecular classification. In conclusion, RA-GCs show unique clinicopathologic features. The proposed algorithm based on histologic-molecular classification can be applied to select candidates for genetic examination and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Soo Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Song Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Hyung
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Noh
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kil Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- YUMS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Zhang J, Yuan Y, Wei Z, Ren J, Hou X, Yang D, Cai S, Chen C, Tan M, Chen GG, Wu K, He Y. Crosstalk between prognostic long noncoding RNAs and messenger RNAs as transcriptional hallmarks in gastric cancer. Epigenomics 2018; 10:433-443. [PMID: 29402138 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Our study investigated the significance of the crosstalk between long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS lncRNA and mRNA expression profiling data in 671 GC tumors and 77 nontumorous gastric tissues were retrieved from the gene expression omnibus database: GSE54129, GSE13911, GSE19826, GSE79973, GSE15459 and GSE66229. Differentially expressed analysis, RNA coexpression network construction, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted in this study. RESULTS Using differentially expressed and prognostic lncRNAs or mRNAs in GC, we constructed the lncRNA-mRNA coexpression networks. This network involved with vital GO and KEGG pathways. CONCLUSION Our study reveals coexpressed lncRNAs and mRNAs as transcriptional hallmarks in GC patients which provide interesting information regarding the incidence and outcome of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhewei Wei
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China.,Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xun Hou
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sirong Cai
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuangqi Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Min Tan
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - George Gong Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China.,Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kaiming Wu
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yulong He
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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20
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Doi T, Yamaguchi K, Komatsu Y, Muro K, Nishina T, Nakajima TE, Tang R, Yang H, Zhang Y, Jung AS, Ang A, Yasui H. A Phase 1/1b tolerability study of rilotumumab alone or in combination with cisplatin and capecitabine in Japanese patients with gastric cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2018; 47:1002-1009. [PMID: 28973403 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the safety (including adverse events and dose-limiting toxicities [DLTs]), tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of the investigational MET inhibitor rilotumumab alone in patients with advanced solid tumors (Part 1) or in combination with cisplatin plus capecitabine (CX) in patients with MET-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (Part 2). Methods Adult patients received 10 or 20 mg/kg intravenous (IV) rilotumumab every 2 weeks (Part 1) or 15 mg/kg IV rilotumumab every 3 weeks plus 80 mg/m2 cisplatin on Day 1 and 1000 mg/m2 capecitabine twice daily on Days 1-14 of every 21-day cycle (Part 2). Results Nine patients enrolled in Part 1; 12 patients enrolled in Part 2. One DLT occurred (Grade 3 decreased appetite and stomatitis [Part 2]). Adverse events related to any treatment occurred in 17 patients (81%) and were Grade ≥3 in nine patients (43%). Rilotumumab pharmacokinetics appeared linear, and exposure was unaffected by CX. No patient who received rilotumumab monotherapy in Part 1 had a response. In Part 2, five of eight patients (63%) with measureable disease at baseline had a partial response and two patients (25%) had stable disease; median (95% CI) progression-free survival was 7.0 (2.4-15.4) months; overall survival was 18.2 (5.6-20.4) months. Conclusions In combination with CX, rilotumumab appeared tolerable and showed antitumor activity in Japanese patients with MET-positive gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer. However, owing to the results of recent Phase 3 trials of MET inhibitors (including rilotumumab), further development of rilotumumab in this setting is not being pursued. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01791374.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Doi
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Saitama Cancer Center, Kita Adachi-gun, Saitama.,Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Ariake, Tokyo
| | | | - Kei Muro
- Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya
| | | | | | - Rui Tang
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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21
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Diagnostic, Predictive, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Molecular Biomarkers in Third Millennium: A Breakthrough in Gastric Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7869802. [PMID: 29094049 PMCID: PMC5637861 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7869802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer death. The clinical outcomes of the patients are still not encouraging with a low rate of 5 years' survival. Often the disease is diagnosed at advanced stages and this obviously negatively affects patients outcomes. A deep understanding of molecular basis of gastric cancer can lead to the identification of diagnostic, predictive, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers. Main Body This paper aims to give a global view on the molecular classification and mechanisms involved in the development of the tumour and on the biomarkers for gastric cancer. We discuss the role of E-cadherin, HER2, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), MET, human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), microsatellite instability (MSI), PD-L1, and TP53. We have also considered in this manuscript new emerging biomarkers as matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Conclusions Identifying and validating diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic biomarkers will have a huge impact on patients outcomes as they will allow early detection of tumours and also guide the choice of a targeted therapy based on specific molecular features of the cancer.
