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Xinling Z, Zhongyang S, Yujie C, Zhiyu L, Zhenmin Z, Hongyi Z. Coexpression analysis of angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and SHH pathway genes involved in skin expansion. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 750:109773. [PMID: 37944780 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue expansion is a widely used technique in plastic surgery. However, the regulatory mechanisms associated with cellular processes involved in skin expansion are not well elucidated. In the present study, we aimed at exploring the transcriptome changes associated with skin expansion and profiling the difference in gene expression between the skin tissue in the top of the dilator and the skin tissue in the side of the dilator. A mouse model of skin expansion was established and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed on samples collected at different time points. Differential expression analysis was performed using the DESeq2 package while STEM was used for time series clustering profiling. The regulatory networks were established and the functions of sets of genes were analyzed. The mRNA expression levels of candidate genes were validated by the quantitative RT-PCR. Among the skin tissue in the top of the dilator and normal samples at days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28, 53 commonly upregulated and 7 commonly downregulated genes were identified while among the skin tissue in the side of the dilator and normal samples, 98 downregulated and 255 upregulated genes were identified. Genes differentially expressed among the skin tissue in the top of the dilator and normal samples were involved in coagulation and proliferation-associated pathways while those among the skin tissue in the side of the dilator and normal samples were involved in the inflammation, immune response, and defense response. Among the skin tissue in the top of the dilator and the skin tissue in the side of the dilator samples, 161 were constantly upregulated while 27 were constantly downregulated; these genes were enriched in the biological processes of cell adhesion and regulation of cell proliferation (n = 11). Furthermore, we identified that SHH signaling genes formed a coexpression regulatory network with cellular proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and angiogenesis-related genes in the expanded skin. In conclusion, our findings can promote research and understanding of the mechanism of skin expansion and will find application in plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Xinling
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Sun Zhongyang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Chen Yujie
- Plastic Surgery Department, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Lin Zhiyu
- Plastic Surgery Department, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhao Zhenmin
- Plastic Surgery Department, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Zhao Hongyi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
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2
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Li Y, Giovannini S, Wang T, Fang J, Li P, Shao C, Wang Y, Shi Y, Candi E, Melino G, Bernassola F. p63: a crucial player in epithelial stemness regulation. Oncogene 2023; 42:3371-3384. [PMID: 37848625 PMCID: PMC10638092 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue homeostasis is closely associated with the self-renewal and differentiation behaviors of epithelial stem cells (ESCs). p63, a well-known marker of ESCs, is an indispensable factor for their biological activities during epithelial development. The diversity of p63 isoforms expressed in distinct tissues allows this transcription factor to have a wide array of effects. p63 coordinates the transcription of genes involved in cell survival, stem cell self-renewal, migration, differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Through the regulation of these biological processes, p63 contributes to, not only normal epithelial development, but also epithelium-derived cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of p63 in epithelial stemness regulation, including self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. We describe the differential expression of TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and their distinct functional activities in normal epithelial tissues and in epithelium-derived tumors. Furthermore, we summarize the signaling cascades modulating the TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms as well as their downstream pathways in stemness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Sara Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peishan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Ding P, Lin Z, Sun Z, Jin M, Li C, Zhao Z, Bi H. The SHH-GLI1 pathway is required in skin expansion and angiogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 37190906 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of GLI1 on skin proliferation and neovascularization during skin expansion in mice. We constructed GLI1-cre/R26-Tdtomato and GLI1-cre/R26-mtmg gene-tagged skin expansion mouse models. Using a two-photon in vivo imaging instrument to observe the changes in the number and distribution of GLI1(+) cells during the expansion process and to clarify the spatial relationship between GLI1(+) cells and blood vessels during the expansion process. In vitro proliferation assays were performed to further validate the effects of SHH (sonic hedgehog) and its downstream component GLI1 on cell proliferation viability. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to verify the changes in proliferation, angiogenesis-related factors, SHH signalling pathway-related factors, and the role of GLI1 cells in the process of skin expansion in mice. The number of GLI1(+) cells increased during dilation and were attached to the outer membrane of the vessel. The epidermis was thickened and the dermis thinned after the dilated skin was taken, while the epidermal thickening was suppressed and the dermis became thinner after the GLI1 cells were inhibited. The non-inhibited group showed a significant increase in PCNA positivity with prolonged dilation compared to the GANT61(GLI specificity inhibitor) inhibited group; CD31 immunofluorescence showed a significant increase in the number of dilated skin vessels and a significant decrease in the number of vessels after treatment with GANT61 inhibitor. In vitro proliferation results showed that SHH signalling activator significantly increased the proliferation viability of GLI1(+) hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells, while GNAT61 significantly inhibited the proliferation viability of GLI1(+) hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells. GLI1 is necessary for proliferation and neovascularization in expansion skin of mice through activation of the SHH signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbing Ding
