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Clinical and Molecular Features of Chronic Granulomatous Disease in Mainland China and a XL-CGD Female Infant Patient After Prenatal Diagnosis. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:762-775. [PMID: 31456102 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is the most common phagocyte defect disease. Here, we describe 114 CGD patients in our center and report a rare female infant with XL-CGD to provide a better understanding of diagnosis, treatment, and prenatal diagnosis of CGD. METHOD Patients were diagnosed by DHR-1,2,3 flow cytometry assays and gene analysis. X chromosome inactivation analysis and gp91phox protein test were used for a female infant with XL-CGD. RESULTS XL-CGD accounts for the majority of cases in China and results in higher susceptibility to some infections than AR-CGD. The DHR assay can help diagnose CGD quickly, and atypical results should be combined with clinical manifestations, genetic analysis, and regular follow-up. For prenatal diagnosis, both gDNA and cDNA genotypes of amniotic fluid cells should be identified, and cord blood DHR assays should be performed to identify female XL-CGD patients.
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Dhiman M, Garg NJ. P47phox-/- mice are compromised in expansion and activation of CD8+ T cells and susceptible to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004516. [PMID: 25474113 PMCID: PMC4256457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation of NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is suggested to kill Trypanosoma cruzi that causes Chagas disease. However, the role of NOX2 in generation of protective immunity and whether these mechanisms are deregulated in the event of NOX2 deficiency are not known, and examined in this study. Our data showed that C57BL/6 p47(phox-/-) mice (lack NOX2 activity), as compared to wild-type (WT) mice, succumbed within 30 days post-infection (pi) to low doses of T. cruzi and exhibited inability to control tissue parasites. P47(phox-/-) bone-marrow and splenic monocytes were not compromised in maturation, phagocytosis and parasite uptake capacity. The deficiency of NOX2 mediated ROS was compensated by higher level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β) release by p47(phox-/-) macrophages as compared to that noted in WT controls infected by T. cruzi. Splenic activation of Th1 CD4(+)T cells and tissue infiltration of immune cells in T. cruzi infected p47(phox-/-) mice were comparable to that noted in infected control mice. However, generation and activation of type 1 CD8(+)T cells was severely compromised in p47(phox-/-) mice. In comparison, WT mice exhibited a robust T. cruzi-specific CD8(+)T cell response with type 1 (IFN-γ(+)TNF-α>IL-4+IL-10), cytolytic effector (CD8(+)CD107a(+)IFN-γ(+)) phenotype. We conclude that NOX2/ROS activity in macrophages signals the development of antigen-specific CD8(+)T cell response. In the event of NOX2 deficiency, a compromised CD8(+)T cell response is generated, leading to increased parasite burden, tissue pathogenesis and mortality in chagasic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (NJG)
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (NJG)
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Shatynski KE, Chen H, Kwon J, Williams MS. Decreased STAT5 phosphorylation and GATA-3 expression in NOX2-deficient T cells: role in T helper development. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3202-11. [PMID: 22930452 PMCID: PMC3691816 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Absence of phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) activity causes chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent bacterial infections. In contrast to this innate immune deficit, CGD patients and animal models display a predisposition toward autoimmune disease and enhanced response to Helicobacter pylori and influenza virus infection. These data imply an altered, perhaps augmented, adaptive immune response in CGD. As previous data demonstrated functional NOX2 expression in T cells, our goal here was to determine if NOX2-deficient T cells are inherently altered in their responses. Activation of purified naive CD4(+) T cells from NOX2-deficient mice led to augmented IFN-γ and diminished IL-4 production and an increased ratio of expression of the T(H)1-specific transcription factor T-bet versus the T(H)2-specfic transcription factor GATA-3, consistent with a T(H)1 skewing of naïve T cells. Selective inhibition of TCR-induced STAT5 phosphorylation was identified as a potential mechanism for skewed T helper differentiation. Exposure to antioxidants inhibited, while pro-oxidants augmented T(H)2 cytokine secretion and STAT5 phosphorylation, supporting the redox dependence of these signaling changes. These data suggest that TCR-induced ROS generation from NOX2 activation can regulate the adaptive immune response in a T-cell-inherent fashion, and propose a possible role for redox signaling in T helper differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Infections/enzymology
- Bacterial Infections/genetics
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/immunology
- Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/genetics
- Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/immunology
- Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/immunology
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phosphorylation/genetics
- Phosphorylation/immunology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/immunology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/immunology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Shatynski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jaeyul Kwon
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Mark S. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
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PP2A-dependent control of transcriptionally active FOXO3a in CD8(+) central memory lymphocyte survival requires p47(phox). Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e375. [PMID: 22914323 PMCID: PMC3434656 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) transcription factor is regulated by complex post-translational modifications that allow for transcriptional control of various apoptosis factors including pro-apoptotic Bim. Although it has been shown that kinases phosphorylate FOXO3a in memory T cells, the role of protein phosphatases in the control of memory T lymphocyte FOXO3a function is less clear. Here, we report that FOXO3a is dephosphorylated (activated) by a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-dependent mechanism in CD8+ memory lymphocytes (Tm) during Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection, which allows for enhanced Bim transcription in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase p47phox-deficient (p47phox−/−) Tm. Consequently, CD8+ Tm from Lm-infected p47phox−/− mice express significantly higher levels of each pro-apoptotic Bim protein isoform. Furthermore, there was a profound reduction in the accumulation of CD8+ T central memory (Tcm) cells in infected p47phox−/− spleens, and 65% p47phox−/− mouse moribundity following secondary Lm reinfection compared with 25% in wild-type mice. Notably, blocking PP2A activity attenuated FOXO3 activation and Bim transcription in p47phox−/− CD8+ memory lymphocytes. Our findings indicate a critical role for p47phox in a dynamic interplay between PP2A and FOXO3a that regulates pro-apoptotic Bim transcription in CD8+ memory lymphocytes during infection.