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22
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Cohn AL, Yoshino T, Heinemann V, Obermannova R, Bodoky G, Prausová J, Garcia-Carbonero R, Ciuleanu T, Garcia-Alfonso P, Portnoy DC, Van Cutsem E, Yamazaki K, Clingan PR, Polikoff J, Lonardi S, O'Brien LM, Gao L, Yang L, Ferry D, Nasroulah F, Tabernero J. Exposure-response relationship of ramucirumab in patients with advanced second-line colorectal cancer: exploratory analysis of the RAISE trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:599-608. [PMID: 28744667 PMCID: PMC5573752 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize ramucirumab exposure-response relationships for efficacy and safety in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) using data from the RAISE study. METHODS Sparse pharmacokinetic samples were collected; a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models analyzed the relationship between predicted ramucirumab minimum trough concentration at steady state (C min,ss) and survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate survival from patients in the ramucirumab plus folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) treatment arm stratified by C min,ss quartiles (Q). An ordered categorical model analyzed the relationship between C min,ss and safety outcomes. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic samples from 906 patients were included in exposure-efficacy analyses; samples from 905 patients were included in exposure-safety analyses. A significant association was identified between C min,ss and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.0001 for both). This association remained significant after adjusting for baseline factors associated with OS or PFS (p < 0.0001 for both). Median OS was 11.5, 12.9, 16.4, and 16.7, and 12.4 months for ramucirumab C min,ss Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and placebo group, respectively. Median PFS was 5.4, 4.6, 6.8, 8.5, and 5.2 months for ramucirumab C min,ss Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and placebo group, respectively. The risk of Grade ≥3 neutropenia was associated with an increase in ramucirumab exposure. CONCLUSIONS Exploratory exposure-response analyses suggested a positive relationship between efficacy and ramucirumab exposure with manageable toxicities in patients from the RAISE study with mCRC over the ranges of exposures achieved by a dose of 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks in combination with FOLFIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Lee Cohn
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, 1800 Williams Street, Denver, CO, 80218, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Lonardi
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ling Gao
- Eli Lilly and Company, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Josep Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Tarhini AA, Rafique I, Floros T, Tran P, Gooding WE, Villaruz LC, Burns TF, Friedland DM, Petro DP, Farooqui M, Gomez-Garcia J, Gaither-Davis A, Dacic S, Argiris A, Socinski MA, Stabile LP, Siegfried JM. Phase 1/2 study of rilotumumab (AMG 102), a hepatocyte growth factor inhibitor, and erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2017; 123:2936-2944. [PMID: 28472537 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the mesenchymal-epidermal transition factor (MET) tyrosine kinase and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is implicated in resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. In this phase 1/2 trial, rilotumumab (an anti-HGF antibody) combined with erlotinib was evaluated in patients with metastatic, previously treated non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS In phase 1, a dose de-escalation design was adopted with rilotumumab starting at 15 mg/kg intravenously every 3 weeks and oral erlotinib 150 mg daily. In phase 2, the disease control rate (DCR) (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) of the combination was evaluated using a Simon 2-stage design. The biomarkers examined included 10 plasma-circulating molecules associated with the EGFR and MET pathways. RESULTS Without indications for de-escalation, the recommended phase 2 dose was dose level 0. Overall, 45 response-evaluable patients were enrolled (13 with squamous carcinoma, 32 with adenocarcinoma; 2 had confirmed EGFR mutations, 33 had confirmed wild-type [WT] EGFR, and 7 had KRAS mutations). The DCR for all patients was 60% (90% confidence interval [CI], 47.1%-71.3%). Median progression-free survival was 2.6 months (90% CI, 1.4-2.7 months), and median overall survival was 6.6 months (90% CI, 5.6-8.9 months). Among patients with WT EGFR, the DCR was 60.6% (90% CI, 46.3%-73.3%), median progression-free survival was 2.6 months (90% CI, 1.4-2.7 months), and median overall survival was 7.0 months (90% CI, 5.6-13.4 months). Elevated baseline levels of neuregulin 1 were associated with longer progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.19-0.87), whereas elevated amphiregulin levels were associated with more rapid progression (hazard ratio, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.48-3.08). CONCLUSIONS Combined rilotumumab and erlotinib had an acceptable safety profile, and the DCR met the prespecified criteria for success. In the EGFR WT group, the DCR exceeded published reports for erlotinib alone. High circulating levels of neuregulin 1 may indicate sensitivity to this combination. Cancer 2017;123:2936-44. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Tarhini
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Imran Rafique
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Theofanis Floros
- Department of Medicine, Athens Naval & Veterans Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Phu Tran
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William E Gooding
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Liza C Villaruz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy F Burns
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Athens Naval & Veterans Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - David M Friedland
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel P Petro
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariya Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jose Gomez-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Autumn Gaither-Davis
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanja Dacic
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Athanassios Argiris
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark A Socinski
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura P Stabile
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jill M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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24