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixuan Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Jin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenmin Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongsen Bi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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Lau CI, Yánez DC, Papaioannou E, Ross S, Crompton T. Sonic Hedgehog signalling in the regulation of barrier tissue homeostasis and inflammation. FEBS J 2022; 289:8050-8061. [PMID: 34614300 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier tissues such as the skin and airway form an essential interface between the mammalian host and its external environment. These physical barriers are crucial to prevent damage and disease from environmental insults and allergens. Failure to maintain barrier function against such risks can lead to severe inflammatory disorders, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. Here, we discuss the role of the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog in postnatal skin and lung and the impact of Shh signalling on repair, inflammation, and atopic disease in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-In Lau
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Diana C Yánez
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eleftheria Papaioannou
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan Ross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Chari NS, Ivan C, Le X, Li J, Mijiti A, Patel AA, Osman AA, Peterson CB, Williams MD, Pickering CR, Caulin C, Myers JN, Calin GA, Lai SY. Disruption of TP63-miR-27a* Feedback Loop by Mutant TP53 in Head and Neck Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:266-277. [PMID: 31124563 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the epidermal growth factor receptor and PI3K pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are frequent events that promote tumor progression. Ectopic expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor-targeting microRNA (miR), miR-27a* (miR-27a-5p), inhibits tumor growth. We sought to identify mechanisms mediating repression of miR-27a* in HNSCC, which have not been previously identified. METHODS We quantified miR-27a* in 47 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patient samples along with analysis of miR-27a* in 73 oropharyngeal and 66 human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. In vivo and in vitro TP53 models engineered to express mutant TP53, along with promoter analysis using chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays, were used to identify the role of TP53 and TP63 in miR-27a* transcription. An HNSCC cell line engineered to conditionally express miR-27a* was used in vitro to determine effects of miR-27a* on target genes and tumor cells. RESULTS miR-27a* expression was repressed in 47 oral cavity tumor samples vs matched normal tissue (mean log2 difference = -0.023, 95% confidence interval = -0.044 to -0.002; two-sided paired t test, P = .03), and low miR-27a* levels were associated with poor survival in HPV+ and oropharyngeal HNSCC samples. Binding of ΔNp63α to the promoter led to an upregulation of miR-27a*. In vitro and in vivo findings showed that mutant TP53 represses the miR-27a* promoter, downregulating miR-27a* levels. ΔNp63α and nucleoporin 62, a protein involved in ΔNP63α transport, were validated as novel targets of miR-27a*. CONCLUSION Our results characterize a negative feedback loop between TP63 and miR-27a*. Genetic alterations in TP53, a frequent event in HNSCC, disrupt this regulatory loop by repressing miR-27a* expression, promoting tumor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil S Chari
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiandong Le
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jinzhong Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ainiwaer Mijiti
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Stomatology, Shenzen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzen, Guandong, China
| | - Ameeta A Patel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Abdullah A Osman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christine B Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Curtis R Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Carlos Caulin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Arizona and University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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6
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Abstract
p63 (also known as TP63) is a transcription factor of the p53 family, along with p73. Multiple isoforms of p63 have been discovered and these have diverse functions encompassing a wide array of cell biology. p63 isoforms are implicated in lineage specification, proliferative potential, differentiation, cell death and survival, DNA damage response and metabolism. Furthermore, p63 is linked to human disease states including cancer. p63 is critical to many aspects of cell signaling, and in this Cell science at a glance article and the accompanying poster, we focus on the signaling cascades regulating TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and those that are regulated by TAp63 and ΔNp63, as well the role of p63 in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Seamus Balinth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,Stony Brook University, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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7
