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Gao Y, Liu B, Guo X, Nie J, Zou H, Wen S, Yu W, Liang H. Interferon regulatory factor 4 deletion protects against kidney inflammation and fibrosis in deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt hypertension. J Hypertens 2023; 41:794-810. [PMID: 36883469 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and renal interstitial fibrosis are the main pathological features of hypertensive nephropathy. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) has an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. However, its role in hypertension-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis remains unexplored. METHOD AND RESULTS We showed that deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt resulted in an elevation of blood pressure and that there was no difference between wild-type and IRF-4 knockout mice. IRF-4 -/- mice presented less severe renal dysfunction, albuminuria, and fibrotic response after DOCA-salt stress compared with wild-type mice. Loss of IRF-4 inhibited extracellular matrix protein deposition and suppressed fibroblasts activation in the kidneys of mice subjected to DOCA-salt treatment. IRF-4 disruption impaired bone marrow-derived fibroblasts activation and macrophages to myofibroblasts transition in the kidneys in response to DOCA-salt treatment. IRF-4 deletion impeded the infiltration of inflammatory cells and decreased the production of proinflammatory molecules in injured kidneys. IRF-4 deficiency activated phosphatase and tensin homolog and weakened phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT signaling pathway in vivo or in vitro . In cultured monocytes, TGFβ1 also induced expression of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin and stimulated the transition of macrophages to myofibroblasts, which was blocked in the absence of IRF-4. Finally, macrophages depletion blunted macrophages to myofibroblasts transition, inhibited myofibroblasts accumulation, and ameliorated kidney injury and fibrosis. CONCLUSION Collectively, IRF-4 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of kidney inflammation and fibrosis in DOCA-salt hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan
| | - Benquan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan
| | | | - Jiayi Nie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan
| | - Hao Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Foshan Women and Children Hospital
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Women and Children Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan
| | - Shihong Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan
| | - Hua Liang
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Foshan Women and Children Hospital
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Women and Children Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan
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2
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Chen Y, Fang ZM, Yi X, Wei X, Jiang DS. The interaction between ferroptosis and inflammatory signaling pathways. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:205. [PMID: 36944609 PMCID: PMC10030804 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death driven by excessive lipid peroxidation. Inflammation is one common and effective physiological event that protects against various stimuli to maintain tissue homeostasis. However, the dysregulation of inflammatory responses can cause imbalance of the immune system, cell dysfunction and death. Recent studies have pointed out that activation of inflammation, including the activation of multiple inflammation-related signaling pathways, can lead to ferroptosis. Among the related signal transduction pathways, we focused on five classical inflammatory pathways, namely, the JAK-STAT, NF-κB, inflammasome, cGAS-STING and MAPK signaling pathways, and expounded on their roles in ferroptosis. To date, many agents have shown therapeutic effects on ferroptosis-related diseases by modulating the aforementioned pathways in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the regulatory effects of these pathways on iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation have been described in detail, contributing to further understanding of the pathophysiological process of ferroptosis. Taken together, targeting these pathways related to inflammation will provide appropriate ways to intervene ferroptosis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Henn RE, Elzinga SE, Glass E, Parent R, Guo K, Allouch AM, Mendelson FE, Hayes J, Webber-Davis I, Murphy GG, Hur J, Feldman EL. Obesity-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in young adult versus middle-aged mice. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:67. [PMID: 36550567 PMCID: PMC9773607 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity rates are increasing worldwide. Obesity leads to many complications, including predisposing individuals to the development of cognitive impairment as they age. Immune dysregulation, including inflammaging (e.g., increased circulating cytokines) and immunosenescence (declining immune system function), commonly occur in obesity and aging and may impact cognitive impairment. As such, immune system changes across the lifespan may impact the effects of obesity on neuroinflammation and associated cognitive impairment. However, the role of age in obesity-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment is unclear. To further define this putative relationship, the current study examined metabolic and inflammatory profiles, along with cognitive changes using a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model of obesity. RESULTS First, HFD promoted age-related changes in hippocampal gene expression. Given this early HFD-induced aging phenotype, we fed HFD to young adult and middle-aged mice to determine the effect of age on inflammatory responses, metabolic profile, and cognitive function. As anticipated, HFD caused a dysmetabolic phenotype in both age groups. However, older age exacerbated HFD cognitive and neuroinflammatory changes, with a bi-directional regulation of hippocampal inflammatory gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate that HFD promotes an early aging phenotype in the brain, which is suggestive of inflammaging and immunosenescence. Furthermore, age significantly compounded the impact of HFD on cognitive outcomes and on the regulation of neuroinflammatory programs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary E Henn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sarah E Elzinga
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Emily Glass
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rachel Parent
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Adam M Allouch
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Faye E Mendelson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ian Webber-Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Geoffery G Murphy
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Chambraud B, Byrne C, Meduri G, Baulieu EE, Giustiniani J. FKBP52 in Neuronal Signaling and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Microtubule Story. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031738. [PMID: 35163662 PMCID: PMC8836061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The FK506-binding protein 52 (FKBP52) belongs to a large family of ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved proteins (FKBPs) that share an FKBP domain and possess Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase (PPIase) activity. PPIase activity catalyzes the isomerization of Peptidyl-Prolyl bonds and therefore influences target protein folding and function. FKBP52 is particularly abundant in the nervous system and is partially associated with the microtubule network in different cell types suggesting its implication in microtubule function. Various studies have focused on FKBP52, highlighting its importance in several neuronal microtubule-dependent signaling pathways and its possible implication in neurodegenerative diseases such as tauopathies (i.e., Alzheimer disease) and alpha-synucleinopathies (i.e., Parkinson disease). This review summarizes our current understanding of FKBP52 actions in the microtubule environment, its implication in neuronal signaling and function, its interactions with other members of the FKBPs family and its involvement in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Chambraud
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | - Cillian Byrne
- Institut Professeur Baulieu, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (G.M.)
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM7203, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Geri Meduri
- Institut Professeur Baulieu, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Etienne Emile Baulieu
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Institut Professeur Baulieu, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.E.B.); (J.G.); Tel.: +33-1-49-59-18-72 (J.G.); Fax: +33-1-49-59-92-03 (J.G.)
| | - Julien Giustiniani
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Institut Professeur Baulieu, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.E.B.); (J.G.); Tel.: +33-1-49-59-18-72 (J.G.); Fax: +33-1-49-59-92-03 (J.G.)
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KLF2 up-regulates IRF4/HDAC7 to protect neonatal rats from hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35091544 PMCID: PMC8799701 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal brain hypoxic ischemic injury is a devastating event causing permanent brain damage. The current study set out to explore the role of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) and its downstream molecular mechanism on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal rats. First, we adopted a modified Rice method to develop a HIBD model in postnatal day seven Sprague Dawley (SD) rat pups. Next, neuronal damage, morphological changes, and neuronal apoptosis were documented in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 region and evaluated using Nissl staining, H&E staining, and TUNEL assay, respectively. Meanwhile, a hypoxic-ischemic model using the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) method was established in cortical neurons isolated from day one SD rat pups, followed by MTT and flow cytometry detections of the cell survival rate and apoptotic ability. Experimental findings revealed that KLF2 was poorly-expressed in the brain tissues of HIBD rats and in the OGD-induced neurons. We found that KLF2 overexpression inhibited neuron apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, which was also observed to inhibit brain injury in the HIBD rats and alleviate neuronal damage of OGD-treated neurons. Besides, as dual luciferase reporter gene assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation established that KLF2 bound to the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) promoter, which promoted the binding of IRF4 in the promoter of histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) to augment its expression, thereby inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and brain damage. In conclusion, our findings indicated that KLF2 could increase the expression of IRF4 to up-regulate the expression of HDAC7, which protects against HIBD in neonatal rats.