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Panarese I, De Vita F, Ronchi A, Romano M, Alfano R, Di Martino N, Zito Marino F, Ferraraccio F, Franco R. Predictive biomarkers along gastric cancer pathogenetic pathways. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 17:417-425. [PMID: 28277834 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1301207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer all over the world. Unfortunately, several gastric cancers are diagnosed in an advanced stage and chemotherapy and/or target therapies remain the only options to treat patients. Areas covered: Herein we evaluate the new molecular proposal of gastric cancer classification, offering the possibility to recognize different pathogenetic mechanisms and molecular biomarkers potentially useful for target therapies. Expert commentary: The possibility of introducing new specific tests for identification of molecular biomarkers critical for targeted therapies response represents the new frontier in the selection of gastric cancer patients to improve their survival. Besides HER2, already used in clinical settings as a target biomarker for biological therapy in gastric cancer patients with tissue cancer cells overexpressing HER2, other promising target biomarkers which are deregulated in gastric cancer, such as MET and FGFR, could be identified in tissue and then used for therapeutic purposes. In addition immunotherapy represents the most promising possibility of advanced gastric cancer treatment. In particular, as in other solid tumors, PD-1/PDL1 pathway has emerged in several clinical trials as an interesting therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Panarese
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Ferdinando De Vita
- b Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine 'F. Magrassi' , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Marco Romano
- c Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Roberto Alfano
- d General Surgery Unit, Department of Anesthesiology , Surgery and Emergency, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Natale Di Martino
- e Department of Internal Medicine , Surgical, Neurological Metabolic Disease and Geriatric Medicine, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Federica Zito Marino
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy.,f Pathology Unit, Istituto dei tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'
| | - Francesca Ferraraccio
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
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25
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Zhang Y, Kuchimanchi M, Zhu M, Doshi S, Hoang T, Kasichayanula S. Assessment of pharmacokinetic interaction between rilotumumab and epirubicin, cisplatin and capecitabine (ECX) in a Phase 3 study in gastric cancer. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:1048-1055. [PMID: 27966237 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Rilotumumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody investigated for the treatment of MET-positive gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic (PK)-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) between rilotumumab and epirubicin (E), cisplatin(C) and capecitabine (X). METHODS This was a Phase 3 double-blind, placebo-controlled study, in which rilotumumab, epirubicin and cisplatin were administered intravenously at 15 mg kg-1 , 50 mg m-2 , and 60 mg m-2 Q3W, respectively, while capecitabine was given orally at 625 mg m-2 twice daily. Rilotumumab PK samples were taken at pre-dose and at the end-of-infusion from all patients in cycles 1, 3, 5 and 7. ECX PK samples were taken in cycle 3 from patients who participated in the intensive PK assessment. ECX PK was assessed by non-compartmental (NCA) analyses and PK parameters were compared between two arms. Rilotumumab PK was assessed by comparing the observed rilotumumab serum concentrations with model-predicted concentrations using a population PK model developed from previous Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. RESULTS The study enrolled 609 patients. ECX plasma concentrations in the presence and absence of rilotumumab were similar, as demonstrated by the geometric mean ratios for Cmax and AUC, which were close to 1.0, suggesting ECX PK was not affected by co-administration of rilotumumab. The observed rilotumumab serum concentrations were similar to the values predicted by population PK modelling on the basis of a prediction-corrected visual predictive check, indicating rilotumumab exposure was not affected by co-administration of ECX. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest lack of PK-based DDI between rilotumumab and ECX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Mita Kuchimanchi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Min Zhu
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Sameer Doshi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
| | - Tien Hoang
- Clinical Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, 91320
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Matboli M, El-Nakeep S, Hossam N, Habieb A, Azazy AEM, Ebrahim AE, Nagy Z, Abdel-Rahman O. Exploring the role of molecular biomarkers as a potential weapon against gastric cancer: A review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5896-5908. [PMID: 27468184 PMCID: PMC4948264 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i26.5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a global health problem and a major cause of cancer-related death with high recurrence rates ranging from 25% to 40% for GC patients staging II-IV. Unfortunately, while the majority of GC patients usually present with advanced tumor stage; there is still limited evidence-based therapeutic options. Current approach to GC management consists mainly of; endoscopy followed by, gastrectomy and chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy. Recent studies in GC have confirmed that it is a heterogeneous disease. Many molecular characterization studies have been performed in GC. Recent discoveries of the molecular pathways underlying the disease have opened the door to more personalized treatment and better predictable outcome. The identification of molecular markers is a useful tool for clinical managementin GC patients, assisting in diagnosis, evaluation of response to treatment and development of novel therapeutic modalities. While chemotherapeutic agents have certain physiological effects on the tumor cells, the prediction of the response is different from one type of tumor to the other. The specificity of molecular biomarkers is a principal feature driving their application in anticancer therapies. Here we are trying to focus on the role of molecular pathways of GC and well-established molecular markers that can guide the therapeutic management.