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Deepe GS. NADPH oxidase regulates efficacy of vaccination in aspergillosis. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1608-11. [PMID: 22523062 DOI: 10.1172/jci63417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is often a consequence of immune suppression, and accumulating evidence points to a role for adaptive immunity. Hence, it may be possible to manipulate the adaptive immune system to enhance protective immunity in at-risk individuals. In this issue of the JCI, De Luca and colleagues describe the ontogeny of adaptive immune responses to murine aspergillosis infection in relation to vaccination. Their thought-provoking findings reveal the complexities of vaccine-induced immunity and could be used to improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and the Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0560, USA.
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Jendrysik MA, Vasilevsky S, Yi L, Wood A, Zhu N, Zhao Y, Koontz SM, Jackson SH. NADPH oxidase-2 derived ROS dictates murine DC cytokine-mediated cell fate decisions during CD4 T helper-cell commitment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28198. [PMID: 22145029 PMCID: PMC3228756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase-2 (Nox2)/gp91phox and p47phox deficient mice are prone to hyper-inflammatory responses suggesting a paradoxical role for Nox2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) as anti-inflammatory mediators. The molecular basis for this mode of control remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that IFNγ/LPS matured p47phox−/−-ROS deficient mouse dendritic cells (DC) secrete more IL-12p70 than similarly treated wild type DC, and in an in vitro co-culture model IFNγ/LPS matured p47phox−/− DC bias more ovalbumin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes toward a Th1 phenotype than wild type (WT) DC through a ROS-dependent mechanism linking IL-12p70 expression to regulation of p38-MAPK activation. The Nox2-dependent ROS production in DC negatively regulates proinflammatory IL-12 expression in DC by constraining p38-MAPK activity. Increasing endogenous H2O2 attenuates p38-MAPK activity in IFNγ/LPS stimulated WT and p47phox−/− DC, which suggests that endogenous Nox 2-derived ROS functions as a secondary messenger in the activated p38-MAPK signaling pathway during IL-12 expression. These findings indicate that ROS, generated endogenously by innate and adaptive immune cells, can function as important secondary messengers that can regulate cytokine production and immune cell cross-talk to control during the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A. Jendrysik
- Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sam Vasilevsky
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Liang Yi
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adam Wood
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nannan Zhu
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sherry M. Koontz
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon H. Jackson
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Thayer TC, Delano M, Liu C, Chen J, Padgett LE, Tse HM, Annamali M, Piganelli JD, Moldawer LL, Mathews CE. Superoxide production by macrophages and T cells is critical for the induction of autoreactivity and type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:2144-51. [PMID: 21715554 PMCID: PMC3142064 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their dissipation in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis have garnered considerable controversy. Our recent work has demonstrated the importance of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity for type 1 diabetes development and modulating T-cell autoreactivity. We previously linked decreased monocyte ROS with diabetes resistance in the alloxan-resistant mouse, and NOD-Ncf1(m1J) mice with a genetic ablation of NOX activity had reduced and delayed type 1 diabetes compared with NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To determine the required cellular sources of ROS that are necessary for type 1 diabetes initiation, we used antibody depletion and adoptive transfer experiments into NOD and NOD-Scid females, respectively. After receiving treatment, female mice were monitored for hyperglycemia and overt diabetes. RESULTS Depletion of macrophages and neutrophils fully protected NOD mice from type 1 diabetes. However, elimination of neutrophils alone showed no significant reduction or delay. Type 1 diabetes induction in NOD-Scid mice by adoptive transfer with NOD-Ncf1(m1J) splenocytes was significantly delayed compared with NOD splenocytes, suggesting macrophage ROS and modulation of effector responses are critical for diabetes. The adaptive immune response was also altered by the absence of NOX activity, as purified T cells from NOD-Ncf1(m1J) mice exhibited delayed transfer kinetics. Cotransfer experiments demonstrated the defect was intrinsic to NOX-deficient CD8(+) T cells. After stimulation, cytotoxic T cells exhibited decreased effector function in the absence of superoxide production. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the impaired autoreactive response of NOX-deficient NOD-Ncf1(m1J) immune system results from an alteration in the antigen-presenting cell-T-cell axis rather than failure of neutrophils to act as effector cells and that ROS signaling is important for the initiation of β-cell-directed autoimmunity by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C. Thayer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Delano