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Molecular Mechanisms of p63-Mediated Squamous Cancer Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143590. [PMID: 31340447 PMCID: PMC6678256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 gene is a member of the p53/p63/p73 family of transcription factors and plays a critical role in development and homeostasis of squamous epithelium. p63 is transcribed as multiple isoforms; ΔNp63α, the predominant p63 isoform in stratified squamous epithelium, is localized to the basal cells and is overexpressed in squamous cell cancers of multiple organ sites, including skin, head and neck, and lung. Further, p63 is considered a stem cell marker, and within the epidermis, ΔNp63α directs lineage commitment. ΔNp63α has been implicated in numerous processes of skin biology that impact normal epidermal homeostasis and can contribute to squamous cancer pathogenesis by supporting proliferation and survival with roles in blocking terminal differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, and influencing adhesion and migration. ΔNp63α overexpression may also influence the tissue microenvironment through remodeling of the extracellular matrix and vasculature, as well as by enhancing cytokine and chemokine secretion to recruit pro-inflammatory infiltrate. This review focuses on the role of ΔNp63α in normal epidermal biology and how dysregulation can contribute to cutaneous squamous cancer development, drawing from knowledge also gained by squamous cancers from other organ sites that share p63 overexpression as a defining feature.
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8
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Li J, Yuan Y, He J, Feng J, Han X, Jing J, Ho TV, Xu J, Chai Y. Constitutive activation of hedgehog signaling adversely affects epithelial cell fate during palatal fusion. Dev Biol 2018; 441:191-203. [PMID: 29981310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common craniofacial congenital defects in humans. It is associated with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, including mutations in the genes encoding signaling molecules in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, which are risk factors for cleft palate in both humans and mice. However, the function of Shh signaling in the palatal epithelium during palatal fusion remains largely unknown. Although components of the Shh pathway are localized in the palatal epithelium, specific inhibition of Shh signaling in palatal epithelium does not affect palatogenesis. We therefore utilized a hedgehog (Hh) signaling gain-of-function mouse model, K14-Cre;R26SmoM2, to uncover the role of Shh signaling in the palatal epithelium during palatal fusion. In this study, we discovered that constitutive activation of Hh signaling in the palatal epithelium results in submucous cleft palate and persistence of the medial edge epithelium (MEE). Further investigation revealed that precise downregulation of Shh signaling is required at a specific time point in the MEE during palatal fusion. Upregulation of Hh signaling in the palatal epithelium maintains the proliferation of MEE cells. This may be due to a dysfunctional p63/Irf6 regulatory loop. The resistance of MEE cells to apoptosis is likely conferred by enhancement of a cell adhesion network through the maintenance of p63 expression. Collectively, our data illustrate that persistent Hh signaling in the palatal epithelium contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of submucous cleft palate through its interaction with a p63/Irf6-dependent biological regulatory loop and through a p63-induced cell adhesion network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jinzhi He
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xia Han
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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9
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The p53 family of transcription factors, including p53, p63, and p73, plays key roles in both biological and pathological processes, including cancer and neural development. Recent Advances: In recent years, a growing body of evidence has indicated that the entire p53 family is involved in the regulation of the central nervous system (CNS) functions as well as in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Mechanistically, the p53 proteins control neuronal cell fate, terminal differentiation, and survival, via a complex interplay among the family members. CRITICAL ISSUES In this article, we discuss the involvement of the p53 family in neurobiology and in pathological conditions affecting the CNS, including neuroinflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the function of the p53 family could improve our general knowledge of the pathogenesis of brain disorders and potentially pave the road for new therapeutic intervention. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Agostini
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy .,2 Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University , Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Melino
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy .,2 Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University , Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
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10
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Roles of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Epidermal and Hair Follicle Development, Homeostasis, and Cancer. J Dev Biol 2017; 5:jdb5040012. [PMID: 29615568 PMCID: PMC5831796 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and provides a protective barrier against environmental insults. It is a rapidly-renewing tissue undergoing constant regeneration, maintained by several types of stem cells. The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is one of the fundamental signaling pathways that contributes to epidermal development, homeostasis, and repair, as well as to hair follicle development and follicle bulge stem cell maintenance. The HH pathway interacts with other signal transduction pathways, including those activated by Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein, platelet-derived growth factor, Notch, and ectodysplasin. Furthermore, aberrant activation of HH signaling is associated with various tumors, including basal cell carcinoma. Therefore, an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the HH signaling pathway is important for elucidating fundamental mechanisms underlying both organogenesis and carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the role of the HH signaling pathway in the development and homeostasis epidermis and hair follicles, and in basal cell carcinoma formation, providing an update of current knowledge in this field.