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Yang Y, Wu N, Shen J, Teixido C, Sun X, Lin Z, Qian X, Zou Z, Guan W, Yu L, Rosell R, Liu B, Wei J. MET overexpression and amplification define a distinct molecular subgroup for targeted therapies in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:778-88. [PMID: 26404902 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, only trastuzumab, ramucirumab, and apatinib effectively treat gastric cancer. Thus, additional novel targets are required for this disease. METHODS We investigated the immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization expression of MET, ROS1, and ALK in four gastric cell lines and a cohort of 98 gastric cancer patients. Crizotinib response was studied in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Crizotinib potently inhibited in vitro cell growth in only one cell line, which also showed MET amplification. A positive correlation between crizotinib sensitivity and MET overexpression was observed (P = 0.045) in the histoculture drug response assay. Meanwhile, patient-derived tumor xenograft mouse models transplanted with tissues with higher MET protein expression displayed a highly selective sensitivity to crizotinib. In the 98 patients, MET overexpression was found in 42 (42.9 %) and MET was amplified in 4 (4.1 %). ROS1 and ALK overexpression were found in 25 (25.5 %) and 0 patients, respectively. However, none of the patients screened harbored ALK or ROS1 rearrangements. No significant association was found between overall survival and MET or ROS1 status. We also observed a stage IV gastric cancer patient with MET amplification who experienced tumor shrinkage and clinical benefit after 3 weeks of crizotinib as fourth-line treatment. CONCLUSIONS Crizotinib may induce clinically relevant anticancer effects in MET-overexpressed or MET-amplified gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Nandie Wu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jie Shen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cristina Teixido
- Pangaea Biotech, USP Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xia Sun
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zihan Lin
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Pangaea Biotech, USP Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Medical Oncology Service, Badalona, Spain
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Kawakami H, Okamoto I. MET-targeted therapy for gastric cancer: the importance of a biomarker-based strategy. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:687-95. [PMID: 26690587 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The MET protooncogene encodes the receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET (MET). Aberrant activation of MET signaling occurs in a subset of advanced malignancies, including gastric cancer, and promotes tumor cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion as well as tumor angiogenesis, suggesting its potential importance as a therapeutic target. MET can be activated by two distinct pathways that are dependent on or independent of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), with the latter pathway having been attributed mostly to MET amplification in gastric cancer. Preclinical evidence has suggested that interruption of the HGF-MET axis either with antibodies to HGF or with MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has antitumor effects in gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of MET occurs frequently in gastric cancer and has been proposed as a potential predictive biomarker for anti-MET therapy. However, several factors can trigger such MET upregulation in a manner independent of HGF, suggesting that gastric tumors with MET overexpression are not necessarily MET driven. On the other hand, gastric cancer cells with MET amplification are dependent on MET signaling for their survival and are thus vulnerable to MET TKI treatment. Given the low prevalence of MET amplification in gastric cancer (approximately 8 %), testing for this genetic change would substantially narrow the target population but it might constitute a better biomarker than MET overexpression for MET TKI therapy. We compare aberrant MET signaling dependent on the HGF-MET axis or on MET amplification as well as address clinical issues and challenges associated with the identification of appropriate biomarkers for MET-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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29
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Digklia A, Wagner AD. Advanced gastric cancer: Current treatment landscape and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2403-14. [PMID: 26937129 PMCID: PMC4768187 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i8.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer currently ranks fourth in cancer-related mortality worldwide. In the western world, it is most often diagnosed at an advanced stage, after becoming metastatic at distant sites. Patients with advanced disease (locally advanced or metastatic) have a somber prognosis, with a median overall survival of 10-12 mo, and palliative chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. In recent years, novel approaches using inhibition of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have demonstrated significant improvements in progression-free and overall survival, compared with chemotherapy alone, in first-line treatment of patients with overexpression of HER2. In addition, both second-line chemotherapy and treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-inhibitor ramucirumab demonstrated significant benefits in terms of overall survival, compared with best supportive care, in randomized studies. Moreover, ramucirumab in combination with chemotherapy demonstrated further significant benefits in terms of progression-free and overall survival, compared with chemotherapy alone, in second-line treatment for patients with metastatic gastric cancer. A recently published molecular classification of gastric cancer is expected to improve patient stratification and selection for clinical trials and provide a roadmap for future drug development. Nevertheless, despite these developments the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer remains poor. In this review we discuss current standards of care and outline major topics of drug development in gastric cancer.