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6
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Sasaki K, Terker AS, Pan Y, Li Z, Cao S, Wang Y, Niu A, Wang S, Fan X, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Deletion of Myeloid Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (Irf4) in Mouse Model Protects against Kidney Fibrosis after Ischemic Injury by Decreased Macrophage Recruitment and Activation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1037-1052. [PMID: 33619052 PMCID: PMC8259665 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKI is characterized by abrupt and reversible kidney dysfunction, and incomplete recovery leads to chronic kidney injury. Previous studies by us and others have indicated that macrophage infiltration and polarization play key roles in recovery from AKI. The role in AKI recovery played by IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a mediator of polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype, is unclear. METHODS We used mice with myeloid or macrophage cell-specific deletion of Irf4 (MΦ Irf4-/- ) to evaluate Irf4's role in renal macrophage polarization and development of fibrosis after severe AKI. RESULTS Surprisingly, although macrophage Irf4 deletion had a minimal effect on early renal functional recovery from AKI, it resulted in decreased renal fibrosis 4 weeks after severe AKI, in association with less-activated macrophages. Macrophage Irf4 deletion also protected against renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) from MΦ Irf4-/- mice had diminished chemotactic responses to macrophage chemoattractants, with decreased activation of AKT and PI3 kinase and increased PTEN expression. PI3K and AKT inhibitors markedly decreased chemotaxis in wild-type BMDMs, and in a cultured macrophage cell line. There was significant inhibition of homing of labeled Irf4-/- BMDMs to postischemic kidneys. Renal macrophage infiltration in response to AKI was markedly decreased in MΦ Irf4-/- mice or in wild-type mice with inhibition of AKT activity. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of Irf4 from myeloid cells protected against development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis after severe ischemic renal injury in mice, due primarily to inhibition of AKT-mediated monocyte recruitment to the injured kidney and reduced activation and subsequent polarization into a profibrotic M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrew S. Terker
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhilian Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shirong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yinqiu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aolei Niu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Suwan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
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7
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Yu X, Feng Y, Liu R, Chen Q. Hypothermia Protects Mice Against Ischemic Stroke by Modulating Macrophage Polarization Through Upregulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor-4. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1271-1281. [PMID: 33854355 PMCID: PMC8040092 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s303053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been proven to be protective in ischemic stroke (IS) due to its anti-inflammatory capacity. Recently, the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) has been characterized as a central regulator of neuroinflammation in IS. Here we aim to determine whether IFR4 contributes to the neuroprotective effects of TH in IS. Methods In the present study, IRF4 knockout (IRF4−/-) and wild-type (IRF4+/+) mice were treated with or without TH after IS. Cerebral IRF4 expression, the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage polarization were determined at 8 hours after reperfusion. In addition, cerebral infarct volume and neurological function were evaluated at 7 days after IS. Results TH attenuates IS together with enhanced IRF4 expression as well as reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, TH increased M2 macrophage polarization while inhibited M1 macrophage polarization. However, IRF4 knockout worsens neurological outcomes of stoke mice. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were markedly increased in IRF4−/- mice as compared with IRF4+/+ mice at 8 h after stroke. Moreover, IRF4 knockout driven the macrophage polarization toward M1phenotype at 8 h after stroke. Most importantly, IRF4 knockout abolished the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of TH in IS. Conclusion Together, we report for the first time that TH attenuates neuroinflammation following IS by modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization through the upregulation of IRF4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Renzhong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
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Zhao L, Li C, Guan C, Song N, Luan H, Luo C, Jiang W, Bu Q, Wang Y, Che L, Xu Y. Serum response factor, a novel early diagnostic biomarker of acute kidney injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:2885-2894. [PMID: 33406503 PMCID: PMC7880358 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Studies have shown that serum response factor (SRF) is increased in chronic kidney injury, such as diabetic nephropathy, hyperuricemic nephropathy and renal cell carcinoma. The objective is to explore the early diagnostic value of SRF in acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods: AKI-related microarray data were analyzed, and the expression and location of SRF were investigated in the early phase of AKI. Results: Bioinformatics results demonstrated that SRF was dramatically elevated 2-4 h after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mouse renal tissue. In I/R rats, SRF was mostly expressed and located in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs). SRF started to increase at 1 h, peaked at 3-9 h and started to decrease at 12 h after I/R. The areas under the ROC curve of renal SRF mRNA, renal SRF protein, urinary SRF, serum SRF and serum creatinine (Scr) were 87.9%, 83.0%, 81.3%, 78.8%, 68.8%, respectively. Conclusion: SRF is remarkably upregulated in early (before 24 h) AKI and can replace Scr as a potential new early diagnostic biomarker of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chen Guan
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, China
| | - Hong Luan
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Congjuan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Quandong Bu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Che
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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9
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Zhao SC, Heng X, Ya-Ping W, Di L, Wen-Qian W, Ling-Song M, Chu ZH, Xu Y. CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway regulates neuroinflammation after stroke. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01882. [PMID: 33067924 PMCID: PMC7749562 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study how the CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway modulates poststroke inflammation and advances our knowledge of immune responses to ischemia insults in stroke. METHODS Focal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in mice for 90 min, and mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 7 days of reperfusion. CD200, CD200R1, iNOS, and Arg-1 expression in ischemic brains was assessed by Western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to examine the expression of CD200 on neurons and CD200R1 on infiltrating lymphocytes. The severity of neurobehavioral deficits was evaluated by neurological deficit scores (NDS) and infarction volume estimated by TTC staining. To study the relationship between CD200/CD200R1 expression and the diversity of the neuroinflammatory response in stroke, CD200Fc (CD200R1 agonist) was subcutaneously injected at onset, at 1 day and 2 days after MCAO operation, and the brains were collected for detection at 3 days after MCAO/R (reperfusion). RESULTS CD200 expression on neurons increased at 1 day and then decreased at 3 days after MCAO/R, and the expression of CD200R1 on lymphocytes showed an opposite temporal pattern as tested by IHC. The WB results showed that CD200/CD200R1 variance exhibited a similar pattern of IHC results, and the level of iNOS peaked at 1 day and then decreased gradually, but Arg-1 increased with time after MCAO/R in ischemic brains. After CD200Fc injection, CD200R1 expression significantly increased, and CD200Fc promoted Arg-1 but inhibited iNOS expression. The infarct volume and NDS of the group treated with CD200Fc were significantly smaller than those of the IgG2a-treated group. CONCLUSIONS The CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway regulates neuroinflammation after stroke. Stimulation of CD200R1 by CD200Fc promotes the anti-inflammatory response and alleviates ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Cai Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Xu Heng
- Department of Neurology, Zhu Madian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Wang Ya-Ping
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Luan Di
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Wu Wen-Qian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ma Ling-Song
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhao-Hu Chu
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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10
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Furumai R, Tamada K, Liu X, Takumi T. UBE3A regulates the transcription of IRF, an antiviral immunity. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1947-1958. [PMID: 30690483 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UBE3A is a gene responsible for the pathogenesis of Angelman syndrome (AS), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms such as intellectual disability, delayed development and severe speech impairment. UBE3A encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, for which several targets have been identified, including synaptic molecules. Although proteolysis mainly occurs in the cytoplasm, UBE3A is localized to the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In fact, UBE3A is also known as a transcriptional regulator of the family of nuclear receptors. However, the function of UBE3A in the nucleus remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the involvement of UBE3A in transcription in the nuclei of neurons. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed an enrichment of genes downstream of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) in a UBE3A-deficient AS mouse model. In vitro biochemical analyses further demonstrated that UBE3A interacted with IRF and, more importantly, that UBE3A enhanced IRF-dependent transcription. These results suggest a function for UBE3A as a transcriptional regulator of the immune system in the brain. These findings also provide informative molecular insights into the function of UBE3A in the brain and in AS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Furumai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kota Tamada