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11
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Johnson NM, Holliday AC, Luyimbazi DT, Phillips MA, Collins GR, Grider DJ. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma with loss of p63 and mismatch repair proteins. JAAD Case Rep 2017; 3:222-224. [PMID: 28443315 PMCID: PMC5394203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Johnson
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
- Correspondence to: Nathan M. Johnson, MS, 2 Riverside Cir, Roanoke, VA 24016.2 Riverside CirRoanokeVA24016
| | - Alex C. Holliday
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology Section, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - David T. Luyimbazi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology Section, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Mariana A. Phillips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology Section, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - George R. Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology Section, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Douglas J. Grider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology Section, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
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12
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Wu M, Ingram L, Tolosa EJ, Vera RE, Li Q, Kim S, Ma Y, Spyropoulos DD, Beharry Z, Huang J, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Cai H. Gli Transcription Factors Mediate the Oncogenic Transformation of Prostate Basal Cells Induced by a Kras-Androgen Receptor Axis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25749-25760. [PMID: 27760825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the differentiation of oncogenically transformed basal progenitor cells is one of the key steps in prostate tumorigenesis, the mechanisms mediating this cellular process are still largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that an expanded p63+ and CK5+ basal/progenitor cell population, induced by the concomitant activation of oncogenic Kras(G12D) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling, underwent cell differentiation in vivo The differentiation process led to suppression of p63-expressing cells with a decreased number of CK5+ basal cells but an increase of CK8+ luminal tumorigenic cells and revealed a hierarchal lineage pattern consisting of p63+/CK5+ progenitor, CK5+/CK8+ transitional progenitor, and CK8+ differentiated luminal cells. Further analysis of the phenotype showed that Kras-AR axis-induced tumorigenesis was mediated by Gli transcription factors. Combined blocking of the activators of this family of proteins (Gli1 and Gli2) inhibited the proliferation of p63+ and CK5+ basal/progenitor cells and development of tumors. Finally, we identified that Gli1 and Gli2 exhibited different functions in the regulation of p63 expression or proliferation of p63+ cells in Kras-AR driven tumors. Gli2, but not Gli1, transcriptionally regulated the expression levels of p63 and prostate sphere formation. Our study provides evidence of a novel mechanism mediating pathological dysregulation of basal/progenitor cells through the differential activation of the Gli transcription factors. Also, these findings define Gli proteins as new downstream mediators of the Kras-AR axis in prostate carcinogenesis and open a potential therapeutic avenue of targeting prostate cancer progression by inhibiting Gli signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lishann Ingram
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Ezequiel J Tolosa
- the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Renzo E Vera
- the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Qianjin Li
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Sungjin Kim
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Yongjie Ma
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Demetri D Spyropoulos
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Zanna Beharry
- the Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, and
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Houjian Cai
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602,
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13
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Reutter H, Keppler-Noreuil K, E Keegan C, Thiele H, Yamada G, Ludwig M. Genetics of Bladder-Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (BEEC): Systematic Elucidation of Mendelian and Multifactorial Phenotypes. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:4-13. [PMID: 27013921 PMCID: PMC4780475 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666151014221806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bladder-Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (BEEC) represents the severe end of the uro-rectal malformation spectrum, and has a profound impact on continence, and on sexual and renal function. While previous reports of familial occurrence, in-creased recurrence among first-degree relatives, high concordance rates among monozygotic twins, and chromosomal aberra-tions were suggestive of causative genetic factors, the recent identification of copy number variations (CNVs), susceptibility regions and genes through the systematic application of array based analysis, candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide strong evidence. These findings in human BEEC cohorts are underscored by the recent description of BEEC(-like) murine knock-out models. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of the potential molecular mechanisms, mediating abnormal uro-rectal development leading to the BEEC, demonstrating the importance of ISL1-pathway in human and mouse and propose SLC20A1 and CELSR3 as the first BEEC candidate genes, identified through systematic whole-exome sequencing (WES) in BEEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Reutter