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lindsey E. Padgett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama–Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama–Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mani Annamali
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jon D. Piganelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lyle L. Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Clayton E. Mathews,
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Chehata VJ, Domeier PP, Weilnau JN, Lappas CM. Adenosine A(2A) receptor activation limits chronic granulomatous disease-induced hyperinflammation. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:39-49. [PMID: 21130984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by defects in the NADPH oxidase complex and is characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection. Other significant complications of CGD include autoimmunity and non-infectious hyperinflammatory disorders. We show that a gp91(phox) deficiency leads to the development of phenotypically altered T lymphocytes in mice and that this abnormal, hyperactive phenotype can be modulated by activation of the adenosine A(2A) receptor. T cells isolated from CGD mice produce significantly higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-13 than do WT cells after TCR-mediated activation; treatment with the selective adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist, CGS21680, potently inhibits this response. Additionally, the over exuberant inflammatory response elicited by thioglycollate challenge in gp91(phox) deficient mice is attenuated by CGS21680. These data suggest that treatment with A(2A)R agonists may be an effective therapy by which to regulate the immune system hyperactivity that results from a gp91(phox) deficiency.
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Lee SM, Chen H, O'Halloran TV, Nguyen ST. "Clickable" polymer-caged nanobins as a modular drug delivery platform. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9311-20. [PMID: 19527027 PMCID: PMC3650134 DOI: 10.1021/ja9017336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Modularly clickable polymer-caged nanobins (PCNs) were prepared from liposome templates using a drop-in cholesterol-modified poly(acrylic acid) reagent followed by cross-linking with alkyne-functionalized diamine linker that allows for the conjugation of azide-modified targeting ligands via click ligation. These PCNs possess pH-responsive characteristics that can be used to trigger the release of encapsulated doxorubicin (DXR) payload inside the liposomal core under mild acidic conditions. After click-conjugation with azide-modified folate as an active targeting ligand, the resulting folate-conjugated, DXR-loaded PCNs (f-PCN(DXR)) demonstrated enhanced potency to folate receptor (FR)-positive tumor cells such as KB and OvCa432 over FR-negative MCF7 cells. f-PCN(DXR) can readily discriminate FR-positive tumor cells as a function of the level of cellular FR-expression, showing different degrees of potentiation in each cell. With both targeting functionalities and pH-sensitive drug-releasing triggers, f-PCN(DXR) was fifty-times more potent than the untargeted agent toward cancer cells that overexpress the folate target receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Haimei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Thomas V. O'Halloran
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - SonBinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Chen H, Ahn R, Van den Bossche J, Thompson DH, O'Halloran TV. Folate-mediated intracellular drug delivery increases the anticancer efficacy of nanoparticulate formulation of arsenic trioxide. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1955-63. [PMID: 19567824 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) is a frontline drug for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and is in clinical trials for treatment of other malignancies, including multiple myeloma; however, efforts to expand clinical utility to solid tumors have been limited by toxicity. Nanoparticulate forms of As(2)O(3) encapsulated in 100-nm-scale, folate-targeted liposomes have been developed to lower systematic toxicity and provide a platform for targeting this agent. The resultant arsenic "nanobins" are stable under physiologic conditions but undergo triggered drug release when the pH is lowered to endosomal/lysosomal levels. Cellular uptake and antitumor efficacy of these arsenic liposomes have been evaluated in folate receptor (FR)-positive human nasopharyngeal (KB) and cervix (HeLa) cells, as well as FR-negative human breast (MCF-7) tumor cells through confocal microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity studies. Uptake of folate-targeted liposomal arsenic by KB cells was three to six times higher than that of free As(2)O(3) or nontargeted liposomal arsenic; the enhanced uptake occurs through folate-mediated endocytosis, leading to a 28-fold increase in cytotoxicity. In contrast, tumor cells with lower FR density on the surface (HeLa and MCF-7) showed much less uptake of the folate-targeted drug and lower efficacy. In cocultures of KB and MCF-7 cells, the folate-targeted arsenic liposomes were exclusively internalized by KB cells, showing high targeting specificity. Our studies further indicate that folate-targeted delivery of As(2)O(3) with coencapsulated nickel(II) ions (as a nontoxic adjuvant) potentiates the As(2)O(3) efficacy in relatively insensitive solid tumor-derived cells and holds the promise of improving drug therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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