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30
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Garajová I, Giovannetti E, Biasco G, Peters GJ. c-Met as a Target for Personalized Therapy. TRANSLATIONAL ONCOGENOMICS 2015. [PMID: 26628860 DOI: 10.4137/togog.s30534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MET and its ligand HGF are involved in many biological processes, both physiological and pathological, making this signaling pathway an attractive therapeutic target in oncology. Downstream signaling effects are transmitted via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase protein kinase B)/AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT), and nuclear factor-κB. The final output of the terminal effector components of these pathways is activation of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes leading to increases in cell proliferation, survival, mobilization and invasive capacity. In addition to its role as an oncogenic driver, increasing evidence implicates MET as a common mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies including EGFR and VEGFR inhibitors. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the HGF-MET signaling pathway in cancer and its therapeutic targeting (HGF activation inhibitors, HGF inhibitors, MET antagonists and selective/nonselective MET kinase inhibitors). Recent advances in understanding the role of this pathway in the resistance to current anticancer strategies used in lung, kidney and pancreatic cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garajová
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Biasco
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Garajová I, Giovannetti E, Biasco G, Peters GJ. c-Met as a Target for Personalized Therapy. TRANSLATIONAL ONCOGENOMICS 2015; 7:13-31. [PMID: 26628860 PMCID: PMC4659440 DOI: 10.4137/tog.s30534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MET and its ligand HGF are involved in many biological processes, both physiological and pathological, making this signaling pathway an attractive therapeutic target in oncology. Downstream signaling effects are transmitted via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase protein kinase B)/AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT), and nuclear factor-κB. The final output of the terminal effector components of these pathways is activation of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes leading to increases in cell proliferation, survival, mobilization and invasive capacity. In addition to its role as an oncogenic driver, increasing evidence implicates MET as a common mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies including EGFR and VEGFR inhibitors. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the HGF-MET signaling pathway in cancer and its therapeutic targeting (HGF activation inhibitors, HGF inhibitors, MET antagonists and selective/nonselective MET kinase inhibitors). Recent advances in understanding the role of this pathway in the resistance to current anticancer strategies used in lung, kidney and pancreatic cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garajová
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Biasco
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Woo J, Cohen SA, Grim JE. Targeted therapy in gastroesophageal cancers: past, present and future. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2015; 3:316-29. [PMID: 26510453 PMCID: PMC4650980 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gov052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal cancer is a significant global problem that frequently presents at an incurable stage and has very poor survival with standard chemotherapy approaches. This review will examine the epidemiology and molecular biology of gastroesophageal cancer and will focus on the key deregulated signaling pathways that have been targeted in the clinic. A comprehensive overview of clinical data highlighting successes and failures with targeted agents will be presented. Most notably, HER2-targeted therapy with the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab has proven beneficial in first-line therapy and has been incorporated into standard practice. Targeting the VEGF pathway has also proven beneficial, and the VEGFR-targeted monoclonal antibody ramucirumab is now approved for second-line therapy. In contrast to these positive results, agents targeting the EGFR and MET pathways have been evaluated extensively in gastroesophageal cancer but have repeatedly failed to show benefit. An increased understanding of the molecular predictors of response to targeted therapies is sorely needed. In the future, improved molecular pathology approaches should subdivide this heterogeneous disease entity to allow individualization of cancer therapy based on integrated and global identification of deregulated signaling pathways. Better patient selection, rational combinations of targeted therapies and incorporation of emerging immunotherapeutic approaches should further improve the treatment of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghee Woo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and
| | - Stacey A Cohen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and
| | - Jonathan E Grim
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and Hospital and Specialty Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
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33