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim Keppler-Noreuil
- Human Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Michigan, USA
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gen Yamada
- Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Giamboi-Miraglia A, Cianfarani F, Cattani C, Lena AM, Serra V, Campione E, Terrinoni A, Zambruno G, Odorisio T, Di Daniele N, Melino G, Candi E. The E3 ligase Itch knockout mice show hyperproliferation and wound healing alteration. FEBS J 2015; 282:4435-49. [PMID: 26361888 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is absent in the non-agouti-lethal 18H or Itchy mice, which develop a severe immunological disease. Several of the known Itch substrates are relevant for epidermal development and homeostasis, such as p63, Notch, c-Jun and JunB. By analysing Itchy mice before the onset of immunological alterations, we investigated the contribution of Itch in skin development and wound healing. Itchy newborn mice manifested hyperplastic epidermis, which is not present in adulthood. Itch(-/-) cultured keratinocytes showed overexpression of proliferating markers and increased capability to proliferate, migrate and to repair a scratch injury in vitro. These data correlated with improved in vivo wound healing in Itchy mice, at late time points of the repair process when Itch is physiologically upregulated. Despite healing acceleration, epidermal remodelling was delayed in the scars of Itch(-/-) mice, as indicated by enhanced epidermal thickening, keratinocyte proliferation and keratin 6 expression, and retarded keratin 14 polarization to the basal layer. Itch(-/-) keratinocyte prolonged activation was not associated with increased immune cell persistence in the scars. Our in vitro and in vivo results indicate that Itch plays a role in epidermal homeostasis and remodelling and this feature does not seem to depend on immunological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Cianfarani
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cattani
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Lena
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Serra
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Department of Dermatology, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Terrinoni
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Odorisio
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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15
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Melino S, Bellomaria A, Nepravishta R, Paci M, Melino G. p63 threonine phosphorylation signals the interaction with the WW domain of the E3 ligase Itch. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3207-17. [PMID: 25485500 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.951285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both in epithelial development as well as in epithelial cancers, the p53 family member p63 plays a crucial role acting as a master transcriptional regulator. P63 steady state protein levels are regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, via a physical interaction between the PPxY consensus sequence (PY motif) of p63 and one of the 4 WW domains of Itch; this substrate recognition process leads to protein-ubiquitylation and p63 proteasomal degradation. The interaction of the WW domains, a highly compact protein-protein binding module, with the short proline-rich sequences is therefore a crucial regulatory event that may offer innovative potential therapeutic opportunity. Previous molecular studies on the Itch-p63 recognition have been performed in vitro using the Itch-WW2 domain and the peptide interacting fragment of p63 (pep63), which includes the PY motif. Itch-WW2-pep63 interaction is also stabilized in vitro by the conformational constriction of the S-S cyclization in the p63 peptide. The PY motif of p63, as also for other proteins, is characterized by the nearby presence of a (T/S)P motif, which is a potential recognition site of the WW domain of the IV group present in the prolyl-isomerase Pin1. In this study, we demonstrate, by in silico and spectroscopical studies using both the linear pep63 and its cyclic form, that the threonine phosphorylation of the (T/S)PPPxY motif may represent a crucial regulatory event of the Itch-mediated p63 ubiquitylation, increasing the Itch-WW domains-p63 recognition event and stabilizing in vivo the Itch-WW-p63 complex. Moreover, our studies confirm that the subsequently trans/cis proline isomerization of (T/S)P motif by the Pin1 prolyl-isomerase, could modulate the E3-ligase interaction, and that the (T/S)pPtransPPxY motif represent the best conformer for the ItchWW-(T/S)PPPxY motif recognition.