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Takumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Lorenz G, Moschovaki-Filippidou F, Würf V, Metzger P, Steiger S, Batz F, Carbajo-Lozoya J, Koziel J, Schnurr M, Cohen CD, Schmaderer C, Anders HJ, Lindenmeyer M, Lech M. IFN Regulatory Factor 4 Controls Post-ischemic Inflammation and Prevents Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2162. [PMID: 31632388 PMCID: PMC6781770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) of the kidney results in interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4)–mediated counter-regulation of the acute inflammatory response. Beyond that, IRF4 exerts important functions in controlling the cytokine milieu, T-cell differentiation, and macrophage polarization. The latter has been implicated in tissue remodeling. It therefore remains elusive what the role of IRF4 is in terms of long-term outcome following IRI. We hypothesized that an inability to resolve chronic inflammation in Irf4−/− mice would promote chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. To evaluate the effects of IRF4 in chronic upon acute injury in vivo, a mouse model of chronic injury following acute IRI was employed. The expression of Irf4 increased within 10 days after IRI in renal tissue. Both mRNA and protein levels remained high up to 5 weeks upon IRI, suggesting a regulatory function in the chronic phase. Mice deficient in IRF4 display increased tubular cell loss and defective clearance of infiltrating macrophages. These phenomena were associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory macrophage markers together with reduced expression of alternatively activated macrophage markers. In addition, IRF4-deficient mice showed defective development of alternatively activated macrophages. Hints of a residual M1 macrophage signature were further observed in human biopsy specimens of patients with hypertensive nephropathy vs. living donor specimens. Thus, IRF4 restricts CKD progression and kidney fibrosis following IRI, potentially by enabling M2 macrophage polarization and restricting a Th1 cytokine response. Deteriorated alternative macrophage subpopulations in Irf4−/− mice provoke chronic intrarenal inflammation, tubular epithelial cell loss, and renal fibrosis in the long course after IRI in mice. The clinical significance of these finding for human CKD remains uncertain at present and warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lorenz
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Foteini Moschovaki-Filippidou
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Vivian Würf
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Metzger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Falk Batz
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Carbajo-Lozoya
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Max Schnurr
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Maja Lindenmeyer
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany.,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
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12
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Jiang W, Tian X, Yang P, Li J, Xiao L, Liu J, Liu C, Tan W, Tu H. Enolase1 Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Injury via Its Enzymatic Product Phosphoenolpyruvate. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2877-2889. [PMID: 30943007 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death among adults worldwide, while the mechanisms underlying neuronal death and dysfunction remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the differential proteomic profiles of mouse brain homogenate with 3 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemia, or sham, using Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining, followed by mass spectrometry. We identified enolase1 (ENO1), a key glycolytic enzyme, as a potential mediator of neuronal injury in MCAO ischemic model. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting data showed that ENO1 was ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, distinct regions of brain, and different postnatal age. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ENO1 is localized in neuronal cytoplasm and dendrites. Interestingly, the expression level of ENO1 was significantly increased in the early stage, but dramatically decreased in the late stage, of cerebral ischemia in vivo. This dynamic change was consistent with our finding in cultured hippocampal neurons treated with oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. Importantly, ENO1 overexpression in cultured neurons alleviated dendritic and spinal loss caused by OGD treatment. Furthermore, the enzymatic product of ENO1, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), was also synchronously changed along with the dynamic ENO1 level. The neuronal injury caused by OGD treatment in vitro or ischemia in vivo was mitigated by the application of PEP. Taken together, our data revealed that ENO1 plays a novel and protective role in cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal injury, highlighting a potential of ENO1 as a therapeutic target of neuronal protection from cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Haijun Tu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
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13
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Mo XB, Lei SF, Zhang YH, Zhang H. Integrative Analysis Identified IRF6 and NDST1 as Potential Causal Genes for Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:517. [PMID: 31156544 PMCID: PMC6529957 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To highlight potential functional variants and causal genes for ischemic stroke (IS) in genomic loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Methods: We examined the association between m6A-SNPs and IS in large scale GWAS. Furthermore, eQTL analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of m6A-SNPs on gene expression. The top associations between m6A-SNPs and gene expressions were validated in 40 individuals from the Chinese Han population. Besides, we applied differential expression analysis and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to detect potential causal genes for IS. Results: We found 310 (7.39%) m6A-SNPs which were nominally associated with IS. The proportion of m6A-SNPs with P < 0.05 for IS was significantly higher than the non-m6A-SNPs (95%CI: [5.84%, 7.36%], P = 0.02). We found that the IS-associated m6A-SNP rs2013162 was associated with IRF6 expression (P = 6.30 × 10−23), meanwhile IRF6 was differentially expressed between IS cases and controls (P = 6.15 × 10−3) and showed a causal association with IS (P = 3.64 × 10−4). Similar results were found for m6A-SNP rs2273235 in the NDST1 gene which was associated with cardioembolic stroke (P = 8.47 × 10−3). The associations of rs2013162 and rs2273235 with the expression of IRF6 and NDST1 were validated in blood cells (P = 0.0247 and 0.0007), respectively. Conclusions: This study showed that m6A-SNPs may affect IS risk through altering gene expressions. The results suggested that m6A might play a role in IS etiology and gene expressions that affected by m6A may be causal factors for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Bo Mo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shu-Feng Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Koizumi T, Taguchi K, Mizuta I, Toba H, Ohigashi M, Onishi O, Ikoma K, Miyata S, Nakata T, Tanaka M, Foulquier S, Steinbusch HWM, Mizuno T. Transiently proliferating perivascular microglia harbor M1 type and precede cerebrovascular changes in a chronic hypertension model. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:79. [PMID: 30971251 PMCID: PMC6456949 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play crucial roles in the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Activated microglia show a biphasic influence, promoting beneficial repair and causing harmful damage via M2 and M1 microglia, respectively. It is well-known that microglia are initially activated to the M2 state and subsequently switch to the M1 state, called M2-to-M1 class switching in acute ischemic models. However, the activation process of microglia in chronic and sporadic hypertension remains poorly understood. We aimed to clarify the process using a chronic hypertension model, the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-treated Wistar rats. METHODS After unilateral nephrectomy, the rats were randomly divided into DOCA-salt, placebo, and control groups. DOCA-salt rats received a weekly subcutaneous injection of DOCA (40 mg/kg) and were continuously provided with 1% NaCl in drinking water. Placebo rats received a weekly subcutaneous injection of vehicle and were provided with tap water. Control rats received no administration of DOCA or NaCl. To investigate the temporal expression profiles of M1- and M2-specific markers for microglia, the animals were subjected to the immunohistochemical and biochemical studies after 2, 3, or 4 weeks DOCA-salt treatment. RESULTS Hypertension occurred after 2 weeks of DOCA and salt administration, when round-shaped microglia with slightly shortened processes were observed juxtaposed to the vessels, although the histopathological findings were normal. After 3 weeks of DOCA and salt administration, M1-state perivascular and parenchyma microglia significantly increased, when local histopathological findings began to be observed but cerebrovascular destruction did not occur. On the other hand, M2-state microglia were never observed around the vessels at this period. Interestingly, prior to M1 activation, about 55% of perivascular microglia transiently expressed Ki-67, one of the cell proliferation markers. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the resting perivascular microglia directly switched to the pro-inflammatory M1 state via a transient proliferative state in DOCA-salt rats. Our results suggest that the activation machinery of microglia in chronic hypertension differs from acute ischemic models. Proliferative microglia are possible initial key players in the development of hypertension-induced cerebral vessel damage. Fine-tuning of microglia proliferation and activation could constitute an innovative therapeutic strategy to prevent its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koizumi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Taguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mizuta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroe Toba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohigashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Okihiro Onishi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ikoma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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15