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Zhang T, Zhang L, Fan S, Zhang M, Fu H, Liu Y, Yin X, Chen H, Xie L, Zhang J, Gavine PR, Gu Y, Ni X, Su X. Patient-Derived Gastric Carcinoma Xenograft Mouse Models Faithfully Represent Human Tumor Molecular Diversity. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26217940 PMCID: PMC4517891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer xenografts (PDCX) generally represent more reliable models of human disease in which to evaluate a potential drugs preclinical efficacy. However to date, only a few patient-derived gastric cancer xenograft (PDGCX) models have been reported. In this study, we aimed to establish additional PDGCX models and to evaluate whether these models accurately reflected the histological and genetic diversities of the corresponding patient tumors. By engrafting fresh patient gastric cancer (GC) tissues into immune-compromised mice (SCID and/or nude mice), thirty two PDGCX models were established. Histological features were assessed by a qualified pathologist based on H&E staining. Genomic comparison was performed for several biomarkers including ERBB1, ERBB2, ERBB3, FGFR2, MET and PTEN. These biomarkers were profiled to assess gene copy number by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and/or protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). All 32 PDGCX models retained the histological features of the corresponding human tumors. Furthermore, among the 32 models, 78% (25/32) highly expressed ERBB1 (EGFR), 22% (7/32) were ERBB2 (HER2) positive, 78% (25/32) showed ERBB3 (HER3) high expression, 66% (21/32) lost PTEN expression, 3% (1/32) harbored FGFR2 amplification, 41% (13/32) were positive for MET expression and 16% (5/32) were MET gene amplified. Between the PDGCX models and their parental tumors, a high degree of similarity was observed for FGFR2 and MET gene amplification, and also for ERBB2 status (agreement rate = 94~100%; kappa value = 0.81~1). Protein expression of PTEN and MET also showed moderate agreement (agreement rate = 78%; kappa value = 0.46~0.56), while ERBB1 and ERBB3 expression showed slight agreement (agreement rate = 59~75%; kappa value = 0.18~0.19). ERBB2 positivity, FGFR2 or MET gene amplification was all maintained until passage 12 in mice. The stability of the molecular profiles observed across subsequent passages within the individual models provides confidence in the utility and translational significance of these models for in vivo testing of personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Zhang
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiong Fan
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meizhuo Zhang
- Research and Development Information, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haihua Fu
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjie Liu
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolu Yin
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Liang Xie
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jingchuan Zhang
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Paul R. Gavine
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yi Gu
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhi Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XS); (XN)
| | - Xinying Su
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XS); (XN)
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34
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c-Met targeting in advanced gastric cancer: An open challenge. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:30-6. [PMID: 26049023 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in systemic chemotherapy over the last two decades, the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GC) remains poor. Because of molecular heterogeneity, it is essential to classify tumors based on the underlying oncogenic pathways and to develop targeted therapies acting on individual tumors. High-quality research and advances in technology have contributed to the elucidation of molecular pathways underlying disease progression and have stimulated many clinical studies testing target therapies in an advanced disease setting. In particular, strong preclinical evidence for the aberrant activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathways in GC cancers exists. This review will cover the c-Met pathway, the mechanisms of c-Met activation and the different strategies of its inhibition. Next, we will focus on the current state of the art in the clinical evaluation of c-Met-targeted therapies and the description of ongoing randomized trials with the idea that in this disease, high quality translational research to identify and validate biomarkers is a priority task.
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35
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Zhang Y, Doshi S, Zhu M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rilotumumab: a decade of experience in preclinical and clinical cancer research. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:957-64. [PMID: 25912961 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rilotumumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against hepatocyte growth factor, the only known ligand of the MET receptor. Over the last decade, rilotumumab has been extensively tested in preclinical studies and in clinical studies in a variety of cancer types. In this review, we examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data that have been collected in the rilotumumab programme to date, and discuss retrospectively how the knowledge acquired in this programme can be applied to a number of key issues in oncology drug development, including: (i) using preclinical data to inform first-in-human study design; (ii) the role of biomarkers in the identification of a target patient population; (iii) the potential for drug interactions between therapeutic proteins and other anticancer agents; and (iv) pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in phase 3 study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - S Doshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - M Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
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