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Key Words
- CXCR4, chemokine receptor
- E3 ubiquitin ligases
- HECT, Homologous E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus
- IPTG, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside
- Itch
- Pin1
- Ppep63, phosphorylated pep63
- RHS, Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome
- RP-HPLC, reverse phase high performance chromatography
- TFE, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6
- cPpep63, cyclic phosphorylated pep63
- p53 family
- p63
- pep63, p63(534–551) peptide
- proline isomerization
- ubiquitynation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Melino
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ; University of Rome "Tor Vergata" ; Rome , Italy
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16
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The Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Tumor Induced Bone Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1658-83. [PMID: 26343726 PMCID: PMC4586789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in cancer treatments, tumor induced bone disease continues to cause significant morbidities. While tumors show distinct mutations and clinical characteristics, they behave similarly once they establish in bone. Tumors can metastasize to bone from distant sites (breast, prostate, lung), directly invade into bone (head and neck) or originate from the bone (melanoma, chondrosarcoma) where they cause pain, fractures, hypercalcemia, and ultimately, poor prognoses and outcomes. Tumors in bone secrete factors (interleukins and parathyroid hormone-related protein) that induce RANKL expression from osteoblasts, causing an increase in osteoclast mediated bone resorption. While the mechanisms involved varies slightly between tumor types, many tumors display an increase in Hedgehog signaling components that lead to increased tumor growth, therapy failure, and metastasis. The work of multiple laboratories has detailed Hh signaling in several tumor types and revealed that tumor establishment in bone can be controlled by both canonical and non-canonical Hh signaling in a cell type specific manner. This review will explore the role of Hh signaling in the modulation of tumor induced bone disease, and will shed insight into possible therapeutic interventions for blocking Hh signaling in these tumors.
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17
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Niklison-Chirou MV, Killick R, Knight RA, Nicotera P, Melino G, Agostini M. How Does p73 Cause Neuronal Defects? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4509-20. [PMID: 26266644 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The p53-family member, p73, plays a key role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS), in senescence, and in tumor formation. The role of p73 in neuronal differentiation is complex and involves several downstream pathways. Indeed, in the last few years, we have learnt that TAp73 directly or indirectly regulates several genes involved in neural biology. In particular, TAp73 is involved in the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation throughout the regulation of SOX-2, Hey-2, TRIM32 and Notch. In addition, TAp73 is also implicated in the regulation of the differentiation and function of postmitotic neurons by regulating the expression of p75NTR and GLS2 (glutamine metabolism). Further still, the regulation of miR-34a by TAp73 indicates that microRNAs can also participate in this multifunctional role of p73 in adult brain physiology. However, contradictory results still exist in the relationship between p73 and brain disorders, and this remains an important area for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Richard Killick
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Richard A Knight
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Koh LF, Ng BK, Bertrand J, Thierry F. Transcriptional control of late differentiation in human keratinocytes by TAp63 and Notch. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:754-60. [PMID: 26013684 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that in cervical carcinoma cells, the TAp63β isoform of the p63 transcription factor is negatively interfering with the carcinogenic pathways promoting anchorage-independent growth. In this study, we have defined the mechanisms underlying the effects of TAp63β through a transcriptome analysis of human keratinocytes overexpressing this protein. TAp63β modulated expression of 1203 genes (944 activated and 259 repressed; P-value <0.05), notably genes involved in epithelial development and keratinocyte differentiation. In comparison, while TAp63γ acts similarly to TAp63β to transactivate a selected panel of target genes, other p63 isoforms, including ΔNp63α, which is highly expressed in keratinocytes, are inactive. Upon induction of differentiation of primary human keratinocytes, we observed endogenous expression of TAp63β and γ isoforms, along with transcriptional activation of selected target genes. Intriguingly, our data also indicated that TAp63β activates transcription of members of the Notch pathway, which is known to promote keratinocyte differentiation. By inhibiting and activating the Notch pathway, we revealed a subset of TAp63β-activated genes that were co-dependent on Notch for their expression. Our work demonstrates that the shorter TAp63 isoforms (TAp63β/γ) are specifically induced in human keratinocytes and cooperate with Notch signalling to activate transcription of late differentiation genes supporting their role as putative tumor suppressors in HPV-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang Koh