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Kienzl P, Polacek R, Reithofer M, Reitermaier R, Hagenbach P, Tajpara P, Vierhapper M, Gschwandtner M, Mildner M, Jahn-Schmid B, Elbe-Bürger A. The cytokine environment influence on human skin-derived T cells. FASEB J 2019; 33:6514-6525. [PMID: 30807238 PMCID: PMC6463918 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801416r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin resident T cells provide immediate immunologic responses at their specific location and play a role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases such as psoriasis. Recently, IL-9-producing T cells were described as a major T-cell subtype present in the skin, but knowledge on the biology and in situ regulation of this T-cell subtype is scarce. Here, we investigated the cytokine influence on skin T cells with focus on IL-9-producing T cells because a better understanding of their biology may identify novel therapeutic approaches. Healthy human skin biopsies were cultured either in the presence of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-β [T helper (Th)9-promoting condition (Th9-PC)] or IL-2 and IL-15 [standard condition (SC)]. Paired analysis of enzymatically isolated skin T cells and emigrated T cells after 4 wk of skin culture showed significant alterations of T-cell phenotypes, cytokine production, and IL-9-producing T-cell frequency. RNA sequencing analysis revealed differentially regulated pathways and identified CXCL8 and CXCL13 as top up-regulated genes in Th9-PC compared with SC. Functionally supernatant of stimulated skin-derived T cells, CXCL8 and CXCL13 increased neutrophil survival. We report that the cytokine environment alters skin-derived T-cell phenotype and functional properties.-Kienzl, P., Polacek, R., Reithofer, M., Reitermaier, R., Hagenbach, P., Tajpara, P., Vierhapper, M., Gschwandtner, M., Mildner, M. Jahn-Schmid, B., Elbe-Bürger, A. The cytokine environment influence on human skin-derived T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kienzl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Polacek
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Reithofer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Reitermaier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Hagenbach
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pooja Tajpara
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Vierhapper
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Gschwandtner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Xu M, Liu PP, Li H. Innate Immune Signaling and Its Role in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:893-948. [PMID: 30565509 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00065.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved system that senses and defends against infection and irritation. Innate immune signaling is a complex cascade that quickly recognizes infectious threats through multiple germline-encoded cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors and transmits signals for the deployment of proper countermeasures through adaptors, kinases, and transcription factors, resulting in the production of cytokines. As the first response of the innate immune system to pathogenic signals, inflammatory responses must be rapid and specific to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection and must subsequently be terminated once the pathogens have been cleared. Long-lasting and low-grade chronic inflammation is a distinguishing feature of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which are currently major public health problems. Cardiometabolic stress-induced inflammatory responses activate innate immune signaling, which directly contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Additionally, although the innate immune elements are highly conserved in higher-order jawed vertebrates, lower-grade jawless vertebrates lack several transcription factors and inflammatory cytokine genes downstream of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) pathways, suggesting that innate immune signaling components may additionally function in an immune-independent way. Notably, recent studies from our group and others have revealed that innate immune signaling can function as a vital regulator of cardiometabolic homeostasis independent of its immune function. Therefore, further investigation of innate immune signaling in cardiometabolic systems may facilitate the discovery of new strategies to manage the initiation and progression of cardiometabolic disorders, leading to better treatments for these diseases. In this review, we summarize the current progress in innate immune signaling studies and the regulatory function of innate immunity in cardiometabolic diseases. Notably, we highlight the immune-independent effects of innate immune signaling components on the development of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Peter P Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
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17
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Myeloid cell IRF4 signaling protects neonatal brains from hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:148-157. [PMID: 30586599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a transcription factor recognized as a key regulator of lymphoid and myeloid cell differentiation, has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of macrophage activation. Previously we have reported that IRF4 signaling is closely correlated with anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia in adult mice after stroke. However, IRF4's role in the inflammatory response in the immature brain is unknown. Using a model of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) we investigated the regulatory action of IRF4 signaling in the activation of microglia and monocytes after HIE. IRF4 myeloid cell conditional knockout (CKO) postnatal day 10 (P10) male pups were subjected to a 60-min hypoxic-ischemic insult by the Rice-Vanucci model (RVM). IRF4 gene floxed mice (IRF4fl/fl) were used as controls. Brain atrophy and behavioral deficits were measured 7 days after HIE. Flow cytometry (FC) was performed to examine central (microglial activation) and peripheral immune cell responses by both cell membrane and intracellular marker staining. Serum levels of cytokines were determined by ELISA. The results showed that IRF4 CKO pups had increased tissue loss and worse behavioral deficits than IRF4fl/fl mice seven days after HIE. FC demonstrated significantly more infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils in the ischemic brains of IRF4 CKO vs IRF4fl/fl pups. IRF4 CKO ischemic microglia were more pro-inflammatory as evidenced by higher expression of the pro-inflammatory marker CD68, and increased intracellular TNFα and IL-1β levels compared to controls. In addition, IRF4 deletion from myeloid cells resulted in increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and higher endothelial MMP9 expression after HIE. These data indicate that IRF4 signaling in myeloid cells plays a regulatory role in neuroinflammation and that deletion of myeloid IRF4 is detrimental to HIE injury, suggesting that IRF4 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for neonatal ischemic brain injury.
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18
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Cai J, Xu M, Zhang X, Li H. Innate Immune Signaling in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:153-184. [PMID: 30230967 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The physiological significance of innate immune signaling lies primarily in its role in host defense against invading pathogens. It is becoming increasingly clear that innate immune signaling also modulates the development of metabolic diseases, especially nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases, which are characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation due to a disarrangement of innate immune signaling. Notably, recent studies indicate that in addition to regulating canonical innate immune-mediated inflammatory responses (or immune-dependent signaling-induced responses), molecules of the innate immune system regulate pathophysiological responses in multiple organs during metabolic disturbances (termed immune-independent signaling-induced responses), including the disruption of metabolic homeostasis, tissue repair, and cell survival. In addition, emerging evidence from the study of immunometabolism indicates that the systemic metabolic status may have profound effects on cellular immune function and phenotypes through the alteration of cell-intrinsic metabolism. We summarize how the innate immune system interacts with metabolic disturbances to trigger immune-dependent and immune-independent pathogenesis in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as representative of metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; .,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; .,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; .,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; .,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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19
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Pivotal role of innate myeloid cells in cerebral post-ischemic sterile inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:523-538. [PMID: 30206661 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a multifaceted role in regulating both disability and recovery after ischemic brain injury. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, resident microglia elicit rapid inflammatory responses by the ischemic milieu. After disruption of the blood-brain barrier, peripheral-derived neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes infiltrate into the ischemic brain. These infiltrating myeloid cells are activated by the endogenous alarming molecules released from dying brain cells. Inflammation after ischemic stroke thus typically consists of sterile inflammation triggered by innate immunity, which exacerbates the pathologies of ischemic stroke and worsens neurological prognosis. Infiltrating immune cells sustain the post-ischemic inflammation for several days; after this period, however, these cells take on a repairing function, phagocytosing inflammatory mediators and cellular debris. This time-specific polarization of immune cells in the ischemic brain is a potential novel therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the phase-dependent role of innate myeloid cells in ischemic stroke and discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their inflammatory or repairing polarization from a therapeutic perspective.
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20
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Zhao SC, Wang C, Xu H, Wu WQ, Chu ZH, Ma LS, Zhang YD, Liu F. Age-related differences in interferon regulatory factor-4 and -5 signaling in ischemic brains of mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1425-1434. [PMID: 28905935 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a disease that mainly affects the elderly. Since the age-related differences in stroke have not been well studied, modeling stroke in aged animals is clinically more relevant. The inflammatory responses to stroke are a fundamental pathological procedure, in which microglial activation plays an important role. Interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF5) and IRF4 regulate M1 and M2 activation of macrophages, respectively, in peripheral inflammation; but it is unknown whether IRF5/IRF4 are also involved in cerebral inflammatory responses to stroke and whether age-related differences of the IRF5/IRF4 signaling exist in ischemic brain. Here, we investigated the influences of aging on IRF5/IRF4 signaling and post-stroke inflammation in mice. Both young (9-12 weeks) and aged (18 months) male mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Morphological and biochemical changes in the ischemic brains and behavior deficits were assessed on 1, 3, and 7 d post-stroke. After MCAO, the aged mice showed smaller infarct sizes but higher neurological deficits and corner test scores than young mice. Young mice had higher levels of IRF4 and CD206 microglia in the ischemic brains, whereas the aged mice expressed more IRF5 and MHCII microglia. After MCAO, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, iNOS, IL-6) were more prominently up-regulated in aged mice, whereas serum anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10) were more prominently up-regulated in young mice. Our results demonstrate that aging has a significant influence on stroke outcomes in mice, which is probably mediated by age-specific inflammatory responses.
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21
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Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Inhibits Neointima Formation by Engaging Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Signaling. Circulation 2017; 136:1412-1433. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.026046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The mechanisms underlying neointima formation remain unclear. Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which are key innate immune regulators, play important roles in cardiometabolic diseases. However, the function of IRF4 in arterial restenosis is unknown.
Methods:
IRF4 expression was first detected in human and mouse restenotic arteries. Then, the effects of IRF4 on neointima formation were evaluated with universal IRF4-deficient mouse and rat carotid artery injury models. We performed immunostaining to identify IRF4-expressing cells in the lesions. Smooth muscle cell (SMC)–specific IRF4-knockout (KO) and -transgenic (TG) mice were generated to evaluate the effects of SMC-IRF4 on neointima formation. We used microarray, bioinformatics analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to identify the downstream signals of IRF4 and to verify the targets in vitro. We compared SMC-IRF4-KO/Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4)–TG mice with SMC-IRF4-KO mice and SMC-specific IRF4-TG/KLF4-KO mice with SMC-specific IRF4-TG mice to investigate whether the effect of IRF4 on neointima formation is KLF4-dependent. The effect of IRF4 on SMC phenotype switching was also evaluated.
Results:
IRF4 expression in both the human and mouse restenotic arteries is eventually downregulated. Universal IRF4 ablation potentiates neointima formation in both mice and rats. Immunostaining indicated that IRF4 was expressed primarily in SMCs in restenotic arteries. After injury, SMC-IRF4-KO mice developed a thicker neointima than control mice. This change was accompanied by increased SMC proliferation and migration. However, SMC-specific IRF4-TG mice exhibited the opposite phenotype, demonstrating that IRF4 exerts protective effects against neointima formation. The mechanistic study indicated that IRF4 promotes KLF4 expression by directly binding to its promoter. Genetic overexpression of KLF4 in SMCs largely reversed the neointima-promoting effect of IRF4 ablation, whereas ablation of KLF4 abolished the protective function of IRF4, indicating that the protective effects of IRF4 against neointima formation are KLF4-dependent. In addition, IRF4 promoted SMC dedifferentiation.
Conclusions:
IRF4 protects arteries against neointima formation by promoting the expression of KLF4 by directly binding to its promoter. Our findings suggest that this previously undiscovered IRF4-KLF4 axis plays a key role in vasculoproliferative pathology and may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of arterial restenosis.
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22
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Zhang Y, Huang Z, Li H. Insights into innate immune signalling in controlling cardiac remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1538-1550. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
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23
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TDAG8 activation attenuates cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury via Akt signalling in rats. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Kammertoens T, Friese C, Arina A, Idel C, Briesemeister D, Rothe M, Ivanov A, Szymborska A, Patone G, Kunz S, Sommermeyer D, Engels B, Leisegang M, Textor A, Fehling HJ, Fruttiger M, Lohoff M, Herrmann A, Yu H, Weichselbaum R, Uckert W, Hübner N, Gerhardt H, Beule D, Schreiber H, Blankenstein T. Tumour ischaemia by interferon-γ resembles physiological blood vessel regression. Nature 2017; 545:98-102. [PMID: 28445461 PMCID: PMC5567674 DOI: 10.1038/nature22311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of the effector molecules produced by T cells to tumour rejection is unclear, but interferon-γ (IFNγ) is critical in most of the analysed models. Although IFNγ can impede tumour growth by acting directly on cancer cells, it must also act on the tumour stroma for effective rejection of large, established tumours. However, which stroma cells respond to IFNγ and by which mechanism IFNγ contributes to tumour rejection through stromal targeting have remained unknown. Here we use a model of IFNγ induction and an IFNγ-GFP fusion protein in large, vascularized tumours growing in mice that express the IFNγ receptor exclusively in defined cell types. Responsiveness to IFNγ by myeloid cells and other haematopoietic cells, including T cells or fibroblasts, was not sufficient for IFNγ-induced tumour regression, whereas responsiveness of endothelial cells to IFNγ was necessary and sufficient. Intravital microscopy revealed IFNγ-induced regression of the tumour vasculature, resulting in arrest of blood flow and subsequent collapse of tumours, similar to non-haemorrhagic necrosis in ischaemia and unlike haemorrhagic necrosis induced by tumour necrosis factor. The early events of IFNγ-induced tumour ischaemia resemble non-apoptotic blood vessel regression during development, wound healing or IFNγ-mediated, pregnancy-induced remodelling of uterine arteries. A better mechanistic understanding of how solid tumours are rejected may aid the design of more effective protocols for adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kammertoens
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Friese
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Arina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christian Idel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Dana Briesemeister
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rothe
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Szymborska
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giannino Patone
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Severine Kunz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Boris Engels
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Leisegang
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Textor
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Fruttiger
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Beckman Research Institute at the Comprehensive Cancer Center City of Hope, Los Angeles, California 91010-3000, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Beckman Research Institute at the Comprehensive Cancer Center City of Hope, Los Angeles, California 91010-3000, USA
| | - Ralph Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Zhang Y, Li H. Reprogramming Interferon Regulatory Factor Signaling in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:210-223. [PMID: 28404737 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins expressed not only in immune cells but also in other tissues and organs outside the immune system. In this review, we discuss mechanisms responsible for IRF-mediated innate immune responses and the function and mechanism of IRFs in cardiometabolic diseases. We focus on the role of IRFs in innate immunity and cardiometabolic homeostasis, and highlight reprogrammed IRF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhao SC, Ma LS, Chu ZH, Xu H, Wu WQ, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:445-458. [PMID: 28260801 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When ischemic stroke occurs, oxygen and energy depletion triggers a cascade of events, including inflammatory responses, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis that result in a profound brain injury. The inflammatory response contributes to secondary neuronal damage, which exerts a substantial impact on both acute ischemic injury and the chronic recovery of the brain function. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that constantly monitor brain microenvironment under normal conditions. Once ischemia occurs, microglia are activated to produce both detrimental and neuroprotective mediators, and the balance of the two counteracting mediators determines the fate of injured neurons. The activation of microglia is defined as either classic (M1) or alternative (M2): M1 microglia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-23, IL-1β, IL-12, etc) and exacerbate neuronal injury, whereas the M2 phenotype promotes anti-inflammatory responses that are reparative. It has important translational value to regulate M1/M2 microglial activation to minimize the detrimental effects and/or maximize the protective role. Here, we discuss various regulators of microglia/macrophage activation and the interaction between microglia and neurons in the context of ischemic stroke.