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Boon Kiat Ng
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Juliette Bertrand
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Françoise Thierry
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
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19
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Landré V, Rotblat B, Melino S, Bernassola F, Melino G. Screening for E3-ubiquitin ligase inhibitors: challenges and opportunities. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7988-8013. [PMID: 25237759 PMCID: PMC4226663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays a role in the regulation of most cellular pathways, and its deregulation has been implicated in a wide range of human pathologies that include cancer, neurodegenerative and immunological disorders and viral infections. Targeting the UPS by small molecular regulators thus provides an opportunity for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases. The proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib was approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies by the FDA in 2003, becoming the first drug targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system in the clinic. Development of drugs targeting specific components of the ubiquitin proteasome system, however, has lagged behind, mainly due to the complexity of the ubiquitination reaction and its outcomes. However, significant advances have been made in recent years in understanding the molecular nature of the ubiquitination system and the vast variety of cellular signals that it produces. Additionally, improvement of screening methods, both in vitro and in silico, have led to the discovery of a number of compounds targeting components of the ubiquitin proteasome system, and some of these have now entered clinical trials. Here, we discuss the current state of drug discovery targeting E3 ligases and the opportunities and challenges that it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Landré
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Sonia Melino
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK. Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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20
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Arnold KM, Opdenaker LM, Flynn D, Sims-Mourtada J. Wound healing and cancer stem cells: inflammation as a driver of treatment resistance in breast cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:1-13. [PMID: 25674014 PMCID: PMC4315129 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between wound healing and cancer has long been recognized. The mechanisms that regulate wound healing have been shown to promote transformation and growth of malignant cells. In addition, chronic inflammation has been associated with malignant transformation in many tissues. Recently, pathways involved in inflammation and wound healing have been reported to enhance cancer stem cell (CSC) populations. These cells, which are highly resistant to current treatments, are capable of repopulating the tumor after treatment, causing local and systemic recurrences. In this review, we highlight proinflammatory cytokines and developmental pathways involved in tissue repair, whose deregulation in the tumor microenvironment may promote growth and survival of CSCs. We propose that the addition of anti-inflammatory agents to current treatment regimens may slow the growth of CSCs and improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Arnold
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lynn M Opdenaker
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Daniel Flynn
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jennifer Sims-Mourtada
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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21
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Yoh K, Prywes R. Pathway Regulation of p63, a Director of Epithelial Cell Fate. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:51. [PMID: 25972840 PMCID: PMC4412127 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53-related gene p63 is required for epithelial cell establishment and its expression is often altered in tumor cells. Great strides have been made in understanding the pathways and mechanisms that regulate p63 levels, such as the Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, and EGFR pathways. We discuss here the multiple signaling pathways that control p63 expression as well as transcription factors and post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate p63 levels. While a unified picture has not emerged, it is clear that the fine-tuning of p63 has evolved to carefully control epithelial cell differentiation and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Yoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ron Prywes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Ron Prywes, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Fairchild 813A, MC2420, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA,
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