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27
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The innate immune signaling in cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: Friends or foes? Cancer Lett 2017; 387:46-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Liu D, Chen J, Zhang H, Hu M, Lou H, Liu Q, Zhang S, Hu G. Interferon regulatory factor 4b (IRF4b) in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus: Sequencing, ubiquitous tissue distribution and inducible expression by poly(I:C) and DNA virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 62:127-133. [PMID: 27084058 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) in mammals is known to be critical in regulation of development and functions of lymphomyeloid cell lineages. Recent studies have demonstrated its involvement in immune responses to bacterial and viral challenges in teleosts. In this study, an IRF4 gene was cloned from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and its expression in response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] and lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) stimulations was studied in vivo. The cloned gene spans over 5.9 kb, comprises eight exons and seven introns and encodes a putative protein of 456 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence possesses a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), an IRF-association domain (IAD) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Phylogenetic analysis clustered it into the teleost IRF4b clade and, thus, it was named Paralichthys olivaceus (Po)IRF4b. The constitutive expression of PoIRF4b transcripts was detectable in all examined organs, with highest levels found in lymphomyeloid-rich tissues. They were induced by both poly(I:C) and LCDV with a similar inducibility in immune or non-immune organs. Two waves of induced expression of PoIRF4b were observed with the two stimuli during a 7-day time course in the immune organs, with the early-phase induction being stronger. The maximum increases of PoIRF4b transcript levels ranged from 1.3 to 4.0-fold and appeared at day 1-5 post-injection depending on different organs and stimuli. In both stimulation cases, the strongest induction was detected in spleen and the weakest in muscle. These results indicate that PoIRF4b may participate in regulation of immune responses of flounders to both RNA and DNA virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Liu
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinjing Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengzhu Hu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huimin Lou
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qiuming Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guobin Hu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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29
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Dynamic Modulation of Microglia/Macrophage Polarization by miR-124 after Focal Cerebral Ischemia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:733-748. [PMID: 27539642 PMCID: PMC5097787 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes respond to ischemic stroke dynamically, undergoing an early anti-inflammatory and protective phenotype followed by the pro-inflammatory and detrimental type. These dual roles of microglia/macrophages suggest the need of subtle adjustment of their polarization state instead of broad suppression. The most abundant brain-specific miRNA, miR-124, promotes neuronal differentiation but can also modulate microglia activation and keeps them in a quiescent state. We addressed whether the intracerebral injection of miR-124 in a mouse model of ischemic stroke before or after the peak phase of the pro-inflammatory polarization modifies the pro−/anti- inflammatory balance. In the sub-acute phase, 48 h after stroke, liposomated miR-124 shifted the predominantly pro-inflammatory polarized microglia/macrophages toward the anti-inflammatory phenotype. The altered immune response improved neurological deficit at day 6 after stroke. When miR-124 was injected 10 days after stroke, the pro−/anti- inflammatory ratio was still significantly reduced although to a lower degree and had no effect on recovery at day 14. This study indicates that miR-124 administration before the peak of the pro-inflammatory process of stroke is most effective in support of increasing the rehabilitation opportunity in the sub-acute phases of stroke. Our findings highlight the important role of immune cells after stroke and the therapeutic relevance of their polarization balance.
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30
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Xiong XY, Liu L, Yang QW. Functions and mechanisms of microglia/macrophages in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis after stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:23-44. [PMID: 27166859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger signals induced by stroke. These cells are normally responsible for clearing away dead neural cells and restoring neuronal functions. However, when excessively activated by the damage-associated molecular patterns following stroke, they can produce a large number of proinflammatory cytokines that can disrupt neural cells and the blood-brain barrier and influence neurogenesis. These effects indicate the important roles of microglia/macrophages in the pathophysiological processes of stroke. However, the modifiable and adaptable nature of microglia/macrophages may also be beneficial for brain repair and not just result in damage. These distinct roles may be attributed to the different microglia/macrophage phenotypes because the M1 population is mainly destructive, while the M2 population is neuroprotective. Additionally, different gene expression signature changes in microglia/macrophages have been found in diverse inflammatory milieus. These biofunctional features enable dual roles for microglia/macrophages in brain damage and repair. Currently, it is thought that the proper inflammatory milieu may provide a suitable microenvironment for neurogenesis; however, detailed mechanisms underlying the inflammatory responses that initiate or inhibit neurogenesis remain unknown. This review summarizes recent progress concerning the mechanisms involved in brain damage, repair and regeneration related to microglia/macrophage activation and phenotype transition after stroke. We also argue that future translational studies should be targeting multiple key regulating molecules to improve brain repair, which should be accompanied by the concept of a "therapeutic time window" for sequential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China.
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31
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Li L, Qin JJ, Guo S, Zhang P, Gong J, Zhang XJ, Zheng A, Xia H, Li H. Attenuation of cerebral ischemic injury in interferon regulatory factor 3-deficient rat. J Neurochem 2015; 136:871-883. [PMID: 26617114 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the innate immune response, apoptosis, and oncogenesis. Previous studies have shown that endogenous IRF3 does not affect stroke in mice; however, paradoxically, elevated IRF3 expression was observed in the rat brains following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, indicating that IRF3 may have different functions during stroke in rats than in mice. A clear and comprehensive study of the effect of IRF3 on stroke in rats has been hampered by the lack of an IRF3-knockout rat strain. In this study, a novel IRF3 knockout rat strain and a transgenic rat strain with neuronal-specific IRF3 over-expression (IRF3-TG) were created. Subsequently, the generated IRF3-knockout rats, the neuronal-specific IRF3 over-expressing rats and their corresponding controls were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and followed by reperfusion, to investigate the exact role of IRF3 in cerebral I/R in rats. In contrast to the results in mice, IRF3 deficiency in rats provided significant protection against cerebral I/R injury and inhibited neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress after cerebral I/R injury; the opposite patterns were observed in neuronal-specific IRF3 over-expressing rats. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IRF3 plays a negative regulatory role in cerebral I/R in rats, and IRF3 may be an attractive therapeutic target for preventing stroke. In the present study, we discovered that the transcription factor IRF3, which plays a central role in the innate immune response, apoptosis, and oncogenesis, could exacerbate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury via activating caspase-dependent neuronal apoptosis, inducing inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that IRF3 may be an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ankang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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32
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Ni MM, Xu T, Wang YR, He YH, Zhou Q, Huang C, Meng XM, Li J. Inhibition of IRF3 expression reduces TGF-β1-induced proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 72:9-23. [PMID: 26611114 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic management of liver fibrosis remains an unresolved clinical problem. Activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) is a pivotal event in the progression of liver fibrosis. Recent reports have showed that inhibition of activated HSC proliferation contributes to the reversal of liver fibrosis. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), one member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, is recently proven to be a critical modulator in cardiac fibrosis. And accumulating evidence demonstrated that IRF3 plays a crucial role in liver diseases, such as hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation, and alcoholic liver injury. However, the understanding of the function of IRF3 in liver fibrosis remains limited. Our results identified the role of IRF3 in regulating human HSC (LX-2 cell) cell proliferation and apoptosis. The present study indicated that the expression of IRF3 was significantly increased in HSCs in response to TGF-β1 stimulation. Moreover, a stable and unlimited source of human HSC, the LX-2 cell line, transfected with IRF3-siRNA significantly decreases the expression level of type I collagen (Col1a1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in activated LX-2 cells. On the contrary, overexpression of IRF3 gives rise to an upregulation of Col1a1 and α-SMA in LX-2 cells, and further promoted HSC proliferation. Moreover, the inhibition of IRF3 significantly suppressed TGF-β1-induced HSC proliferation and increased its apoptosis. Of note, the present study indicated IRF3 may regulate LX-2 cell proliferation by via AKT signaling pathway. In summary, these observations suggest IRF3 may function as a novel regulator to modulate TGF-β1-induced LX-2 proliferation, at least in part, via AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-ming Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ya-rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ying-hua He
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China. .,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei Shan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell-surface receptors provide potential targets for the translation of bench-side findings into therapeutic strategies; however, this approach for the treatment of stroke is disappointing, at least partially due to an incomplete understanding of the targeted factors. Previous studies of oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the gp130 cytokine family, have been limited, as mouse models alone may not strongly resemble the human condition enough. In addition, the precise function of OSM in the CNS remains unclear. Here, we report that human OSM is neuroprotective in vivo and in vitro by recruiting OSMRβ in the setting of ischemic stroke. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrated that decreased neuronal OSMRβ expression results in deteriorated stroke outcomes but that OSMRβ overexpression in neurons is cerebroprotective. Moreover, administering recombinant human OSM to mice before the onset of I/R showed that human OSM can be protective in rodent models of ischemic stroke. Mechanistically, OSM/OSMRβ activate the JAK2/STAT3 prosurvival signaling pathway. Collectively, these data support that human OSM may represent a promising drug candidate for stroke treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT OSM, a member of the gp130 cytokine family, regulates neuronal function and survival. OSM engages a second receptor, either LIFRα or OSMRβ, before recruiting gp130. However, it is not clear whether OSM/OSMRβ signaling is involved in neuroprotection in the setting of ischemic stroke. Recent studies show that, compared with mouse disease models, the OSM receptor system in rats more closely resembles that in humans. In the present study, we use genetic manipulations of OSMRβ in both mouse and rat stroke models to demonstrate that OSMRβ in neurons is critical for neuronal survival during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion. Interestingly, administration of human OSM also leads to improved stroke outcomes. Therefore, OSM may represent a promising drug candidate for stroke treatment.
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Remesh SG, Santosh V, Escalante CR. Structural Studies of IRF4 Reveal a Flexible Autoinhibitory Region and a Compact Linker Domain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27779-90. [PMID: 26405037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IRF4 is a unique member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family playing critical regulatory roles in immune cell development, regulation of obesity-induced inflammation, and control of thermogenic gene expression. The ability of IRF4 to control diverse transcriptional programs arises from its proficiency to interact with numerous transcriptional partners. In this study, we present the structural characterization of full-length IRF4. Using a combination of x-ray and small angle x-ray scattering studies, we reveal unique features of the interferon activation domain, including a set of β-sheets and loops that serve as the binding site for PU.1, and also show that unlike other IRF members, IRF4 has a flexible autoinhibitory region. In addition, we have determined the small angle x-ray scattering solution structure of full-length IRF4, which, together with circular dichroism studies, suggests that the linker region is not extended but folds into a domain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya G Remesh
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Vishaka Santosh
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Carlos R Escalante
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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35
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Gong J, Li ZZ, Guo S, Zhang XJ, Zhang P, Zhao GN, Gao L, Zhang Y, Zheng A, Zhang XF, Xiang M, Li H. Neuron-Specific Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 3 Is a Central Regulator of Neuronal Death in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Hypertension 2015; 66:604-16. [PMID: 26269654 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal death after ischemic stroke involves multiple pathophysiological events, as well as a complex molecular mechanism. Inhibiting a single therapeutic target that is involved in several ischemic signaling cascades may be a promising strategy for stroke management. Here, we report the versatile biological roles of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) in ischemic stroke. Using several genetically manipulated mouse strains, we also demonstrated that TRAF3 inhibition can be neuroprotective. TRAF3 expression, which is robustly induced in response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, was detected in neurons. Overexpression of TRAF3 in neurons led to aggravated neuronal loss and enlarged infarcts; these effects were reversed in TRAF3-knockout mice. Neuronal TRAF3 also contributed to c-Jun kinase-, nuclear factor κB- and Rac-1-induced neuronal death, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, we showed that TRAF3 interacts with transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and potentiates phosphorylation and activation of TAK1. Phosphorylated TAK1 sequentially initiated activation of nuclear factor κB, Rac-1/NADPH oxidase, and c-Jun kinase/c-Jun signaling cascades. Using a combination of adenoviruses encoding dominant-negative TAK1 and the TAK1 inhibitor 5Z-7-oxozeaenol, we demonstrated that the TRAF3-mediated activation of ischemic cascades was TAK1-dependent. More importantly, the adverse phenotypes observed in TRAF3-overexpressing mice were completely reversed when the TRAF3-TAK1 interaction was prevented. Therefore, we have shown that TRAF3 is a central regulator of ischemic pathways, including nuclear factor κB, Rac-1, and c-Jun kinase signaling, via its interaction with and activation of TAK1. Furthermore, certain components of the TRAF3-TAK1 signaling pathway are potentially promising therapeutic targets in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Zuo-Zhi Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Sen Guo
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Guang-Nian Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Lu Gao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Ankang Zheng
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Mei Xiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory (J.G., S.G., X.-J.Z., P.Z., G.-N.Z., Y.Z., A.Z., M.X., H.L.), and College of Life Sciences (X.-F.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Z.-Z.L.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.).
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Li M, Feng B, Wang L, Guo S, Zhang P, Gong J, Zhang Y, Zheng A, Li H. Tollip is a critical mediator of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J Pathol 2015; 237:249-62. [PMID: 26011492 DOI: 10.1002/path.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling plays an important role in regulating cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is an endogenous negative modulator of TLR signalling that is involved in several inflammatory diseases. Our previous study showed that Tollip inhibits overload-induced cardiac remodelling. However, the role of Tollip in neurological disease remains unknown. In the present study, we proposed that Tollip might contribute to the progression of stroke and confirmed this hypothesis. We found that Tollip expression was significantly increased in I/R-challenged brain tissue of humans, mice and rats in vivo and in primary neurons subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation in vitro, indicating the involvement of Tollip in I/R injury. Next, using genetic approaches, we revealed that Tollip deficiency protects mice against I/R injury by attenuating neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory genes and the increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes. By contrast, neuron-specific Tollip over-expression exerted the opposite effect. Mechanistically, the detrimental effects of Tollip on neuronal apoptosis and inflammation following I/R injury were largely mediated by the suppression of Akt signalling. Additionally, to further support our findings, a Tollip knockout rat strain was generated via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene inactivation. The Tollip-deficient rats were also protected from I/R injury, based on dramatic decreases in neuronal apoptosis and ischaemic inflammation through Akt activation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Tollip acts as a novel modulator of I/R injury by promoting neuronal apoptosis and ischaemic inflammation, which are largely mediated by suppression of Akt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Ankang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
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37
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Zhang XJ, Zhang P, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor signalings in cardiometabolic diseases. Hypertension 2015; 66:222-47. [PMID: 26077571 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.).
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38
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Li M, Guo S, Zhang P, Gong J, Zheng A, Zhang Y, Li H. Vinexin-β deficiency protects against cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. J Neurochem 2015; 134:211-21. [PMID: 25824575 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vinexin-β is an adaptor protein that regulates cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization and signal transduction. Our previous work showed that Vinexin-β protects against cardiac hypertrophy. However, its function in stroke is largely unknown. In the present study, we observed a significant increase in Vinexin-β expression in both human intracerebral haemorrhage and mouse cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model, indicating that Vinexin-β is involved in stroke. Next, using Vinexin-β knockout mice, we further demonstrated that Vinexin-β deficiency significantly protected against cerebral I/R injury, as demonstrated by a dramatic decrease in the infarct volume and an improvement in neurological function. Additionally, immunofluorescence and western blotting showed that the deletion of Vinexin-β attenuated neuronal apoptosis. Mechanically, we found that Akt signalling was up-regulated in the brains of the Vinexin-β knockout mice compared with those of the WT control mice after ischaemic injury. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the deletion of Vinexin-β potently protects against ischaemic injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, and this effect may occur via the up-regulation of Akt signalling. Our findings revealed that Vinexin-β acts as a novel modulator of ischaemic injury, suggesting that Vinexin-β may represent an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ankang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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39
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Zhang XJ, Jiang DS, Li H. The interferon regulatory factors as novel potential targets in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5457-76. [PMID: 25131895 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) consists of nine members (IRF1-IRF9) in mammals. They act as transcription factors for the interferons and thus exert essential regulatory functions in the immune system and in oncogenesis. Recent clinical and experimental studies have identified critically important roles of the IRFs in cardiovascular diseases, arising from their participation in divergent and overlapping molecular programmes beyond the immune response. Here we review the current knowledge of the regulatory effects and mechanisms of IRFs on the immune system. The role of IRFs and their potential molecular mechanisms as novel stress sensors and mediators of cardiovascular diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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40
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Zhao GN, Jiang DS, Li H. Interferon regulatory factors: at the crossroads of immunity, metabolism, and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:365-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Wang PX, Zhang R, Huang L, Zhu LH, Jiang DS, Chen HZ, Zhang Y, Tian S, Zhang XF, Zhang XD, Liu DP, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 9 is a key mediator of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Hepatol 2015; 62:111-20. [PMID: 25152205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by anoxic cell injury and the generation of inflammatory mediators, leading to hepatic parenchymal cell death. The activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) has been implicated in hepatic I/R injury, but the role of IRF9 in this progression is unclear. METHODS We investigated the function and molecular mechanisms of IRF9 in transgene and knockout mice subjected to warm I/R of the liver. Isolated hepatocytes from IRF9 transgene and knockout mice were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury to determine the in vitro effects of IRF9. RESULTS The injuries were augmented in IRF9-overexpressing mice that were subjected to warm I/R of the liver. In contrast, a deficiency in IRF9 markedly reduced the necrotic area, serum alanine amino transferase/aspartate amino transferase (ALT/AST), immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine levels, and hepatocyte apoptosis after liver I/R. Sirtuin (SIRT) 1 levels were significantly higher and the acetylation of p53 was decreased in the IRF9 knockout mice. Notably, IRF9 suppressed the activity of the SIRT1 promoter luciferase reporter and deacetylase activity. Liver injuries were significantly more severe in the IRF9/SIRT1 double knockout (DKO) mice in the I/R model, eliminating the protective effects observed in the IRF9 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS IRF9 has a novel function of inducing hepatocyte apoptosis after I/R injury by decreasing SIRT1 expression and increasing acetyl-p53 levels. Targeting IRF9 may be a potential strategy for ameliorating ischemic liver injury after liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Xiao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - De-Pei Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Hu X, Leak RK, Shi Y, Suenaga J, Gao Y, Zheng P, Chen J. Microglial and macrophage polarization—new prospects for brain repair. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 11:56-64. [PMID: 25385337 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 971] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view of the adult brain as a static organ has changed in the past three decades, with the emergence of evidence that it remains plastic and has some regenerative capacity after injury. In the injured brain, microglia and macrophages clear cellular debris and orchestrate neuronal restorative processes. However, activation of these cells can also hinder CNS repair and expand tissue damage. Polarization of macrophage populations toward different phenotypes at different stages of injury might account for this dual role. This Perspectives article highlights the specific roles of polarized microglial and macrophage populations in CNS repair after acute injury, and argues that therapeutic approaches targeting cerebral inflammation should shift from broad suppression of microglia and macrophages towards subtle adjustment of the balance between their phenotypes. Breakthroughs in the identification of regulatory molecules that control these phenotypic shifts could ultimately accelerate research towards curing brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jun Suenaga
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, 220 Handan Road, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, 220 Handan Road, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Huang L, Zhang SM, Zhang P, Zhang XJ, Zhu LH, Chen K, Gao L, Zhang Y, Kong XJ, Tian S, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 7 protects against vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001309. [PMID: 25304854 PMCID: PMC4323813 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a member of the interferon regulatory factor family, plays important roles in innate immunity and immune cell differentiation. However, the role of IRF7 in neointima formation is currently unknown. Methods and Results Significant decreases in IRF7 expression were observed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) following carotid artery injury in vivo and platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB) stimulation in vitro. Compared with non‐transgenic (NTG) controls, SMC‐specific IRF7 transgenic (IRF7‐TG) mice displayed reduced neointima formation and VSMC proliferation in response to carotid injury, whereas a global knockout of IRF7 (IRF7‐KO) resulted in the opposite effect. Notably, a novel IRF7‐KO rat strain was successfully generated and used to further confirm the effects of IRF7 deletion on the acceleration of intimal hyperplasia based on a balloon injury‐induced vascular lesion model. Mechanistically, IRF7's inhibition of carotid thickening and the expression of VSMC proliferation markers was dependent on the interaction of IRF7 with activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and its downstream target, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The evidence that IRF7/ATF3‐double‐TG (DTG) and IRF7/ATF3‐double‐KO (DKO) mice abolished the regulatory effects exhibited by the IRF7‐TG and IRF7‐KO mice, respectively, validated the underlying molecular events of IRF7‐ATF3 interaction. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that IRF7 modulated VSMC proliferation and neointima formation by interacting with ATF3, thereby inhibiting the ATF3‐mediated induction of PCNA transcription. The results of this study indicate that IRF7 is a novel modulator of neointima formation and VSMC proliferation and may represent a promising target for vascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Shu-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (X.J.Z.)
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (K.C., X.D.Z.)
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiang-Jie Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (K.C., X.D.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
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Jiang DS, Li L, Huang L, Gong J, Xia H, Liu X, Wan N, Wei X, Zhu X, Chen Y, Chen X, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Is Required for Cardiac Remodeling in Response to Pressure Overload. Hypertension 2014; 64:77-86. [PMID: 24732887 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), a critical member of the IRF family, was previously shown to be associated with the immune system and to be involved in apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, the role of IRF1 in pressure overload–induced cardiac remodeling has remained unclear. Using genetic approaches, we established a central role for the IRF1 transcription factor in the regulation of cardiac remodeling both in vivo and in vitro, and we determined the mechanism underlying this process. The expression level of IRF1 was remarkably altered in both failing human hearts and hypertrophic murine hearts. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific IRF1 overexpression exacerbated aortic banding–induced cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilation, fibrosis, and dysfunction, whereas IRF1-deficient (knockout) mice exhibited a significant reduction in the hypertrophic response. Similar results were observed in a global IRF1-knockout rat model. Mechanistically, the prohypertrophic effects elicited by IRF1 in response to pathological stimuli were associated with the direct activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, we identified 1 IRF1-binding site in the promoter region of the iNOS gene, which was essential for its transcription. To examine the IRF1-iNOS axis in vivo, we generated IRF1-transgenic/iNOS-knockout mice. IRF1 exerted profoundly detrimental effects in these mice; however, these effects were nullified by iNOS ablation. These data suggest the IRF1–iNOS axis as a crucial regulator of cardiac remodeling and that IRF1 could be a potent therapeutic target for cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Sheng Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Liangpeng Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Ling Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Jun Gong
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Hao Xia
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xiaoxiong Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Nian Wan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xiang Wei
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xuehai Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Yingjie Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xin Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
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Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF8 are critical regulators of immune system development and function. In B lymphocytes, IRF4 and IRF8 have been shown to control important events during their development and maturation including pre-B cell differentiation, induction of B cell tolerance pathways, marginal zone B cell development, germinal center reaction and plasma cell differentiation. Mechanistically, IRF4 and IRF8 are found to function redundantly to control certain stages of B cell development, but in other stages, they function nonredundantly to play distinct roles in B cell biology. In line with their essential roles in B cell development, deregulated expressions of IRF4 and IRF8 have been associated to the pathogenesis of several B cell malignancies and diseases. Recent studies have elucidated diverse transcriptional networks regulated by IRF4 and IRF8 at distinct B cell developmental stages and related malignancies. In this review we will discuss the recent advances for the roles of IRF4 and IRF8 during B cell development and associated diseases.
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Zhang SM, Zhu LH, Li ZZ, Wang PX, Chen HZ, Guan HJ, Jiang DS, Chen K, Zhang XF, Tian S, Yang D, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 3 protects against adverse neo-intima formation. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:469-79. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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